A New Method of Minimization of Logical Functions in the Polynomial Set-theoretical Format. 2. Minimization of Complete and Incomplete Functions
A new minimization method of the logic functions of n variables in the polynomial set-theoretical format is considered. The method is based on the splitting procedure of the given minterms and on the generalized of the set-theoretical simplify rules of the conjuncterms of different ranks. The advant...
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| Zitieren: | A New Method of Minimization of Logical Functions in the Polynomial Set-theoretical Format. 2. Minimization of Complete and Incomplete Functions / B.Ye. Rytsar // Управляющие системы и машины. — 2015. — № 4. — С. 9–20, 30. — Бібліогр.: 38 назв. — англ. |
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| citation_txt | A New Method of Minimization of Logical Functions in the Polynomial Set-theoretical Format. 2. Minimization of Complete and Incomplete Functions / B.Ye. Rytsar // Управляющие системы и машины. — 2015. — № 4. — С. 9–20, 30. — Бібліогр.: 38 назв. — англ. |
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| description | A new minimization method of the logic functions of n variables in the polynomial set-theoretical format is considered. The method is based on the splitting procedure of the given minterms and on the generalized of the set-theoretical simplify rules of the conjuncterms of different ranks. The advantages of the method are illustrated by the examples.
Рассмотрен новый метод минимизации логических функций от n переменных в полиномиальном теоретико-множественном формате, основанный на процедуре расцепления заданных минтермов и обобщенных теоретико-множественных правилах упрощения конъюнктермов разных рангов. Преимущества метода иллюстрируют примеры.
Розглянуто новий метод мінімізації логічних функцій від n змінних у поліноміальному теоретико-множинному форматі, що ґрунтується на процедурі розчеплення заданих мінтермів та узагальнених теоретико-множинних правилах спрощення кон’юнктермів різних рангів. Переваги методу ілюструють приклади.
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УСиМ, 2015, № 4 9
Новые методы в информатике
UDC 519.718
B.Ye. Rytsar
A New Method of Minimization of Logical Functions in the Polynomial Set-theoretical Format.
2. Minimization of Complete and Incomplete Functions
Рассмотрен новый метод минимизации логических функций от n переменных в полиномиальном теоретико-множественном
формате, основанный на процедуре расцепления заданных минтермов и обобщенных теоретико-множественных правилах уп-
рощения конъюнктермов разных рангов. Преимущества метода иллюстрируют примеры.
A new minimization method of the logic functions of n variables in the polynomial set-theoretical format is considered. The method is
based on the splitting procedure of the given minterms and on the generalized of the set-theoretical simplify rules of the conjuncterms
of different ranks. The advantages of the method are illustrated by the examples.
Розглянуто новий метод мінімізації логічних функцій від n змінних у поліноміальному теоретико-множинному форматі, що
ґрунтується на процедурі розчеплення заданих мінтермів та узагальнених теоретико-множинних правилах спрощення
кон’юнктермів різних рангів. Переваги методу ілюструють приклади.
The suggested method of minimization of the completely specified (complete) and incompletely specified
(incomplete) logic functions in the polynomial set-theoretical format is based on the idea of splitting of given
minterms of a function 1 2( , ,..., )nf x x x in the disjunctive format [27–29]. The difference consists in the
procedure of splitting conjuncterms reading and formation of a minimal PSTF Y of a given function f.
2.1. Algorithm of minimization of complete functions. Examples of minimization
The algorithm of minimization of a complete function f in the polynomial set-theoretical format is re-
alized on two stages:
1-st stage: the procedure of minterms splitting of a given function f is carried out and a set of cover-
ing of a matrix of splitting is recieved;
2-nd stage: the procedure of iterative conjuncterms simplification of a set of covering (got on the 1-st
stage) based on the generalized rules of the theorems 1, 2 і 3 (п. 1.2) and formation of a minimal PSTF
Y
of a given function f.
Let us consider each stage of the algorithm in details: the 1-st stage is realized by the sequence of such
steps:
Step 1: the given binary minterms 1 2, ,... km m m of the perfect PSTF 1 2{ , ,... }kY m m m of the func-
tion f are split (operator
S
) with the help of the matrix-column of the masks of literals of 2logr n k ,
1, 2,...,r n rank, as a result of this a matrix of splitting r
nM of r
nC k dimension is formed, where
!
( )! !
r
n
nC
n r r
; for example, let 5n ; if the number k of minterms is 8 16k , then we use the matrix
of masks of 2r rank, and as a result the matrix 2
5M of the dimension 2
5C k is formed;
Step 2: in the matrix r
nM (in our example 2
5M ) for carring out the procedure of covering (operator
C
) the conjuncterms-copies of r-rank, the number of which 12 2n r n r
rk (i.e. 4 8rk ); are
highlighted by underlining; priority is given to the conjuncterms-copies the number of which 2n r
rk
(i.e. 8rk ); if rk k , then the matrix is covered with a conjuncterm-copy of r-rank; if 2n r
rk (i.e.
8rk ), then covering of the matrix will be made of the conjuncterms-copies the number of which
10 УСиМ, 2015, № 4
12 2n r n r
rk , and if there are not enough of them then – together with generating minterms of the matrix
r
nM ; if 12n r
rk , then transition to step 1 is done for realization of analogical procedures with application
of the matrix of masks of the rank 3r and etc. up to getting in the covering of the matrix r
nM of the
minterms, splitting of which secures its covering, if such minterms > 2, then transition to step 1 is done.
The 1-st stage of algorithm is completed when there are not only minterms in the set of covering of
the matrix r
nM or when the split elements do not secure its covering. Then the cost of the function f
realization in the set of covering is determined by the interrelation / /l ink k k , where k – a number of
conjuncterms, lk – a number of literals, ink – a number of inverted literals ( ink is determined only in
the case of digital devices that do not have inverse entrances).
The 1-st step of the considered algorithm has been described for the case of consequent splitting
minterms [27–28]. However, the 1-st step can also be realized in the procedure of minterms parallel
splitting [29], when the matrix-column of the mask 1-, 2-, …, n-ranks, is applied as a result of this the
matrix r
nM , 1, 2,...,r n , of splitting conjuncterms of respective ranks is formed.
Before description of the 2-nd stage of the algorithm, we will consider the procedure of the 1-st stage
in detail. For this we will consider the function 1 2 3 4( , , , )f x x x x , that has the perfect STF
1 1{1,2,4,6,7,8,9,10,15}Y , on the example of which the author [32, p. 211] illustrates his own method
of minimization in the polynomial format on the basis of K-map (constracted Reed-Muller transform
method) in combination with analytical transformations (convertional method). We will illustrate the
1-st stage of algorithm using the procedure of minterms parallel splitting [29]. In this case the matrix-
column will consist of masks of literals starting with 1-, 2-, 3- and 4-ranks, as this function f has 9k
minterms (8 16k ). Splitting the last minterms of the perfect PSTF , we
got the splitting matrix 4
rM , 1, 2,3,4r :
{(0001), (0010), (0100), (0110), (0111), (1000), (1001), (1010), (1111)}
S
Y
0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1
0 1 0 1 1
s
l
l
l
l
ll
l l
l l
ll
l l
ll
lll
ll l
l ll
lll
llll
0 0 1 1
1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1
00 00 11
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1
00 01 10 11 11 00 00 01 11
0 1
01 01 01 10 10 10
0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
01 10 00 10 11 00 01 10 11
000 001 010 011 011 100 100 101 111
00 1 00 0 01 0 01 0 01 1 10 0 10 1 10 0 11 1
0 01 0 10 0 00 0 10 0 11 1 00 1 01 1 10 1 11
001 010 100 110 111 000
001 010 111
0100 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010
0001 0010 1111
. (25)
УСиМ, 2015, № 4 11
The conjuncterms-copies the number of which 4 1 42 2r r
rk for 1,2,3r are underlined in the
matrix 4
rM . From all possible coverings the greatest number of conjuncterms-copies, as we see, has the
submatrix 2
4M , in which the conjuncterms of 2-rank (01 ) and (10 ), the number of which
22rk , i.e. 3rk , are highlighted in bold font. They can be elements of the matrix covering 4
rM if
they are completed with the absent minterms that belong to them, these are: (01), (0101) and
(10), (1011) . Except for the last ones, the minterms (0001), (0010) and (1111) will also enter the
matrix covering 4
rM . So, the matrix covering 4
rM (step 2) will be composed of the set:
Y )1111(),0010(),0001(,)1011(),10(,)0101(),01(
C
.
In the obtained set there are more than two minterms here 4 8k , but application of the matrix
2
4M does not give any positive result if compared with the matrix 3
4M :
000 001 010 101 111
00 1 00 0 01 1 10 1 11 1
{(0001), (0010), (0101), (1011), (1111)}
0 01 0 00 0 01 1 11 1 11
001 010 101 011 111
S C
lll
ll l
l ll
lll
{ } {(0 01), (1 11), (0010)}
C
l ll .
So, in the considered case the 1-st stage of the algorithm is completed with the set of the covering
{(01 ), (10 ), (0 01), (1 11), (0010)}Y , (26)
the cost of realization of which reflects the interrelation / / 5 /14 / 7l ink k k .
In case of application of the procedure of the consequent conjuncterms splitting, the 1-st step of the
algorithm has been done with the help of the submatrix 1
4M (25), as 9k . Then the matrix covering
1
4M (step 2), for example for the mask { }l , will be made of the set:
)1001(),1000(),0100(),0001(,)1110(),1011(),0011(),1(
C
Y .
As in the obtained set there are more than two minterms here 4 8k , then with them the proce-
dure of splitting (step1) with the help of the matrix 2
4M and its covering (step 2) will be done:
00 10 11 00 01 10 10
0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0
0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1
01 01 11 00 10 00 00
1 0 1 0 0 0
11 11 10 0
S
ll
l l
l l
ll
l l
ll
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
1 00 00 01
C
)}1000(),0100(),1110(),10{(}{ ll
C
.
So, the 1-st stage of the algorithm in the case of the procedure of consequent conjuncterms splitting
will be completed with the set of covering
12 УСиМ, 2015, № 4
{( 1 ), ( 0 1), (1110), (0100), (1000)}
C
Y , (27)
which has the interrelation / / 5 /15 / 8l ink k k .
The 2-nd stage of the algorithm – the procedure of iterative simplification – is done with the
conjuncterms of the set of the covering in sequence of the following steps:
Step 1: for every pair with 1d (pairs with 0d are not taken into account) either the rule (2) of
a theorem 1, or the rule (6) of a theorem 2; are applied; after the respective replacement transition to the
1-st is done, if there are not such pairs then to the step 2;
Step 2: for every pair with 2d we apply either one from the sets of the rule (3) of a theorem 1, or
the rule (7) of a theorem 2; after the respective replacement transition to the 1-st step is done and if there
are not such pairs, then to the 3-rd step;
Step 3: for every pair with 3d we apply either one from the sets of the rule (4) of a theorem 1, or
one from the sets of the rules (8), (9) or (10) of a theorem 2, or one from the rules (15), (16) or (17) of a
theorem 3; after the respective replacement transition to the 1-st step is done and if there are not such
pairs, then to the 4-th step;
Step 4: for every pair with 4d we apply one from the sets of the rule (5) of a theorem 1, or one from
the rules (8), (9) or (10) of a theorem 2, or one from the sets of the rules (18)–(23) of a theorem 3; after
the respective replacement transition to the 1-st step is done and if there are not such pairs, then to the
5-th step;
Step 5: if further transformation does not lead to simplification of the set of conjuncterms, then this
set is the searched minimal PSTF of the given function f, the cost of realization of which is deter-
mined by the interrelation * * */ /l ink k k .
Let us consider the 2-nd stage of the algorithm on the example of our function first for the case of the
minterms parallel splitting. The least distance 2d have the pairs in the set (26)
01
10
and
0 01
1 11
. For them we apply the rule (3) of a theorem 1:
1
1
,0
0
10
01 and
01
11
,11
10
111
010 . In these sets we highlight the pairs with the distance 1d , for which
we apply the rule (6) of a theorem 2. Now
1. (0 0), ( 11), ( 0 )
, (0010)
2. (1 0), ( 01), ( 1 )
Y
, so, the given
function f has two solutions of minimization that reflect the minimal PSTF
1. {(0 0), ( 11), ( 0 ), (0010)}Y ;
2. {(1 0), ( 01), ( 1 ), (0010)}Y .
The cost of realization of the first solution is * * */ / 4 / 9 / 6l ink k k , the second – * * */ / 4 / 9 / 5l ink k k .
The second solution corresponds to [32] of the minimized function 2 1 4 3 4 1 2 3 4f x x x x x x x x x .
Let us consider the 2-nd stage of the algorithm for the set (27), which is obtained in the procedure of
consequent splitting. The least distance 2d is in three pairs of the minterms
1110
0100
,
1110
1000
and
УСиМ, 2015, № 4 13
0100
1000
. Applying the rule (3) of a theorem 1, for example, to the first pair,
1110
0100
11 0 110
,
100 01 0
we get
(11 0), ( 100)
( 1 ), ( 0 1), , (1000)
( 110), (01 0)
Y
, where the pairs
11 0
1000
and
100
1000
have the distance 2d . If further transformation is done, for example of the
first pair, then according to the rule (7) of a theorem 2 we get
11 0 1 0
1000 1010
. Now
{( 1 ), ( 0 1), (1 0), (1010), ( 100)}Y , in which for the pair that has 3d , we apply the rule
(10) of a theorem 2:
1 0 0 0
1010
10 , 00
100
0010 0010
. Taking for further transformation, for example, the
first set, we get
{( 1 ), ( 0 1), (1 0), ( 1 0), ( 10), (0010)}Y
{( 11), ( 1), ( 1 ), (1 0), (0010)} {( 01), ( 1 ), (1 0), (0010)} .
As we see the obtained minimal PSTF coincides with the solution 2 of the previous case.
Let us note that for this function other possible variants of choice of sets on different transformation
steps will give the analogical result. The given further examples illustrate the suggested method of
minimization of complete functions.
Example 6. To minimize by minimization method the function in the polynomial format given in
SOP ( , , , )f a b c d ab ac bd (this function is borrowed from [33, p. 318]).
Solution. Having transformed SOP of the given function f into the perfect PSTF [29], we get:
{(0010), (0011), (0100), (0110), (0111), (1100), (1101), (1110), (1111)}
S
Y
0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1
S C
l
l
l
l
{ } { ( 1 ), (0101) , (0010), (0011)} {( 1 ), (0101), (001 )}
C
l .
The given function f has the minimal PSTF {( 1 ), (001 ), (0101)}Y , that corresponds to
f b abc abcd . The cost of its realization * * */ /l ink k k 3/8/4, analogically [33].
Example 7. To minimize in the polynomial format with the help of splitting method the function
1 2 3 4( , , , )f x x x x , given by the perfect STF 1 1{0,6,14,15}Y (this function is borrowed from [21, p. 28]).
Solution. {(0000), (0110), (1110), (1111)}
S
Y
14 УСиМ, 2015, № 4
00 01 11 11
0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1
{ } ( 11 ), (0111) , (0000)
00 11 11 11
0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1
00 10 10 11
S C
ll
l l
l l
ll
ll
l l
ll
.
We apply the rule (4) of a theorem 1 to the minterms (0000) and (0111):
000 000 001 011 010 011
0000
00 1 , 01 1 , 00 0 , 00 0 , 01 1 , 01 0
0111
0 11 0 01 0 11 0 10 0 00 0 00
.
After putting the underlined sets in the set of covering, we get two equal as to the cost of realization
solutions of minimization of the given function which is reflected by the minimal PSTF:
1.(00 0), (0 10)
{( 11 ), (0000), (0111)} ( 11 ), (011 ),
2.(01 0), (0 00)
Y
1.(00 0), (0 10)
(111 ),
2.(01 0), (0 00)
.
The cost of realization of the minimized function is a better result * * */ /l ink k k 3/9/5 than in [21],
where it is equal to 3/10/5, namely: {( 11 ), (0000), (0111)}Y .
Example 8. To minimize in the polynomial format with the help of splitting method the function
1 2 3 4( , , , )f x x x x , given by the perfect STF 1 1{0, 2, 4,7,9,10,12,13}Y (this function is borrowed from
[2, p. 300] and [35]).
Solution.
0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0
1 1 1
S C
l
l
l
l
0 0 0 0 0
)1101(),1001(),0111(,)1110(),1000(),0110(),0(}{ l
C
.
We will do the procedure of splitting for the minterms of this set with the help of the matrix 2
4M :
01 01 10 10 11 11
0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1
0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0
11 11 00 00 10 11
1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0
10 11 00 01 01 10
S
ll
l l
l l
ll
l l
ll
C
УСиМ, 2015, № 4 15
)1100(),01(,)1111(),11(ll
llC
.
So, the covering of the given function f is made of the set
{( 0), ( 11 ), (1 0 ), (1100), (1111)}
C
.
After transformation of the underlined minterms pair according to the rule (3) of a theorem 1, namely
111
110,111
011
1111
1100 , we get two solutions of minimization of the given function f, that reflects
PSTF :
1.(11 0), (111 )
( 0), ( 11 ), (1 0 ),
2.(110 ), (11 1)
Y
.
After application to the underlined pairs the rules (6) of a theorem 2 we get the minimal PSTF of
both solutions:
1. {( 0), (011 ), (1 0 ), (11 0)}Y ;
2. {( 0), ( 11 ), (100 ), (11 1)}Y .
The cost of realization of the solution 1 is * * */ /l ink k k 4/9/4, and solution 2 is 4/9/3, that is better
than all possible variants of covering of matrices and better than in [2, 34], where the cost of realization
is 4/9/7, namely {( 0 ), ( 0 0), (000 ), (01 1)}Y .
Example 9. To minimize in the polynomial format with the help of splitting method the function
(this function is borrowed from [15, p. 6]) (look at the example 5).
Solution. {(0000), (0001), (0101), (1001), (1100), (1110), (1111)}
S
Y
00 00 01 10
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1
00 00 10 00 10 11 11
0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1
0
S
ll
l l
l l
ll
l l
ll
11 11 11
01 01 01 00 10 11
C
)}11(),01(),0000{()1101(),11(,)1101(),01(),0000(ll
llC
.
The cost of realization of the minimized function is equal to * * */ /l ink k k 3/8/5, that corresponds to [15].
2.2. Algorithm of minimization of incomplete functions. Examples of minimization
As it is known [27, 28], the incomplete function 1 2( , ,..., )nf x x x can be given by the perfect STF
1 ~{ , }Y Y , if it is inpredeterminated function f, i.e. ~ 0 1| | | |Y Y Y , or by the perfect STF 1 0{ , }Y Y , if it
is weakly determinated function f, i.e. ~ 0 1| | | |Y Y Y , where 1Y , 0Y , ~Y – the subsets of the com-
plete set 2
nE , on which the function f takes the value respectively 1, 0, ~ (so called don’t-care, i.e. un-
specified value of function f). In the polynomial set-theoretical format to the sets 1Y , 0Y , ~Y corre-
spond the sets Y , , ~Y , the elements of which are numeric minterms of the perfect PSTF of this
16 УСиМ, 2015, № 4
or that incomplete function f, namely: inpredeterminated function f given by the perfect PSTF },{
~ YY ,
and weakly determinated function f given by the perfect PSTF .
Analogically as in the disjunctive format [27], the procedure of splitting of conjuncterms is realized
by the splitting matrix r
nM , which consists of basic submatrix Mr and additional submatrix Mr or
Mr . The matrix r
nM of the inpredeterminated function f will be designated as Mr Mr , and of the
weakly determinated function f will be designated as Mr Mr , where Mr contains the splitting
elements of the subset Y , and Mr and Mr contains the splitting elements of the corresponding
subsets Y and Y ; here that is a symbol of separation of the matrix r
nM . The sets of the conjunc-
terms obtained as a result of covering of the matrix r
nM of the mentioned functions will be designated
respectively Y Y and Y Y .
An algorithm of minimization of an incomplete function in the polynomial set-theoretical format is
realized in the same way as for a complete function (see p. 2.1) in two stages. On the 1-st stage the
minterms of the perfect PSTF { , }Y Y of the inpredeterminated function f or the perfect PSTF
{ , }Y Y of the weakly determinated function f perform the procedure of splitting with the help of the
splitting matrix r
nM . In both cases the main role in covering the matrix r
nM play the elements of the
basic submatrix Mr . If compared with the algorithm of a complete function the only difference con-
sists in the way of selection the elements of the submatrices covering Mr and Mr . Whereas the 2-nd
stage of the algorithm of minimization of an incomplete function is realized in an analogical way as p. 2.1.
First of all let us consider the case for an inpredeterminated function f in detail.
In this case the procedure of splitting (the 1-st stage) is done with the help of the splitting matrix r
nM , the
rank r of which is determined on the ground of the data of the set Y (look at p. 2.1). Here the elements of
the matrix covering r
nM can be, except for the conjuncterms-copies of the submatrix Mr , the elements of
submatrix covering Mr , if they do not reduce at least one of the parameters of the interrelation, in the op-
posite case such elements of the submatrix * * */ /l ink k k , are not taken into account Mr .
Let us illustrate the suggested method on the example of the inpredeterminated function
1 2 3 4( , , , )f x x x x given by the perfect STF
1 1
~ ~
{1,4,7,8,11}
{3,5,6,15}
Y
Y
(this function is borrowed from [35, p. 20]).
The given function f has the perfect PSTF
{(0001), (0100), (0111), (1000), (1011)}
{(0011), (0101), (0110), (1111)}
Y
Y
. We will do
the 1-st stage of minimization with the minterms of the set { }Y Y the procedure of splitting with the
help of the matrix 1
4M and its covering (the elements of covering are highlighted in bold font):
S
YY )}1111(),0110(),0101(),0011()1011(),1000(),0111(),0100(),0001{(}{
~
0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1
0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1
0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1
0 0 0
S C
l
l
l
l
1 1 1 1 1 1
УСиМ, 2015, № 4 17
{ } ( 1), (1001), (1101) , (0100), (1000) (0110)
C
l
.
We will remove the minterm (0110) of the set Y , from the obtained set as its participation in any
variants of the transformation has no success. So, on the 1-st stage of minimization after the transforma-
tion (2) of the underlined minterms, i.e.
1001
(1 01)
1101
, we will get PSTF
{( 1), (1 01), (0100), (1000)}Y .
The cost of realizationn of the formed set of the 1-st stage reflects the interrelation / /l ink k k
4 /12 / 7 .
On the 2-nd stage of minimization after application of the rule (3) of a theorem 1 to the minterms
PSTF Y
0100 0 00 100
,
1000 000 1 00
and further simplification of the formed set (look at under-
lined elements) the minimal PSTF Y of the given function f is formed, namely:
(0 00), ( 000)
( 1), (1 01), {( 1), (1 0 ), ( 100)}
( 100), (1 00)
Y
,
The cost of realization of which * * */ /l ink k k 3/6/3 corresponds to [35], where 1 2 1 4( , , , )f x x x x
4 2 3 1 3 4x x x x x x .
Example 10. To minimize in the polynomial format with the help of the splitting method of the in-
predeterminated function 1 2 3 4( , , , )f x x x x given by the perfect STF
1 1
~ ~
{3,5,6,9,12,15}
{1, 2,8,11}
Y
Y
(this func-
tion is borrowed from [37, p. 460]).
Solution.
00 01 01 10 11 11 00 00 10 10
0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1
01 00 11 00 10 11 00 01 00
S
ll
l l
l l
ll
l l
ll
0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0
01
0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
11 01 10 01 00 11 01 10 00 11
C
{ } (0 1 ), (0111) , (1 0 ), (1101) , (0101), (1111) (0001), (1011)
C
l l
{(0 1 ), ( 111), (1 0 ), ( 101)} {(0 1 ), ( 1 1), (1 0 )} .
After the transformation (3)
0 1 1
1 0 1
we will get the final minimal PSTF
{( 1 ), (1 ), ( 1 1)}Y ,
that corresponds to STF {(2,3,6,7,10,11,14,15), (8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15), (5,7,13,15)}Y
18 УСиМ, 2015, № 4
{ ,3,5,6, ,9,12,15)} 2 8 (the highlighted in bold font elements belong to ~Y ). The cost of realization
of the given function is equal to 3/4/0. If compared with [36] it is a better result, where
{( 11 ), (11 ), ( 1)}Y , the cost of realization of which is equal to 3/5/0.
Example 11. To minimize in the polynomial format with the help of method of splitting the inprede-
terminated function 1 2 3 4( , , , )f x x x x given by the STF
1 1
~ ~
{(110 ), (0 11), (1110)}
{(0 10), (10 1)}
Y
Y
(this function is
borrowed from [20, p. 16]).
Solution.
{(0011), (0111), (1100), (1101), (1110)}
{(0010), (0110), (1001), (1011)}
SY
Y
00 01 00 01 10 10
0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1
0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
01 11 10 10 11 01 11 00 01
0 1 1 1 1
S
ll
l l
l l
ll
l l
ll
11 11 11
0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1
00 01 10 10 10 01
C
11 11 11
( 11), (1111) , (11 ), (1111) {( 11), (11 )}
C ll
ll
.
Answer. The given function has the minimal PSTF YÅ {(11), (11)}Å , the cost of realization
of which * * */ /l ink k k 2/4/0, that corresponds to [20].
Now let us consider minimization of the weakly determinated function in the polynomial format with
the help of the splitting method. Contrary to the inpredeterminated function, here, only the procedure of
consequent splitting starting with the matrix 1n
nM is applied. Here the elements of the additional ma-
trix Mr , which belong to the set Y , cannot make the covering of the matrices 1n
nM , 2n
nM , …,
r
nM . Their role is to determine the elements of basic matrix Mr which can or cannot make the cover-
ing of the matrices 1n
nM , 2n
nM , …, r
nM . If some element of the submatrix Mr has a copy in Mr
for the given mask, it cannot belong to the set of covering but only its generating element. Respectively,
the elements of covering of splitting matrices of a weakly determinated function can be only those ele-
ments of the submatrix Mr , which do not have any copies in the submatrix Mr .
Further given example illustrates the peculiarities of minimization of a weakly determinated function.
Example 12. To minimize in the polynomial format with the help of the splitting method the weakly
determinated function 1 2 3 4 5( , , , , )f x x x x x , given by perfect STF
1 1
0 0
{1,2,10,15,22,27}
{6,8,12,17,23}
Y
Y
(this func-
tion is borrowed from [38, p. 55]).
Solution. Having transformed the perfect STF of weakly determinated function f into the perfect
PSTF
{(00001), (00010), (01010), (01111), (10110), (11011)}
{(00110), (01000), (01100), (10001), (10111)}
Y
Y
, we do the procedure of conse-
quent splitting of the given minterms starting with the matrix 4
5M :
УСиМ, 2015, № 4 19
01110001110010000110101101101111101000100001
11100110000100011000111110101101100110000100
11011100001100100001111001011011001000001000
10111000011001000011110110110111010100010000
11110011100000001100011111011110010001000010
llll
llll
llll
llll
llll
S
.
Covering this matrix, for example, with the conjuncterms of the mask { }l lll , we get the set
{(0 001),(0 010),(0 111),(1 110), (1 011) (0 110),(0 000),(0 100), (1 001),(1 111)}
C
.
The splitting procedure will be done with the obtained conjuncterms with the help of 3
5M :
0 00 0 01 0 11 1 11 1 01 0 11 0 00 0 10 1 00 1 11
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1
0 01 0 10 0 11 1 10 1 11 0 10 0 00 0 00 1 01 1 11
001 010 111
S
l ll
l l l
l ll
lll
1)
1)
2)
110 011 110 000 100 001 111 2)
We remove from the matrix 3
5M the underlined with two lines elements and from its submatrix
Mr beside this also underlined with one line elements. Then the procedure of covering the matrix 3
5M
will be conveniently realized by: 1) uniting of the masks { } { }l ll l l l or 2) uniting of the masks
{ } { }l ll lll .
Let us consider the case 1) separately for the masks { }l ll and { }l l l . Particularly, for
{ }l ll we have:
{ } {(0 01 ), (1 01 ) (0 10 ), (1 00 )}
C
l ll .
We will do the next step of the procedure of splitting of the elements of this set with the help of the
matrix 2
5M and its covering:
0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0
0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 ( 01 )
01 01 10 00
S C
l l
l l
ll
.
Doing the analogical procedures for the set formed by the mask { }l l l , we get:
{ } {(0 0 1), (0 1 1), (1 1 0) (1 1 1)}
C S
l l l
0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 (0 1), (1 0)
0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1
S C
l l
l l
l l
.
After uniting these sets we get {( 01 ), (0 1), (1 0)}Y , which can be simplified ac-
cording to the rule (3) of a theorem 1:
0 1 1
1 0 1
. We should mark that the same result,
namely {( 01 ), ( 1), (1 )}Y , is got for the case 2 too.
Answer. The given functionn f has the minimal PSTF {( 01 ), ( 1), (1 )}Y , the
cost of realization of which is equal to * * */ /l ink k k 3/4/1, that is a better result than in [38], where
* * */ /l ink k k 3/6/3. With the aim of verification the result we write down the obtained PSTF in the nu-
20 УСиМ, 2015, № 4
meric expression { , ,5,7,9, ,13, ,16,19,20, ,24, ,28,30,31}Y 1 2 10 15 22 27 , where we see in bold font the
decimal minterms of the set Y , by which the perfect PSTF Y of the given function f is predetermined.
Conclusion
A minimization method in the polynomial set-theoretical format of complete and incomplete logic
functions with n variables has been suggested. It is based on the splitting procedure of given minterms
and iterative simplification of pairs of conjuncterms according to the set-theoretical rules described in
the author’s previous article (1. Generalized rules of conjuncterms simplification). Efficiency of the
method has been proved by numerous examples borrowed from well-known publications with a better
result in most cases. The last is explained by the following: as these rules can be applied to pairs of con-
juncterms with Hamming distance 3d , in a set of conjuncterms of different ranks, probability of their
efficient simplification is increased and respectively, the cost of the minimized function realization is
reduced. Beside this, due to the procedure of the splitting minterms on the covering of splitting matrices
in the polynomial format a way to obtain the searched result is reduced.
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Окончание
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Поступила 30.12.2014
E-mail: bohdanrytsar@gmail.com
© Б.Е. Рыцар, 2015
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/NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit. De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 5.0 en hoger.)
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| id | nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-87235 |
| institution | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| issn | 0130-5395 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-12-07T17:28:00Z |
| publishDate | 2015 |
| publisher | Міжнародний науково-навчальний центр інформаційних технологій і систем НАН та МОН України |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | Rytsar, B.Ye. 2015-10-14T14:42:53Z 2015-10-14T14:42:53Z 2015 A New Method of Minimization of Logical Functions in the Polynomial Set-theoretical Format. 2. Minimization of Complete and Incomplete Functions / B.Ye. Rytsar // Управляющие системы и машины. — 2015. — № 4. — С. 9–20, 30. — Бібліогр.: 38 назв. — англ. 0130-5395 https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/87235 519.718 A new minimization method of the logic functions of n variables in the polynomial set-theoretical format is considered. The method is based on the splitting procedure of the given minterms and on the generalized of the set-theoretical simplify rules of the conjuncterms of different ranks. The advantages of the method are illustrated by the examples. Рассмотрен новый метод минимизации логических функций от n переменных в полиномиальном теоретико-множественном формате, основанный на процедуре расцепления заданных минтермов и обобщенных теоретико-множественных правилах упрощения конъюнктермов разных рангов. Преимущества метода иллюстрируют примеры. Розглянуто новий метод мінімізації логічних функцій від n змінних у поліноміальному теоретико-множинному форматі, що ґрунтується на процедурі розчеплення заданих мінтермів та узагальнених теоретико-множинних правилах спрощення кон’юнктермів різних рангів. Переваги методу ілюструють приклади. en Міжнародний науково-навчальний центр інформаційних технологій і систем НАН та МОН України Управляющие системы и машины Новые методы в информатике A New Method of Minimization of Logical Functions in the Polynomial Set-theoretical Format. 2. Minimization of Complete and Incomplete Functions Новый метод минимизации логических функций в полиномиальном теоретико-множественном формате. 2. Минимизация полных и неполных функций Новий метод мінімізації логічних функцій у поліноміальному теоретико-множинному форматі. 2. Мінімізація повних і неповних функцій Article published earlier |
| spellingShingle | A New Method of Minimization of Logical Functions in the Polynomial Set-theoretical Format. 2. Minimization of Complete and Incomplete Functions Rytsar, B.Ye. Новые методы в информатике |
| title | A New Method of Minimization of Logical Functions in the Polynomial Set-theoretical Format. 2. Minimization of Complete and Incomplete Functions |
| title_alt | Новый метод минимизации логических функций в полиномиальном теоретико-множественном формате. 2. Минимизация полных и неполных функций Новий метод мінімізації логічних функцій у поліноміальному теоретико-множинному форматі. 2. Мінімізація повних і неповних функцій |
| title_full | A New Method of Minimization of Logical Functions in the Polynomial Set-theoretical Format. 2. Minimization of Complete and Incomplete Functions |
| title_fullStr | A New Method of Minimization of Logical Functions in the Polynomial Set-theoretical Format. 2. Minimization of Complete and Incomplete Functions |
| title_full_unstemmed | A New Method of Minimization of Logical Functions in the Polynomial Set-theoretical Format. 2. Minimization of Complete and Incomplete Functions |
| title_short | A New Method of Minimization of Logical Functions in the Polynomial Set-theoretical Format. 2. Minimization of Complete and Incomplete Functions |
| title_sort | new method of minimization of logical functions in the polynomial set-theoretical format. 2. minimization of complete and incomplete functions |
| topic | Новые методы в информатике |
| topic_facet | Новые методы в информатике |
| url | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/87235 |
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