Cytotoxic effects of pesticide in somatic cells of Vicia faba L.

The effects of pesticides (Endosulfan, Dieldrin, Aldrin) on cell division and chromosomal morphology of Vicia faba L. were studied. The results showed that the pesticides are mitodepressive in higher concentrations and mitopromotor in lower concentrations and induced a variety of chromosomal abnorma...

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Date:2008
Main Author: Pandey, R.M.
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Інститут клітинної біології та генетичної інженерії НАН України 2008
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Online Access:https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/8303
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Cite this:Cytotoxic effects of pesticide in somatic cells of Vicia faba L. / R.M. Pandey // Цитология и генетика. — 2008. — Т. 42, № 6. — С. 13-18. — Бібліогр.: 36 назв. — англ.

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Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
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author Pandey, R.M.
author_facet Pandey, R.M.
citation_txt Cytotoxic effects of pesticide in somatic cells of Vicia faba L. / R.M. Pandey // Цитология и генетика. — 2008. — Т. 42, № 6. — С. 13-18. — Бібліогр.: 36 назв. — англ.
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description The effects of pesticides (Endosulfan, Dieldrin, Aldrin) on cell division and chromosomal morphology of Vicia faba L. were studied. The results showed that the pesticides are mitodepressive in higher concentrations and mitopromotor in lower concentrations and induced a variety of chromosomal abnormalities such as stickiness, fragments, chromatid separation, disturbed metaphase, C-mitosis, laggards, precocious movement and late separation where lagging chromosomes were predominant. The concentration of 500 ppm or above, for all the pesticides used in the present study showed pronounced toxic effect. In remaining treatments, although the mitotic index was improved but less than that of absolute controls. Вивчали вплив пестицидів (Endosulfan, Dieldrin, Aldrin) на ділення клітин та морфологію хромосом Vicia faba L. Результати свідчать, пестициди у високих концентраціях пригнічують мітози, а в низьких є мітопромоторами та індукують різні хромосомні аномалії, такі як злипання хромосом, фрагменти, розділення хроматид, порушення метафаз, С-мітози, відставання, передчасний рух та пізнє розділення в тих випадках, коли домінують відсталі хромосоми. Для всіх пестицидів, використаних в даній роботі, концентрації понад 500 ppmпроявляли значний токсичний ефект. В інших випадках мітотичний індекс хоч і покращувався, але був меншим, ніж в контрольних експериментах. Изучено влияние пестицидов (Endosulfan, Dieldrin, Aldrin) на деление клеток и морфологию хромосом Vicia faba L. Результаты свидетельствуют, что пестициды в высоких концентрациях подавляют митозы, а в низких являются митопромоторами, и индуцируют разнообразные хромосомные аномалии такие как слипание хромосом, фрагменты, разделение хроматид, нарушения метафаз, С-митозы, отставания, преждевременное движение и позднее разделение в тех случаях, где доминировали отставшие хромосомы. Для всех пестицидов, использованных в настоящей работе, концентрации свыше 500 ppm проявляли значительный токсический эффект. В остальных случаях митотический индекс хоть и улучшался, но был меньшим, чем в контрольных экспериментах.
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fulltext ІSSN 0564–3783. Цитология и генетика. 2008. № 6 13 R.M. PANDEY Cytogenetics Section, National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow�226001, India rmp_nbri@yahoo.co.in CYTOTOXIC EFFECTS OF PESTICIDES IN SOMATIC CELLS OF VICIA FABA L. The effects of pesticides (Endosulfan, Dieldrin, Aldrin) on cell division and chromosomal morphology of Vicia faba L. were studied. The results showed that the pesticides are mitode� pressive in higher concentrations and mitopromotor in lower concentrations and induced a variety of chromosomal abnor� malities such as stickiness, fragments, chromatid separation, disturbed metaphase, C�mitosis, laggards, precocious move� ment and late separation where lagging chromosomes were predominant. The concentration of 500 ppm or above, for all the pesticides used in the present study showed pronounced toxic effect. In remaining treatments, although the mitotic index was improved but less than that of absolute controls. Introduction. Pesticides used in the modern agricultural practices represent a very large input of toxic chemicals in our environment [16]. Their usage has increased manifolds in disease control management without considering their harmful side effects on plants, animals and human beings [2]. Although the use of these chemicals has become essential, but their ingredients have induced acute toxic effects [3, 8]. The toxic effect of pesticides is not necessarily a result of direct application, some pesticides accumulate into the food to a toxic level and affect the public health [17, 14]. However, the potentiality of these pesticides as mutagenic or car, cinogenic agent to non, target organisms has been reported [31]. Cytological investigations have been carried out to detect the harmful effects of agricul, tural chemicals on various crop plants [20, 29, 28, 19]. It was also reported that mutagens significant, ly affect the sex organs and alter fertility [25]. But no significant work has been done on the effect of these pesticides (endosulfan, dieldrin, aldrin) on cell division and chromosomes of Vicia faba. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine the cytotoxic effects of these chemicals on mitotic activity of Vicia faba. Materials and Methods. Different concentra, tions (5, 50, 500 and 1000 ppm) of endosulfan, diel, drin and aldrin were used in the treatment of Vicia faba. The solutions were prepared in distilled water. Seeds were directly placed in test liquids and con, trols were placed only in the distilled water. The seeds were treated with test solution for 12 hours and then allowed a recovery period of 2 hours in distilled water [23]. The treated seeds of Vicia faba were put on wet filter paper in petridishes and kept in darkness at 22–25 °С. Root tips were obtained after germina, tion and the experimental as well as the control root meristems were excised from the seeds. The root tips were cut carefully and fixed in acetoalcohol solution (1 acetic acid : 3 alcohol) for 24 hrs. The root tips were hydrolyzed in 1 NHCl for 10 minutes and squashed in 2 % acetocarmine for cytological stud, ies. The slides were temporarily sealed, 10 root tip squashes were prepared for each variables and a min, imum of 250 mitotic cells were examined from each slide and microphotographs of selected slides were taken. The mitotic index was calculated using the method of [28]. Chromosomal aberrations and their percentage in each treatment were also recorded. © R.M. PANDEY, 2008 ISSN 0564–3783. Цитология и генетика. 2008. № 614 R.M. Pandey Results. The cytotoxic effects on root tips cells of Vicia faba have been presented in Table 1. The perusal of the table indicates that there was an exponential relationship between the percentage of aberrations and concentrations of pesticides. The species showed significant decrease in mitotic index as the dose increased. The metaphase abnor, malities gradually increased by the increase in concentration of pesticides in the Vicia faba i.e. 50–1000 ppm doses of endosulfan, dieldrin and aldrin. Different concentrations of chemicals used also showed significant variation in mitotic index. The aqueous solution of pesticides enhanced the mitotic index than treated values, when a recovery period of 2 hrs was given to the treated materials of all used concentrations. Different concentrations of pesticides induced various types of chromoso, mal aberrations at metaphase and anaphase. The aberrations with their mean percent values have been given in Table 2. Almost all treatments revealed significant effect on the frequency of mitotic phases. The stickiness of chromosomes was induced by only higher concentrations of pesticides and the mean value of stickiness was 5.20 %, 5.13 % and 6.02 % in 500 ppm, which increased to 8.17 %, 6.27 % and 8.06 % in 1000 ppm of endo, sulfan, dieldrin and aldrin, respectively. The 5, 50 ppm treatments were unable to induce stickiness of chromosomes. At metaphase, chromatid separation, disturbed metaphase, stickiness of chromosomes, precocious movement, C,mitosis were observed (Figure). All chromosomal abnormalities like chromatid sepa, ration, disturbed metaphase, precocious move, Treatments Concen, tration (ppm) Number of cells observed Number of actively dividing cells Mitotic Index (MI), % Normal Abnormal Total Normal Abnormal Total Metaphase, % Anaphase, % Endosulfan Dieldrin Aldrin Mean CD at 5 % 1 % Control 5 50 500 1000 5 50 500 1000 5 50 500 1000 2629 2679 2468 2373 2637 2557.2 � � 58.41 2819 2618 2827 2416 2670.0 � � 97.49 2408 2517 2412 2921 2564 � � 121.48 2597.23 � � 50.18 130.18 139.46 618 592 538 408 245 480.2 � � 69.05 628 568 467 202 466.2 � � 94.14 532 539 338 210 404.75 � � 79.90 449.86 � � 43.27 88.96 120.25 23.51 22.10 21.80 17.19 9.29 18.78 � � 2.07 22.28 21.70 16.52 8.36 17.21 � � 2.22 22.09 21.41 14.01 7.19 16.17 � � 3.52 52.17 � � 1.56 3.22 4.35 45.82 44.19 25.79 17.69 8.57 28.41 � � 7.30 44.11 27.65 19.08 8.81 24.91 � � 7.46 43.40 27.79 12.84 7.25 22.82 � � 8.11 25.61 � � 4.08 8.40 11.34 – 1.05 17.96 19.42 22.31 15.18 � � 4.79 1.47 18.07 20.18 23.21 15.98 � � 4.87 1.08 16.19 23.98 23.67 16.23 � � 3.11 15.79 � � 2.76 5.68 7.67 45.82 45.24 43.75 37.11 30.88 40.56 � � 2.87 45.58 45.72 39.26 32.02 40.64 � � 3.24 44.48 43.98 36.82 29.92 38.80 � � 4.44 40.00 � � 11.09 22.81 30.83 54.18 52.98 39.89 14.67 12.02 34.75 � � 10.10 53.88 39.60 15.87 12.40 30.43 � � 9.87 53.54 37.24 11.85 9.97 28.15 � � 10.50 31.11 � � 5.22 10.73 14.51 – 1.78 16.36 48.22 57.10 30.86 � � 13.05 0.54 14.68 44.87 55.58 28.92 � � 12.82 1.98 18.78 51.29 60.11 33.04 � � 13.64 30.94 � � 6.90 14.19 19.17 54.18 54.76 56.25 62.89 69.12 59.44 � � 2.87 54.42 54.28 60.74 67.98 59.35 � � 3.24 55.52 56.02 63.14 70.08 61.19 � � 3.43 59.99 � � 1.69 3.46 4.68 Table 1 Effect of pesticides on mitotic cell division of Vicia faba L. ІSSN 0564–3783. Цитология и генетика. 2008. № 6 15 Cytotoxic effects of pesticide in somatic cells of Vicia faba L. ment, stickiness of chromosomes and C,mitosis at metaphase were induced only by higher concen, trations (Table 2). The mean values of laggards at anaphase were 6.02 %, 6.79 % and 8.14 % in 50 ppm, which increased to 24.68 %, 24.19 % and 24.73 % in 1000 ppm of endosulfan, dieldrin and aldrin, respectively. The 5 ppm concentration was not able to induce laggards. The other chromoso, mal abnormalities like stickiness, fragmentation of chromosomes and late separation at anaphase were induced only by 500 ppm and 1000 ppm (Table 2). Mitotic index values were low in high concentra, tions of endosulfan, dieldrin and aldrin and also varied in various concentrations of these pesticides (Table 1). Discussion. Pesticides applied to either soil or crop plants are subjected to volatilization, leach, ing, and induce chromosomal aberrations, chemi, cal modification and microbial degradation, which have higher risk of bringing about environmental pollution. The application of pesticides to the root meristems of Vicia faba L. have revealed decrease in mitotic index in increasing concentrations of endo, sulfan, dieldrin and aldrin. Inhibition of mitosis was also reported by [4, 7, 11, 15, 27, 34, 35] by the treatment of substituted urea compound, phenols, trifluraline, nitraline, carbamates, terbutryn, atra, zine and gasegard in Hordeum and Tradescantia, Nigella, Allium cepa, Vicia faba and in barley, respec, tively. Significant reduction in mitotic index (MI), noted in the present study may be due to the mitodepressive action of the chemicals indicating thereby the pesticides used interfere in the normal cell cycle resulting in decrease in number of divid, ing cells. Similar results had also been reported by [11, 19, 24, 28, 33, 36] on various crop plants. The inhibition of certain cell cycle specific proteins remains as a possible pesticide target site which inhibit DNA polymerase as well as other enzymes resulting in antimitotic effect [22]. Table 2 Chromosomal aberrations (%) in mitotic cells of root tips of Vicia faba L. Treatments Concentra, tion (ppm) Distubed metaphase Precocious movement C,mitosis Laggards Stickiness at anaphase Fragmentation at anaphase Chromatid bridge Late separa, tion at anaphase Endosulfan Dieldrin Aldrin Mean CD at 5 % 1 % Control 5 50 500 1000 5 50 500 1000 5 50 500 1000 – – 4.30 3.87 3.95 4.04 � � 0.13 – 3.85 3.42 3.87 3.71 � � 0.14 – 5.39 4.91 4.57 4.96 � � 0.23 4.23 � � 0.22 0.45 0.60 – – 5.37 6.48 7.17 6.34 � � 0.52 1.47 5.09 7.29 7.33 5.29 � � 1.37 1.08 3.31 6.95 7.04 4.59 � � 1.46 5.32 � � 0.71 1.45 1.97 – 1.05 8.29 9.07 11.19 7.4 � � 2.20 – 9.13 9.47 12.01 10.20 � � 1.11 – 7.70 12.17 12.06 10.64 � � 1.47 9.41 � � 1.05 2.16 2.91 – 1.78 6.02 18.17 24.68 12.66 � � 5.30 0.54 6.79 17.97 24.19 12.37 � � 5.41 1.98 8.14 20.37 24.73 13.80 � � 5.28 12.94 � � 1.65 3.39 4.59 – – 2.06 5.20 8.17 5.14 � � 1.76 – 2.05 5.13 6.27 4.48 � � 1.26 – 2.11 6.02 8.06 5.39 � � 1.74 5.00 � � 0.81 1.66 2.25 – – 3.29 11.37 13.42 9.36 � � 3.09 – 3.08 9.95 12.20 8.41 � � 2.74 – 3.28 11.10 12.07 8.81 � � 2.78 8.86 � � 1.44 2.97 4.02 – – 2.12 6.02 8.17 5.43 � � 1.77 – 1.02 4.93 6.14 4.03 � � 1.54 – 2.16 5.78 7.43 5.12 � � 1.55 4.86 � � 0.84 1.72 2.33 – – 2.87 7.46 2.66 4.33 � � 1.56 – 1.74 6.89 6.78 5.14 � � 1.69 – 3.09 7.97 7.82 6.29 � � 1.60 5.26 � � 0.86 1.77 2.39 ISSN 0564–3783. Цитология и генетика. 2008. № 616 R.M. Pandey The treatments of pesticides showed significant effect on the percentage of the metaphase stages, the mean values were 22.31 %, 23.21 % and 23.67 % in 1000 ppm of endosulfan, dieldrin and aldrin, respectively. As far as anaphase percent was concerned the mean values were 57.10 %, 55.58 % and 60.11 % in 1000 ppm [5, 6] also observed a similar trend by the treatment of trichlorphon and rotenone in other crops. Various types of chromo, somal abnormalities like fragments, disturbed metaphase, C,mitosis, laggards, chromatid bridge, stickiness, precocious movement and late separa, tion were observed, the percentage of abnormali, ties were gradually increased in higher concentra, tions of pesticides. These results are in agreement with Allium cepa root tips with different pesticides, such as sencorer [21, 28], cyanazine [30], gasegard [28], carbetamex & paradone plus [9]. The treat, ments of various pesticides such as gespex [10] in Vicia faba, gasegard and igran [35] in barley have shown similar effect as in the present study. Cytotoxic effects of the pesticides used in the pres, ent case were in conformity with that of [1, 13] with the treatment of toxic pesticides and chemicals. Chemical abnormalities such as C,mitosis, lag, ging chromosome (s) and precocious movement were the result of disturbance in the spindle fiber formation caused by the pesticides [10, 21] attrib, utable to lipophylic chain of spindle proteins, which causes the banding of polypeptides [18]. Stickiness is induced either by the effect of pesti, cides on chromosomal protein attributed to the improper folding of chromosome fibers which ren, der the chromatid connected by means of sub, chromatid bridges [12, 26] or may be due to the action of pesticides on the polymerization process, resulting in the fragmentation of chromosomes and bridges at anaphase stage forms sticky chro, Showing cytological effects of pesticides in Vicia faba L.: 1 – normal metaphase; 2 – fragmentation at anaphase; 3 – stickiness at anaphase; 4 – precocious movement; 5 – chromatid bridge and fragments at anaphase; 6 – late separation at anaphase; 7 – C,metaphase; 8 – laggard at anaphase; 9 – dis, turbed metaphase ІSSN 0564–3783. Цитология и генетика. 2008. № 6 17 Cytotoxic effects of pesticide in somatic cells of Vicia faba L. mosomes [18]. Rank et al. [32] have reported that the chromosome bridges and fragments lead to structural changes in chromosomes of crop plants and in other organisms in the environment. Hence the higher concentrations of endosulfan, dieldrin and aldrin may become motostatic, chromotoxic and clastogenic in crop plants, therefore, its high, er concentration is not suggestive. From the foregoing discussion, it is obvious that pesticides present in the environment can be absorbed by the plants, which may adversely affect the genetic systems, causing damage to chromo, somes in crop plants and other organisms. Regular application of pesticides in agricultural practices is a potential threat to genetic constitution of crop plants and animals. Therefore, judicial application of chemical pesticides is essential. Indiscriminate use of pesticides should be discouraged as far as practicable. Authors are thankful to Dr. R. Tuli, Director, Na� tional Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow for facility. Р.M. Панди ЦИТОТОКСИЧЕСКОЕ ДЕЙСТВИЕ ПЕСТИЦИДОВ НА СОМАТИЧЕСКИЕ КЛЕТКИ VICIA FABA L. Изучено влияние пестицидов (Endosulfan, Dieldrin, Aldrin) на деление клеток и морфологию хромосом Vicia faba L. Результаты свидетельствуют, что пестици, ды в высоких концентрациях подавляют митозы, а в низких являются митопромоторами, и индуцируют разнообразные хромосомные аномалии такие как слипание хромосом, фрагменты, разделение хроматид, нарушения метафаз, С,митозы, отставания, прежде, временное движение и позднее разделение в тех случаях, где доминировали отставшие хромосомы. Для всех пестицидов, использованных в настоящей работе, концентрации свыше 500 ppm проявляли значитель, ный токсический эффект. В остальных случаях мито, тический индекс хоть и улучшался, но был меньшим, чем в контрольных экспериментах. Р.М. Панді ЦИТОТОКСИЧНА ДІЯ ПЕСТИЦИДІВ НА СОМАТИXНІ КЛІТИНИ VICIA FABA L. Вивчали вплив пестицидів (Endosulfan, Dieldrin, Aldrin) на ділення клітин та морфологію хромосом Vicia faba L. Результати свідчать, пестициди у високих концентраціях пригнічують мітози, а в низьких є міто, промоторами та індукують різні хромосомні аномалії, такі як злипання хромосом, фрагменти, розділення хро, матид, порушення метафаз, С,мітози, відставання, передчасний рух та пізнє розділення в тих випадках, коли домінують відсталі хромосоми. Для всіх пестици, дів, використаних в даній роботі, концентрації понад 500 ppmпроявляли значний токсичний ефект. В інших випадках мітотичний індекс хоч і покращувався, але був меншим, ніж в контрольних експериментах. REFERENCES 1. Ahmad S., Yasmin, R. 1992. Effects of methyl parathion and trimiltoxon the mitosis of Allium cepa L. Cytologia, 57:155–160. 2. Ajay K.J., Sarbhoy R.K. 1987. Cytogenetical studies on the effect of some chlorinated pesticides I. Effect on somatic chromosomes of Lens and Pisum. Cytologia, 52:47–53. 3. Amer S.M., Farah O. R. 1974. Cytological effects of pes, ticides. VI. 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id nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-8303
institution Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
issn 0564-3783
language English
last_indexed 2025-12-07T13:28:07Z
publishDate 2008
publisher Інститут клітинної біології та генетичної інженерії НАН України
record_format dspace
spelling Pandey, R.M.
2010-05-20T12:20:20Z
2010-05-20T12:20:20Z
2008
Cytotoxic effects of pesticide in somatic cells of Vicia faba L. / R.M. Pandey // Цитология и генетика. — 2008. — Т. 42, № 6. — С. 13-18. — Бібліогр.: 36 назв. — англ.
0564-3783
https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/8303
The effects of pesticides (Endosulfan, Dieldrin, Aldrin) on cell division and chromosomal morphology of Vicia faba L. were studied. The results showed that the pesticides are mitodepressive in higher concentrations and mitopromotor in lower concentrations and induced a variety of chromosomal abnormalities such as stickiness, fragments, chromatid separation, disturbed metaphase, C-mitosis, laggards, precocious movement and late separation where lagging chromosomes were predominant. The concentration of 500 ppm or above, for all the pesticides used in the present study showed pronounced toxic effect. In remaining treatments, although the mitotic index was improved but less than that of absolute controls.
Вивчали вплив пестицидів (Endosulfan, Dieldrin, Aldrin) на ділення клітин та морфологію хромосом Vicia faba L. Результати свідчать, пестициди у високих концентраціях пригнічують мітози, а в низьких є мітопромоторами та індукують різні хромосомні аномалії, такі як злипання хромосом, фрагменти, розділення хроматид, порушення метафаз, С-мітози, відставання, передчасний рух та пізнє розділення в тих випадках, коли домінують відсталі хромосоми. Для всіх пестицидів, використаних в даній роботі, концентрації понад 500 ppmпроявляли значний токсичний ефект. В інших випадках мітотичний індекс хоч і покращувався, але був меншим, ніж в контрольних експериментах.
Изучено влияние пестицидов (Endosulfan, Dieldrin, Aldrin) на деление клеток и морфологию хромосом Vicia faba L. Результаты свидетельствуют, что пестициды в высоких концентрациях подавляют митозы, а в низких являются митопромоторами, и индуцируют разнообразные хромосомные аномалии такие как слипание хромосом, фрагменты, разделение хроматид, нарушения метафаз, С-митозы, отставания, преждевременное движение и позднее разделение в тех случаях, где доминировали отставшие хромосомы. Для всех пестицидов, использованных в настоящей работе, концентрации свыше 500 ppm проявляли значительный токсический эффект. В остальных случаях митотический индекс хоть и улучшался, но был меньшим, чем в контрольных экспериментах.
en
Інститут клітинної біології та генетичної інженерії НАН України
Оригинальные работы
Cytotoxic effects of pesticide in somatic cells of Vicia faba L.
Цитотоксична дія пестицидів на соматиxні клітини Vicia faba L.
Цитотоксическое действие пестицидов на соматические клетки Vicia faba L.
Article
published earlier
spellingShingle Cytotoxic effects of pesticide in somatic cells of Vicia faba L.
Pandey, R.M.
Оригинальные работы
title Cytotoxic effects of pesticide in somatic cells of Vicia faba L.
title_alt Цитотоксична дія пестицидів на соматиxні клітини Vicia faba L.
Цитотоксическое действие пестицидов на соматические клетки Vicia faba L.
title_full Cytotoxic effects of pesticide in somatic cells of Vicia faba L.
title_fullStr Cytotoxic effects of pesticide in somatic cells of Vicia faba L.
title_full_unstemmed Cytotoxic effects of pesticide in somatic cells of Vicia faba L.
title_short Cytotoxic effects of pesticide in somatic cells of Vicia faba L.
title_sort cytotoxic effects of pesticide in somatic cells of vicia faba l.
topic Оригинальные работы
topic_facet Оригинальные работы
url https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/8303
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