Earth – Atmosphere – Geospace as an Open Nonlinear Dynamical System
The concept of the Earth-atmosphere-ionosphere-magnetosphere (EAIM) system as a complex open dissipative nonlinear dynamical system whose most important property is trigger mechanisms for energy releases has been validated, the basic aspects of the system paradigm being stated. Highly energetic phen...
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Радіоастрономічний інститут НАН України
2008
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| Назва журналу: | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| Цитувати: | Earth – Atmosphere – Geospace as an Open Nonlinear Dynamical System / L.F. Chernogor, V.T. Rozumenko // Радиофизика и радиоастрономия. — 2008. — Т. 13, № 2. — С. 120-137. — Бібліогр.: 24 назв. — англ. |
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Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine| _version_ | 1859710320599105536 |
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| author | Chernogor, L.F. Rozumenko, V.T. |
| author_facet | Chernogor, L.F. Rozumenko, V.T. |
| citation_txt | Earth – Atmosphere – Geospace as an Open Nonlinear Dynamical System / L.F. Chernogor, V.T. Rozumenko // Радиофизика и радиоастрономия. — 2008. — Т. 13, № 2. — С. 120-137. — Бібліогр.: 24 назв. — англ. |
| collection | DSpace DC |
| description | The concept of the Earth-atmosphere-ionosphere-magnetosphere (EAIM) system as a complex open dissipative nonlinear dynamical system whose most important property is trigger mechanisms for energy releases has been validated, the basic aspects of the system paradigm being stated. Highly energetic phenomena in the system have been shown to give rise to a complex cluster of processes and to the reconstruction in the subsystem coupling. The active experiments in the EAIM system have established the limitation of the linear description of the subsystem response to large energy inputs, determined the possibility of the onset of large-scale and global-scale perturbation from local and localized energy releases, as well as revealed and identified the types of waves transferring these disturbances. The majority of highly variable processes in the EAIM system have been determined to be accompanied by energetic particle precipitations from the magnetosphere at middle latitudes.
Обоснована концепция о том, что система Земля – атмосфера – ионосфера – магнитосфера (ЗАИМ) является сложной открытой диссипативной нелинейной динамической системой, наиболее важным свойством которой являются тригерные механизмы высвобождения энергии. Сформулированы основные положения системной парадигмы. Показано, что высокоэнергичные явления в этой системе вызывают сложную совокупность процессов и перестройку взаимодействий подсистем. Активные эксперименты в системе ЗАИМ позволили установить предел линейного описания отклика подсистем на значительные энерговыделения, определить возможность возникновения крупномасштабных и глобальных возмущений от локальных и локализованных выделений энергии, а также выявить и идентифицировать типы волн, переносящих эти возмущения. Установлено, что бóльшая часть нестационарных процессов в системе ЗАИМ сопровождается среднеширотными высыпаниям
Обгрунтовано концепцію про те, що система Земля – атмосфера – іоносфера – магнітосфера (ЗАІМ) є складною відкритою дисипативною нелінійною динамічною системою, найважливішою властивістю якої є тригерні механізми вивільнення енергії. Сформульовано основні положення системної парадигми. Показано, що високоенергійні явища у цій системі викликають складну сукупність процесів і перебудову взаємодій підсистем. Активні експерименти в системі ЗАІМ дозволили встановити межу лінійного опису відгуку підсистем на значні енерговиділення, визначити можливість виникнення великомасштабних і глобальних збурень від локальних та локалізованих виділень енергії, а також виявити та ідентифікувати типи хвиль, що переносять ці збурення. Встановлено, що більшість нестаціонарних процесів у системі ЗАІМ супроводжується середньоширотними висипаннями енергійних частинок з магнітосфери.
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| first_indexed | 2025-12-01T05:03:43Z |
| format | Article |
| fulltext |
Радиофизика и радиоастрономия, 2008, т. 13, №2, с. 120-137
© L. F. Chernogor and V. T. Rozumenko, 2008
Earth – Atmosphere – Geospace
as an Open Nonlinear Dynamical System
L. F. Chernogor and V. T. Rozumenko
Kharkiv V. Karazin National University,
4, Svoboda Sq., Kharkiv, 61077, Ukraine
E-mail: Leonid.F.Chernogor@univer.kharkov.ua
Received November 13, 2007
The concept of the Earth-atmosphere-ionosphere-magnetosphere (EAIM) system as a complex
open dissipative nonlinear dynamical system whose most important property is trigger mechanisms
for energy releases has been validated, the basic aspects of the system paradigm being stated.
Highly energetic phenomena in the system have been shown to give rise to a complex cluster of
processes and to the reconstruction in the subsystem coupling. The active experiments in the EAIM
system have established the limitation of the linear description of the subsystem response to large
energy inputs, determined the possibility of the onset of large-scale and global-scale perturbation
from local and localized energy releases, as well as revealed and identified the types of waves
transferring these disturbances. The majority of highly variable processes in the EAIM system have
been determined to be accompanied by energetic particle precipitations from the magnetosphere
at middle latitudes.
1. Introduction
A major achievement of the physics of the
Earth, atmosphere, and geospace over the last
quarter of the twentieth century has been the
realization that a proper understanding of the
processes acting in all spheres of our planet, and
hence physics-based modeling, is impossible wi-
thin the old paradigm where all spheres are con-
sidered separately, and even when coupling bet-
ween two spheres is accounted for, it is consi-
dered to be linear. The instantaneous state of
any sphere has turned out to be insufficient to
predict its future evolution.
Chernogor [1-4] have formulated and devel-
oped the basics for the system paradigm in the
1980th. These papers present the validation of
the concept that the Earth-atmosphere-iono-
sphere-magnetosphere (EAIM) system is an
open, dynamic, and, above all, nonlinear system
with inherent non-trivial properties. Data on this
system, distinct from data on a subsystem, per-
mit more reliable forecasting of its state.
The goal of this work is a formulation of the
basic aspects of the system paradigm for the
EAIM system and the discussion of the principle
processes operating there.
2. The Basic Aspects
of the System Paradigm
(1) The Earth and the near-Earth environ-
ment constitute a unified system. It consists of
subsystems, internal and external spheres. This
study is concerned with the tectonosphere, at-
mosphere, ionosphere, and magnetosphere for-
ming the TAIM system, and the ocean, atmo-
sphere, ionosphere, and magnetosphere, for-
ming the OAIM system, both of which form the
EAIM system. The EAIM system has a hierar-
chical structure.
Earth – Atmosphere – Geospace as an Open Nonlinear Dynamical System
121Радиофизика и радиоастрономия, 2008, т. 13, №2
(2) The EAIM system constituents interact
via a myriad of various (direct, feedback, positive,
negative, and in combination with each other)
mechanisms, as illustrated in Figure 1.
(3) The EAIM system is open. Emissions,
matter, energy are supplied from above and be-
low, which give rise to entropy production, as the
data in Tables 1 and 2 show.
(4) The EAIM system is dynamic. Its parame-
ters vary in space and time. Consequently, the
system is governed by partial differential equa-
tions satisfying the initial and boundary conditions,
which are known with finite errors.
(5) The EAIM system is nonlinear, which is a
consequence of the high-energy processes acting
in it, as the data presented in Tables 3 and 4
illustrate, and the nonlinearities, in turn, drive in-
stabilities, produce irregularities, generate intense
waves, etc.
(6) The Earth and its envelopes have the pro-
perty of self-developing, complicating, and deve-
loping self-organizing patterns owing to the influx
of energy, emissions, mass, etc.
3. Processes Acting in the EAIM system
3.1. Geospace Storms
Coronal mass ejections cause the most fun-
damental rearrangement of processes opera-
ting in the EAIM system, geospace storms, as
depicted in Figure 1. The geospace storm is
termed to be a set of storms including the
magnetic, ionospheric, atmospheric, and elect-
ric ones [1-3, 5-9].
The geospace storm could apparently be re-
sponsible for the onset of high-energy proces-
ses occurring in the troposphere, such as the
hurricane, with a triggering factor of 9 10~ 10 10÷
[1-4].
The geospace storm characteristics are pre-
sented in Table 5.
The magnetic storm energy, ,mEΔ can be
estimated in terms of disturbances in the geo-
magnetic flux density, ,BΔ and can vary in a
wide range of values, as illustrated in Table 6.
The magnetic storm power, ,mP also depends on
Fig. 1. Processes accompanying geospace storms and variations in space weather (AGW are acoustic-gravity
waves)
L. F. Chernogor and V. T. Rozumenko
122 Радиофизика и радиоастрономия, 2008, т. 13, №2
both a mEΔ value and the duration tΔ of the
storm’s main phase.
We advance a new classification of geospace
storms in terms of their constituent intensity, as
presented in Table 7.
3.2. Seismic Processes
An earthquake was the first high-energy
source that caused a significant revision of ear-
lier ideas about the role of energy fluxes from
below. The energy and power of the most vio-
Table 1. The energetics of fluxes from above
Source PΠ (W/m2) Area (m2) P (W) Duration (s) Comments
Solar emissions under Wavelength:
quiet conditions:
optical 1400 141.3 10⋅ 171.8 10⋅ Continuously 0.4 0.8 mλ ≈ ÷ μ
ultraviolet – soft X-rays 2~ 2 10⋅ 141.3 10⋅ 16~ 3 10⋅ 1 180 nmλ ≈ ÷
hard X-rays 8~ 10− 141.3 10⋅ 6~ 10 0.1 1 nmλ ≈ ÷
Solar emissions under
disturbed conditions:
optical 1400 141.3 10⋅
171.8 10⋅ 2~ 10 0.4 0.8 mλ ≈ ÷ μ
ultraviolet – soft X-rays 2~ 2 10⋅ 141.3 10⋅ 16~ 3 10⋅ 2~ 10 1 180 nmλ ≈ ÷
hard X-ray 4~ 5 10−⋅ 141.3 10⋅ 10~ 6.5 10⋅ 2~ 10 0.1 1 nmλ ≈ ÷
Solar protons: Proton energy:
10 100 MeV÷
under quiet conditions 0.1 1610 1510 Continuously Flux:
11 9 2 110 10 m s− −÷ ⋅
under disturbed conditions 2 3÷ 1610 16(2 3) 10÷ ⋅ 2 510 10÷ Flux:
12 2 1(2 3) 10 m s− −÷ ⋅ ⋅
Solar wind:
quiet 56 10−⋅ 1610 116 10⋅ 6 35 10 m ,pN −≈ ⋅
400 km /sp ≈v
disturbed 25 10−⋅ 1610 145 10⋅ 4(4 30) 10÷ ⋅ 8 310 m ,pN −≈
1000 km /sp ≈v
Galactic cosmic rays 610− 14~ 10 810 Continuously Flux:
4 2 110 m s− −⋅
Proton energy:
1 GeVpε =
Meteoroid flux: Particle mass:
background 75 10−⋅ 14~ 10 75 10⋅ Continuously 1010 kgm −≥
maximum flux 25 10−⋅ 14~ 10 12~ 5 10⋅ 3 410 10÷ Same as above
Precipitating
energetic particles:
under quiet conditions 410− 13~ 10 910 2 410 10÷ High latitudes
under disturbed conditions 1 13~ 10 13~ 10 2 410 10÷ Same as above
Infrared thermospheric 2 10 mλ = ÷ μ
emissions: Stronger at high latitudes
under quiet conditions 3 210 10− −÷ 145 10⋅ 11(5 50) 10÷ ⋅ Continuously
under disturbed conditions 0.1 1÷ 145 10⋅ 14(5 50) 10÷ ⋅ 2 410 10÷
Here, PΠ is the energy flux density, P is the power of processes
Earth – Atmosphere – Geospace as an Open Nonlinear Dynamical System
123Радиофизика и радиоастрономия, 2008, т. 13, №2
lent earthquakes can attain values of 19~ 10 J
and 17~ 10 W, respectfully.
Earthquakes exert their influence on the
geospace environment via the following four
channels: (1) acoustic-gravity waves, (2) qua-
si-steady electric and magnetic fields, (3) elec-
tromagnetic waves generated by variations in
strain at boundaries between the mobile lithos-
pheric plates, (4) MHD waves generated at
altitudes of the dynamo region via the modula-
tion of the current flows by the acoustic-gravity
waves from earthquakes and via the modula-
tion of the ionospheric electric field by the elec-
tric field from earthquakes.
Source PΠ (W/m2) Area (m2) P (W) Duration (s) Comments
Earth’s surface Absorbed and radiated
infrared emissions 24 10⋅ 145 10⋅ 172 10⋅ Continuously by the atmosphere
Water vapor 80 145 10⋅ 164 10⋅ Same as above Latent heat released from
atmospheric water vapor
Air convection 30 145 10⋅ 161.5 10⋅ Same as above —
Heat fluxes from
the Earth’s interior 26 10−⋅ 145 10⋅ 133 10⋅ Same as above Plays negligible role
Atmospheric turbulence 1 10÷ 145 10⋅ 14(5 50) 10÷ ⋅ Same as above Up to
~ 100 120 km÷ altitude
Internal gravitational Effectively dissipated
waves (IGW) 0.1 1÷ 145 10⋅ 13(5 50) 10÷ ⋅ Same as above in the thermosphere
Tidal waves 310− 145 10⋅ 115 10⋅ Same as above Same as above
Planetary waves 310− 145 10⋅ 115 10⋅ Same as above Same as above
Infrasound 4 310 10− −÷ 145 10⋅ 10(5 50) 10÷ ⋅ Same as above Reach the ionospheric
F region
Infrasound from the Same as above
strongest earthquake 2 310 10÷ 1110 13 1410 10÷ 210
Electromagnetic Reach the ionosphere
emissions from and magnetosphere
the strongest earthquake 3 210 10− −÷ 1110 8 910 10÷ 2 310 10÷
Acoustic emissions Dissipated
from the most powerful in the atmosphere
lightning discharge 310− 910 610 ~ 1
Electromagnetic Reach the ionosphere
emissions from and magnetosphere
the most powerful
lightning discharge 310− 910 610 ~ 1
Acoustic emissions Dissipated
from global in the atmosphere
thunderstorm activity 310− 1210 910 Continuously
Electromagnetic Reach the ionosphere
emissions from global and magnetosphere
thunderstorm activity 310− 1210 910 Same as above
Table 2. The energetics of fluxes from below
L. F. Chernogor and V. T. Rozumenko
124 Радиофизика и радиоастрономия, 2008, т. 13, №2
The energetics of the fields of seismic origin is
high, as the data in Table 8 show.
Earthquakes are the cause of both the second-
ary effects arising in the EAIM system and the
manifestation of the coupling in the ionosphere-
magnetosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere system
recurring under the influence of energetic particles
precipitating from the radiation belts, as the data
in Table 9 illustrate [1, 4].
3.3. Meteorological Processes
General Information. A conjecture that pow-
erful meteorological processes can influence the
upper atmosphere has circulated for a long time;
however, the convincing evidence has appeared
only recently. The important role is played by cy-
clones, specifically, by extratropical cyclones that
occur almost continuously, and this means that
their impact on the upper atmosphere may be
regular. The tropical cyclone is distinct from that
extratropical in a nonlinear coupling between the
ocean and the troposphere.
Most likely, the geomagnetic storm and tropi-
cal cyclone occurrences show a statistical corre-
lation.
The tropical cyclone turns out to generate bi-
polar changes of 10 to 20 mV/m in the electric
field. Satellite measurements show that the dura-
tion of this process is approximately 2 3÷ min
with horizontal scales of 3(1 1.5) 10÷ ⋅ km.
Chernogor [3, 10] has developed the basis
for hydrodynamic, thermodynamic, and electro-
magnetic field models of the tropical cyclone
(Tables 10–12).
The tropical cyclone, like other meteorological
processes, is formed as a result of coupling among
the constituents in the atmosphere-ocean-land
(AOL) subsystem. This subsystem has an inhe-
rent property of self-excitation. The initial eddy
can be induced by a few mechanisms, such as an
air current disturbance by a sharp discontinuity
in the mainland landform, a meteorological front,
or cumulus cloud development. The initial eddy
Source Energy (J) Power (W) Impact duration (s) Comments
Solar optical emissions 2210 1710 510 During 24 hours
Solar wind 1710 1210 510 Same as above
Meteorite 12 1510 10÷ 11 1510 10÷ 1 10÷ Affects
the atmosphere
Asteroid 15 2610 10÷ 18 263 10 10⋅ ÷ 30.3 10 1−⋅ ÷ Impacts the Earth
The Tunguska event 165 10⋅ 165 10⋅ 1 —
Lightning 10 1210 10÷ 10 1210 10÷ 1 —
Global winds 2010 1510 510 During 24 hours
Cyclone 19 2110 10÷ 13 152 10 2 10⋅ ÷ ⋅ 55 10⋅ —
Hurricane 18 2010 10÷ 13 1510 10÷ 510 During 24 hours
Tornado 11 1310 10÷ 8 1010 10÷ 310 —
Volcano 20 2110 10÷ 15 1910 10÷ 2 510 10÷ —
Earthquake 19 2110 10÷ 17 1810 10÷ 2 310 10÷ —
Tsunami 18 2010 10÷ 16 1910 10÷ 210 10÷ —
Forest fire 18 1910 10÷ 12 1410 10÷ 5 610 10÷ 1000 km2 area
Heat flux from
the Earth’s interior 183 10⋅ 133 10⋅ 510 During 24 hours
Table 3. Parameters of natural processes in the EAIM system
Earth – Atmosphere – Geospace as an Open Nonlinear Dynamical System
125Радиофизика и радиоастрономия, 2008, т. 13, №2
1610 1210 410 210− Magnetic field energy
8 1010 10÷ 4 610 10÷ 4 510 10÷ 2 410 10÷ Electric field energy
1210 810 410 1± Thermal energy
5 710 10÷ 310 10÷ 4 510 10÷ 2 410 10÷ Electric field energy
15 1710 10÷ 11 1310 10÷ 4 510 10÷ 3 110 10− −÷ Thermal energy
Table 5. Geospace storm energetics
Geospace region Energy (J) Power (W) Duration (s) Relative variations
in energy
Comments
Magnetosphere
Ionosphere
Thermosphere
Table 4. Parameters of anthropogenic sources in the EAIM system
Source Energy (J) Power(W) Impact duration (s) Comments
Nuclear explosions:
single 174 10⋅ 244 10⋅ 710− Equivalent of 100 Mt
all ammunition 194 10⋅ 15 164 10 4 10⋅ ÷ ⋅ 3 410 10÷ Global nuclear
conflict
anti-asteroid perspective 18 214 10 4 10⋅ ÷ ⋅ 25 284 10 4 10⋅ ÷ ⋅ 710−
Large surface explosion 11 1210 10÷ 14 1510 10÷ 310− Mass of 25 250 t÷
Nuclear plant accident 1810 13 1410 10÷ 4 510 10÷ Fuel mass of 100 t
Large rocket explosion 1310 12 1410 10÷ 0.1 10÷ Fuel mass of 1000 t
Rocket launch:
large 1310 10 1110 10÷ 2 310 10÷ Same as above
expected 14 1510 10÷ 11 1310 10÷ 2 310 10÷ Fuel mass
of 4 510 10÷ t
Orbital maneuvering
system engine burn in space 7 910 10÷ 7 810 10÷ 1 10÷ —
Nuclear power system
for space probe 1410 910 510 During 24 hours
Spacecraft descent: Mass:
large 12 1310 10÷ 9 1110 10÷ 2 310 10÷ 100 t
expected 14 1510 10÷ 11 1310 10÷ 2 310 10÷ 3 410 10÷ t
Power transmission line 1510 1010 510 During 24 hours
Radio system emissions 1210 710 510 Same as above
Meteotron 12 1510 10÷ 9 1010 10÷ 3 510 10÷ —
Power plant 14 1510 10÷ 9 1010 10÷ 510 Same as above
Power plants worldwide 172 10⋅ 122 10⋅ 510 Same as above
Global energy consumption 182 10⋅ 132 10⋅ 510 Same as above
L. F. Chernogor and V. T. Rozumenko
126 Радиофизика и радиоастрономия, 2008, т. 13, №2
Table 6. Magnetic storm parameter estimates
0 3< 1 14(1 1.5) 10÷ ⋅ 10(2.8 4.2) 10÷ ⋅ Ultra weak disturbance
1 3 5÷ 1 2÷ 14(1.5 2.5) 10÷ ⋅ 10(2.1 7) 10÷ ⋅ Extremely weak
disturbance
2 5 10÷ 1 2÷ 14(2.5 5) 10÷ ⋅ 10(3.5 14) 10÷ ⋅ Very weak disturbance
3 10 20÷ 1 2÷ 15(0.5 1) 10÷ ⋅ 11(0.7 2.8) 10÷ ⋅ Weak storm
4 20 40÷ 1 2÷ 15(1 2) 10÷ ⋅ 11(1.4 5.6) 10÷ ⋅ Relatively moderate
storm
5 40 70÷ 2 3÷ 15(2 5) 10÷ ⋅ 11(1.9 4.9) 10÷ ⋅ Moderate storm
6 70 120÷ 3 4÷ 15(3.5 6) 10÷ ⋅ 11(2.5 5.6) 10÷ ⋅ Strong storm
7 120 200÷ 4 5÷ 16(0.6 1) 10÷ ⋅ 11(3.4 7.7) 10÷ ⋅ Very strong storm
8 200 330÷ 5 10÷ 16(1 1.7) 10÷ ⋅ 11(2.8 9.5) 10÷ ⋅ Ultra strong storm
9 330 500÷ 6 12÷ 16(1.7 2.5) 10÷ ⋅ 12(0.4 1.2) 10÷ ⋅ Super strong storm
К index (nT)BΔ (h)tΔ (J)mEΔ (W)mP
Qualitative
disturbance/storm
description
Table 7. The characterization of geospace storm components: a magnetic storm (MS), an ionospheric storm (IS),
an atmospheric (thermospheric) storm (AS), an electrical storm (ES), the main ionospheric trough (MIT),
a traveling ionospheric disturbance (TID). Here, 2mN F is the 2F -layer peak electron density
The transformation of
a negative IS at high
latitudes into the posi-
tive phase in the mid-
latitude daytime sector.
Storm intensity Examples Ionospheric storm effects Causes Mechanism
Intensive MS
Intensive IS
Intensive AS
Intensive ES
September 25,
1998,
May 29-30,
2003, and
November 7-10,
2004 storms
A decrease in NmF2 by a
factor of 4 7÷ times. Night-
time plasma heating up to
2400 3200 K.÷ An uplifting of
the F2 region by 100 300÷ km.
A decrease in the relative hy-
drogen ion density (H )N Ne+
down to 10 times with the sub-
sequent recovery. The effects of
magnetospheric electric fields
penetrating to middle latitudes.
The auroral oval, MIT,
light ion trough, and au-
roral hot spot expansion
to middle latitudes, the
emptying of magnetic flux
tubes. Magnetospheric
substorms.
Reconnection between
interplanetary and
magnetospheric field
lines. Deformation of
the magnetosphere.
Energetic particle pre-
cipitation from the
magnetosphere.
Moderate MS
Intensive IS
Intensive AS
Intensive ES
March 20-21,
2003 storm
A decrease in NmF2 down to
5 times, associated with an in-
crease in eT during sunlit
hours up to 2700 3300÷ K in
the 300 500÷ km altitude
range. An uplifting of the F-
layer peak altitude more than
by 100 km during the night.
The effects of TIDs and mag-
netospheric electric fields pen-
etrating to middle latitudes.
A change in the storm
phase due to the desta-
bilizing electric field
pulse associated with the
change in the sign of the
IMF yE component from
east to west and with the
TIDs generated by mag-
netospheric substorms.
Magnetospheric sub-
storms associated with
the generation of TIDs
and nonstationary dis-
turbances in the mag-
netospheric electric
fields.
Intensive MS
Moderate IS
Moderate AS
Weak ES
April 17,
2002 storm
An increase in NmF2 of 15 %.
An uplifting of the F2 region
by ~50 km. The plasma tem-
perature does not change.
The rearrangement of the
global thermospheric cir-
culation and neutral con-
stituent redistribution
due to high latitude atmo-
spheric heating.
Earth – Atmosphere – Geospace as an Open Nonlinear Dynamical System
127Радиофизика и радиоастрономия, 2008, т. 13, №2
Table 8. Enegetics charecterizing the fields of seismic origin
Field Energy (J) Power (W) Duration (s) Comments
Electromagnetic:
10 Hzf ≤ 10 1110 10÷ 810 2 310 10÷ Reach the ionosphere
and magnetosphere
3 410 10 Hzf = ÷ 13 1410 10÷ 1110 2 310 10÷ Same as above
5 610 10 Hzf = ÷ 15 1610 10÷ 1310 2 310 10÷ Rapidly decay
in the lithosphere
Electric 910 4 610 10÷ 3 510 10÷ Reach the ionosphere
Magnetic 1010 810 210 Same as above
Infrasound 15 1610 10÷ 13 1410 10÷ 210 Reach ~300 km altitude
AGW 15 1610 10÷ 11 1210 10÷ 3 410 10÷ Same as above
Here, N is the electron density, NΔ is an enhancement in the electron density, q is the electron-ion production
rate, qΔ is an enhancement in the electron-ion production rate, pΠ is a precipitation energy rate, Π is an
energetic particle flux, ε is precipitating particle energy.
Table 9. The parameters of precipitating energetic particle fluxes and the produced ionization as estimated from
MF radar electron density measurements
Magnetic June 15, Electrons 55 60÷ 810 83 10⋅ 510 515 10⋅ 61.8 10−⋅ 72.3 10⋅ 500
storm 1983 (protons) 5(7.8 10 )⋅ (15000)
Magnetic May 15, Electrons 84 91.2 10⋅ 90.5 10⋅ 71.4 10⋅ 71.5 10⋅ 61.5 10−⋅ 83.8 10⋅ 60
storm 1997
Proton February 25, Electrons 72.5 910 95 10⋅ 710 735 10⋅ 53.5 10−⋅ 91.6 10⋅ 150
flare 1991 (protons) 7(1.2 10 )⋅ (20000)
Dusk May 24, Electrons 80 910 910 710 73 10⋅ 63.4 10−⋅ 82.7 10⋅ 80
terminator 1997
Dawn May 25, Electrons 80 88 10⋅ 86 10⋅ 66.4 10⋅ 71.3 10⋅ 62.2 10−⋅ 81.7 10⋅ 80
terminator 1997
Midnight May 25, Electrons 90 — 83 10⋅ — 53 10⋅ 83 10−⋅ 65 10⋅ 40
1997
Solar August 11, Electrons 84 83 10⋅ 85 10⋅ 59 10⋅ 555 10⋅ 73.1 10−⋅ 73.2 10⋅ 60
eclipse 1999
Earthquake August 24, Electrons 84 85 10⋅ 84 10⋅ 62.5 10⋅ 65.6 10⋅ 76.3 10−⋅ 76.6 10⋅ 60
1999
Rocket May 15, Electrons 80 910 910 63 10⋅ 69 10⋅ 610− 82 10⋅ 80
launch 1987
High- March 1, Electrons 88 94 10⋅ 93 10⋅ 71.3 10⋅ 72.7 10⋅ 62.7 10−⋅ 84.5 10⋅ 40
power 1991
HF radio
emissions
Event Date Particles Altitude N NΔ q qΔ pΠ Π ε
(km) 3(m )− 3(m )− 3 1(m s )− −⋅ 3 1(m s )− −⋅ 2(W m ) 2 1(m s )− −⋅ (keV)
L. F. Chernogor and V. T. Rozumenko
128 Радиофизика и радиоастрономия, 2008, т. 13, №2
Table 10. Hydrodynamic model for the tropical cyclone
Here, v0 is the tangential component of the air velocity at the tropical cyclone internal boundary of radius 0,r
0u is the radial speed, 0V is the horizontal velocity component, 0w the vertical velocity component at a range
of 0r from the cyclone center, 1v is the forward speed, 0r is the inner boundary radius, 0R is the outer boundary
radius, m is the moving air mass, kE is the tropical cyclone kinetic energy, 0( )p rΔ is an air pressure deficit.
15 4.8 15.8 1.8 3 10 400 5 25.6 10−⋅ 7.7
20 6.4 21 4.8 4 10 425 5.7 11.1 10−⋅ 13.6
25 8 26.3 10.8 5 11 450 6.4 11.9 10−⋅ 21.3
30 9.6 31.5 19.2 6 11 475 7.1 13.2 10−⋅ 30.6
35 11.2 36.8 28 7 12 500 7.9 14.8 10−⋅ 41.7
40 12.8 42 36 8 13 530 8.8 17 10−⋅ 54.4
50 16 52.5 42 10 14 570 10.2 1.3 85
60 19.2 63 47 12 15 610 11.7 2.1 122
70 22.4 73.5 52 14 16 650 13.3 3.3 167
80 25.6 84 53 16 18 700 15.4 4.9 218
90 28.8 94.5 53 18 20 750 17.7 7 275
v0 0u 0V 0w 1v 0r 0R m kE 0( )p rΔ
(m/s) (m/s) (m/s) (cm/s) (m/s) (km) (km) 15(10 kg) 18(10 J) (hPa)
Table 11. Thermodynamic model for the tropical cyclone
Here, v0 is the tangential velocity component, 1TΔ is the water layer cooling, 1h is the cooled water layer
thickness, 1TP is the thermal power lost by the ocean, fP is the power transferred by the cyclone to the ocean,
1f TP P is the energy transfer coefficient, sτ is the characteristic time constant for cyclone development, cP
is the power of the latent heat yield, 2tΔ is an increase in the air temperature, 2TP is the power needed for water
evaporation.
15 1 20 12.6 10−⋅ 31.7 10−⋅ 3.4 6.6 22.5 10−⋅ 12.1 23.3 10−⋅
20 1.3 30 0.8 34.6 10−⋅ 3.6 4.2 27.2 10−⋅ 12.6 29.6 10−⋅
25 1.5 50 1.8 210− 3.4 4 11.8 10−⋅ 12.2 12.4 10−⋅
30 2 60 3.7 21.9 10−⋅ 3.4 3.4 13.6 10−⋅ 12.7 0.5
35 2.1 70 5.6 23.4 10−⋅ 3.4 2.8 15.6 10−⋅ 12.5 17.5 10−⋅
40 2.4 80 8.4 25.6 10−⋅ 2.4 2.4 18.5 10−⋅ 12.2 1.1
50 2.4 80 9.6 11.3 10−⋅ 3 2 1.1 12.2 1.6
60 2.4 80 15.2 12.5 10−⋅ 2.8 1.6 1.5 12.2 2
70 2.5 80 19.2 14.6 10−⋅ 2.8 1.4 1.9 12.2 2.5
80 2.5 80 23.4 17.9 10−⋅ 3 1.1 2.3 11.8 3.7
90 2.5 85 30.1 1.3 3.2 1 2.7 11.6 5
v0 1TΔ 1h 1TP fP 1f TP P sτ cP 2tΔ 2TP
(m/s) (K) (m) 14(10 W) 14(10 W) (%) (24 h) 14(10 W) ( C)° 14(10 W)
Earth – Atmosphere – Geospace as an Open Nonlinear Dynamical System
129Радиофизика и радиоастрономия, 2008, т. 13, №2
is further strengthened when cool air runs over
the warm oceanic surface, which temperature is
higher than the critical value of 26.5 C,Ct ≈ ° and
the oceanic upper layer of 10 100÷ m thickness
transfers its heat to the evolving eddy. The heat
causes evaporation of the oceanic water, warms
the air, and increases the eddy kinetic energy. When
the water temperature, 1,t becomes less than the
air temperature, the air begins to warm the oceanic
surface layer, and thus a nonlinear decaying oscil-
latory (in some cases, aperiodic) process arises.
The tropical cyclone speed increases owing to
the heat transferred from the oceanic surface layer
water, and it decreases as a result of the air fric-
tion against the oceanic surface. It is important
that the frictional force is proportional to the eddy
air velocity squared, 2.v
To compensate for a horizontal divergence of
the flow in the surface layer caused by winds,
the upwelling of subsurface cold water occurs.
The sea surface temperature, ,ft is determined
by solar heating, and usually 27 30 Cft = ÷ °
when tropical cyclones occur. The layer water-
cooling rate is controlled by the eddy frictional
force, which is proportional to 2.v Thus, the
heat balance equation for the oceanic surface
layer and the balance equation for the eddy ki-
netic energy are nonlinear [3, 10]. This means
that both the AOL system and the processes
acting in it are nonlinear.
The temperature in the cyclone at the air-earth
boundary increases by 10 K.TΔ ≈
AGW Channel. The heating and eddy motion
occurring in the tropical cyclone generate internal
gravity waves that break in the upper atmosphere
and heat it. The predominant components in the
internal gravity wave spectrum occur at two fre-
quencies, 1Ω and 2 ,Ω one is the Brunt-Vaisala
frequency 1 BΩ = ω and the other is 2 0 010V RΩ ≈
where 0V is the tangential component of the air
velocity at the tropical cyclone internal boun-
dary of radius 0.r In addition, the oceanic waves
Table 12. Electrical and magnetic parameters of the tropical cyclone
Here, eE is the electric field intensity in the cloud, e eF QE= is the electric force per unit volume, 0 0( )pF p r r= Δ
is the pressure-gradient force, 02kF = ρwv is the Coriolis force per unit volume, 2
0 2cF = ρv is the centrifugal
force per unit volume, Q is the electric charge density, 0w is the cyclone vertical velocity component, aj is the
atmospheric electric current density, Q is the charge separation rate, 0v is the tangential component of the air
velocity at the tropical cyclone internal boundary, 0r is the radius of the tropical cyclone internal boundary,
0( )p rΔ is an air pressure deficit, 0R is the outer radius of the cyclone, 0( )B RΔ is the changes in the magnetic
field at a range of 0.R
3(C/ m )Q 1010− 910− 810− 710− 610− 510− 410−
0 (m /s)w 23 10−⋅ 24 10−⋅ 25 10−⋅ 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5
2(A / m )aj
123 10−⋅ 114 10−⋅ 105 10−⋅ 810− 72 10−⋅ 63 10−⋅ 45 10−⋅
3(A / m )Q 163 10−⋅ 154 10−⋅ 145 10−⋅ 1210− 112 10−⋅ 103 10−⋅ 85 10−⋅
(V / m)eE 510 52 10⋅ 54 10⋅ 56 10⋅ 58 10⋅ 610 62 10⋅
3(N / m )eF 510− 42 10−⋅ ` 34 10−⋅ 26 10−⋅ 0.8 10 22 10⋅
3(N / m )pF 0.1 0.3 0.6 0.8 1.1 1.2 1.4
3(N / m )kF 32 10−⋅ 34 10−⋅ 37 10−⋅ 38 10−⋅ 39 10−⋅ 210− 21.2 10−⋅
3(N / m )cF 23 10−⋅ 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.5
0 (m /s)v 15 30 50 60 70 80 90
0 (km)r 10 11 14 15 16 18 20
0( ) (kPa)p rΔ 0.8 3 9 12 17 22 28
0 (km)R 400 450 570 610 650 700 750
0( ) (nT)B RΔ 48 10−⋅ 21.1 10−⋅ 0.2 3.8 82 31.3 10⋅ 42.4 10⋅
L. F. Chernogor and V. T. Rozumenko
130 Радиофизика и радиоастрономия, 2008, т. 13, №2
associated with the tropical cyclone are a po-
werful source of infrasound. The maximum in
the infrasound spectrum occurs at a frequency
of 1 2
2 02(2) (3 )g VΩ = π where 9.8g ≈ m/s2.
The calculations of IGW and infrasound para-
meters are presented in Tables 13 and 14.
As the IGW propagate upwards, their effect
on the atmosphere evolves. At altitudes of less
than 0 ~ 100z z< km, they only modulate neutral
air and plasma parameters, while at 0z z> non-
linear dissipation adds, and consequently neutral
air heating occurs. Moreover, the air tempera-
ture turns out to be modulated at the double (in
the first approximation) frequency. The addition-
al heating and modulation in turn cause changes
and modulation in such a plasma parameter as
the conductivity tensor (depending on the tem-
perature), and consequently variations in the
dynamo electric current arising owing to the neu-
tral air drag on the charge particle. The 10 100 %÷
variation in the upper atmospheric temperature
results in tens of percent disturbances in the ion-
ospheric conductivity tensor components, and con-
sequently in the integral ionospheric current giv-
ing rise to the geomagnetic effect of internal
gravity waves. Chernogor [3, 10] has obtained
the following relation for estimating the ampli-
tude of the geomagnetic field disturbance at
a frequency of 2Ω:
0 02
B IΩ
θΔ ≈ μ
Ωτ
m
T
where 0μ is the permeability of free space.
During sunlit hours, the amplitude of the distur-
bance lies in the range 1.3 13BΩΔ ≈ ÷ nT, if
0.1 1,T Tθ = Δ = ÷m 310−Ω = s–1, the gas relaxa-
tion time constant 410τ =T s, and the undisturbed
integral current 0 0.2I = A/m. Measurements show
the magnitudes of BΩΔ close to these values.
The nighttime values of 0I and BΩΔ are an
order of magnitude smaller.
The physical mechanism for the impact of
infrasound on the upper atmosphere is similar
to that for the IGW effects. The upper atmo-
spheric responses to these impacts are also simi-
lar, and the differences lie in the values of the
predominant periods in the spectrum of geo-
magnetic field variations. The infrasound ef-
fects are associated with geomagnetic pulsa-
tion enhancements in the unity to tenths second
period range. The effect is clearly pronounced
Table 13. Parameters of IGW launched by the tropical cyclone
Here, 0v is the tangential velocity component, 0( )mp Rδ is the rms amplitude of the pressure in the IGW,
0( )Rwv is the particle velocity in the IGW, rΠ is the energy flux density in the IGW, rP is the power
of IGW emission, rS is the surface area of IGW emission.
0(m/s)v 0( ) (Pa)mp Rδ 0( ) (mm /s)Rwv 2(W / m )rΠ (TW)rP 12 2(10 m )rS
15 21.6 10−⋅ 23.6 10−⋅ 75.7 10−⋅ 72.9 10−⋅ 0.5
20 25.1 10−⋅ 11.2 10−⋅ 65.9 10−⋅ 63.4 10−⋅ 0.57
25 11.3 10−⋅ 12.9 10−⋅ 53.8 10−⋅ 52.4 10−⋅ 0.64
30 12.7 10−⋅ 16.1 10−⋅ 41.6 10−⋅ 41.1 10−⋅ 0.71
35 0.5 1.1 45.7 10−⋅ 44.5 10−⋅ 0.79
40 0.8 1.9 31.6 10−⋅ 31.4 10−⋅ 0.88
50 2.1 4.7 39.5 10−⋅ 39.5 10−⋅ 1
60 4.3 9.7 24 10−⋅ 24.5 10−⋅ 1.12
70 7.7 17.4 11.3 10−⋅ 11.7 10−⋅ 1.33
80 12.9 29.2 13.8 10−⋅ 15.8 10−⋅ 1.54
90 19.6 44.3 0.9 1.6 1.77
Earth – Atmosphere – Geospace as an Open Nonlinear Dynamical System
131Радиофизика и радиоастрономия, 2008, т. 13, №2
only at the principal infrasound frequencies
of 0.1 1.0Ω ≈ ÷ s–1 with ~ 0.1 1BΔ ÷ nT in the
daytime.
Electromagnetic Emission Generation. Tro-
pical Cyclone Impacts on the Magnetosphere
and the Radiation Belts. The tropical cyclone
evolution is generally accompanied by thunder-
storms, thus resulting in generation of electro-
magnetic emissions in a wide range of frequen-
cies ( 100fΔ ≤ kHz). Rocket and satellite mea-
surements support this concept. The energy and
power of the strongest lightning discharges at-
tain values of 10 GJ and 10 GW, respectively.
During a tropical cyclone lifetime, the total num-
ber of lightning discharges reaches 3 410 10 ,÷
which total energy and power yield attains
210 TJ and 210 TW, respectively. Approximately
310− of the lightning energy is converted into the
acoustic disturbances and 4 310 10− −÷ into the
electromagnetic disturbances, and consequently
a total of 410 lightning discharges amounts
to approximately 100 GJ acoustic energy and
10 100÷ GJ electromagnetic energy. For a tro-
pical cyclone lifetime of 6 days, the average
acoustic emission power amounts to 200 kW and
electromagnetic to 20 200÷ kW.
The acoustic and electromagnetic energy flux-
es reaching the upper atmosphere appreciably
change its parameters in the ~ 50 100÷ km al-
titude range. Moreover, the VLF emissions prop-
agating along geomagnetic field lines into the
magnetosphere filled with the energetic parti-
cles drive the electromagnetic electron and ion
cyclotron instabilities resulting in pitch angle scat-
tering of the energetic particles via wave-par-
ticle interaction and consequently in the mag-
netospheric energetic particle precipitation into
the upper atmosphere. The equations gover-
ning VLF or Alfven emission flux variations and
the total content of energetic particles in the
geomagnetic flux tube containing the wave
source are nonlinear [1, 3].
The VLF radio waves cause precipitation of
the energetic electrons, and the Alfven waves
cause precipitation of the energetic ions, both
of which produce additional ionization in the
Table 14. The main parameters of acoustic emissions from oceanic waves
Here, 0v is the tangential velocity component, mf is the maximum infrasound emission frequency, mT is the
maximum infrasound emission period, 0aΠ is the infrasound energy flux density, apδ is the infrasound wave
amplitude, wv is the particle velocity in the wave, aS is the surface area of the acoustic source, aP is the power
of acoustic emission.
0 (m / s)v (mHz)mf (s)mT 2
0 (W/m )aΠ (Pa)apδ (m /s)wv 9 2(10 m )aS (W)aP
10 147 6.8 73.7 10−⋅ 21.3 10−⋅ 52.9 10−⋅ 0.7 22.6 10⋅
15 98 10.2 69.2 10−⋅ 26.4 10−⋅ 41.4 10−⋅ 0.7 36.5 10⋅
20 74 13.6 59.2 10−⋅ 0.2 44.5 10−⋅ 0.7 46.5 10⋅
25 59 17 45.5 10−⋅ 0.5 31.1 10−⋅ 0.85 54.7 10⋅
30 49 20.4 32.4 10−⋅ 1 32.3 10−⋅ 0.85 62 10⋅
35 42 23.8 38.1 10−⋅ 1.9 34.3 10−⋅ 1 68.1 10⋅
40 37 27.2 22.4 10−⋅ 3.3 37.5 10−⋅ 1.2 72.9 10⋅
50 29 34 0.14 7.9 21.8 10−⋅ 1.4 82 10⋅
60 25 40.8 0.6 16.3 23.7 10−⋅ 1.6 89.6 10⋅
70 21 47.6 2.1 30.4 26.9 10−⋅ 1.8 93.8 10⋅
80 18 54.4 6 51.4 0.12 2.3 101.4 10⋅
90 16 61.2 15.5 82.7 0.19 2.8 104.3 10⋅
L. F. Chernogor and V. T. Rozumenko
132 Радиофизика и радиоастрономия, 2008, т. 13, №2
upper atmosphere and modulate the atmospheric
electric current flow, which, in turn, produce
low-frequency emissions. Consequently, the
above-mentioned secondary processes occur.
In this way, cyclones affect the magnetosphere
and the radiation belts, and the magnetosphere
and the radiation belts produce feedback on the
lower regions of the near-Earth space environ-
ment.
Quasi-Steady Electric Field Generation.
Impacts on the Magnetosphere and the Ra-
diation Belts. The marine aerosol plays a key
role in the generation of the quasi-steady elec-
tric field. A few mechanisms are suggested
for this aerosol formation. The largest aerosol
( 1ad > μm in diameter) originate from drop-
lets spraying and drying at the wind velocity of
7V > m/s and from water trickles ejected from
breaking bubbles. Under quiet conditions, the
aerosol number an and mass aρ densities do
not exceed 45 10⋅ m–3 and 115 10−⋅ kg/m3, re-
spectively. The smaller aerosol ( 1ad < μm in
diameter) is mainly formed at the moment when
the envelope of the surfacing bubble with an
excessive vapor pressure is bursting. Another
way of aerosol forming in this diameter range
is the shrinking of the broken bubble envelope.
The maximum in the size distribution function
for this aerosol occurs at 0.1ad > μm, and
8(3 5) 10an ≈ ÷ ⋅ m–3 and 10(3 5) 10a
−ρ ≈ ÷ ⋅ kg/m3
under quiet conditions. The strong wind within
the cyclone facilitates the more intensive forma-
tion of aerosol, its electrification, charge separa-
tion, etc. When 35V = m/s, the 1110an ≈ m–3
and 610a
−ρ ≈ kg/m3 values are attained.
In the developed cyclone, the aerosol forma-
tion is appreciably activated.
The principal mechanism for aerosol forma-
tion within the tropical cyclone is droplet spraying.
The effect of the ascending air currents in the
cyclone is to transport the positively charged aero-
sols upwards, while the larger drops charged
negatively move downward. As a result, the at-
mospheric electric current density, ,aj signifi-
cantly increases, and an increase in precipitation
results in a significant increase in .aj During
heavy showers usually associated with tropical
cyclones, the aj value can attain 810− A/m2 or
even 710− A/m2, while under quiet conditions
12
0 3 10aj
−≈ ⋅ A/m2. At the wind vertical compo-
nent of ,w the electric charge density is given
by 71.7 10aQ j −= = ⋅w C/m3 and the charge
separation rate 1110a aQ j H −= ≈ A/m3 where
the dot over the letter designates the derivative
taken with respect to time, and aH is a cloud
thickness usually equal to 10 km. These values
are the upper bound, while the more probable
values are 9 8
0 3 10 3 10aj
− −≈ ⋅ ÷ ⋅ A/m2 and
13 1210 10a aQ j H − −= ≈ ÷ A/m3. It is important
that 3 4
0 10 10a aj j ≈ ÷ even in the latter case.
The appearance of the strong electric current
results in the generation of a quasi-steady electric
field in the upper atmosphere, ionosphere, and the
magnetosphere [3, 10]. To evaluate the electric
field generated by the cyclone in the ionosphere,
the following relation has been obtained:
0
0
0
a
i
i
jE E
j
σ=
σ
where 610i
−σ ≈ S/m is the conductance of the plas-
ma at the ionospheric lower bound, 0 150E ≈ V/m
is the electric field intensity at the water sur-
face, and 0σ is the air conductance at the water
surface. Inserting the aj estimate obtained
above into this relation yields 3 30iE ≈ ÷ mV/m,
which exceeds the background electric field in
the ionosphere by 1 2÷ orders of magnitude.
Besides, the maximum in this field occurs not
strictly above the cyclone, but some distance
away from it. The shift occurs because this
disturbance maps from the dynamo region alti-
tudes ( 100 150z ≈ ÷ km) to higher altitudes
along magnetic field lines, and its value attains
600 800÷ km, which is of the same order of
magnitude as cyclone dimensions [3, 10].
This electric field mapping into the magneto-
sphere along magnetic field lines occurs with-
out significant attenuation and, under some con-
ditions, acts to decrease the charged particle trans-
verse energy by ieE L⊥ ⊥ε = where L⊥ is the hori-
zontal scale of the electric field disturbance. Set-
Earth – Atmosphere – Geospace as an Open Nonlinear Dynamical System
133Радиофизика и радиоастрономия, 2008, т. 13, №2
ting 02 1000L R⊥ = ≈ km gives 5 50⊥ε ≈ ÷ keV.
These ⊥ε values are sufficient to cause particle
pitch angle scattering, the precipitation of a frac-
tion of radiation belt particles into the upper atmo-
sphere, and the onset of the secondary processes
mentioned above.
Enhancements in the atmospheric electric
currents over the cyclone act to produce varia-
tions in the geomagnetic field. Estimates of the
changes in the magnetic field at a range of R can
be provided by the well-known relation
0 .
2
aIB
R
Δ = μ
π
Here, 0a aI j S= where 2
0 0 ,S R= π 0R is the outer
radius of the cyclone. The 0( )B RΔ estimates are
presented in Table 12 where eE is the electric
field in the cloud, e eF QE= is the electric force
per unit volume, 0 0( )pF p r r= Δ is the pressure-
gradient force, 02kF = ρwv is the Coriolis force
per unit volume, 2
0 2cF = ρv is the centrifugal
force per unit volume, 0w is the cyclone vertical
velocity component at a range of 0r from its cen-
ter, aj is the atmospheric electric current density,
Q is the rate of change of charge per unit volume
in the cyclone.
3.4. Solar Eclipses
Solar eclipses also belong to high-energy pro-
cesses occurring in the atmosphere and geospace
and acting to reconstruct EAIM subsystems cou-
pling [11].
3.5. Subsystem Coupling
The subsystems in the EAIM system are
strongly coupled via (1) waves of various origin,
which modulate the parameters of the medium
and transform one into the other, (2) quasi-steady
electromagnetic fields, (3) particle fluxes from the
ionosphere into the plasmasphere and vice versa,
(4) energetic particles precipitating from the mag-
netosphere (see Table 9).
The wave disturbances play a prominent role
in the system paradigm for the investigation of the
EAIM system [12-17]. The wave disturbances
not only transport energy and momentum, but they
also indicate their state and variations in space
(and tropospheric) weather.
The list of wave types and their parameters
are presented in Table 15 [1, 4].
Particle Precipitation. Our theoretical and
experimental results indicate that energetic elec-
tron precipitation at middle latitudes accompany
the majority of highly variable processes occur-
ring in the EAIM system [1-4, 12, 18], and the
electron fluxes attain values of 7 910 10÷ m–2s–1.
The mechanisms for the precipitation of particles
have been validated, and they include the dece-
leration of the energetic electrons in an ionospheric-
magnetospheric quasi-static electric field and the
transfer of their energy to VLF noise.
Active Experiments proved to be a conve-
nient way of studying both the EAIM system as
a whole and its subsystem coupling. They permit
the choice to be made of the energy yield, the
location, and the time of the energy release, which
is impossible to achieve when studying the nat-
urally occurring processes in the EAIM system
[1-4, 13, 16, 17, 19, 20].
Military Operations are accompanied by sig-
nificant energy yields, similar to those during ac-
tive experiments [4, 21].
The modern regional wars and conflicts, be-
ing non-nuclear, employ ammunition powerful
enough to be an important tool for remotely
studying the near-Earth environment [4, 21],
and during these wars impacts on the EAIM
system become many times greater. Wars are
usually waged on land and at the air-earth
boundary and can impact the lithosphere, the
entire atmosphere, and even geospace, as well
as the geoelectric and geomagnetic fields.
Wars produce atmospheric pollution of many
types. These include dust, smoke, and disrup-
tion in the thermal and dynamic regimes in the
underlying surface-troposphere system, as well
as hazardous ecological consequences, such as
carbon hydrocarbon (~ 10 100 %÷ of the back-
ground atmospheric content) and the acids HCl,
2 4H SO , and 3HNO (10 % of the background
atmospheric content). Severe fires, electrified
dust and aerosol releases, and depleted urani-
um munitions releasing uranium oxide into the
L. F. Chernogor and V. T. Rozumenko
134 Радиофизика и радиоастрономия, 2008, т. 13, №2
air, change the conductance of large enough
volumes of the air, and consequently disturb
atmospheric electrical parameters over the re-
gion of military operations and in the global elec-
tric circuit as whole.
A significant energetics of acoustic gravity
waves produced by the wave disturbances acts to
disturb coupling between the upper and lower
atmosphere, as well as to give rise to the second-
ary processes mentioned above. Other ways also
exist for the processes operating in the tropo-
sphere to affect the ionosphere and magneto-
sphere, and hence the entire EAIM system.
Accidents and Disasters. The geophysical
effects and the ecological consequences of the
explosions and fires at the ammunition dumps near
Artemivsk city, Donetsk province, in October 2003
and near Melitopol city, Zaporizhia province, in
May 2004 (Ukraine) are described in [22-24].
Disasters of this kind belong to those most signif-
icant under the peace. They may be treated as
active experiments.
Multiple fires and explosions disturb the ther-
mal and dynamic regime in the underlying sur-
face-atmosphere system, when the generation,
propagation, and dissipation of acoustic gravity
waves activate coupling between the upper and
lower atmosphere. Other ways of affecting the
ionosphere and magnetosphere, i. e., the entire
EAIM system, by the processes operating
at the air-earth boundary cannot be excluded
either.
The most important result of the study of the
effects that wars and accidents at ammunition
dumps have is the capability of stimulating the
secondary, much more powerful, processes. The
latter are caused by scattering of solar radia-
tion by the aerosol and absorption by the soot
ejected from explosions and fires into the strato-
sphere, which can be treated as Earth’s sur-
face partial screening. It is important that the
effects of the military operations and disasters
described above are characterized by the trig-
ger gains of 3 410 10 .÷
Acoustic 0.3 0.7÷ 210 300− ÷ 2 510 10−÷ Atmosphere
( 400 km)z ≤
Internal gravitational 0.3 0.7÷ 300> 4 310 10− −÷ Atmosphere
( 400 km)z ≤
Slow 10 1÷ 2 410 10÷ 3 42 10 2 10− −⋅ ÷ ⋅ Ionospheric Е region
MHD 50 5÷ Same as above 3 410 10− −÷ Ionospheric F region
Seismic:
longitudinal 6.5 7.5÷ 0.1 30÷ 5 310 10− −÷ Lithosphere
transverse 4 5÷ Same as above Same as above Same as above
Khantadze
(magneto-gradient):
day ~ 0.3 1÷ 4(3 20) 10÷ ⋅ Not estimated Ionospheric Е region
night ~ 1 5÷ 2(5 54) 10÷ ⋅ Not estimated Same as above
Gyrotropic:
day 10 100÷ 410 10÷ Not estimated Ionospheric Е region
night 100 1000÷ Same as above Not estimated Same as above
MHD ~ 1000 210−> 5 410 10− −< ÷ Ionosphere,
magnetosphere
Table 15. Waves transporting disturbances at global-scale distances
Waves Wave velocity
(km/s)
Period
(s)
Rate of absorption
(km–1)
Propagation medium
Earth – Atmosphere – Geospace as an Open Nonlinear Dynamical System
135Радиофизика и радиоастрономия, 2008, т. 13, №2
4. Conclusions
1. The EAIM system has been validated to be
a complex open dissipative nonlinear dynamical
system. The main aspects of the system para-
digm have been stated.
2. The main properties of the EAIM sys-
tem include system’s nonlinearity, self-devel-
opment, randomness, and the appearance of
triggering mechanisms for releasing energy
with a triggering factor attaining in some cas-
es 5 1010 10 .÷
3. The high-energy processes (earthquakes,
volcano eruptions, thunderstorms, powerful tro-
pospheric processes, tropical cyclones, solar ter-
minators, solar eclipses, solar flares, geospace
storms, etc.) have been shown to be the cause of
the complex processes acting in the EAIM sys-
tem, to give rise to rearrangement of the charac-
ter of subsystem coupling, and to energy buildup
and release.
It is important that the energy fluxes from above
and below, as well as from anthropogenic sources
can be commensurable.
4. The basic principles of major processes
acting in the TAIM and OAIM systems have been
developed.
5. Seismic sources and atmospheric processes
affect the upper atmosphere, ionosphere, and
magnetosphere via acoustic-gravity, electromag-
netic, quasi-steady (electrical, magnetic) and par-
ticle precipitation channels.
6. Active experiments (explosions, rocket
launches, etc.) have turned to be convenient and
efficient tools for modeling subsystem coupling.
7. Wave processes play a special role in EAIM
subsystem coupling.
8. Energetic electron precipitation at middle
latitudes has been shown to be associated with
the majority of highly variable processes operat-
ing in the EAIM system. Its fluxes can be of the
order of 7 9 2 110 10 m s .− −÷ ⋅ The causative mech-
anisms for their precipitation have been revealed
and validated.
9. The system paradigm should become the
basic principle of theory, method, and metho-
dology in the studies of the EAIM system as a
complex open dissipative nonlinear dynamical
one.
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Земля – атмосфера – геокосмос
как открытая нелинейная
динамическая система
Л. Ф. Черногор, В. Т. Розуменко
Обоснована концепция о том, что система
Земля – атмосфера – ионосфера – магнито-
сфера (ЗАИМ) является сложной открытой
диссипативной нелинейной динамической си-
стемой, наиболее важным свойством кото-
рой являются тригерные механизмы высво-
бождения энергии. Сформулированы основ-
ные положения системной парадигмы. Пока-
зано, что высокоэнергичные явления в этой
системе вызывают сложную совокупность
процессов и перестройку взаимодействий
подсистем. Активные эксперименты в сис-
теме ЗАИМ позволили установить предел
линейного описания отклика подсистем на
значительные энерговыделения, определить
возможность возникновения крупномасштаб-
ных и глобальных возмущений от локальных
и локализованных выделений энергии, а так-
же выявить и идентифицировать типы волн,
переносящих эти возмущения. Установлено,
что бóльшая часть нестационарных процес-
сов в системе ЗАИМ сопровождается сред-
неширотными высыпаниями энергичных ча-
стиц из магнитосферы.
Earth – Atmosphere – Geospace as an Open Nonlinear Dynamical System
137Радиофизика и радиоастрономия, 2008, т. 13, №2
Земля – атмосфера – геокосмос
як відкрита нелінійна
динамічна система
Л. Ф. Чорногор, В. Т. Розуменко
Обгрунтовано концепцію про те, що сис-
тема Земля – атмосфера – іоносфера – магні-
тосфера (ЗАІМ) є складною відкритою диси-
пативною нелінійною динамічною системою,
найважливішою властивістю якої є тригерні
механізми вивільнення енергії. Сформульова-
но основні положення системної парадигми.
Показано, що високоенергійні явища у цій сис-
темі викликають складну сукупність процесів
і перебудову взаємодій підсистем. Активні ек-
сперименти в системі ЗАІМ дозволили встано-
вити межу лінійного опису відгуку підсистем на
значні енерговиділення, визначити можливість
виникнення великомасштабних і глобальних
збурень від локальних та локалізованих виді-
лень енергії, а також виявити та ідентифікува-
ти типи хвиль, що переносять ці збурення.
Встановлено, що більшість нестаціонарних
процесів у системі ЗАІМ супроводжується се-
редньоширотними висипаннями енергійних
частинок з магнітосфери.
|
| id | nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-8404 |
| institution | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| issn | 1027-9636 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-12-01T05:03:43Z |
| publishDate | 2008 |
| publisher | Радіоастрономічний інститут НАН України |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | Chernogor, L.F. Rozumenko, V.T. 2010-05-28T10:14:18Z 2010-05-28T10:14:18Z 2008 Earth – Atmosphere – Geospace as an Open Nonlinear Dynamical System / L.F. Chernogor, V.T. Rozumenko // Радиофизика и радиоастрономия. — 2008. — Т. 13, № 2. — С. 120-137. — Бібліогр.: 24 назв. — англ. 1027-9636 https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/8404 The concept of the Earth-atmosphere-ionosphere-magnetosphere (EAIM) system as a complex open dissipative nonlinear dynamical system whose most important property is trigger mechanisms for energy releases has been validated, the basic aspects of the system paradigm being stated. Highly energetic phenomena in the system have been shown to give rise to a complex cluster of processes and to the reconstruction in the subsystem coupling. The active experiments in the EAIM system have established the limitation of the linear description of the subsystem response to large energy inputs, determined the possibility of the onset of large-scale and global-scale perturbation from local and localized energy releases, as well as revealed and identified the types of waves transferring these disturbances. The majority of highly variable processes in the EAIM system have been determined to be accompanied by energetic particle precipitations from the magnetosphere at middle latitudes. Обоснована концепция о том, что система Земля – атмосфера – ионосфера – магнитосфера (ЗАИМ) является сложной открытой диссипативной нелинейной динамической системой, наиболее важным свойством которой являются тригерные механизмы высвобождения энергии. Сформулированы основные положения системной парадигмы. Показано, что высокоэнергичные явления в этой системе вызывают сложную совокупность процессов и перестройку взаимодействий подсистем. Активные эксперименты в системе ЗАИМ позволили установить предел линейного описания отклика подсистем на значительные энерговыделения, определить возможность возникновения крупномасштабных и глобальных возмущений от локальных и локализованных выделений энергии, а также выявить и идентифицировать типы волн, переносящих эти возмущения. Установлено, что бóльшая часть нестационарных процессов в системе ЗАИМ сопровождается среднеширотными высыпаниям Обгрунтовано концепцію про те, що система Земля – атмосфера – іоносфера – магнітосфера (ЗАІМ) є складною відкритою дисипативною нелінійною динамічною системою, найважливішою властивістю якої є тригерні механізми вивільнення енергії. Сформульовано основні положення системної парадигми. Показано, що високоенергійні явища у цій системі викликають складну сукупність процесів і перебудову взаємодій підсистем. Активні експерименти в системі ЗАІМ дозволили встановити межу лінійного опису відгуку підсистем на значні енерговиділення, визначити можливість виникнення великомасштабних і глобальних збурень від локальних та локалізованих виділень енергії, а також виявити та ідентифікувати типи хвиль, що переносять ці збурення. Встановлено, що більшість нестаціонарних процесів у системі ЗАІМ супроводжується середньоширотними висипаннями енергійних частинок з магнітосфери. en Радіоастрономічний інститут НАН України Радиофизика геокосмоса Earth – Atmosphere – Geospace as an Open Nonlinear Dynamical System Земля – атмосфера – геокосмос как открытая нелинейная динамическая система Земля – атмосфера – геокосмос як відкрита нелінійна динамічна система Article published earlier |
| spellingShingle | Earth – Atmosphere – Geospace as an Open Nonlinear Dynamical System Chernogor, L.F. Rozumenko, V.T. Радиофизика геокосмоса |
| title | Earth – Atmosphere – Geospace as an Open Nonlinear Dynamical System |
| title_alt | Земля – атмосфера – геокосмос как открытая нелинейная динамическая система Земля – атмосфера – геокосмос як відкрита нелінійна динамічна система |
| title_full | Earth – Atmosphere – Geospace as an Open Nonlinear Dynamical System |
| title_fullStr | Earth – Atmosphere – Geospace as an Open Nonlinear Dynamical System |
| title_full_unstemmed | Earth – Atmosphere – Geospace as an Open Nonlinear Dynamical System |
| title_short | Earth – Atmosphere – Geospace as an Open Nonlinear Dynamical System |
| title_sort | earth – atmosphere – geospace as an open nonlinear dynamical system |
| topic | Радиофизика геокосмоса |
| topic_facet | Радиофизика геокосмоса |
| url | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/8404 |
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