Evolution of Social Protection: from Theoretical to Conceptual Pension System Models
The article analyzes important aspects of development of pension system in Ukraine in the context of social evolution of society. Modernization of pension system provision in conditions of present-day risks and challenges is distinguished and specified. Lines of improving the concept of pension syst...
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| Date: | 2014 |
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2014
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| Cite this: | Evolution of Social Protection: from Theoretical to Conceptual Pension System Models / N.S. Rad // Економічний вісник Донбасу. — 2014. — № 4(38). — С. 171-177. — Бібліогр.: 20 назв. — англ. |
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| citation_txt | Evolution of Social Protection: from Theoretical to Conceptual Pension System Models / N.S. Rad // Економічний вісник Донбасу. — 2014. — № 4(38). — С. 171-177. — Бібліогр.: 20 назв. — англ. |
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| description | The article analyzes important aspects of development of pension system in Ukraine in the context of social evolution of society. Modernization of pension system provision in conditions of present-day risks and challenges is distinguished and specified. Lines of improving the concept of pension system in the context of peculiarities of cultural-historical development and current trends, risks and challenges of social development are given.
В статті досліджено важливі аспекти розвитку вітчизняної пенсійної системи в контексті соціальної еволюції суспільства. Виявлені та окреслені особливості і проблеми модернізації вітчизняного пенсійного страхування в умовах сучасних ризиків та викликів. Запропоновані напрямки удосконалення концепції пенсійної системи в контексті особливостей національного культурно-історичного розвитку і сучасних тенденцій, ризиків та викликів суспільного розвитку.
В статье исследованы важные аспекты развития отечественной пенсионной системы в контексте социальной эволюции общества. Выявлены и обозначены особенности и проблемы модернизации отечественного пенсионного страхования в условиях современных рисков и вызовов. Предложены направления усовершенствования концепции пенсионной системы в контексте особенностей национального культурно-исторического развития и современных тенденций, рисков и вызовов общественного развития.
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N. S. Rad
171
Економічний вісник Донбасу № 4(38), 2014
UDC 368.914+657.412.7
N. S. Rad,
Pension Fund of Ukraine in Donetsk Region
EVOLUTION OF SOCIAL PROTECTION: FROM THEORETICAL TO CONCEPTUAL
PENSION SYSTEM MODELS
Introduction. Development of the national pen-
sion system (retirement plans) is the result of the evo-
lution and is component part of the system of social
protection. At the same time the roots of social protec-
tion lie at the origins of human development and are
based on compassion and human treatment of deprived
and frail social groups. At the present stage the primary
targets of the pension system are providing material
support (moneyed assistance) for the elderly. In condi-
tions of the fixed in the Constitution of Ukraine princi-
ple of social welfare state pension provision requires
employment of appropriate up-to-date approaches for
their formation [1]. It is the concept of social welfare
state that became the constituent of Ukrainian national
ideology [2, p. 23]. In addition to this, the derivation of
social goals is social ideals. They reflect the values of
both the society and people’s wishes and ambitions.
It must be emphasized that implementation of this
mentioned constitutional norm shall be based on the
optimal model of social protection and pension provi-
sion as well as the availability of financial resources
sufficient for its functioning. Following the trend for
forming mixed forms of retirement plans, the three-
pillar concept of pension system came into operation in
Ukraine in 2004. It consists of the following pillars.
Pillar 1 – standardized, state-run pension system,
which offers basic coverage and is primarily focused
on reducing poverty. Pillar 2 – a funded system that
recipients and employers pay into; this includes pen-
sion funds and defined-contribution accounts/plans.
Pillar 3 – voluntary private funded accounts, including
individual savings plans, insurance, etc. [3; 4]. The
major principle of the three-level pension system – the
more that is paid in contributions now, the more will be
received in future benefits. The co-existence of the
three levels provides the stability of the pension system
by mitigating demographic and financial risks specific
to each level. Such mechanism allows consolidating
redistribution and saving constituents for the purpose
of state and non-state pension funds. As a result pen-
sion system in the present-day system of social protec-
tion plays the role of material security regulator for
people of advanced age. Along with this such compli-
cated system of retirement insurance shall be in the
first place financially balanced model. V. V. Kapylt-
sova points that all national economic models of de-
veloped countries (in all their variety) have powerful
social system the obligatory element of which stands as
the guarantee of their vitality and efficiency [2, p. 19].
However, transfer of foreign elements into other cul-
ture-historical ground, in the opinion of V. G. Pogo-
syan, is inefficient, and the elements remain alien in
the new environment [5, p. 48] that requires develop-
ment of appropriate adapt mechanisms. To find ways
of solving problems of satisfaction of growing needs
against a background of increasing demographic, envi-
ronmental and other risks is of prime importance.
Deepening of crisis developments and system disbal-
ances in different communities give ground to scholars
and practitioners to announce the necessity of changing
paradigm aspects of global change. Search and for-
mation of historically substantiated model of pension
system in such conditions is of key importance in so-
cial development.
Analysis of recent research and publications
based on the problem under consideration. Issues
related to different component parts of social protec-
tion and pension system are embodied in research of
many scholars and practitioners, among whom are V.
D. Roik, V. V. Kapyltsova, N. Yu. Borisenko, O. N.
Nikiforov, B. A. Zaichuk, L. A. Omelianovich, P. A.
Orlov-Karbu and others. However, the state of the
national pension scheme (system) as part of social
protection in transforming and unstable environment
speaks of the necessity for further study and improve-
ment of the model taking into account trends of social
development and present-day challenges. This explains
thematic justification.
Thus, object of the paper is analysis of some as-
pects related to forming model of the national pension
system, historically based on development of social
protection, identification of issues of concern and de-
termination of the lines to improve the model of pen-
sion system in the context of aspects of modern devel-
opment of society and existing risks.
Research methodology. Our research is based on
a system approach using general scientific methods:
generalization, analysis and synthesis. We used ab-
stract-logical method for making conclusions.
Problem description. It is important to empha-
size that human being was always in need of protection
from the moment of knowledgeable description of
environment and conditions of his existence. His phys-
ical entity is vulnerable (diseases, traumas, the infirmi-
ty of old age). Also it is difficult to get food or a means
for living by work (or by any other occupations) due to
limited physical capacities with increase of years that
deprives of the opportunity to make provision for the
individual. Depending on the stage of mankind devel-
opment the advanced in years and disabled members of
society always obtained appropriate social protection.
Considering evolution of social protection as constitu-
ent of history of society development, we point to the
features of historical process. L. Ye. Grinin and A. V.
N. S. Rad
172
Економічний вісник Донбасу № 4(38), 2014
Korotaev note that historical process is neither me-
chanical sum of histories of many nations and societies
nor the process of movement and development of these
nations and environments as such in time. These au-
thors point to the growing and even cumulative process
of integration of society that has its direction and out-
come which lead to consistency of supersocial relations
[6, p. 102]. This points to gradual convergence of prob-
lems of social development and social process. It
should be mentioned that there are different approaches
to systematization and periodization (dating back) of
development of communities (social services) as con-
stituent of society development. H. A. Barlybaev gen-
eralizes approaches to periodization of social develop-
ment which are applied to illustrate social develop-
ment, development of social protection and pension
system (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1. Conceptual diagram of periodization of social development in the context of development
of social protection and pension system
Sources: Barlybaev, H. A. The Law of Ukraine "On Compulsory Pension Insurance", the Law of Ukraine "On the
Non-State Pension Schemes", conclusions of the Author.
Each of the presented methodologies of periodiza-
tion of social development has its own features and
represents historical version of social process from its
own (specific) standpoint, content and appropriate
methodological instruments. For example, standard
dating back by eras (B. C. and A. D.) are illustrative of
social development with the help of universal reference
point and special system of chronology and calendar
[7, p. 8–10]. Respectively, all stages of development of
social protection and pension system correlate with the
given periodization (Author).
Dating back by types of economy reflects devel-
opment of social relations in the context of the levels
of their organization (natural, money economy, capital-
ist production, planned economy) [7, p. 8–10]. Such
form of periodization describes tying and correspond-
ence of a stage of history to the form of social and
pension relations (Author).
Class-formation periodization illustrates evolution
of social sphere in the context of transformation of
primitive communal, slave, feudal, capitalist, and
communist formations [7, p. 8–10]. Like previous pe-
riodization, such approach describes social and pension
relations in relation to class forms of society and serves
as reflection of its nature and level of development
(Author).
Conventional (traditional) periodization (dating
back) represents social evolution by means of generali-
zation of periods (epochs): primitive epoch (from orig-
ination of human being till the third millennium B. C.);
ancient world (from the second millennium B. C. till
the 5th century A. D.); Middle Ages (the 5th – the 17th
centuries A. D.); early modern period (the 18th – the
19th centuries); contemporary history (the 20th century)
[7, p. 8–10]. The relation of periodization to the fea-
tures of historic process illustrates genesis of the forms
of social protection from its sources and subsequent
transformation in compliance with the course of histor-
ic events (Author).
Modern periodization (according to W. Rostow)
represents evolution of social relations by description
of any community (society) or nation by the level of
social-economic and technological development irre-
spective of time and place of their existence (traditional
society, pre-industrial society, industrial society, post-
industrial society, and information society) [7, p. 8–
10]. This periodization in its full sense gives explana-
tions to the forms of social ties in society in applicable
periods (Author).
As to the civilization approach (according to
A. Toynbee), it takes origin and development of any
given world religion (three generations of human civi-
lization are recognized; now the fourth generation of
Dating back by eras
(B. C. and A. D.)
By levels of material
culture and degree of social
maturity
Dating back by types
of economy
Based on the principle of
production of goods
(L. Grinin)
Class-formation (ac-
cording to K. Marx)
Civilization approach
(according to
A. Toynbee)
Conventional (tra-
ditional) periodiza-
tion (dating back)
made by history
science
Modern (accord-
ing to
W. Rostow)
Social protection
By ecological-
noospheric criterion
(Author)
Pension system
N. S. Rad
173
Економічний вісник Донбасу № 4(38), 2014
local civilizations is originating) [7, p. 8–10]. Of great
significance in the appearance of elements of social
protection and formation in public conscience of rela-
tion to needy, vulnerable groups was Christianity. Its
principles provided the basis for institutional settings to
help such people, one of which is church (Author).
In periodization based on the principle of produc-
tion of goods according to L. Grinin social relations are
considered in the context of definite (industrial) for-
mations: i) hunting-foraging; ii) agrarian-trade; iii)
industrial; iv) science-information [7, p. 8–10]. This
periodization describes evolution of social relations
from single and isolated to system and mass ones, the
basis of which form one or another form of production
organization (Author).
Periodization based on the levels of material cul-
ture and degree of social maturity is as follows: i) em-
bryonic; ii) adjustment to terrestrial life; iii) leaning of
terrestrial life; iii) spiritual search; iv) material-
accumulative; intellectual-humanistic [7, p. 8–10]. This
periodization explains forms of social ties in communi-
ty (society) on the basis of evolution of man’s con-
sciousness, sole and interrelations inside society from
the view point of distribution of social product and
attitude to helpless and losers in definite periods of
development (Author).
Incremental load from the impact of human activi-
ties (including solution of social problems of increas-
ing people’s well-being) on ecosystem of our planet
makes advisable, in our opinion, to consider periodiza-
tion according to ecological-noospheric criterion: to
what extent provision of corresponding social relations
and human activity conforms to laws of nature and
makes changes in (disturbs) ecosystem. From this peri-
odization depends revealing of tendencies in the state
of ecosystem and corresponding risks of disturbing the
environment for providing human’s life that requires
development and introduction of development of social
services into practice. It cannot be denied that each of
interpretations of social constituent of the forms of
periodization differs also from the others and serves as
reflection of the definite state of society (its attitude to
the assistance of helpless and needy).
It should be emphasized that each of interpreta-
tions of social components of the forms of periodiza-
tion is also different from the others and reflects defi-
nite feature of society state and its attitude to the sup-
port of helpless and needy.
Along with this, the Author believes that criterion
according to which interpersonal relations and relations
of social strata and classes are considered as the basis
for identification of any given historic period, is fun-
damental for all formations [7, p. 10], where interper-
sonal relations for distribution and appropriation of the
outcomes of manual labor and intellectual work serve
as the driving force of development.
Researchers and practitioners agree that social
safety net for the individual is, in particular, the basis
for human treatment to helpless and needy groups of
people, which out of the range of family and family
relationship had the form of welfare. O. N. Nikiforova
takes up the position that initial form of beneficiation
was giving alms-gift [8, p. 5]. It was face-to-face and
had voluntary nature.
Controlled process of helping needy became car-
ried out by care operated on charity principles based on
commandment of Christ. The care covered the most
vulnerable categories of poor. However, the assistance
to the deprived was no state duty. It also rendered on
an individual basis.
Evolution of the initial forms of material support
for the vulnerable categories of people to social protec-
tion of them took place under the influence of econom-
ic, political and social relations. It is observed that the
basis of such development is the contradiction of peo-
ple’s needs and material conditions (financial means)
of satisfaction of them. The dominant factor in this
process is the law of growing needs, which controls
functioning both of the whole and parts that form it [2,
p. 39].
O. N. Nikiforova speaks of the existence of sever-
al stages of historic development of social protection
inside which, when considering in detail, one can see
elements of origination, establishing, and improving of
pension provision [8, p. 32]. These periods are: i)
communal assistance and alms-deed; ii) establishment
of care (charity) as a branch of state control; iii) defini-
tion of the system of pension provision of the general
state care; iv) development of insurance principles in
the system of state care; v) formation of pension provi-
sion; vi) period of development of social protection
according to principles of state provision [8, p. 32, 33,
34, 40, 45]. The mentioned periodization illustrates
transformation of non-organized types of beneficient
assistance into consistent assistance under auspices of
the state. It is significant that together with develop-
ment of system of social protection socialization of
economy also took place that involved support of
working people. It is observed that modern economic
theory considers socialization of economy as funda-
mental trend of social development and tends to trace
its action from the moment of occurrence of human
being on the Earth when joint manufacturing of tools
of trade and their purposeful use become the basis for
occurrence of laws of social relations [2, p. 23].
At the same time, S. A. Tsyganov and T. V.
Tabakov point that every state has their own way of
economic growth and methods of its achievement [9, p.
95]. And hence, their own specific features of for-
mation of social services are predetermined.
According to B. G. Pogosyan, one of the dominat-
ing cultural archetypes of Slavic ethnos is paternalism.
As reflection of this, in the value system of society the
pattern of powerful welfare state prevails [5, p. 116]. It
is recognized that society has to be responsible for
adequate standard of living of the aged. Pension system
of Ukraine predicated on the principles of paternalism
was functioning till 2003. In the periods of favorable
demographic situation and stable economy it could
provide high levels of retired pays (pensions). With
acquiring of independence in conditions of arriving
instability pension system became unable to fulfill its
N. S. Rad
174
Економічний вісник Донбасу № 4(38), 2014
obligations. The peculiarity of the so-called transition
period (to market economy) is all-encompassing trans-
formations of all spheres of our society. It is observed
that the course of transformation processes is heavily
specified by the type of modernization. A concept of
modernization is usually employed to industrial society
and democratic political order. In this case it is accen-
tuated that modernization is importation by traditional
societies of new social roles and political institutions
formed under west democracies [10, p. 24]. The au-
thors distinguish two types of modernization: original
(spontaneous) modernization typical to countries that
survived transition to ordered social structures in the
course of gradual longtime development of internal
processes (USA, England) and secondary (reflected)
modernization inherent to countries, which for some
reasons or others fell behind in their development and
now by means of wide use of experience of the leading
states are trying to catch their living standards and
quality of living –aggiornamento on the heels. The
main factors of the secondary modernization are cul-
tural and social contacts with already-existing centers
of industrial and post-industrial culture [10, p. 24].
It is to be noted that such way was selected for
reformation of pension system in Ukraine. The choice
of new three-pillar concept of pension system based on
insurance principles implies breakaway of paternalistic
traditions in social protection. Significant plus of in-
surance mechanism is adjustment of scale of pension to
wage level (revenue) and length of pensionable service.
At the same time redistribution of responsibility for
formation of insurance assets of the state, employer
and employee towards the latter took place. The mech-
anism mentioned requires active and acknowledgeable
participation of an individual in pension relations, pos-
session of primary financial knowledge and availability
of established insurance traditions. Experience of mul-
tiple pension schemes show contradicting results. For
example, joint system of obligatory retirement insur-
ance with comparatively low level of retirement pay-
ments is not financially balanced. Non-state forms of
retirement insurance did not obtain a wide-spread cir-
culation, and during ten years no obligatory conditions
have been created for financial defined contributions to
be implemented.
Examining modernization path of development of
the post-soviet states, we can see that without appro-
priate institutional provision (Russia) it leads to eco-
nomic voluntarism and fall of living standards of peo-
ple, and evolutionary path of development (Belarus)
creates conditions for stable, irreversible character of
economic growth and provides inertia of motion,
which gives time and additional capabilities for unfa-
vorable situations to be corrected, in which case, transi-
tion from extensive to intensive marketable economies
is slowed down [10, p. 41]. Similar statement is also
made by A. I. Amosov, according to which accelera-
tion of social and economic evolution does not always
result in more advanced outcomes as opposed to
maintenance of traditional forms [11, p. 46].
Thus, arranging model of the national pension
system, we should bear in mind historical and cultural
aspect and institutional utilization of the capacity of
new, brought from outside, constituent parts of the
system.
Along with this, A. G. Ganzha underlines that the
model must be system-based; in order to bring it into
operation an axiom should be used, that is a limited set
of starting, evident enough, initial idealizations (ab-
stractions) taken without proof within the given con-
ception. The more items, events and processes the
model combines and explains, the better it will reflect
reality [12, p. 10].
We are of the opinion that axiom of pension sys-
tem model can be the whole of social relations con-
structed taking into account cultural, historical and
world components (global trends of development) that
provides material support in cases of loss of ability to
work because of age (as well as disability and other
cases) at the level sufficient for life support (in the
understanding relating to an actual environment).
However, any stable meeting of goal objective and
functioning of certain persons and groups based on
deliberately established plans, goals and system of
values is impossible without distinct and stable social
restrain in society [13, p. 23]. Taking into considera-
tion a high level of risk components in administrative
spheres, pension system model has to be risk-resistant.
Among the main risks we can distinguish: demograph-
ic risks (due to aging of population and financial load
on pension system); economic risks (economic imma-
turity of investment environment); financial risks (in-
sufficiency of financial instruments). Integral risk-
resistant pension system model is shown in Fig. 2.
We think that this model is an assembly of risk-
resistant components (constituents) of integral pension
system model: demographic, ecological, economic and
financial. Personal intellectual-spiritual-noospheric-
oriented component is the most important in the struc-
ture of pension system model. This is due to the overall
dependence of each of the components of pension sys-
tem on acknowledgeable acceptance of it by participant
of pension relations. The point to be emphasized is that
such participation is understood in the long run and
different role-playing accessory.
Significantly that stability is exterior form and re-
flex of internal structure of the system, therefore the
basis of stability of economy is built in macroeconomic
system [14, p. 35]. This means that level of develop-
ment of economy determines admitted parameters of
pension system model elements. However, stability of
pension system has to be provided in conditions of
implementation of social policy directed to raising the
well-being of the people.
G. M. Ivanova considers social policy as a system
of political, economic and financial decisions and
measures directed to maintaining social stability,
achieving social well-being and raising living stand-
ards, as well as corrective actions for specific social
problems [15, p. 28]. Efficient social policy has to
maintain such type of social dynamics, which, on the
N. S. Rad
175
Економічний вісник Донбасу № 4(38), 2014
opinion of V. V. Kapyltsova, is oriented on progressive
transfer of social expectations into status positions [2,
p. 106].
At the same time, in conditions of modern stage
of social evolution a world community considers for-
mation of the global social policy in two directions.
The first one is solution of the problem relating to na-
tional social policy, convergence of national welfare
practices and working out of global social standards.
The second one is building transnational social policy
that assumes formation of the mechanism of global
social transfer, global social control and global social
rights [16, p. 52–53]. National social policy has been
formed taking into account world experience and has a
complex structure consisting of systems of social guar-
antees, social insurance and social care, in which case
guarantees of implementation of social protection are
given by the state. Efficient implementation of social
policy is possible only providing social responsibility
of the participants of social relations. The system of
social responsibility is a unity of elements where both
an individual and environment in any of its forms be-
ing collective party in charge of activity and responsi-
bility can be the subject of responsibility: social
groups, collective groups, peoples and states [17, p.
77–78]. We should emphasize that the main chain of
social responsibility is a man as a bearer of interests,
organizer of implementation and a source of criteria of
evaluation of social problems. According to A. Kolot,
it is appropriate to consider corporate social responsi-
bility as either component of social resources of busi-
ness organization or component of resource portfolio
[18, p. 20]. This quality is of special applicability in
conditions of implementation of three-pillar pension
schemes where insured person and employer of whom
quality of work place, of employees’ wage level and
the rate of accounting and payment discipline, which
provide account of years of work to record of insurance
and ultimately of scale of pension (rate of retirement
pension) depend, are responsible for the formation of
pension assets.
Fig. 2. Integral risk-resistant pension system model
Sources: The Law of Ukraine "On Compulsory Pension Insurance", the Law of Ukraine "On the Non-State Pen-
sion Schemes", conclusions of the Author.
N. Yu. Borisenko distinguishes three basic institu-
tions of state pension provision, the coupling of which
allows obtaining different combinations of national
pension schemes (pension system models). In pre-
Demographically
stable model (com-
ponent) of pension
system
Innovation-oriented
model (component)
of pension system
Risks related
to demographic
disbalances
Risks related
to economic
immaturity
Risks related
to instability of
financial system
Risks related
to environmental safety
Cultural and historical component World (globalization) trends
of development
Demographic
component
Economic
component
Necessity to change paradigm of social (planetary) development
Financial
component
Integral risk-resistant pension system model
Ecological component
Crisis-resistant
oriented
model (component)
of pension system
Noospheric-oriented
model (component)
of pension system
Personal intellectual-spiritual-noospheric-oriented component
N. S. Rad
176
Економічний вісник Донбасу № 4(38), 2014
industrial period social care as a form of social protec-
tion was one and only help. Nowadays in developed
countries this institution plays a role of safety net for
persons for whom basic forms of social protection
became unobtainable or ineffective for some reasons or
others. Сompulsory social insurance of all employees
and most of self-employed population, which is based
on joint income approach of financing, became a fre-
quent practice in industrial and post-industrial socie-
ties. Its goal is to maintain social risks of standard of
life achieved in employable period with the help of
collective (mass) forms of insurance. Welfare services
(systems of social security) of all developed countries
with socially responsible economy, of Central and East
European countries and former USSR were built on
principles of solidarity and ongoing funding. Personal
(voluntary or compulsory) retirement pension insur-
ance with the help of accumulation of adequate finan-
cial assets for whole life annuity in the early-industrial
societies played a role of the basic mechanism of self-
protection of employees and self-employed entrepre-
neurs in the period of cancellation of working life.
Nowadays it gained momentum as a form of compul-
sory personal retirement pension insurance within
countries of Latin America and in a number of coun-
tries with emerging economy [19, p. 107].
However, this classification, on our opinion, re-
quires addition of the element of social provision be-
cause it puts specific emphasis not on the accumulation
of money (low level of remuneration) but on maximal
duration of labour utilization. As distinct from insur-
ance principles, this form is based on length of pen-
sionable service (harmful working conditions) that
meets the priorities of public policy at the stage of
industrialization of the country. The main task in defi-
nition of the concept of reforming financial mechanism
of state pension provision is to determine optimal pro-
portions of employment of each of three abovemen-
tioned institutions of pension provision and forms of
development of each of them [19, p. 107].
We think that the key element for the formation of
the concept of modern pension system can be working
out of its ideology, in which one should take into ac-
count and combine demographic situation (correlation
of population in employable and unemployable age,
lifetime) and labour market conditions (level of unem-
ployment, the scope of shadow sector of economy;
long-establishing pattern of social system and achieved
ratio of its sociality (rate of GDP directed to pension
coverage; scope of constitutional social guarantees);
conducted social policy (differentiation ratio of em-
ployed population by wage including also differentia-
tion by separate regions of the country; purchasing
capacity of pensions and reproduction rate; develop-
ment of culture and traditions of social insurance that
combines principles of personal and joint and several
liability of participations of the system).
Important component of pension system is defini-
tion of the goals of pension system from the standpoint
of its main participants. As it appears from analytical
report of the NISS Risks, threats, priorities and conse-
quences of reformation of pension system in Ukraine,
for purposes of the individual the goals of pension
system are levelling of incomes throughout the whole
life cycle by means of accumulation and distribution of
savings (transfer of part of the assets from the period of
economic activity and getting wages to pension peri-
od). From the view point of the state, the main goals
are poverty reduction in the elderly and redistribution
of incomes from rich to poor [20, p. 5]. Government
expenditures for these purposes tend to reducing lately.
We believe that this contradicts to the basic principles
of social welfare state (which main target is high level
of welfare and creation of conditions for balanced
growth of man) and social insurance (correspondence
of rate of retirement pension to wage level (income)
and length of pensionable service). Thus, we are of the
opinion that this contradiction requires regulatory ad-
justment in provisions of retirement pension insurance.
Conclusions. In summary it can be said that
mechanism of three-pillar pension system model as
part of social protection in implementation of social
tasks has not yet developed its existing opportunities.
Three-pillar pension system model has not gained
ground as concerns instruments of retirement pension
insurance. When being formed, historical-cultural
component and world (global) tendencies of social
development were taken into account not to the full.
We think that in order to improve the concept of the
national pension system it is necessary to:
i) Work out and introduce into practice periodiza-
tion by ecologic-noospheric criterion: how provision of
social relations and human activities correspond to the
laws of nature and to what extent they introduce
changes into (disturb) ecosystem and indicators of
social services.
ii) Introduce integral risk-resistant pension system
model in which historical-cultural component and
world (global) tendencies of social development will
be taken into account.
iii) Work out and make regulative conceptual
trend of the main targets of pension system from the
view point of the state to provide high level of welfare
for all categories of pensioners taking into account
provisions of social state and insurance principles.
Implementation of the mentioned proposals will
allow making actual functioning of all three pillars of
pension system in accordance with historical-cultural
features of development of state and world trends of
social development and providing rise of social protec-
tion of population in the context of social-economic
development of Ukraine.
The outlooks of further studies can be solution of
problems relating to formation of integral conception
of pension system and harmonization of its functioning
in transforming social environment.
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Рад Н. С. Еволюція соціального захисту: від
умоглядної до концептуальної моделі пенсійної
системи
В статті досліджено важливі аспекти розвитку
вітчизняної пенсійної системи в контексті соціаль-
ної еволюції суспільства. Виявлені та окреслені
особливості і проблеми модернізації вітчизняного
пенсійного страхування в умовах сучасних ризиків
та викликів. Запропоновані напрямки удоскона-
лення концепції пенсійної системи в контексті
особливостей національного культурно-
історичного розвитку і сучасних тенденцій, ризиків
та викликів суспільного розвитку.
Ключові слова: пенсійна система, модерніза-
ція, аксіома, ідеологія, проблеми, інтегральна ризи-
костала модель, розвиток.
Рад Н. С. Эволюция социальной защиты: от
умозрительной до концептуальной модели пен-
сионной системы
В статье исследованы важные аспекты разви-
тия отечественной пенсионной системы в контек-
сте социальной эволюции общества. Выявлены и
обозначены особенности и проблемы модерниза-
ции отечественного пенсионного страхования в
условиях современных рисков и вызовов. Предло-
жены направления усовершенствования концепции
пенсионной системы в контексте особенностей
национального культурно-исторического развития
и современных тенденций, рисков и вызовов обще-
ственного развития.
Ключевые слова: пенсионная система, модер-
низация, аксиома, идеология, проблемы, инте-
гральная рискоустойчивая модель, развитие.
Rad N. S. Evolution of Social Protection: from
Theoretical to Conceptual Pension System Models
The article analyzes important aspects of devel-
opment of pension system in Ukraine in the context of
social evolution of society. Modernization of pension
system provision in conditions of present-day risks and
challenges is distinguished and specified. Lines of
improving the concept of pension system in the context
of peculiarities of cultural-historical development and
current trends, risks and challenges of social develop-
ment are given.
Keywords: pension system, modernization, axiom,
ideology, problems, integral risk-resistant model, de-
velopment.
Received by the editors: 27.10.2014
and final form 23.12.2014
|
| id | nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-87633 |
| institution | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| issn | 1817-3772 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-12-07T16:04:53Z |
| publishDate | 2014 |
| publisher | Інститут економіки промисловості НАН України |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | Rad, N.S. 2015-10-22T09:32:38Z 2015-10-22T09:32:38Z 2014 Evolution of Social Protection: from Theoretical to Conceptual Pension System Models / N.S. Rad // Економічний вісник Донбасу. — 2014. — № 4(38). — С. 171-177. — Бібліогр.: 20 назв. — англ. 1817-3772 https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/87633 368.914+657.412.7 The article analyzes important aspects of development of pension system in Ukraine in the context of social evolution of society. Modernization of pension system provision in conditions of present-day risks and challenges is distinguished and specified. Lines of improving the concept of pension system in the context of peculiarities of cultural-historical development and current trends, risks and challenges of social development are given. В статті досліджено важливі аспекти розвитку вітчизняної пенсійної системи в контексті соціальної еволюції суспільства. Виявлені та окреслені особливості і проблеми модернізації вітчизняного пенсійного страхування в умовах сучасних ризиків та викликів. Запропоновані напрямки удосконалення концепції пенсійної системи в контексті особливостей національного культурно-історичного розвитку і сучасних тенденцій, ризиків та викликів суспільного розвитку. В статье исследованы важные аспекты развития отечественной пенсионной системы в контексте социальной эволюции общества. Выявлены и обозначены особенности и проблемы модернизации отечественного пенсионного страхования в условиях современных рисков и вызовов. Предложены направления усовершенствования концепции пенсионной системы в контексте особенностей национального культурно-исторического развития и современных тенденций, рисков и вызовов общественного развития. en Інститут економіки промисловості НАН України Економічний вісник Донбасу Management of Labour and Safety Evolution of Social Protection: from Theoretical to Conceptual Pension System Models Еволюція соціального захисту: від умоглядної до концептуальної моделі пенсійної системи Эволюция социальной защиты: от умозрительной до концептуальной модели пенсионной системы Article published earlier |
| spellingShingle | Evolution of Social Protection: from Theoretical to Conceptual Pension System Models Rad, N.S. Management of Labour and Safety |
| title | Evolution of Social Protection: from Theoretical to Conceptual Pension System Models |
| title_alt | Еволюція соціального захисту: від умоглядної до концептуальної моделі пенсійної системи Эволюция социальной защиты: от умозрительной до концептуальной модели пенсионной системы |
| title_full | Evolution of Social Protection: from Theoretical to Conceptual Pension System Models |
| title_fullStr | Evolution of Social Protection: from Theoretical to Conceptual Pension System Models |
| title_full_unstemmed | Evolution of Social Protection: from Theoretical to Conceptual Pension System Models |
| title_short | Evolution of Social Protection: from Theoretical to Conceptual Pension System Models |
| title_sort | evolution of social protection: from theoretical to conceptual pension system models |
| topic | Management of Labour and Safety |
| topic_facet | Management of Labour and Safety |
| url | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/87633 |
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