Обусловленность гражданских практик в Украине как отражение социально-экономического развития общества
В статье рассматриваются факторы гражданских практик в украинском обществе. Для выяснения этого применялась бинарная логистическая регрессия и корреляционный анализ на основе данных социологического мониторинга Института социологии НАН Украины за 2013 год. Анализ показал, что социоэкономические фа...
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Резник, А. 2015-12-24T18:51:00Z 2015-12-24T18:51:00Z 2013 Обусловленность гражданских практик в Украине как отражение социально-экономического развития общества / А. Резник // Социология: теория, методы, маркетинг. — 2013. — № 4. — С. 135–145. — Бібліогр.: 18 назв. — рос. 1563-4426 https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/90525 316.4.066+323.2 В статье рассматриваются факторы гражданских практик в украинском обществе. Для выяснения этого применялась бинарная логистическая регрессия и корреляционный анализ на основе данных социологического мониторинга Института социологии НАН Украины за 2013 год. Анализ показал, что социоэкономические факторы и ключевые структурные факторы — региональная поляризация и этническое происхождение — оказались невлиятельными. Тогда как социально-психологические факторы (интерес к политике, убежденность в собственной способности контролировать власть и готовность проявить инициативу и включиться в решение местных проблем) оказались наиболее влиятельными. The paper deals with the factors of civil practices in Ukrainian society. The author used the binary logistic regression and correlation analysis based on the data of sociological monitoring of the Institute of Sociology of NAS of Ukraine for 2013. The analysis has shown that socio-economic factors and key structure factors – regional polarization and ethnic origin – proved to have no influence. Instead, socio-psychological factors (interest for policy, confidence in own ability to control authorities and readiness to take the lead and to take part in settling the local problems) proved to be the most influential. ru Iнститут соціології НАН України Социология: теория, методы, маркетинг Обусловленность гражданских практик в Украине как отражение социально-экономического развития общества Conditionality of civil practices in Ukraine as a reflection of socio economic development of society Article published earlier |
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Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
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Обусловленность гражданских практик в Украине как отражение социально-экономического развития общества |
| spellingShingle |
Обусловленность гражданских практик в Украине как отражение социально-экономического развития общества Резник, А. |
| title_short |
Обусловленность гражданских практик в Украине как отражение социально-экономического развития общества |
| title_full |
Обусловленность гражданских практик в Украине как отражение социально-экономического развития общества |
| title_fullStr |
Обусловленность гражданских практик в Украине как отражение социально-экономического развития общества |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Обусловленность гражданских практик в Украине как отражение социально-экономического развития общества |
| title_sort |
обусловленность гражданских практик в украине как отражение социально-экономического развития общества |
| author |
Резник, А. |
| author_facet |
Резник, А. |
| publishDate |
2013 |
| language |
Russian |
| container_title |
Социология: теория, методы, маркетинг |
| publisher |
Iнститут соціології НАН України |
| format |
Article |
| title_alt |
Conditionality of civil practices in Ukraine as a reflection of socio economic development of society |
| description |
В статье рассматриваются факторы гражданских практик в украинском обществе. Для выяснения этого применялась бинарная логистическая регрессия и
корреляционный анализ на основе данных социологического мониторинга Института социологии НАН Украины за 2013 год. Анализ показал, что социоэкономические факторы и ключевые структурные факторы — региональная поляризация и этническое происхождение — оказались невлиятельными. Тогда как социально-психологические факторы (интерес к политике, убежденность в собственной способности контролировать власть и готовность проявить инициативу и включиться в решение местных проблем) оказались наиболее влиятельными.
The paper deals with the factors of civil practices in Ukrainian society. The author used
the binary logistic regression and correlation analysis based on the data of sociological
monitoring of the Institute of Sociology of NAS of Ukraine for 2013. The analysis has
shown that socio-economic factors and key structure factors – regional polarization
and ethnic origin – proved to have no influence. Instead, socio-psychological factors
(interest for policy, confidence in own ability to control authorities and readiness to
take the lead and to take part in settling the local problems) proved to be the most influential.
|
| issn |
1563-4426 |
| url |
https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/90525 |
| citation_txt |
Обусловленность гражданских практик в Украине как отражение социально-экономического развития общества / А. Резник // Социология: теория, методы, маркетинг. — 2013. — № 4. — С. 135–145. — Бібліогр.: 18 назв. — рос. |
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AT reznika obuslovlennostʹgraždanskihpraktikvukrainekakotraženiesocialʹnoékonomičeskogorazvitiâobŝestva AT reznika conditionalityofcivilpracticesinukraineasareflectionofsocioeconomicdevelopmentofsociety |
| first_indexed |
2025-11-26T09:39:15Z |
| last_indexed |
2025-11-26T09:39:15Z |
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1850617889300676608 |
| fulltext |
Al ex an der Reznik
Con di tion al ity of civil prac tices in Ukraine as a re flec tion of socio-eco nomic de vel op ment
AL EX AN DER REZNIK,UDC 316.4.066+323.2
Doc tor of Sci ences in So ci ol ogy, Se nior Re search
Fel low, De part ment of So cial Psy chol ogy, In sti -
tute of So ci ol ogy, NAS of Ukraine
Conditionality of civil practices
in Ukraine as a reflection of socio-
economic development of society
Ab stract
The pa per deals with the fac tors of civil prac tices in Ukrai nian so ci ety. The au thor used
the bi nary lo gis tic re gres sion and cor re la tion anal y sis based on the data of so cio log i cal
mon i tor ing of the In sti tute of So ci ol ogy of NAS of Ukraine for 2013. The anal y sis has
shown that socio-eco nomic fac tors and key struc ture fac tors – re gional po lar iza tion
and eth nic or i gin – proved to have no in flu ence. In stead, socio-psy cho log i cal fac tors
(in ter est for pol icy, con fi dence in own abil ity to con trol au thor i ties and readi ness to
take the lead and to take part in set tling the lo cal prob lems) proved to be the most in flu -
en tial.
Keywords: civil prac tices, socio-eco nomic sta tus, re gional and eth nic de lim i ta tions,
socio-psy cho log i cal fac tors
In tro duc tion
So ci ety’s abil ity to suc cess fully con trol state in sti tu tions is linked with prev -
a lence of sys tem atic, re pro duc ible and per ma nent socio-po lit i cal ac tions of var i -
ous so cial ac tors. It is a ques tion of civil prac tices, which are con sid ered as a mul -
ti di men sional phe nom e non — a set of ac tions, which get con ceived while be ing
in flu enced by dif fer ent de ter mi nants, and gain a steady char ac ter and grad u ally
fill up the space of pub lic sphere. These prac tices be come meth ods of im ple ment -
ing so cial in ter ests of dif fer ent strata of so ci ety, bal anc ing and sta bi liz ing its so -
cial struc ture. When the tra di tional, pa ter nal is tic strat e gies of pop u la tion’s be -
Соціологія: теорія, ме то ди, мар ке тинг, 2013, 4 135
hav ior be come in ef fi cient, ac tive so cial ac tors whilst pos sess ing the nec es sary re -
sources and skills, look for new mod els of civil be hav ior, among which the most
ef fi cient and, there fore, able to be come de ci sive in the cre ation of new po lit i cal
struc tures are picked by se lec tion. Thus, civil prac tices be come a so cial re source
for gain ing so cial po si tions and ben e fits in a tran si tional so ci ety, in creas ing fight -
ing chances in strat i fi ca tion ri valry and di rect ing the course of po lit i cal insti -
tutionalization. More over, the phe nom e non of cit i zen ship man i fests through
civil prac tices — cit i zen’s aware ness of his/her rights and re spon si bil i ties in the
life of coun try, cre at ing con di tions for the most com plete dis clo sure of the
human’s full po ten tial, his/her cre ative self-ex pres sion.
The o ret i cal meth ods
There is a dif fer ence be tween con ven tional (tra di tional) and un con ven tional
(non-tra di tional) forms of civic prac tices that de pend on tra di tions of po lit i cal
par tic i pa tion. Fairly rou tine be hav ior, which is car ried out through in sti tu tional
chan nels and is ac cept able to the cul ture that is dom i nant in so ci ety’s po lit i cal,
can be put to con ven tional forms. Tra di tional prac tices dem on strate ei ther sup -
port of po lit i cal re gime, or the de sire to change the re gime’s pol icy or af fect it. Un -
con ven tional prac tice is mainly as so ci ated with pro test be hav ior. Non-con ven -
tional forms of civic prac tices, in clud ing forced ones, are re sorted to when tra di -
tional forms, for a va ri ety of rea sons be come un avail able or do not bring the de -
sired re sult.
Among the many the o ret i cal meth ods that ex plain the fac tors of civic en -
gage ment in con tem po rary em pir i cal stud ies, sev eral that con firmed their ef fec -
tive ness and prac ti cal rel e vance are high lighted. Among these meth ods: struc -
tural, so cio eco nomic, socio-psy cho log i cal and re source-mobilizational — can be
out lined.
The struc tural method fo cuses on the so cial schisms aris ing from con tra dic -
tions be tween the in ter ests of large groups of peo ple, due to the so cial strat i fi ca -
tion on var i ous grounds. The the ory of so cial schisms (S. M. Lipset and C. Rokan)
co mes from the fact that peo ple’s po lit i cal be hav ior is n’t con di tioned by con -
scious po lit i cal pref er ences, but by af fil i a tion with large so cial groups formed as a
re sult of dif fer ences or even so cial con flicts. These dif fer ences, par tic u larly in
West ern Eu rope, arose as a re sult of mod ern iza tion pro cesses that di vided cen tre
and pe riph ery, State and Church, town and vil lage, own ers and em ploy ees. At the
time, in sti tu tion al ized dif fer ences formed a cer tain struc ture of po lit i cal pref er -
ences of cit i zens [Lipset, Rokkan, 1985]. That is, the de ter mi na tion of civil be -
hav ior is con di tioned by sol i dar ity and iden ti fi ca tion with a group. Sci en tists
also pay at ten tion to the ex is tence of new “di vi sions”, “schisms”, “sep a ra tions”,
“dif fer ences”. Formed, on this ba sis, groups can also be of re li gious, eth nic, lin -
guis tic, mi gra tional, re gional, settlemental and class na ture [Deegan-Krause,
2007]. So cial schisms can be pro voked by other socio-cul tural di men sions as well,
par tic u larly geopolitical, his tor i cal, etc. This is es pe cially true in the case of
multi cul tural so ci et ies, where un equal ac cess of dif fer ent groups to so cial re -
sources cre ates a con flict sit u a tion.
136 Соціологія: теорія, методи, маркетинг, 2013, 4
Al ex an der Reznik
Socio-eco nomic method pri mar ily con sid ers so cio eco nomic sta tus as an in -
cen tive, which is tra di tion ally de fined as a de riv a tive of in come, pro fes sion, ed u -
ca tion level, etc. Early at tempts to cal cu late level of so cio eco nomic re source were
based on a com bi na tion of ed u ca tion and in come. High so cio eco nomic sta tus
gives ad van tages to a per son, as it pro vides pos ses sion of nec es sary in for ma tion,
skills and com pe tence. It also pro motes adop tion of nec es sary stan dards and
mod els of civil be hav ior (in clud ing a sense of civic duty), which can be seen as
mo tives of in volve ment of the in di vid ual into pol i tics that gives the op por tu nity
to gain ex pe ri ence and se cure the nec es sary sup port from of fi cial bod ies [Verba,
Nie, Kim, 1987: p. 286–292]. So cio eco nomic sta tus is con di tioned by dis tri bu -
tion of so cial re sources: ed u ca tion, for ma tion of habit of seek ing new in for ma tion,
will ing ness to learn new skills and the abil ity to self-mo bi lize; money, which frees
up time to en gage in civic ac tiv i ties; high so cial sta tus and pres tige, to the bear ers
of which the gov ern ment lis tens more will ingly; and fi nally, some be hav ioral
skills, for ex am ple, the abil ity to prop erly state your re quire ments in an com pre -
hen si ble man ner, ac cept able for pol i ti cians and bu reau crats. Of course, all these
re sources are con cen trated in the hands of so cially priv i leged strata of the pop u -
la tion.
Socio-psy cho log i cal method of re search ing the civil ac tion fo cuses on intra -
personal fac tors and the per son’s abil i ties to self-ac tu al ize in so cial life. Con cepts
of po lit i cal ef fi cacy and po lit i cal in volve ment proved to be the most fa mous in ter -
pre ta tions of civic ac tiv ity ac tu al iza tion, which have socio-psychosocial con tent
and are of ten used in stud ies of po lit i cal cul ture [Dahl, 1961; Milbrath, Klein,
1962; Renshon, 1974: p. 125]. Po lit i cal ef fi cacy is de fined as an in di vid ual’s feel -
ing that his po lit i cal ac tion has or will have an im pact on the po lit i cal pro cess. Po -
lit i cal in volve ment is man i fested through po lit i cal in ter est and com pe tence,
which will cer tainly con trib ute to ac tiv ity. The per ceived po lit i cal com pe tence
and civic duty in creases. The self-con fi dence and be lief in the op por tu nity to re -
al ize one’s am bi tions be come de ci sive fac tors for peo ple to take ac tion. When the
im por tance of civic duty out weighs one’s own self ish out look, pre con di tions of
iden ti fi ca tion and sol i dar ity with the ref er ent group arise, de creases in ter per -
sonal dis trust, be cause of the emo tional in ten sity of per sonal re la tion ships that
occurs.
Since the late 1960-ies, the the ory of re source mo bi li za tion dom i nates in ex -
plain ing the de ter mi nants of so cial move ments and civic en gage ment (Mc Car -
thy, Zald, Ash, Gamson, Tilly). Ac cord ing to this the ory, pub lic move ments
should be seen as pur pose ful, con trolled ac tiv i ties, which de pend on the ef fi -
ciency of ac cu mu la tion of re sources (money, ac cess to mass me dia, sta tus, skills,
ed u ca tion, knowl edge, con nec tions, etc.) for the de vel op ment of civic en gage -
ment and so cial move ments [Mc Car thy, Zald, 1977; Jenkins, 1983]. The re source
mo bi li za tion the ory im plies that in mod ern plu ral is tic so ci et ies, pro test be comes
a nor mal phe nom e non, be cause there is al ways dis sat is fac tion. This, in turn, di -
min ishes the im por tance of fac tors of dis sat is fac tion, be cause plu ral ism makes
them ubiq ui tous. The ac tors, who de cided to par tic i pate in a civil ac tion, are ra -
tio nal. They weigh the costs and ben e fits of par tic i pa tion (such con sid er ations
are clearly linked to the in flu ence of ra tio nal choice the ory). The time length and
Соціологія: теорія, ме то ди, мар ке тинг, 2013, 4 137
Con di tion al ity of civil prac tices in Ukraine as a re flec tion of socio-eco nomic de vel op ment
par tic i pa tion char ac ter de pend on the con tent of ac cu mu lated re sources and po -
si tion of the in di vid ual in so cial networks.
Di rec tive, which ab sorbed achieve ments of the the ory of re source mo bi li za -
tion and socio-psy cho log i cal meth ods to po lit i cal en gage ment, gained em bodi -
ment in a long em pir i cal re search of Verba, Sliman and Brady. Ex plor ing the
prob lem of strat i fi ca tion of po lit i cal ac tiv ity, they ap plied the model of civic vol -
un ta rism (Civic Vol un ta rism Model). The ba sic fac tors of this model were re -
sources, mo ti va tion and mo bi li za tion. Re sources are com prised of time, money, and
civic skills. One ac quires these re sources in the pro cess of so cial iza tion through
fam ily, school, work place, vol un tary or ga ni za tions, re li gious in sti tu tions, etc.
Civic skills in clude com mu ni ca tion and or ga ni za tional abil i ties that al low cit i -
zens to use time and money ef fec tively in ci vil ian ac tiv i ties. Mo ti va tion de ter -
mines the set of psy cho log i cal in cen tives to par tic i pate (po lit i cal in ter est, po lit i -
cal ef fi cacy, sense of civic duty, party iden ti fi ca tion, etc.). Mo bi li za tion is in ter -
preted as an in duce ment to par tic i pate in civil ac tions [Verba, Schlozman, Brady,
1995: p. 269–273]. All three of these fac tors are mu tu ally re in forc ing and pro vide
cu mu la tive po lit i cal ad van tages to their owners.
Civil prac tices’ con fig u ra tion of fac tors
in Ukrai nian so ci ety: meth od olog i cal as pects
The study of so cial ac tiv ity and pro test be hav ior of the pop u la tion of Ukraine
tes tify to the prev a lence of cer tain type of fac tors de pend ing on the stage of de vel -
op ment of Ukrai nian so ci ety. In so cio log i cal stud ies of the first half of 1990-ies
among the rea sons for the pos si ble par tic i pa tion of Ukraine’s pop u la tion in the
pro tests, prob lems of ma te rial sur vival were dom i nat ing. [Bekeshkina, 1993;
Bekeshkina, 1994, p. 37–40; Golovakha, 1997: p. 61–64]. Stud ies of the late
1990s — early 2000-ies cap tures the ten dency of ideo log i cal di vi sions in terms of
dissentive moods. In par tic u lar, the pro test po ten tial pre vailed among peo ple
with a left ist ideo log i cal ori en ta tion: the ad her ents of so cial ism to a greater ex -
tent than sup port ers of cap i tal ism, de clared their con sent to par tic i pate in ral lies
and dem on stra tions [Golovakha, Panina, 1999; Golovakha, Panina, 2001].
The trans for ma tion phase, when, ac cord ing to Golovakha and Panina, a new
in sti tu tional cri sis was born (1999-2004), which started with, “the formed in pre -
vi ous years in sti tu tional sys tem com ing into con flict with the needs of the most
ac tive seg ments of pop u la tion, and with the in ter ests of in flu en tial po lit i cal op po -
si tion, which have n’t found (or lost) their place in the es tab lished power hi er ar -
chy” [Golovakha, Panina, 2006: p. 44]. The rea sons for this, ac cord ing to them,
was that, “feel ing some free dom from the ex haust ing daily strug gle for phys i cal
sur vival, many cit i zens of Ukraine have shown an in creased in ter est in po lit i cal
con flicts re lated to the end of the “Kuchma era” and the ne ces sity of choos ing his
suc ces sor” [Golovakha, Panina, 2006: p. 44–45]. That is, civil ac tiv ity was con di -
tioned with in creased re source com po nent — im prove ment of fi nan cial po si tion
and the avail abil ity of free time. It should be noted that the dy nam ics of the
valuative pri or i ties of cit i zens of Ukraine on the eve of the civil re vi tal iza tion at
the end of 2004, which was doc u mented in stud ies of the In sti tute of so ci ol ogy of
NAS of Ukraine, tes ti fied to a grad ual in crease of the mod ern iza tion po ten tial of
138 Соціологія: теорія, методи, маркетинг, 2013, 4
Al ex an der Reznik
so cial self-realizational val ues [Rucka, 2004]. More over, as shown by mon i tor ing
re search of the In sti tute of so ci ol ogy of NAS of Ukraine, grad u ally, even though
by a neg li gi ble mar gin, there was an in crease in cit i zens’ con fi dence in the ex is -
tence of an op por tu nity to in flu ence the gov ern ment, es pe cially lo cal, in re sponse
to the vi o la tion of their rights and interests.
How ever, the de cid ing fac tor was the al lo ca tion of re gional de mar ca tion
with its eth nic and cul tural char ac ter is tics that gave grounds to con sider these
events as a cer tain stage of ethnopolitical pro cess in so ci ety. In par tic u lar, it is ar -
gued that, in the elec toral schism of Ukraine the iden tity fac tor started to play its
role, so the Or ange rev o lu tion was not as much dem o cratic, as ethnocultural
[Golovakha, Panina, 2006: p. 50] or na tional dem o cratic [Stepanenko, 2005: p.
23]. Apart from the re gional split eth nic, lin guis tic dif fer ences, geopolitical pref -
er ences and po si tions on the is sue of Rus sian lan guage also ap peared to be in flu -
en tial. Re gional po lar iza tion that emerged in the pres i den tial elec tion of 2004
con tin ued in the next par lia men tary elec tions of 2006, early par lia men tary elec -
tions of 2007 and pres i den tial elec tions of 2010, and, par tially, in the par lia men -
tary elec tions of 2012. At the same time, an anal y sis of the in flu ence fac tors of
civil prac tice in the sec ond half of 2000-ies have doc u mented a grad ual lev el ing of
re gional and eth nic fac tors [Reznik, 2011: p. 253–271].
Thus, given the spec i fic ity of the Ukrai nian so ci ety, it is pos si ble to out line
three types of civic prac tices fac tors: struc tural, re source and socio-psy cho log i cal
in cen tives. Among the struc tural fac tors, cov er ing all pos si ble lines of value-ideo -
log i cal strat i fi ca tion of Ukrai nian so ci ety, it is pos si ble to out line re gional and
eth nic fac tors. Re source fac tors in clude so cio eco nomic sta tus (ed u ca tion, fi nan -
cial sit u a tion) and avail able free time. Among the socio-psy cho log i cal in cen tives
for po lit i cal en gage ment such fac tors are out lined: the will ing ness to par tic i pate
in lo cal af fairs, in ter est in pol i tics and sub jec tive con trol over the power.
Hy poth e ses
Elec toral di vi sion, which still sur vives and is re pro duced in the sup port, on
the one hand,of au thor i ties, and on the other hand — of op po si tion by rep re sen ta -
tives of cer tain ethnoregional com mu ni ties, should af fect the de ter mi na tion of
civil prac tices, es pe cially the pro test ones. How ever, the frag men ta tion of the op -
po si tion forces, the dis ap point ment in the gov ern ment among its elec toral base
re duces the like li hood of ethnoregional con di tion al ity of civic prac tices. There -
fore, in con sid er ation of the fac tors of the civil prac tices of Ukraine’s pop u la tion
had to fig ure out what is more im por tant for their for ma tion — ethnoregional di -
vi sion or civic vol un ta rism, based on socio-eco nomic re sources and socio-psy -
cho log i cal as pects of po lit i cal com pe tence and en gage ment. Based on the re sults
of the abovementioned stud ies, I will try to put for ward the fol low ing hy poth e ses:
1) civil prac tices de pend heavily on the ex ist ing in the Ukrai nian so ci ety so -
cial di vi sions, due to his tor i cal de vel op ment, namely re gional and ethno -
cultural dif fer ences in the pro cess of de fin ing Ukraine’s ways of de vel op -
ment;
2) civil prac tices are largely con di tioned by the ex ist ing socio-eco nomic re -
sources and socio-psy cho log i cal in cen tives.
Соціологія: теорія, ме то ди, мар ке тинг, 2013, 4 139
Con di tion al ity of civil prac tices in Ukraine as a re flec tion of socio-eco nomic de vel op ment
Data de scrip tion
Em pir i cal base is formed by an ar ray of em pir i cal data of so cio log i cal mon i -
tor ing of In sti tute of so ci ol ogy of NAS of Ukraine for 2013, in the pro gram of
which the copy right is sue has been in cluded. The sam ple group con sists of 1,800
peo ple and is rep re sen ta tive of the adult pop u la tion of Ukraine (age 18 and
older). By type of con struc tion, the sam pling is a three-staged one: strat i fied, ran -
dom, and quota screen ing on the last stage (sam pling au thors: N.Panina, N.Chu -
rilov). The first stage is the se lec tion of set tle ments (sur vey points), the sec ond —
se lec tion of ad dresses (start ing route points), the third — se lec tion of re spon -
dents. Quota screen ing, on its last step, al lows sub sets of each re gion of Ukraine
to pre serve the pro por tions of pop u la tion by type of set tle ment (re gional cen -
ter/town/vil lage), gen der, age and level of ed u ca tion, that are typ i cal for a par tic -
u lar re gion and a par tic u lar type of set tle ment.
The pro ce dure and meth od ol ogy of the study
To elu ci date fac tors of the civil prac tices the model of bi nary lo gis tic re gres -
sion was ap plied. This method grants abil ity to study most ac cu rately the in flu -
ence of var i ous fac tors on a di chot o mous de pend ent vari able. As a de pend ent di -
chot o mous vari able of “par tic i pa tion in po lit i cal ac tiv i ties” was used, which takes
the value 1 for the group that par tic i pated in at least one socio-po lit i cal event,
and a value of 0 for the group of those who did n’t par tic i pate in any of such events.
The fol low ing in di ca tors are con sid ered as a model of in de pend ent vari ables:
— “ed u ca tional level”, mea sured on a 5-point scale with pos si ble an swers: 1 —
pri mary, lower sec ond ary; 2 — gen eral sec ond ary; 3 — spe cial ized sec ond -
ary (tech ni cal col lege, spe cial ized school, Col lege); 4 — first de gree of
higher ed u ca tion (bach e lor); 5 — com plete higher ed u ca tion (spe cial ist,
mas ter, post grad u ate, ac a demic de gree);
— “fam ily’s ma te rial stan dard of liv ing”, mea sured on the ba sis of the ques tion
“Please rate the ma te rial stan dard of liv ing of your fam ily” on a scale from 0
to 10, where 0 is the low est, and 10 points is the high est;
— “time needed to get to work place”, mea sured on the ba sis of the ques tion
“How much time do you spend each day to get to work in an other city or
town in Ukraine and re turn home? ” on a 5-point scale with pos si ble an -
swers: 1 — one hour; 2 — hour and a half; 3 — two hours; 4 — two and a half
hours; 5 — three hours and more;
— - “the will ing ness to par tic i pate in lo cal af fairs”, mea sured on the ba sis of
the ques tion “Are you ready with the sup port of the pub lic to show per -
sonal ini tia tive and to get in volved in solv ing of ac tual prob lems of your
apart ment build ing, street, neigh bor hood, or the whole set tle ment within
your ca pa bil i ties? ” on a 4-point scale with pos si ble an swers: 1 — def i nitely
ready; 2 — rather ready; 3 — rather not ready; 4 — def i nitely not ready;
— “in ter est in pol i tics”, mea sured on the ba sis of the ques tion “To what ex tent
are you in ter ested in pol i tics? ” with pos si ble an swers: 1 — com pletely not
in ter ested; 2 — in ter ested to some ex tent; 3 — very in ter ested;
140 Соціологія: теорія, методи, маркетинг, 2013, 4
Al ex an der Reznik
— “the pos si bil ity of con trol over the power” — a di chot o mous dummy vari able
which takes the value 1 for those who in the an swer to the ques tion “In
your opin ion, do you have the abil ity to con trol the ac tiv i ties of gov ern -
men tal struc tures?” in di cated any po si tion from the list of pro posed op -
tions (through the mass me dia, court and law en force ment bod ies, pub lic
or ga ni za tions, po lit i cal par ties, through par tic i pa tion in elec tions (of dep -
u ties of the Verkhovna Rada, of Pres i dent of Ukraine), through ref er en -
dums, in ter na tional or ga ni za tions, Internet), and a value of 0 — for those
who in di cated that it has no abil ity to con trol the ac tiv i ties of gov ern men -
tal struc tures;
— “re gional po lar iza tion (2004)”, di chot o mous dummy vari able which takes
the value 1 for those who in di cated their place of res i dence in the West-
Cen tral re gion (Vinnytsia, Volyn, Zhytomyr, Transcarpathian, Ivano-
Fran kivsk, Kyiv, Kirovohrad, Lviv, Poltava, Rivne, Sumy, Ternopil,
Khmelnytsky, Cherkasy, Chernivtsi, Chernihiv and Kyiv re gions), and
value 0 for those who in di cated their place of res i dence in the South-East -
ern re gion (AR Cri mea, Dnipropetrovsk, Donetsk, Zaporizhzhya, Lu -
hansk, Mykolaiv, Odesa, Kharkiv, Kherson re gions);
— “na tion al ity”, a dummy di chot o mous vari able which takes the value 1 for
those who con sider them selves eth nic Ukrai ni ans, and the value 0 for
those who iden ti fied them selves as Rus sian.
Re sults’ sum mary
As ev i denced by the re sults of the study, only one in five par tic i pated in at
least one of socio-po lit i cal events (see ta ble 1). Given the na ture of socio-po lit i cal
prac tices, pop u la tion largely prac tices more con ven tional forms (18,9%) than
non-con ven tional (6,9%). Draws at ten tion the fact that among the socio-po lit i -
cal prac tices the most wide spread is per sua sion of friends, close ones, and ac -
quain tances in the right ness of one’s po lit i cal views. Po lit i cal dis cus sions with
the im me di ate sur round ing are the sim plest and saf est way to ex press one’s opin -
ion, as so cial in ter ac tion with this cat e gory of peo ple as sumes gen er ally ad e quate
re ac tions of the in ter loc u tors and serves as an orig i nal pri mary ground for “hon -
ing” one’s own civil abil i ties.
De spite the over all growth of dis con tent and pro test sen ti ments in Ukrai -
nian so ci ety, the em bodi ment of their real forms — civil prac tices — ex tremely
low: re spec tively 2.8% and 0.5% of the pop u la tion par tic i pated in au tho rized and
un au tho rized ral lies or dem on stra tions. It is ob vi ous that the pres ence of pro test
at ti tudes is n’t a suf fi cient con di tion for a real be hav ior. This re quires ad di tional
fac tors, which to gether should form the nec es sary and suf fi cient con di tions.
The con struc tion of the equa tion of bi nary lo gis tic re gres sion of the in flu ence
of var i ous fac tors on a di chot o mous de pend ent vari able par tic i pa tion in socio-po -
lit i cal events are re flected in ta ble 2. So, cor rectly clas si fied 69.8% of the to tal
num ber of an a lyzed re spon dents, in di cat ing a suf fi cient qual ity of the con -
structed model. A built model of bi nary lo gis tic re gres sion of the in flu ence of dif -
fer ent fac tors on the de pend ent vari able is pre dict able enough, since the Nagel -
kerke R Square in dex, which is anal o gous to the co ef fi cient of de ter mi na tion in
Соціологія: теорія, ме то ди, мар ке тинг, 2013, 4 141
Con di tion al ity of civil prac tices in Ukraine as a re flec tion of socio-eco nomic de vel op ment
the model equa tion of the lin ear re gres sion, shows the pro por tion of the in flu ence
of all pre dic tors model on the dis per sion of the de pend ent vari able 0,469. This
means that the fac tors ex plain 46,9% of the vari ance in in flu ence.
Ta ble 1
Dy nam ics of an swers of Ukraine’s pop u la tion to the ques tion:
“In what kind of po lit i cal ac tiv i ties you have per son ally par tic i pated in the
last 12 months?”, 2013
Pos si ble an swers %*
seci tcarp lanoi tne vno
C
Con vinced friends, fam ily, and ac quain tances in right ness of my po lit i cal
views 12,5
Wore the sym bols of a po lit i cal na ture 2,6
Came in con tact with the of fi cial au thor i ties 2,6
Came in con tact with ac tiv ists of po lit i cal or ga ni za tions 4,1
Par tic i pated in work of the pre-elec tion head quar ters –
Par tic i pated in the work of pub lic or ga ni za tions 3,1
Sent out emails of po lit i cal char ac ter on mo bile phones and e-mails 0,7
seci tcarp lanoi tne vno cn
U
Col lected sig na tures un der the col lec tive com plaints 3,1
Did n’t buy cer tain prod ucts for po lit i cal rea sons 2,9
Par tic i pated in le gal meet ings and dem on stra tions 2,8
Par tic i pated in the hun ger strikes 0,1
Par tic i pated in a boy cott (re fused to im ple ment the de ci sions of ad min is -
tra tion, au thor i ties) 0,2
Par tic i pated in un sanc tioned ral lies, dem on stra tions or strikes 0,5
Pick eted pub lic in sti tu tions 0,2
Blocked lines of com mu ni ca tion –
Par tic i pated in a cap ture of build ings of pub lic in sti tu tions –
Other ones 0,2
In any of such events, I did not par tic i pate 80,0
CIVIL PRAC TICES IN GEN ERAL 20,0
Con ven tional forms of civic prac tices in Gen eral 18,9
Un con ven tional forms of civic prac tices in Gen eral 6,9
* The sum of the per cent ages ex ceeds 100 be cause re spon dents could choose sev eral an swers.
Among the fac tors in cluded in the model, so cio eco nomic and struc tural fac -
tors turned out to be in sig nif i cant, be cause they do not have a sta tis ti cally sig nif i -
cant im pact on par tic i pa tion of the Ukrai nian pop u la tion in the socio-po lit i cal
events (the sig nif i cance of the co ef fi cients in col umn Sig.). Anal y sis of the co ef fi -
cients of the con structed equa tion (col umn B) re flects the over all in di cated im -
pact of each of the socio-psy cho log i cal fac tors. It should be noted that the neg a -
tive im pact of a mea sure of readi ness to par tic i pate in lo cal af fairs in the con text of
the re spec tive scale means that the lower the will ing ness of the pop u la tion to
show per sonal ini tia tive and to be in volved in the so lu tion of ac tual prob lems, the
142 Соціологія: теорія, методи, маркетинг, 2013, 4
Al ex an der Reznik
less his ac tual par tic i pa tion in so cial and po lit i cal ac tiv i ties. That is, the larger the
com mit ment, the greater the like li hood of civil prac tices.
Ta ble 2
Lo gis ti cal re gres sion and par tial cor re la tion in di ca tor
for the de pend ent vari able “par tic i pa tion in sociopolitical ac tiv i ties”, 2013
Fac tors
Lo gis tic re gres sion Cor re la tion
B S.E. Wald Sig. R (Sig.)
The level of ed u ca tion 0,071 0,254 0,079 0,779 0,095 (0,000)
The ma te rial stan dard of liv ing
of fam ily 0,315 0,220 2,048 0,152 0,093 (0,000)
The time needed to get to work –0,724 0,382 3,596 0,058 –0,036 (0,686)
Will ing ness to par tic i pate in lo -
cal af fairs –0,866 0,353 6,018 0,014 –0,283 (0,000)
In ter est in pol i tics 1,638 0,712 5,300 0,021 0,210 (0,000)
The pos si bil ity of con trol over
the gov ern ment 1,315 0,640 4,228 0,040 0,217 (0,000)
Re gional po lar iza tion (2004) 0,932 0,709 1,725 0,189 0,050 (0,033)
Na tion al ity –0,586 1,386 0,179 0,673 –0,012 (0,621)
Con stant –2,018 2,388 0,714 0,398
Nagelkerke R Square = 0,469.
Cor rectly clas si fied 69.8% of sites.
Also in flu en tial was the time fac tor that was needed to get to work place: the
less that takes time, the more peo ple can in dulge in civil prac tice. How ever, a
com par i son of the lev els of in flu ence of in de pend ent vari ables us ing an in di ca tor
of par tial cor re la tion (K) of these vari ables with the de pend ent (this met ric
shows the sort ing of the fac tors by the rel a tive strength of their in flu ence on the
de pend ent vari able) dem on strated that the spe cific time in dex is uninfluential in
strength, be cause there is no sta tis ti cal sig nif i cance of the cor re la tion co ef fi cient
with the in dex of par tic i pa tion in socio-po lit i cal events. Be sides, it was found
that a stron ger in flu ence was cre ated by socio-psy cho log i cal vari able of “will ing -
ness to par tic i pate in lo cal af fairs.” A slightly lower by power (but not too much)
in flu ence is caused by other socio-psy cho log i cal fac tors — in ter est in pol i tics and
sub jec tive abil ity of con trol over the gov ern ment.
Sum mary
The ap pli ca tion of the method of bi nary lo gis tic re gres sion and par tial cor re -
la tion showed that the hy poth e sis about the in flu ence of ethnoregional po lar iza -
tion did n’t prove to be true. At the same time, the as sump tion that civil prac tices
are largely at trib ut able to avail able socio-eco nomic re sources and socio-psy cho -
log i cal in cen tives, were jus ti fied only par tially. It turned out that the in ter est of
the in di vid ual to pol i tics, one’s be lief in his/her own abil ity to con trol the au thor -
ity and the will ing ness to take the ini tia tive and get in volved in solv ing lo cal
Соціологія: теорія, ме то ди, мар ке тинг, 2013, 4 143
Con di tion al ity of civil prac tices in Ukraine as a re flec tion of socio-eco nomic de vel op ment
prob lems — all this to gether con trib utes to the spread of civil prac tices. While the
ed u ca tion level, ma te rial stan dard of liv ing, eth nic ity and re gional iden tity aren’t
suf fi cient in cen tives for civil prac tices to be de ter mined by in the mod ern Ukrai -
nian so ci ety. This, gen er ally, in di cates the false ness of fears of ethnoregional
schism of Ukraine, since sig nif i cant dif fer ences of the pop u la tion on these
grounds in ori en ta tions and at ti tudes do not trans late into ac tual be hav iour. On
the other hand, a low prev a lence of civic prac tices in Ukrai nian so ci ety can be ex -
plained by the re duc tion of ma te rial sit u a tion of the pop u la tion, its con cen tra tion
on the chal lenges of eco nomic sur vival. It is the in suf fi ciency of socio-eco nomic
re sources among the pop u la tion that does not con trib ute to the growth of civil
prac tices in Ukraine.
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