Water balance of forests in a Southeast part of Mountain Crimea
The aim of the research was to study of water balance of the forests in the south-eastern part of the mountainous Crimea, located on the border of their natural occurrence areal;
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| Опубліковано в: : | Культура народов Причерноморья |
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| Дата: | 2001 |
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Кримський науковий центр НАН України і МОН України
2001
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| Цитувати: | Water balance of forests in a Southeast part of Mountain Crimea / A.A. Klyukin, V.A. Bokov // Культура народов Причерноморья. – 2001. – № 21. – С. 17-20. — Бібліогр.: 11 назв. — англ. |
Репозитарії
Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine| _version_ | 1860258581774860288 |
|---|---|
| author | Klyukin, A.A. Bokov, V.A. |
| author_facet | Klyukin, A.A. Bokov, V.A. |
| citation_txt | Water balance of forests in a Southeast part of Mountain Crimea / A.A. Klyukin, V.A. Bokov // Культура народов Причерноморья. – 2001. – № 21. – С. 17-20. — Бібліогр.: 11 назв. — англ. |
| collection | DSpace DC |
| container_title | Культура народов Причерноморья |
| description | The aim of the research was to study of water balance of the forests in the south-eastern part of the mountainous Crimea, located on the border of their natural occurrence areal;
|
| first_indexed | 2025-12-07T18:52:13Z |
| format | Article |
| fulltext |
Klyukin A.A., Bokov V.A.
WATER BALANCE OF FORESTS IN A SOUTHEAST PART OF MOUNTAIN CRIMEA
16
Klyukin A.A., Bokov V.A.
WATER BALANCE OF FORESTS IN A SOUTHEAST PART OF MOUNTAIN CRIMEA
The aim of the research was to study of water bal-
ance of the forests in the south-eastern part of the moun-
tainous Crimea, located on the border of their natural
occurrence areal;
The following tasks were specified :
1. to establish the structure of water balance in var-
ious forest ecosystems, differing in steepnes and ar-
rangement of slopes, amount and nature of atmospheric
precipitation, nature of underlay soils and rock;
2. to analyze the relation of phytogeometry of forest
ecosystems with the components of water balance;
Novelty and importance of the proposed task: on the
territory of about 100-130 thousand hectares Crimean
forests grow under insufficient moisture conditions, on
the border of their natural occurrence areal. That is why
any changes in their growth conditions, connected with
both natural and human factors, can violate the estab-
lished conditions.
In the south-eastern part of the mountainous Crimea
the majority of forests have ecotonic nature. Oak forests
of the 3, 4, 5 bonitet classes prevail there. The forests
are mainly of a verdure type. To a considerable degree
their productivity is connected with the correlation of
heat and moisture. Another important factor is the fol-
lowing: a long period (2-3 centuries) of human influ-
ence, including chopping, soil and grass trampling, fires,
disarrangement of biogeocenotic interactions and growth
of susceptibility to pests.
Processes of the Crimean forests degradation result
not only from human, but also from natural factors. Lo-
cation of the forests in extreme conditions doesn't pro-
vide for the possibility of natural regeneration by seeds
because of moisture deficiency during the period of
seeds sprouting and appearance of shoots. Slow growth
and these conditions hinder their shoots regeneration,
and in many communities dry tops and root systems dy-
ing-off can be observed. Further degradation of the
Crimean forests is also preconditioned by a recurrent
total damage of leaves and young plants by entomofau-
na, rodents and hares; seeds and shoots are eaten up by
other animals (Polyakov, 1980; Mishnev, 1986).
The south-eastern part of the mountainous Crimea
was chosen for the present research because of the fol-
lowing reasons:
1. This area has sites and stations where observa-
tions of forest cover, as well as of various landscape and
geophysical characteristics take place.
2. In this part marginal effects are especially signif-
icant and this fact is important for studying forests
growth processes under unfavourabe conditions.
The south-eastern mountainous Crimea is character-
ized by various landscapes. In the axial part of the
mountains at a height of 700-900 m rock oak and beech
forests can be found. Lower they are substituted by oak
forests. From a height of 300-400 m the latter are substi-
tuted by shiblyak and steppe ecosystems. However, it is
only a general background picture of ecosystems spatial
distribution. It is distorted to a certain extent by local
humidification and temperature conditions. The greater
part of the observations was carried out within the bor-
ders of the Kara-Dag nature reserve, founded in 1979.
On the rest of the territory forests belong to the first
group where industrial felling is prohibited and only
maintenance chopping takes place. The forests in this
area perform recreational and regenerating functions.
The research is based on the observations which
have been carried out at the Kara-Dag landscape-
ecological stationary since 1993, at the Kara-Dag hy-
drometeorological observatory, at the Voronskiy sta-
tionary, at several dozens of semi-stations where moni-
toring of exogenous geodynamic processes is conducted.
Main experimental area is situated on the sloping
(10-150), average height 185 m above sea-level. Struc-
tural soil is brown and small carbonate. Structure of
phytocoenosis: downy-oak forest with Cornelian-cherry-
trees, bonytet – 4. Vertical structure phytocoenosis
which is researching, may have some layers: wood layer
of underwood, grassy and layer of forest bedding.
The height of wood layer contains 10-12 m (average
height of wood layer 8-9 m). It is downy oak and also
field maple, tall ash-tree. Power of tree-top of wood lay-
er 4-7 m (the height of low border treetop 3-4 m). The
distance between trees is 2.5 – 4 m. According tree we
can say the following valuation survey data: common
close 0.7 – 0.8; the average height 8 m, the average di-
ameter on the level of chest 20-22,8 cm, the composition
of trees is 244 downy oak, 23- field maple, 4 tall ash-
tree.
Underwood is clear and contains in common from
cornelian-cherry-trees as usual, haw-throns, morose
common. The height of underwood from 1 till 4 m, the
close is not the same in the borders of the part of area
and in average contains 0,3 – 0,4. Undergrowth (H – 0,5
– 1 m) is seldom, there are maples, ash-trees, ash-thorns,
oaks practically is not noticed. Grassy layer is seldom
and it is not the similar, designed cover in average con-
tains 20% (Hav) - 15 sm.
The grassy layer is more expressed in the places
where the forest is not so closed (in forest window) and
also at the border of the forest.
On the surface of soil is the stratum from deciduous
leaves in average 2-3 cm, but in microlowerings till 5-6
cm.
Horizontal structure of forest phytocoenosis is not
the similar. There are some smaller elements of differen-
tiation – parcells.
The most vegetation species appear from the second
ten days period of April till June, the least from the sec-
ond ten days period of August till second ten days peri-
od of October.
Проблемы материальной культуры – ГЕОГРАФИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ 17
The curve spreads along the leaf surface of oak
trunk in phytocoenosis discovers in the main layer the
top 6.5 m for the low and top parts is disappeared, the
most of new sprouts are at the top of crowns space. The
curve spreads of non leaf surface of oak trunk underlines
the main feature which practically is l1. At the height 3 –
3.5 m is the second less expression , which coincide
with the place where trunks and branches begin instead
in the middle and the top parts of the crown.
Thus, we have obtained enough data giving repre-
sentative information concerning water and heat condi-
tions of the forests in this area.
Observations of the water balance components
The system of observations included:
1.Atmospheric precipitation; 2. Evaporation monitoring
by microevaporators; 3. Monitoring of the run-off from
tree crowns; 4. Monitoring of the run-off from tree
trunks; 5. Monitoring of ground humidity under the
trees; 6. Monitoring of the run-off from the ground on
an open site; 7. Monitoring of the Surju-Kaja southern
spring flow rate; 8. Monitoring of the underground wa-
ters level in the Kara-Dag valley.
Atmospheric precipitation
Atmospheric precipitation monitoring was conduct-
ed at the background station Verkhnije Trassy by an or-
dinary precipitation measuring device, as well as by the
devices for precipitation measuring in the form of glass-
es. Measurements, obtained at the Kara-Dag meteoro-
logical station were also used. When active observations
of water balance components were taking place (August
- November, 2000), precipitation was very scarce. In
September-October, when there were leaves on the trees,
precipitation was 14,2 mm, and in November there was
no precipitation at all.
At the Kara-Dag meteostation (40 m above sea lev-
el) atmospheric precipitation is 410 mm a year. A back-
ground monitoring station is situated not far from mount
Svjataja, 250 m above sea level. The quantity of atmos-
pheric precipitation rises there up to 550-570 mm a year.
Evaporation is 850 mm a year. Thus, the Vysotsky-
Ivanov humidification index is equal to 0,66. Such cli-
matic humidification corresponds to the conditions of a
southern forest-steppe region. Formation of forest phy-
tocenoses here is probably connected with north-eastern
orientation of the slope and this fact determines lesser
heating. It means that real humidification is higher in
comparison with background climatic one.
With magnification of hight above sea level the
annual amount of a rainfall will increase by 60 millime-
ters on everyone 100 meters.
Evaporation
The background evaporation is equal 400-500 mms
per one year. To carry our monitoring of evapora-
tion from the ground compact evaporators - empty steel
cylinders, wall thickness - 2 mm, diameter - 80 mm,
height - 200 mm - were installed under the forest cano-
py.
Run-off from tree crowns
The quantity of liquid atmospheric precipitation in-
tercepted by trees was established by precipitation
measuring devices according to the difference between
the precipitation falling out above the forest or over
open spaces and permeating under the forest canopy.
One part of the intercepted precipitation is spent on
evaporation, another part runs off the crowns, and the
third - from tree trunks on the ground. Observations of
the run-off from the crown of a typical tree in the oak
forest at the "Verkhnije Trassy" station took place in
September-November, 2000. During three months, and
they turned out to be very dry, atmospheric precipitation
didn't permeate under the tree crowns. For obtaining
generalized data, we used the results of the observations,
which took place in the 80s and 90s, as well as data by
some other authors (Vis, 1986).
It was found out that interception depends on the
area of leaves and needles. The more closed plant cano-
py is, the more precipitation is retained, evaporated and
doesn't participate in the run-off formation. Casual ob-
servations, which were conducted at other times, showed
that during a cold season a coniferous forest retains
more atmospheric precipitation than a leaf forest. Leaf
trees have maximal interception during their vegetation
period and minimal interception during their intervege-
tation period. It depends on the species, age and close-
ness of the forest.
Precipitation which has permeated through the for-
est canopy, reaches the ground in a transformed form.
Transformed drops are bigger than rain drops, but they
fall from a lesser height and don't manage to gain ulti-
mate steady speed
It was experimentally established that drops, fallen
from oak trees from a height of 15 m are 2,5 times big-
ger than rain drops. Their mass turned to be by an order
of magnitude greater, calculated falling rate by 61%
greater, kinetic energy by a factor of 31 greater than the
same parameters of heavy shower drops (Roschkovan,
1981).
The run-off from trunks is lesser than the run-off
from leaves, and looks like a stream. Theoretically it
will be greater during the same rain in those trees which
concentrate the run-off from the branches on the trunk
and have a smooth rind. In the trees with a rough rind
the run-off is redistributed along numerous lengthwise
furrows.
The run-off can concentrate on the ground surface
near the trunk base and cause soil erosion.
Monitoring of the run-off from tree trunks
Atmospheric precipitation water, running of a trunk,
is intercepted by a tightly fastened metal groove and is
extended into a measuring reservoir. The quantity of at-
mospheric precipitation permeated under the forest can-
opy and rolled from the trees along the trunks, surface
run-off and soil erosion depend on the form, density and
height of the crowns, leaves, skeleton brunches and
trunks morphology, structure of the root system, capaci-
ty and moisture content of the forest underlay, presence
of an underbrush, grass cover, moss and lichen. More
detailed data concerning intercepted atmospheric precip-
Klyukin A.A., Bokov V.A.
WATER BALANCE OF FORESTS IN A SOUTHEAST PART OF MOUNTAIN CRIMEA
18
itation by tree crowns is given in some publications
(Landscape-geophysical conditions, 2001;).
On the average, annually pine forests intercept 13-
25%, oak forests - 8-42%, beech forests - 4-8% of fallen
precipitation.
Calculations show that during the vegetation period
about 65-72% of the fallen atmospheric precipitation can
permeate under the crown of an oak, growing in a moun-
tain lower height belt. Annually it makes up 75-80% of
the fallen atmospheric precipitation.
Run-off from the ground surface under the forest
Water of atmospheric precipitation, permeated
through the forest canopy and run off the trunks, can
cause a surface slope run-off. But, as a rule, under the
forest there is a forest underlay, which is water-proof
and has good moisture capacity. It is capable of absorb-
ing water quickly, taking a surface run-off to an under-
ground one, restraining evaporation and soil erosion.
The underlay absorbs water many times better, than its
dry mass. It retains 4-20 mm and even more, depending
on its thickness and other factors.
In September-November, 2000, when observations
were taking place at the "Verkhnije Trassy" station, a
surface run-off under the forest was not formed because
of insignificant atmospheric precipitation. On gentle un-
derlayed slopes, such as the run-off site, it can form only
during a period of heavy showers, continuous rains and
melting of a thick snow cover, but it happens very sel-
dom and not even every year. More often the run-off is
caused by summer showers of extreme character. For-
mation of destructive high-floods in the gorges and val-
leys of the forest belt of the Crimean mountains is con-
nected with such showers.
The heavy shower of 09.06.1998 above the water-
collecting crater of the Voron River valley lasted for al-
most two hours and pored about 80,2 mm of liquid pre-
cipitation. It caused formation of a surface run-off and a
destructive high-flood, with flow rate of 78 m/sec within
the Voron River banks. Precipitation, permeated under
the forest canopy, washed away only steep river-bed
slopes which were not covered by an underlay.
Run-off from the ground surface on open sites
Regular monitoring of the surface and underground
run-off was carried out at the landscape-ecological sta-
tion during the period of 1995-2000, and at the "Verkh-
nije Trassy" station observation of the run-off from
open slopes was conducted in September-November,
2000. Besides, short-time observations of the peculiari-
ties of run-off formation in forest landscapes of other
parts of the Crimean mountains were performed.
For the surface run-off monitoring a run-off site was
used. The monitoring was conducted after a run-off-
forming precipitation fall by a standard procedure (In-
structions..., 1975; Recommended methodology..., 1975;
Hydrological..., 1987).
In 1996 two minor run-off sites ROS-1 and ROS-2
were constructed on the territory of the landscape-
ecological station, on the slopes well-bedded with turf.
These sites are the main part of the obsevation system,
carried out at the landscape-ecological station.
From 01.07.1996 to 01.12.2000 a surface run-off on
the run-off site ROS-1 was formed only once, and on the
run-off site ROS-3 - four times. All the cases at the
ROS-3 occurred in August and September 1996, when
after a long dry period atmospheric precipitation reached
94,0 and 191,4 mm. It exceeds an average monthly norm
by 4 and 6 times. During this very wet period daily pre-
cipitation 5 times exceeded 20,0 mm and reached 42,7
mm.
In all cases liquid and solid run-off from the slopes
was insignificant - correspondingly from 0,09 to 0,33
l/m2 and from 0,14 to 0,28 g/m2 during one case of a
run-off.
In all cases the run-off from the ROS-3 was con-
nected with heavy showers with capacity of 40,6 mm
/10.8/, 42,7 mm /4.9/, 27,5 mm /11.9/ and 23,0 mm
/24.9/, their average intensity was from 0,09 to 0,40
mm/min. In some periods intensity of these showers was
considerably greater.
In the period of rains in August-September 1996 the
run-off site ROS-1, which is located nearby in similar
conditions, but on a short slope, surrounded by old oaks,
didn't give any run-off. It was registered only at the be-
ginning of January during melting of snow which had
fallen previously and had been redistributed by wind.
The snow could be blown away from the slope with the
ROS-3 and could accumulate on the slope with the
ROS-1, could evaporate from the southern slope, where
the ROS-1 is located.
Since that time and to present a surface run-off on
the run-off sites of Kara-Dag hasn't been noticed,
though during the last 4 years liquid precipitation was
about 20,0 mm per day. Five rains /20,0-50,5 mm/ out of
the above mentioned ones had average intensity of 0,09-
0,11 mm/min., and one shower falling on 23.07.1997
during 26 minutes had average intensity of 1,01
mm/min. These rains, similar to the run-off-forming
precipitation of 1996, didn't give any run-off.
A thick grass cover intercepts 42-100% of single
liquid precipitation with the amount less than 5-10 mm
and 14-25% with the amount of 15-20 mm and more.It
is possible to come to the conclusion that during dry
years the surface run-off from slopes well-bedded with
turf is formed when the amount of heavy showers ex-
ceeds 20 mm with average intensity of 0,09 mm/min.,
fallen on previously dampened soil, and during humid
years it is intercepted by a higher and thicker grass cover
and can be formed under more intense and plentiful pre-
cipitation (more than 33,4-44,1 mm and average intensi-
ty more than 0,10-0,11 mm/min.).
Spring flow rate
The Surju-Kaja southern spring was chosen for reg-
ular observations. It is located not far from the land-
scape-ecological station on one of the slopes of the Ka-
ra-Dag gorge.
Underground waters level in the gorge
Monitoring of underground waters conditions were
conducted in an old well, located at the bottom of the
Проблемы материальной культуры – ГЕОГРАФИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ 19
gorge, at a distance of 0,3 km from the landscape-
ecological station. The well is dug in contemporary 5m
thick proluvial sand-and-gravel sediments. During the
observation the level variation amplitude reached 3,68
m. The level lowered to 4,80 m and rose to 1,12 m be-
low the gorge bottom.
In accordance with the observation results average
monthly and annual values of the underground waters
level were calculated /Diagram 10/. The diagram shows
that the level was very low in 1995-1996 and high in
1997-1998, and it was average in 1999-2000. The varia-
tions of underground waters level in the gorge show that
at the beginning of the vegetation period during
humid years these waters can be reached by the plants
with root systems penetrating at a depth of no less than
1,5-2 m, and in summer and autumn at a depth no less
than 2,5-3,0 m. During dry years underground waters
can be used by trees whose roots penetrate at a depth no
less than 4-5 m below the surface.
The results of the observations are described in the
book Landscape-geophysical conditions.., 2001.
General conclusions on water balance
Observations and data obtained by other authors
show that about 75-80% of annual precipitation and 65-
72% of precipitation fallen during the period when there
are leaves on the trees can penetrate through tree crowns
of a closed oak forest. Out of precipitation intercepted
during a year about 3-5% can run off down tree trunks
on the ground.
Research by I.P.Ved (1970) proves that balance
studies should include horizontal precipitation - fog
condensation, drizzle, sleet, etc. Their quantity in the
Crimean mountains reaches 20-25% of the annual pre-
cipitation layer. They compensate for the losses on in-
terception. The amount of horizontal precipitation is
higher in forests and lower in open spaces. They play an
important role in vital activity of plants without a deep
root system in dry seasons.
In sparse growths of trees, where there is no forest
underlay and a grass cover is very thin, transformed rain
drops, falling from the crowns, water streams, running
down from the trunks, are capable of causing a trickling
and streamline erosion under the trees canopy.
In closed forests with a good forest underlay a sur-
face run-off occurs only during heavy showers. When
extreme precipitation of rare recurrence takes place in
gorges and valleys covered with forests, then destructive
high-floods and mountain torrents spring up too. It usu-
ally happens once or twice in a century.
A surface run-off from water-collectors well-
bedded with turf, covered with forests and sparse
growths of trees is formed very seldom. During 6 years
of observation, when typical (in terms of amount and
intensity) atmospheric precipitation fell out and there
were no extreme showers, a local run-off from the
slopes was registered only during the most humid
months of 1996, and there was no run-off in the gorges
at all. During the last 10 years it took place, perhaps, on-
ly in September 1991 when an extreme rain (in terms of
precipitation amount) fell out. The rare occurrence of a
surface run-off indicates that precipitation is transferred
into an underground run-off and a considerable loss of
precipitation and evaporation takes place.
Springs don't play any significant role in the replen-
ishment of underground waters and in the life of plant
communities.
Underground waters concentrate at the bottoms of
large gorges and valleys. The depth of an underground
waters layer varies depending on the amount of precipi-
tation. During the main part of the vegetation period,
when all plants especially need water, underground wa-
ters are located deeply under the surface and are acces-
sible only for the plants with deep root systems.
The given data and some quantitative characteristics
are indicative of very complicated water supply condi-
tions in which living organisms find themselves living in
the sparse growths of trees and oak forests of the Cri-
mea.
Literatur
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Klyukin A.A., Bokov V.A.
WATER BALANCE OF FORESTS IN A SOUTHEAST PART OF MOUNTAIN CRIMEA
20
tems // Earth Surface Process and Landforms. 1986. 11. N6. C. 591-603.
The article is written within the framework of a realization of the project Ukraine - INTAS -95 -177."Biological
efficiency of forest management and environment protection".
|
| id | nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-89656 |
| institution | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| issn | 1562-0808 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-12-07T18:52:13Z |
| publishDate | 2001 |
| publisher | Кримський науковий центр НАН України і МОН України |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | Klyukin, A.A. Bokov, V.A. 2015-12-19T10:30:34Z 2015-12-19T10:30:34Z 2001 Water balance of forests in a Southeast part of Mountain Crimea / A.A. Klyukin, V.A. Bokov // Культура народов Причерноморья. – 2001. – № 21. – С. 17-20. — Бібліогр.: 11 назв. — англ. 1562-0808 https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/89656 The aim of the research was to study of water balance of the forests in the south-eastern part of the mountainous Crimea, located on the border of their natural occurrence areal; en Кримський науковий центр НАН України і МОН України Культура народов Причерноморья Проблемы материальной культуры – ГЕОГРАФИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ Water balance of forests in a Southeast part of Mountain Crimea Article first published |
| spellingShingle | Water balance of forests in a Southeast part of Mountain Crimea Klyukin, A.A. Bokov, V.A. Проблемы материальной культуры – ГЕОГРАФИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ |
| title | Water balance of forests in a Southeast part of Mountain Crimea |
| title_full | Water balance of forests in a Southeast part of Mountain Crimea |
| title_fullStr | Water balance of forests in a Southeast part of Mountain Crimea |
| title_full_unstemmed | Water balance of forests in a Southeast part of Mountain Crimea |
| title_short | Water balance of forests in a Southeast part of Mountain Crimea |
| title_sort | water balance of forests in a southeast part of mountain crimea |
| topic | Проблемы материальной культуры – ГЕОГРАФИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ |
| topic_facet | Проблемы материальной культуры – ГЕОГРАФИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ |
| url | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/89656 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT klyukinaa waterbalanceofforestsinasoutheastpartofmountaincrimea AT bokovva waterbalanceofforestsinasoutheastpartofmountaincrimea |