Cytotoxic effects of pesticide in somatic cells of Vicia faba L.
The effects of pesticides (Endosulfan, Dieldrin, Aldrin) on cell division and chromosomal morphology of Vicia faba L. were studied. The results showed that the pesticides are mitodepressive in higher concentrations and mitopromotor in lower concentrations and induced a variety of chromosomal abnorma...
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Інститут клітинної біології та генетичної інженерії НАН України
2008
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| Cite this: | Cytotoxic effects of pesticide in somatic cells of Vicia faba L. / R.M. Pandey // Цитология и генетика. — 2008. — Т. 42, № 6. — С. 13-18. — Бібліогр.: 36 назв. — англ. |
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Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine| _version_ | 1859646416488497152 |
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| author | Pandey, R.M. |
| author_facet | Pandey, R.M. |
| citation_txt | Cytotoxic effects of pesticide in somatic cells of Vicia faba L. / R.M. Pandey // Цитология и генетика. — 2008. — Т. 42, № 6. — С. 13-18. — Бібліогр.: 36 назв. — англ. |
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| description | The effects of pesticides (Endosulfan, Dieldrin, Aldrin) on cell division and chromosomal morphology of Vicia faba L. were studied. The results showed that the pesticides are mitodepressive in higher concentrations and mitopromotor in lower concentrations and induced a variety of chromosomal abnormalities such as stickiness, fragments, chromatid separation, disturbed metaphase, C-mitosis, laggards, precocious movement and late separation where lagging chromosomes were predominant. The concentration of 500 ppm or above, for all the pesticides used in the present study showed pronounced toxic effect. In remaining treatments, although the mitotic index was improved but less than that of absolute controls.
Вивчали вплив пестицидів (Endosulfan, Dieldrin, Aldrin) на ділення клітин та морфологію хромосом Vicia faba L. Результати свідчать, пестициди у високих концентраціях пригнічують мітози, а в низьких є мітопромоторами та індукують різні хромосомні аномалії, такі як злипання хромосом, фрагменти, розділення хроматид, порушення метафаз, С-мітози, відставання, передчасний рух та пізнє розділення в тих випадках, коли домінують відсталі хромосоми. Для всіх пестицидів, використаних в даній роботі, концентрації понад 500 ppmпроявляли значний токсичний ефект. В інших випадках мітотичний індекс хоч і покращувався, але був меншим, ніж в контрольних експериментах.
Изучено влияние пестицидов (Endosulfan, Dieldrin, Aldrin) на деление клеток и морфологию хромосом Vicia faba L. Результаты свидетельствуют, что пестициды в высоких концентрациях подавляют митозы, а в низких являются митопромоторами, и индуцируют разнообразные хромосомные аномалии такие как слипание хромосом, фрагменты, разделение хроматид, нарушения метафаз, С-митозы, отставания, преждевременное движение и позднее разделение в тех случаях, где доминировали отставшие хромосомы. Для всех пестицидов, использованных в настоящей работе, концентрации свыше 500 ppm проявляли значительный токсический эффект. В остальных случаях митотический индекс хоть и улучшался, но был меньшим, чем в контрольных экспериментах.
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ІSSN 0564–3783. Цитология и генетика. 2008. № 6 13
R.M. PANDEY
Cytogenetics Section,
National Botanical Research Institute,
Lucknow�226001, India
rmp_nbri@yahoo.co.in
CYTOTOXIC EFFECTS OF PESTICIDES
IN SOMATIC CELLS OF VICIA FABA L.
The effects of pesticides (Endosulfan, Dieldrin, Aldrin) on
cell division and chromosomal morphology of Vicia faba L.
were studied. The results showed that the pesticides are mitode�
pressive in higher concentrations and mitopromotor in lower
concentrations and induced a variety of chromosomal abnor�
malities such as stickiness, fragments, chromatid separation,
disturbed metaphase, C�mitosis, laggards, precocious move�
ment and late separation where lagging chromosomes were
predominant. The concentration of 500 ppm or above, for all
the pesticides used in the present study showed pronounced
toxic effect. In remaining treatments, although the mitotic
index was improved but less than that of absolute controls.
Introduction. Pesticides used in the modern
agricultural practices represent a very large input of
toxic chemicals in our environment [16]. Their
usage has increased manifolds in disease control
management without considering their harmful
side effects on plants, animals and human beings
[2]. Although the use of these chemicals has become
essential, but their ingredients have induced acute
toxic effects [3, 8]. The toxic effect of pesticides is
not necessarily a result of direct application, some
pesticides accumulate into the food to a toxic level
and affect the public health [17, 14]. However, the
potentiality of these pesticides as mutagenic or car,
cinogenic agent to non, target organisms has been
reported [31]. Cytological investigations have been
carried out to detect the harmful effects of agricul,
tural chemicals on various crop plants [20, 29, 28,
19]. It was also reported that mutagens significant,
ly affect the sex organs and alter fertility [25]. But
no significant work has been done on the effect of
these pesticides (endosulfan, dieldrin, aldrin) on
cell division and chromosomes of Vicia faba.
Therefore, the aim of the present study was to
examine the cytotoxic effects of these chemicals on
mitotic activity of Vicia faba.
Materials and Methods. Different concentra,
tions (5, 50, 500 and 1000 ppm) of endosulfan, diel,
drin and aldrin were used in the treatment of Vicia
faba. The solutions were prepared in distilled water.
Seeds were directly placed in test liquids and con,
trols were placed only in the distilled water. The
seeds were treated with test solution for 12 hours and
then allowed a recovery period of 2 hours in distilled
water [23]. The treated seeds of Vicia faba were put
on wet filter paper in petridishes and kept in darkness
at 22–25 °С. Root tips were obtained after germina,
tion and the experimental as well as the control root
meristems were excised from the seeds. The root tips
were cut carefully and fixed in acetoalcohol solution
(1 acetic acid : 3 alcohol) for 24 hrs. The root tips
were hydrolyzed in 1 NHCl for 10 minutes and
squashed in 2 % acetocarmine for cytological stud,
ies. The slides were temporarily sealed, 10 root tip
squashes were prepared for each variables and a min,
imum of 250 mitotic cells were examined from each
slide and microphotographs of selected slides were
taken. The mitotic index was calculated using the
method of [28]. Chromosomal aberrations and their
percentage in each treatment were also recorded.
© R.M. PANDEY, 2008
ISSN 0564–3783. Цитология и генетика. 2008. № 614
R.M. Pandey
Results. The cytotoxic effects on root tips cells
of Vicia faba have been presented in Table 1. The
perusal of the table indicates that there was an
exponential relationship between the percentage
of aberrations and concentrations of pesticides.
The species showed significant decrease in mitotic
index as the dose increased. The metaphase abnor,
malities gradually increased by the increase in
concentration of pesticides in the Vicia faba i.e.
50–1000 ppm doses of endosulfan, dieldrin and
aldrin. Different concentrations of chemicals used
also showed significant variation in mitotic index.
The aqueous solution of pesticides enhanced the
mitotic index than treated values, when a recovery
period of 2 hrs was given to the treated materials of
all used concentrations. Different concentrations
of pesticides induced various types of chromoso,
mal aberrations at metaphase and anaphase. The
aberrations with their mean percent values have
been given in Table 2. Almost all treatments
revealed significant effect on the frequency of
mitotic phases. The stickiness of chromosomes was
induced by only higher concentrations of pesticides
and the mean value of stickiness was 5.20 %,
5.13 % and 6.02 % in 500 ppm, which increased to
8.17 %, 6.27 % and 8.06 % in 1000 ppm of endo,
sulfan, dieldrin and aldrin, respectively. The 5,
50 ppm treatments were unable to induce stickiness
of chromosomes.
At metaphase, chromatid separation, disturbed
metaphase, stickiness of chromosomes, precocious
movement, C,mitosis were observed (Figure). All
chromosomal abnormalities like chromatid sepa,
ration, disturbed metaphase, precocious move,
Treatments
Concen,
tration
(ppm)
Number
of cells
observed
Number of
actively
dividing
cells
Mitotic
Index
(MI), % Normal Abnormal Total Normal Abnormal Total
Metaphase, % Anaphase, %
Endosulfan
Dieldrin
Aldrin
Mean
CD at
5 %
1 %
Control
5
50
500
1000
5
50
500
1000
5
50
500
1000
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2679
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Table 1
Effect of pesticides on mitotic cell division of Vicia faba L.
ІSSN 0564–3783. Цитология и генетика. 2008. № 6 15
Cytotoxic effects of pesticide in somatic cells of Vicia faba L.
ment, stickiness of chromosomes and C,mitosis at
metaphase were induced only by higher concen,
trations (Table 2). The mean values of laggards at
anaphase were 6.02 %, 6.79 % and 8.14 % in 50
ppm, which increased to 24.68 %, 24.19 % and
24.73 % in 1000 ppm of endosulfan, dieldrin and
aldrin, respectively. The 5 ppm concentration was
not able to induce laggards. The other chromoso,
mal abnormalities like stickiness, fragmentation of
chromosomes and late separation at anaphase were
induced only by 500 ppm and 1000 ppm (Table 2).
Mitotic index values were low in high concentra,
tions of endosulfan, dieldrin and aldrin and also
varied in various concentrations of these pesticides
(Table 1).
Discussion. Pesticides applied to either soil or
crop plants are subjected to volatilization, leach,
ing, and induce chromosomal aberrations, chemi,
cal modification and microbial degradation, which
have higher risk of bringing about environmental
pollution. The application of pesticides to the root
meristems of Vicia faba L. have revealed decrease in
mitotic index in increasing concentrations of endo,
sulfan, dieldrin and aldrin. Inhibition of mitosis
was also reported by [4, 7, 11, 15, 27, 34, 35] by the
treatment of substituted urea compound, phenols,
trifluraline, nitraline, carbamates, terbutryn, atra,
zine and gasegard in Hordeum and Tradescantia,
Nigella, Allium cepa, Vicia faba and in barley, respec,
tively. Significant reduction in mitotic index (MI),
noted in the present study may be due to the
mitodepressive action of the chemicals indicating
thereby the pesticides used interfere in the normal
cell cycle resulting in decrease in number of divid,
ing cells. Similar results had also been reported by
[11, 19, 24, 28, 33, 36] on various crop plants. The
inhibition of certain cell cycle specific proteins
remains as a possible pesticide target site which
inhibit DNA polymerase as well as other enzymes
resulting in antimitotic effect [22].
Table 2
Chromosomal aberrations (%) in mitotic cells of root tips of Vicia faba L.
Treatments
Concentra,
tion (ppm)
Distubed
metaphase
Precocious
movement C,mitosis Laggards
Stickiness
at anaphase
Fragmentation
at anaphase
Chromatid
bridge
Late separa,
tion at
anaphase
Endosulfan
Dieldrin
Aldrin
Mean
CD at
5 %
1 %
Control
5
50
500
1000
5
50
500
1000
5
50
500
1000
–
–
4.30
3.87
3.95
4.04 �
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–
3.85
3.42
3.87
3.71 �
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–
5.39
4.91
4.57
4.96 �
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4.23 �
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0.45
0.60
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5.37
6.48
7.17
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ISSN 0564–3783. Цитология и генетика. 2008. № 616
R.M. Pandey
The treatments of pesticides showed significant
effect on the percentage of the metaphase stages,
the mean values were 22.31 %, 23.21 % and
23.67 % in 1000 ppm of endosulfan, dieldrin and
aldrin, respectively. As far as anaphase percent was
concerned the mean values were 57.10 %, 55.58 %
and 60.11 % in 1000 ppm [5, 6] also observed a
similar trend by the treatment of trichlorphon and
rotenone in other crops. Various types of chromo,
somal abnormalities like fragments, disturbed
metaphase, C,mitosis, laggards, chromatid bridge,
stickiness, precocious movement and late separa,
tion were observed, the percentage of abnormali,
ties were gradually increased in higher concentra,
tions of pesticides. These results are in agreement
with Allium cepa root tips with different pesticides,
such as sencorer [21, 28], cyanazine [30], gasegard
[28], carbetamex & paradone plus [9]. The treat,
ments of various pesticides such as gespex [10] in
Vicia faba, gasegard and igran [35] in barley have
shown similar effect as in the present study.
Cytotoxic effects of the pesticides used in the pres,
ent case were in conformity with that of [1, 13] with
the treatment of toxic pesticides and chemicals.
Chemical abnormalities such as C,mitosis, lag,
ging chromosome (s) and precocious movement
were the result of disturbance in the spindle fiber
formation caused by the pesticides [10, 21] attrib,
utable to lipophylic chain of spindle proteins,
which causes the banding of polypeptides [18].
Stickiness is induced either by the effect of pesti,
cides on chromosomal protein attributed to the
improper folding of chromosome fibers which ren,
der the chromatid connected by means of sub,
chromatid bridges [12, 26] or may be due to the
action of pesticides on the polymerization process,
resulting in the fragmentation of chromosomes
and bridges at anaphase stage forms sticky chro,
Showing cytological effects of pesticides in Vicia faba L.: 1 – normal
metaphase; 2 – fragmentation at anaphase; 3 – stickiness at anaphase; 4 –
precocious movement; 5 – chromatid bridge and fragments at anaphase; 6 –
late separation at anaphase; 7 – C,metaphase; 8 – laggard at anaphase; 9 – dis,
turbed metaphase
ІSSN 0564–3783. Цитология и генетика. 2008. № 6 17
Cytotoxic effects of pesticide in somatic cells of Vicia faba L.
mosomes [18]. Rank et al. [32] have reported that
the chromosome bridges and fragments lead to
structural changes in chromosomes of crop plants
and in other organisms in the environment. Hence
the higher concentrations of endosulfan, dieldrin
and aldrin may become motostatic, chromotoxic
and clastogenic in crop plants, therefore, its high,
er concentration is not suggestive.
From the foregoing discussion, it is obvious
that pesticides present in the environment can be
absorbed by the plants, which may adversely affect
the genetic systems, causing damage to chromo,
somes in crop plants and other organisms. Regular
application of pesticides in agricultural practices is
a potential threat to genetic constitution of crop
plants and animals. Therefore, judicial application
of chemical pesticides is essential. Indiscriminate
use of pesticides should be discouraged as far as
practicable.
Authors are thankful to Dr. R. Tuli, Director, Na�
tional Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow for
facility.
Р.M. Панди
ЦИТОТОКСИЧЕСКОЕ ДЕЙСТВИЕ
ПЕСТИЦИДОВ НА СОМАТИЧЕСКИЕ
КЛЕТКИ VICIA FABA L.
Изучено влияние пестицидов (Endosulfan, Dieldrin,
Aldrin) на деление клеток и морфологию хромосом
Vicia faba L. Результаты свидетельствуют, что пестици,
ды в высоких концентрациях подавляют митозы, а в
низких являются митопромоторами, и индуцируют
разнообразные хромосомные аномалии такие как
слипание хромосом, фрагменты, разделение хроматид,
нарушения метафаз, С,митозы, отставания, прежде,
временное движение и позднее разделение в тех
случаях, где доминировали отставшие хромосомы. Для
всех пестицидов, использованных в настоящей работе,
концентрации свыше 500 ppm проявляли значитель,
ный токсический эффект. В остальных случаях мито,
тический индекс хоть и улучшался, но был меньшим,
чем в контрольных экспериментах.
Р.М. Панді
ЦИТОТОКСИЧНА ДІЯ ПЕСТИЦИДІВ НА
СОМАТИXНІ КЛІТИНИ VICIA FABA L.
Вивчали вплив пестицидів (Endosulfan, Dieldrin,
Aldrin) на ділення клітин та морфологію хромосом
Vicia faba L. Результати свідчать, пестициди у високих
концентраціях пригнічують мітози, а в низьких є міто,
промоторами та індукують різні хромосомні аномалії,
такі як злипання хромосом, фрагменти, розділення хро,
матид, порушення метафаз, С,мітози, відставання,
передчасний рух та пізнє розділення в тих випадках,
коли домінують відсталі хромосоми. Для всіх пестици,
дів, використаних в даній роботі, концентрації понад
500 ppmпроявляли значний токсичний ефект. В інших
випадках мітотичний індекс хоч і покращувався, але
був меншим, ніж в контрольних експериментах.
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Reseived 23.08.07
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| id | nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-8303 |
| institution | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| issn | 0564-3783 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-12-07T13:28:07Z |
| publishDate | 2008 |
| publisher | Інститут клітинної біології та генетичної інженерії НАН України |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | Pandey, R.M. 2010-05-20T12:20:20Z 2010-05-20T12:20:20Z 2008 Cytotoxic effects of pesticide in somatic cells of Vicia faba L. / R.M. Pandey // Цитология и генетика. — 2008. — Т. 42, № 6. — С. 13-18. — Бібліогр.: 36 назв. — англ. 0564-3783 https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/8303 The effects of pesticides (Endosulfan, Dieldrin, Aldrin) on cell division and chromosomal morphology of Vicia faba L. were studied. The results showed that the pesticides are mitodepressive in higher concentrations and mitopromotor in lower concentrations and induced a variety of chromosomal abnormalities such as stickiness, fragments, chromatid separation, disturbed metaphase, C-mitosis, laggards, precocious movement and late separation where lagging chromosomes were predominant. The concentration of 500 ppm or above, for all the pesticides used in the present study showed pronounced toxic effect. In remaining treatments, although the mitotic index was improved but less than that of absolute controls. Вивчали вплив пестицидів (Endosulfan, Dieldrin, Aldrin) на ділення клітин та морфологію хромосом Vicia faba L. Результати свідчать, пестициди у високих концентраціях пригнічують мітози, а в низьких є мітопромоторами та індукують різні хромосомні аномалії, такі як злипання хромосом, фрагменти, розділення хроматид, порушення метафаз, С-мітози, відставання, передчасний рух та пізнє розділення в тих випадках, коли домінують відсталі хромосоми. Для всіх пестицидів, використаних в даній роботі, концентрації понад 500 ppmпроявляли значний токсичний ефект. В інших випадках мітотичний індекс хоч і покращувався, але був меншим, ніж в контрольних експериментах. Изучено влияние пестицидов (Endosulfan, Dieldrin, Aldrin) на деление клеток и морфологию хромосом Vicia faba L. Результаты свидетельствуют, что пестициды в высоких концентрациях подавляют митозы, а в низких являются митопромоторами, и индуцируют разнообразные хромосомные аномалии такие как слипание хромосом, фрагменты, разделение хроматид, нарушения метафаз, С-митозы, отставания, преждевременное движение и позднее разделение в тех случаях, где доминировали отставшие хромосомы. Для всех пестицидов, использованных в настоящей работе, концентрации свыше 500 ppm проявляли значительный токсический эффект. В остальных случаях митотический индекс хоть и улучшался, но был меньшим, чем в контрольных экспериментах. en Інститут клітинної біології та генетичної інженерії НАН України Оригинальные работы Cytotoxic effects of pesticide in somatic cells of Vicia faba L. Цитотоксична дія пестицидів на соматиxні клітини Vicia faba L. Цитотоксическое действие пестицидов на соматические клетки Vicia faba L. Article published earlier |
| spellingShingle | Cytotoxic effects of pesticide in somatic cells of Vicia faba L. Pandey, R.M. Оригинальные работы |
| title | Cytotoxic effects of pesticide in somatic cells of Vicia faba L. |
| title_alt | Цитотоксична дія пестицидів на соматиxні клітини Vicia faba L. Цитотоксическое действие пестицидов на соматические клетки Vicia faba L. |
| title_full | Cytotoxic effects of pesticide in somatic cells of Vicia faba L. |
| title_fullStr | Cytotoxic effects of pesticide in somatic cells of Vicia faba L. |
| title_full_unstemmed | Cytotoxic effects of pesticide in somatic cells of Vicia faba L. |
| title_short | Cytotoxic effects of pesticide in somatic cells of Vicia faba L. |
| title_sort | cytotoxic effects of pesticide in somatic cells of vicia faba l. |
| topic | Оригинальные работы |
| topic_facet | Оригинальные работы |
| url | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/8303 |
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