Distribution Pattern, Nest-Tree Features and Breeding Performance of Population of the Black Stork, Ciconia nigra (Ciconiiformes, Ciconiidae), in Northwestern Serbia
Distribution pattern, nest-tree characteristics and reproductive features of Black Stork’s population were evaluated in the floodplains of Gornje Podunavlje in Northwestern Serbia over five consecutive years. In total, 44 different nests were discovered and monitored. Nests were mostly placed on wid...
Збережено в:
| Опубліковано в: | Zoodiversity (Vestnik Zoologii) |
|---|---|
| Дата: | 2021 |
| Том: | 55 |
| Випуск: | 2 |
| Сторінки: | 175–184 |
| ISSN: | 2707-7268 |
| Автори та афіліації: |
|
| Автор: | |
| Формат: | Стаття |
| Мова: | Англійська |
| Опубліковано: |
Publishing House "Akademperiodyka" of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
2021
|
| Онлайн доступ: | https://ojs.akademperiodyka.org.ua/index.php/Zoodiversity/article/view/145 |
| Теги: |
Додати тег
Немає тегів, Будьте першим, хто поставить тег для цього запису!
|
| Назва журналу: | Zoodiversity |
| Завантажити файл: |
|
Репозитарії
Zoodiversity| _version_ | 1874092688368730112 |
|---|---|
| author | Rajković, D. |
| author_facet | Rajković, D. |
| author_institution_txt_mv | [
{
"author": "D. Rajković",
"institution": "Center for Biodiversity Research",
"orcid": "0000-0002-2626-0076"
}
] |
| author_orcid_str_mv | 0000-0002-2626-0076 |
| author_sort | Rajković, D. |
| baseUrl_str | https://ojs.akademperiodyka.org.ua/index.php/Zoodiversity/oai |
| collection | OJS |
| container_end_page | 175–184 |
| container_issue | 2 |
| container_start_page | 175–184 |
| container_title | Zoodiversity (Vestnik Zoologii) |
| container_volume | 55 |
| datestamp_date | 2026-08-20T12:37:23Z |
| description | Distribution pattern, nest-tree characteristics and reproductive features of Black Stork’s population were evaluated in the floodplains of Gornje Podunavlje in Northwestern Serbia over five consecutive years. In total, 44 different nests were discovered and monitored. Nests were mostly placed on wide-diameter European Oaks and White Poplars between 5.5 and 18 m above ground level. Annually, the number of occupied nests varied between 26 and 16 with the declining trend over study years. The mean nesting density was 9.8 ± 2 occupied nests per 100 km2. Through study area, occupied nests were uniformly distributed and very isolated concerning the conspecific pairs. Predominantly, Black Stork preferred to nest on the lateral branches of the autochthonous mature trees with straight trunks and extensive crowns. These results suggest that the existence of old native forest stands represent crucial microhabitat criteria in the choice of the particular nesting site. In almost half of successful nesting cases, the most frequent number of fledglings was three. Overall productivity was relatively low with some variations between years implying poor nesting success. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.15407/zoo2021.02.175 |
| first_indexed | 2025-07-17T12:35:10Z |
| format | Article |
| fulltext |
UDC 598.244.2(497.11)
DISTRIBUTION PATTERN, NEST-TREE FEATURES
AND BREEDING PERFORMANCE OF POPULATION
OF THE BLACK STORK, CICONIA NIGRA (CICONIIFORMES,
CICONIIDAE), IN NORTHWESTERN SERBIA
D. Z. Rajković
Šumadijska 18, Novi Sad, 21000 Republic of Serbia
E-mail: strix.draze@gmail.com
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2626-0076
Distribution Pattern, Nest-Tree Features and Breeding Performance of Population of the Black Stork,
Ciconia nigra (Ciconiiformes, Ciconiidae), in Northwestern Serbia. Rajković, D. Z. — Distribution pat-
tern, nest-tree characteristics and reproductive features of Black Stork’s population were evaluated in the
fl oodplains of Gornje Podunavlje in Northwestern Serbia over fi ve consecutive years. In total, 44 diff erent
nests were discovered and monitored. Nests were mostly placed on wide-diameter European Oaks and
White Poplars between 5.5 and 18 m above ground level. Annually, the number of occupied nests varied
between 26 and 16 with the declining trend over study years. Th e mean nesting density was 9.8 ± 2 occu-
pied nests per 100 km2. Th rough study area, occupied nests were uniformly distributed and very isolated
concerning the conspecifi c pairs. Predominantly, Black Stork preferred to nest on the lateral branches of
the autochthonous mature trees with straight trunks and extensive crowns. Th ese results suggest that the
existence of old native forest stands represent crucial microhabitat criteria in the choice of the particular
nesting site. In almost half of successful nesting cases, the most frequent number of fl edglings was three.
Overall productivity was relatively low with some variations between years implying poor nesting success.
Key words : Black Stork, Ciconia nigra, breeding, Gornje Podunavlje, productivity, nesting success.
Introduction
Th ere is a sizeable and hardly conceivable quantity of wildlife surveys and various monitoring schemes
across the world. Th ese programmes are principally designed to provide data sets to help to understand the
fundamental parameters in population ecology such as abundance, spatial distribution, dispersion and
population trend (Kleewein, 1999; Krebs, 2014). Mentioned parameters directly depend on the balance
between fecundity, mortality, immigration and emigration (Siriwardena et al., 2000). Among them, breeding
performance (fecundity) is a supremely important process underlying individual fi tness and population
tenacity (Etterson et al., 2011). Th us, storing, analysing and interpreting collected information represents
one of the inevitable questions in population ecology and reproductive biology. In threatened, keystone and
umbrella species, possession of the mentioned information are especially valuable because they may be utilised
for conservation and management purposes (Witmer, 2005), or to determine the composition of communities,
their structure, and ecosystem processes (Roberge & Angelstam, 2004). Th e Black Stork Ciconia nigra (L., 1758)
is widely recognised as an imperilled, umbrella species due to large foraging range, and its specifi c requirements
for food and nesting sites (Roberge & Angelstam, 2004; Moreno-Opo et al., 2011).
Zoodiversity, 55(2): 175–184, 2021
DOI 10.15407/zoo2021.02.175
Ornithology
176 D. Z. Rajković
In general, the Black Stork population has been well studied, at least in most European countries especially
in the last two decades. In particular, aspects of the species habitat selection and use (Augutis & Sinkevičius,
2005; Lõhmus et al., 2005), nesting sites (Treinys et al., 2008; Vlachos et al., 2008) and breeding performances
(Strazds, 2011; Tamás, 2012; Alexandrou et al., 2016; Fraissinet et al., 2018) has gained noticeable attention. Diet,
foraging strategies and migration pattern have also been the focus of a few studies (Hampl et al., 2005; Tamás
& Kalocsa, 2006; Bobek et al., 2008). Unfortunately, peer-reviewed papers relating to this species from Western
Balkan countries, including Serbia, are scarce or completely lacking. To date, seven articles have been published
respectively (Marčetić, 1957; Popović, 1960; Puzović et al.,1988/89; Schneider-Jacoby, 1999; Erg, 2002; Tucakov
et al., 2006; Velevski et al., 2008). All of them are considerably varied in the quality of data and analyses mostly
turned to general information and preliminary studies while more specifi c and comprehensive data are missing.
In that context, the principal goal of this study is to increase general knowledge and obtain meaningful
data on the reproductive biology and ecological requirements of the poorly studied Black Stork population in
Serbia and adjacent areas (except Hungary). Hence, the aims of this study were (i) to estimate abundance, den-
sity and short-term trend, (ii) to describe the distribution pattern and characteristics of nests, and (iii) to evalu-
ate the variation in the breeding performance of Black Stork population over fi ve research years (2011–2015).
Material and methods
Study area
Alluvial fl ood plains represent one of the most remarkable habitats for the Black Stork population survival
in Europe (Sackl & Strazds, 1997; Kalocsa & Tamás, 2002). In whole Europe, one of the most outstanding area
for this sensitive species lies along the intermediate course of the Danube River, from the mouth of the Sió chan-
nel in Hungary downstream to the mouth of the Drava in Croatia covering approximately 750 km2 of wetlands
(Tamás, 2012). Th is vast periodically fl ooded landscape is separated into three administrative parts by country
borders — Croatia, Hungary, and Serbia. Th e research took place on the Serbian side (left Danube bank) in
Vojvodina Province where lies “Gornje Podunavlje” Special Nature Reserve. It has an irregular and elongated
shape stretched along 1.367–1.433 Danube river km and consists of two swampy areas — Monoštor and Apa-
tin. Together with several detached forest fragments outside of natural reserve borders study area in total cover
201 km2, respectively. Deciduous forest stands cover at least 50 % of the study area. Th e White Willow (Salix
alba L., 1758), the White and the Black poplar (Populus alba L., 1758 and P. nigra L., 1758) and European Oak
(Quercus robur L., 1758), are the most prevalent tree species (Stojanović et al., 2014). Besides natural and semi-
natural forest stands, substantial parts are covered with plantations of allochthonous tree species, mainly hybrids
of rapid-growing poplars (Tucakov et al., 2006). In general, the study area is fl at, 80–90 m above sea level and
has a temperate continental climate with warm summers and icy winters. Consequently, the warmest month
is July (average 21.9 ºC) while the coldest month of the year is January (–0.1 ºC). Mean annual precipitation is
612.4 mm with the smallest sum in February (29.9 mm) and the greatest in June (81.5 mm; Stojanović, 2018).
Fie ldwork and data col lect ion
Th e data referred to this article have been collected through extensive fi eld surveys carried out in fi ve
breeding seasons, from January of 2011 to May of 2015 in the alluvial forests of Northwestern Serbia. In the
whole territory of the research area, data collection includes abundance, distribution, characteristics of the nest-
ing tree, breeding habits, reproductive success, and when it is possible nest failures. Yet, due to lack of funding,
research coverage during 2015 was highly reduced to data on controlled and occupied nests. Th e description of
terms regarded to reproduction follows the terminology recommended by Steenhof et al., (2017).
Initially, the Black Stork territories and nests were located and mapped through inquiries address to fi eld-
oriented professions in the area: foresters and reserve rangers. Th e author with colleagues also took part in the
active search for nests. Th ese fi eld excursions were primarily conducted in February, March and April. Surveys
were undertaken by off -road vehicles and on foot. Surveys during a winter-spring period are more appropriate
than those in other seasons because large Black Stork’s stick nests are oft en remarkably exposed in a deciduous
forest without leaves and also because there is no risk of disturbance (Puzović et al., 1988/89; Tamás, 2012). Ad-
ditionally, in late March and through April, the study area was scanned by binoculars from prominent points.
Th e beginning of spring is a time when Black Storks are building or repairing their nest and when they display
territorial behaviour. Territorial birds were distinguished from fl oaters by performing a conspicuous aerial court-
ship display close to nesting eyries mostly around the midday (Schneider-Jacoby, 1999; Sackl, 2000). Aft er locat-
ing territorial birds, they were followed from a distance in hope to reveal breeding eyrie or exact location of the
nest. Both ways of searches for nests were conducted every winter/spring period and occasionally throughout the
whole year to supplement targeted search. If formerly known nests are unoccupied, but Black Storks are observed
in close vicinity, a search for an alternative nest(s) was conducted. During the mapping process, details of each
discovered nest were written in fi eld protocol and georeferenced by a hand-held GPS device (Garmin GPSmap
62s). For every discovered nest, the following data were recorded: the tree species, placement position, and height
of the nest base measured from the ground point. Classifi cation of nest placement was according to their position
on the nesting tree (Tamás, 2012). Type 1: nest is in the main pitchfork of the tree; type 2: nest is on the horizontal
branches, leaned or near (˂ 1.5 m) to the tree trunk; type 3: nest is on the horizontal branches more than 1.5 m
177Distribution Pattern, Nest-Tree Features and Breeding Performance of Black Stork, Ciconia nigra…
distant from the tree trunk; and type 4: nest is on the horizontal tree trunk bent by a wind storm. Measurements of
nest heights were performed with a ribbon aft er climbing on nest platform during mid June-early July. In order to
describe each nest-tree characteristics, the following information were recorded: general position (interior, edge
≤ 40 m from clearing or road, or solitary), trunk shape (straight, slightly crooked, crooked, or forked), diameter at
breast height (DBH) and crown class (dominant, codominant, intermediate, or suppressed). Nest-tree character-
istics and associated measurements were performed according to the instructions of USDA Forest Service (2006).
Aft er the nest was found, it checked at least once, usually during the April or rarely on the beginning of
May to determine it is occupied or not. Th is early check was always carried out from a safe distance to avoid
disturbance and during favourable weather conditions. Th e nest is considered as occupied if fresh building
material was added (e. g. new twigs) or at least one adult bird was observed perching/incubating on the nest
platform or in the proximity (Lõhmus et al., 2005; Tamás, 2012). All occupied nests were re-visited at least once
in June–early July, to determine the nesting success in the pre-fl edgling period. In cases when it was possible
nest failure causes were recorded. Nesting failures were determined by obvious clues that indicate human pres-
ence or predator activity, such as footprints of feathers recorded on nest substratum.
Finally, the distribution pattern of the Black Stork nests was expressed through the nearest neighbour
distance index (Clark & Evans, 1954) and isolation index (Carrete et al., 2006). Th e nearest neighbour distance
index (R) has a limited range with the value indicative of perfectly uniform (R ˃ 1), random (R = 1) and wholly
aggregated (R = 0) pattern of distribution (Clark & Evans, 1954). Isolation index (Si) ranged from 0 to 1; from
more isolated to more connected (Carrete et al., 2006). Both indices were calculated with a set of linear distances
measured to nearest 5 m with a combination of Google Earth Pro and QGIS version 2.18. (QGIS Development
Team, 2016). Nesting density was calculated as the number of occupied nests per 100 km2. Productivity was de-
fi ned as the number of well-feathered nestlings divided by the number of successful pairs. Term well-feathered
nestling refers to juvenile aged about 55–70 days, respectively (Lõhmus et al., 2005; Tamás, 2012). Nesting suc-
cess was determined as the mean number of well-feathered juveniles per occupied nest.
Stat is t ica l analys is
Prior to data analyses, all sample variables were examined for normality by the use of the Kolmogorov-
Smirnov test (sample size ˃ 50), Shapiro-Wilk test (sample size < 50) and normal probability plots. In all tested
cases, data were not normally distributed; thus, the non-parametric techniques were applied to hypothesis
testing. Mann-Whitney (U) and Kruskal-Wallis test (H) applied to verify whether the samples originate from
the same distribution and G-test for homogeneity with Williams’ correction factor (Gadj) was used for analysing
frequencies (Sokal & Rohlf, 1995). Spearman rank correlation coeffi cient (rs) applied to check the signifi cance
of the relationship between two measured variables (Sokal & Rohlf, 1995). All performed tests were two-tailed.
Values of p < 0.05 were accepted as signifi cant. Th e measurement values are presented as arithmetic mean ±
one standard deviation. Statistical processing was performed using the IBM SPSS soft ware version 23.0 for
Windows (IBM Corporation, 2015).
Results
Distr ibut ion pattern, populat ion trend and densi ty
A total of 44 diff erent nests of Black Stork were detected through fi ve research years.
Th e number of controlled nests was stable during the study period. However, only 6.81 %
(n = 3) of nests were continuously occupied during 2011–2015, while 2.3 % (n = 1) of nests
during four consecutive years, 15.9 % (n = 7) of nests during three, 34.1 % (n = 15) of nests
during two and 40.9 % (n = 18) of nests were occupied during one breeding season. On
average, 19.8 ± 4 (± 95 % CI) pairs of the Black Stork tried to breed on the year base ranged
between 16 and 26 pairs (table 1).
Nevertheless, the Black Stork population moderately decreased by 2.3 occupied nests
per year suggests a precipitous declining trend in the study area (rs = –0.9, p = 0.037). Th e
mean nesting density was 9.8 ± 2 (± 95 % CI) occupied nests per 100 km2 of the study
area. Th e highest concentration of occupied nests was situated in central parts of Apatin
swamp (locality Jelensko ostrvo) where six diff erent occupied nests were recorded at the
surface of circa 4.3 km2 during 2011. Th e spatial distribution of the occupied nests displays
a uniform distribution pattern (R = 1.73). Furthermore, the occupied nests were extremely
isolated concerning the conspecifi c pairs (Si < 0.01). Altogether, Black Stork pairs nested
an average of 2,201.7 m ± 2,020.2 m from conspecifi cs (range 150–9,460 m). Despite year-
to-year variations, no signifi cant diff erence was noted through years between a distance of
the nearest neighbour (H82 = 4.18, p = 0.242, df = 3).
178 D. Z. Rajković
Nest tree features
In the study area, nests of Black Storks were placed on fi ve tree species. Majority of
the nests are constructed on the European Oak and the White Poplar (84 %), indicating
considerable preferences in the selection of tree species for nest placement by Black Stork
pairs (fi g. 1).
Consequently, comparison among tree species on which Black Storks built their
nests shows the statistically signifi cant diff erence (Gadj = 39.71, df = 4). Additionally, Black
Storks avoided to nesting on solitary trees (2.27 %) and forest edges (27.27 %) and more
favoured interior parts of forest stand for nest placement (70.45 %). Nests were situated
on trees between 5.5 and 18 m above ground level (11.2 ± 3.3 m). All four types of nests
placement were recorded and Black Storks tended to build nests on a horizontal branch
of old, mature trees (DBH = 85.7 ± 15.95 cm). Indeed, 84.1 % of nests were constructed
on a lateral branch close to the tree trunk (type 2; fi g. 2). Furthermore, trees with straight
trunk shape were highly signifi cantly selected for nest placement than the other three types
tested (Gadj = 27.91, df = 3). Following trunk shape, there is a signifi cant tree selection
heterogeneity between measured four crown classes (Gadj = 26.06, df = 3) where dominant
and codominant tree crowns are preferred (together 84.09 %).
T a b l e 1 . Breeding parameters of a Black Stork (Ciconia nigra) population in Northwestern Serbia
monitored from 2011 to 2015
Year Controlled
nests
Occupied
nests
Successful
pairs Fledglings Productivity Nesting
success
2011 31 26 11 31 2.81 1.19
2012 32 21 4 8 2 0.38
2013 36 19 9 24 2.66 1.26
2014 32 16 10 29 2.9 1.81
2015 33 17 – – – –
Total – 99 34 92 – –
Mean ± SD 32.8 ± 1.9 19.8 ± 4.0 8.5 ± 3.1 23 ± 10.4 2.58 ± 0.4 1.16 ± 0.6
Fig. 1. Th e proportion of tree species picked for nest placement by the Black Stork (Ciconia nigra) in
Northwestern Serbia (n = 44).
179Distribution Pattern, Nest-Tree Features and Breeding Performance of Black Stork, Ciconia nigra…
Breeding performance
Depending on the year, the number of
successful nesting attempts and where at
least one nestling was fl edged range from
four to 11 (8.5 ± 3.1). It means that between
24 and 39 % of occupied nests did not pro-
duce any fl edglings (table 1). In almost
half of successful nesting cases, the most
frequent number of fl edglings was three
(47.06 %). However, within the study area,
productivity did not vary between years
(H34 = 1.48, p = 0.69, df = 3). Th e share of
successful pairs which build new nests was
a slightly higher than for those who reused
last year’s nest (55.6 vs. 44.4 %). Th ere was
no statistically signifi cant distinction in nesting success between reused and newly built nests
(U56 = 205, z = –0.97, p = 0.33). Average annual productivity of Black Storks was moderately
negatively, but not signifi cantly correlated to the annual number of occupied nests (rs = –0.4,
p = 0.6). Altogether, the overall productivity does not correlate with distance to the nearest
occupied nest (rs ˂ –0.01, p = 0.97). Principally, it means that the number of fl edglings per
occupied nest was stable regardless of whether the nearest neighbour is relatively close or
distant. Out of 48 unsuccessful attempts, in only seven cases (14.6 %) the cause of nest failures
was undoubtedly known. In three cases, the nest failed due to direct human disturbance dur-
ing the incubation stage, and four nests were placed under predation.
Discussion
Woodlands along Upper Danube fl ow has always been considered as the most impor-
tant breeding ground of Black Stork in Serbia. Indeed, the presented study confi rmed this
general statement. Depending on the year, between 10.5 and 17.1 % of the national popula-
tion of Black Storks bred in Gornje Podunavlje area. Taking into account the possibility of
a few overlooked eyries in remote fl ooded parts, the results indicate existence between 19
and 27 occupied eyries per year during the study period. According to the previously done
Important Bird Area (IBA) assessments, the nesting population of Black Storks of Gornje
Podunavlje was estimated on 35–45 and 30–40 pairs (Puzović & Grubač, 2000). At least
during the study period, it has been shown that these optimistic estimations are not valid.
In contrast to IBA assessment, Tucakov et al., (2006) found 15 nesting pairs in the Gornje
Podunavlje for the equivalent period. Th e data concerning relatively poor re-occupancy
of nests can be explained by high mortality of adults, low nest site fi delity or infl uence
some factor that forces birds to shift location like regular predation or human disturbance.
Th e fi rst two reasons seem unrealistic, especially keeping in mind that adult individuals of
Black Storks have relatively high survival rate and strong site fi delity (Tamás, 2012). Also,
adult Black Storks have almost no natural enemies; so, this factor can be rejected too. At
the same time, the study area is subject to very intensive forest management with a strong
network of forest roads. Forestry activities begin growing aft er the snow melts (beginning
of March) and reach signifi cant intensity during April and May. Hence, the time frame of
forestry operations coincides with the period of courtship, nest reparation and incubation
of Black Storks. Th us, forestry and other human activities might partly explain the poor
re-occupancy rate of the nest and consequently may have implications on productivity
and nesting success. Several other studies have confi rmed that Black Stork is disturbance-
sensitive species especially regarding forestry operations near nesting site (Puzović et al.,
1988/89; Lõhmus et al., 2005; Strazds, 2011).
Fig. 2. Th e ratio of Black Stork’s (Ciconia nigra) nest
placement types in the Northwestern Serbia (n = 44).
180 D. Z. Rajković
Many large birds, including Black Stork, are typical K-selected species, which have a
large body, long lifespan, produce fewer off spring that requires prolonging parental care
and reach maturity relatively late (MacArthur & Wilson, 2001). K-selected species are
usually constant in numbers and close to the maximum that the environment can carry.
However, the result obtained in this study shows the declining short-term trend of Black
Stork breeding population in the investigated area. Th e apparent reasons for the reduction
in the number of mature individuals in Gornje Podunavlje are uncertain. Several published
studies have addressed that breeding population decline or signifi cant annual fl uctuations
might be linked to the lack of mating partners, especially females (Konovalov et al., 2019),
poaching during major migration routes (Campbell & Veríssimo, 2015) or unfavourable
ecological conditions on winter grounds (Saino et al., 2004). Furthermore, electrocution
may also infl uence fl uctuations and decline in numbers of sexually mature individuals at
least on the local level (Kalocsa & Tamás, 2018). Also, a factor that may results population
decline is decreasing density of breeding pairs as a consequence of poor reproduction in the
past (Lõhmus et al., 2005), which in the end can lead to genetic deterioration and reduced
fertility in adults (Burgman et al., 1988). Extensive changing of the breeding regions or
adult starvation is unlikely because populations in neighbouring Hungary and Croatia are
stable and no signifi cant reduction in food resources was recorded (Tamás, 2012).
Despite annual diff erences and some local nest aggregations, it seems that spatial dis-
tribution of the Black Stork in Gornje Podunavlje was continual throughout the entire area.
Th e moderately high mean nesting density of ~ 10 per 100 km2 is twice lower than recorded
just across the border in Gemenc area in Hungary (Kalocsa & Tamás, 2006), but in the
end typically for this trans-boundary alluvial area and much higher than in rest of Europe
(Tamás, 2012). On the local level, it is interesting that the high density of occupied nests
on Apatin swamp in this study was also recorded during 1996 when seven pairs of Black
Storks bred on the surface of 1.53 km2 (S. Puzović personal communication in Tamás,
2012). Th us, native forest stands in the heart of Apatinski rit provides optimal conditions
for nesting, that is not only temporarily, but also probably is constant, at least for the last
two decades. Earlier results from Serbia, Hungary, and Croatia are also pointing the im-
portance of old native forest stands of European Oaks and White Poplars for nest place-
ment (Puzović et al., 1988/89; Tucakov et al., 2006; Tamás, 2012). In mentioned studies
and this study as well, over 80 % of nests were built on these two tree species highlights the
affi nity towards autochthonous stands with well-developed crowns. In opposite, just a few
nests were situated on the hybrid poplars indicating that the Black Storks avoids planta-
tions and has the low ability of adaptation to intensively managed forests. Th e reasons for
avoiding plantations of fast-growing Poplars during breeding could be numerous. Yet, they
are probably connected with homogeneity of plantation structure like spatial layout, tree
density and branch-foliage characteristics followed by intensive management and frequent
human presence in comparison with natural stands (Calladine et al., 2018). Other possibili-
ties including nest visibility, which could be essential in protection from avian predators
and enough free space around the nest as an important factor during copulation and land-
ing (Strazds, 2011). However, the obtained results once again confi rm that breeding pairs
of Black Storks are an excellent indicator of the existence of mature forest stands (Treinys
et al., 2008; Tamás, 2012). Strong preference towards the European Oak has also been re-
corded in higher geographical latitudes of the European continent, although in those areas
mixed and coniferous forests were dominated forest types (Czuchnowski & Profus, 2008;
Treinys et al., 2009; Strazds, 2011). Nest heights and DBH found in this study are largely co-
inciding to those found previously in Serbia (Puzović et al., 1988/89; Tucakov et al., 2006)
and other European countries (Lõhmus & Sellis, 2003; Strazds, 2011; Tamás, 2012). Con-
versely, nest position on the tree is signifi cantly diff erent in comparison to those analysed
in the Hungarian part of Danube (Tamás, 2012). Th is could be simply due to diff erent
supply of forest stands in the fi eld and their general habitus. Another possibility is a kind
181Distribution Pattern, Nest-Tree Features and Breeding Performance of Black Stork, Ciconia nigra…
of trade between favourable tree features and safety of nesting location in terms of human
disturbance (Strazds, 2011). In addition to the importance of Oaks and White Poplar trees,
in microhabitat scale, a preference to interior forest stands is another considerable feature
of Black Stork nest stands in the study area. Th is fi nding is consistent with previously ob-
tained studies (Treinys et al., 2009; Tamás, 2012).
Th e Black Stork’s population in the study area exhibit similar symptoms as many other
declining bird populations, including lowered or fl uctuated productivity and poor nesting
success (Newton, 2004). Various abiotic and biotic factors such as weather conditions or
human disturbance are strongly infl uencing the productivity and nesting success of the
Black Stork (Kalocsa & Tamás, 2002; Tamás, 2012). Th e obtained negative correlation be-
tween annual productivity and abundance in occupied nests could be assumed. Th e roots of
this assumption lie in carrying capacity of a natural environment and quality of individual
breeding territory (Newton, 1998). Hence, an increase in abundance and density of Black
Stork pairs lead to the occupation of territories with poorer general conditions and conse-
quently to the lower productivity and nesting success. Th e latter parameter will frequently
be the fi rst one to signalise the growing impact of threats and failures (Väli, 2015). In the
presented study, the nesting success of the Black Stork is rather low compared to the other
European studies (table 2) and together with declining population trend calls for concern.
In neighbouring Hungary, water level and the existence of shallow water bodies
as foraging grounds dictate the amount of food availability, which is one of the main
determinants of nesting success (Newton, 1998; Tamás, 2012). Th us, quality of foraging
habitat, food availability and prey dynamics may adequately explain poor nesting success
in the studied area, at least to some extent. Besides, understanding the reasons that aff ect
the nest success may help identify factors contributing to obtained population declines in
general. In the present study, it was impossible to determine the reasons for nest failures
in more than 85 % of cases. Consequently, it is impossible to draw any conclusions or
regularity about failures; thus, key drivers that infl uenced low productivity and nesting
success remain rather unclear. Th erefore, further research is needed to understand better
these ecological processes and fi ll many gaps in our understanding of the ecology of the
Black Stork population in the Gornje Podunavlje fl oodplains. Lastly, because of the high
population ratio at the country level and its rarity, conservation measures based on scientifi c
evidence and well-designed strategies are highly recommended, in order to protect one of
the strongholds of Black Stork population in Serbia and this part of Europe.
Conclusions
Th e Black Stork is a regular and relatively common breeding species in the fl oodplains
along the Danube in Northwestern Serbia. Th is extensive study demonstrates once again
that Black Stork is a good indicator species of old, mature trees inside native forest stands.
T a b l e 2 . Productivity and nesting success of the Black Stork (Ciconia nigra) published in diff erent
European studies
Country Productivity Nesting success Source
Estonia 2.40 1.09 Sellis, 2000
Spain 2.53 2.33 Cano Alonso & Fernandez, 2003
Cze. Republic 3.29 – Pojer, 2003
Latvia 2.66 1.81 Strazds, 2011
Hungary 2.63 – Tamás, 2012
Greece 3.26 – Alexandrou et al., 2016
Italy 3.06 2.31 Fraissinet et al., 2018
Serbia 2.58 1.16 this study
182 D. Z. Rajković
Presented data showed a strong preference to mature, large-diameter European Oak and
White Poplar as host tree species for nest placement and avoidance of a plantation of hybrid
Poplars. Despite its high breeding density, the obtained data suggest declining short-term
trend and very likely long-term trend based on published estimations in the last decades.
Th e pattern of population decline runs closely parallel to the productivity fl uctuations and
low nesting success, but the reasons remain unclear and speculative.
Th e study of breeding Black Stork’s population in Gornje Podunavlje would not have been possible
without the fi nancial and logistic support of Public Enterprises “Vojvodinašume” (Forest holding “Som-
bor” from Sombor) and their dedicated employees Milan Rajić, Radmila Šakić Peurača, Biljana Latić, Ivan
Blažev, Đuro Ratković, Željko Krtinić which support and contribution were irreplaceable and essential. Be-
sides, the author owes gratitude to Milan Ružić and Draško Grujić for assistance during fi eldwork. Dimitrije
Radišić and Saša Rajkov have done GIS data processing. Kristina Floigl, Anna Enikő Tamás and Th omas Oli-
ver Mérő reviewed the initial manuscript and improved the English. During 2014, the survey and monitor-
ing activities were supported by the grant of European Union through a project “Wildlife health and con-
servation of selected NATURA 2000 species within the Danube Cross-border region in Serbia and Hungary
(Wildcond) — HUSRB/1203/122/224–02”.
References
Alexandrou, O., Bakaloudis, D. E., Papakosta, M. A., Vlachos, C. G. 2016. Breeding density, spacing of nest-sites
and breeding performance of black storks Ciconia nigra in Dadia-Lefk imi-Soufl i Forest National Park,
north-eastern Greece. North-western Journal of Zoology, 12 (1), 7–13.
Augutis, D., Sinkevičius, S. 2005. Application of Geographic Information System (GIS) technologies in identi-
fi cation of potential nesting habitats of black stork (Ciconia nigra). Acta Zoologica Lituanica, 15 (1), 3–12.
Doi: 10.1080/13921657.2005.10512603
Bobek, M., Hampl, R., Peške, L., Pojer, F., Šimek, J., Bureš, S. 2008. African Odyssey project–satellite tracking of
black storks Ciconia nigra breeding at a migratory divide. Journal of Avian Biology, 39 (5), 500–506. Doi:
10.1111/j.0908-8857.2008.04285.x
Burgman, M. A., Akcakaya, H. R., Loew, S. S. 1988. Th e use of extinction models for species conservation. Bio-
logical Conservation, 43 (1), 9–25. Doi: 10.1016/0006-3207(88)90075-4
Calladine, J., Díaz, M., Reino, L., Jardine, D., Wilson, M. 2018. Plantations of Non-native Tree Spe-
cies. In: Mikusiński, G., Roberge, J., Fuller, R., eds. Ecology and Conservation of Forest Birds (Ecol-
ogy, Biodiversity and Conservation). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 350–386. Doi:
10.1017/9781139680363.013
Campbell, B., Veríssimo, D. 2015. Black Stork Down: Military Discourse in Bird Conservation in Malta. Human
Ecology, 43 (1), 79–92. Doi: 10.1007/s10745-015-9724-6
Cano Alonso, L. S., Fernandez, M. 2003. Th e Black Stork Ciconia nigra in Madrid region: status, population
changes and reproduction. Aves, 40, 38–43.
Carrete, M., Sánchez-Zapata, J. A., Tella, J. L., Gil-Sánchez, J. M., Moleón, M. 2006. Components of breeding
performance in two competing species: habitat heterogeneity, individual quality and density-dependence.
Oikos, 112 (3), 680–690. Doi: 10.1111/j.0030-1299.2006.14528.x
Clark, P. J., Evans, F. C. 1954. Distance to nearest neighbor as a measure of spatial relationships in populations.
Ecology, 35, 445–453. Doi: 10.2307/1931034
Czuchnowski, R., Profus, P. 2008. Distribution, changes in numbers, and breeding biology of the Black Stork
Ciconia nigra in Poland. Biota, 9, 5–14.
Erg, B. 2002. Infl uence of three-levelled zonation of protection of Special Nature Reserve Gornje Podunavlje
for protection of Black Stork and White-tailed Eagle nests within area Kanlija Pesak. Ciconia, 11, 80–85
[In Serbian].
Etterson, M. A., Ellis-Felege, S. N., Evers, D., Gauthier, G., Grzybowski, J. A., Mattsson, B. J., Nagy, L. R.,
Olsen, B. J., Pease, C. M., van der Burg, M. P., Potvien, A. 2011. Modelling fecundity in birds: Conceptual
overview, current models, and considerations for future developments. Ecological Modelling, 222 (14),
2178–2190. Doi: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2010.10.013
Fraissinet, M., Bordignon, L., Brunelli, M., Caldarella, M., Cripezzi, E., Giustino, S., Mallia, E., Marrese, M.,
Norante, N., Urso, S., Visceglia, M. 2018. Breeding population of Black Stork, Ciconia nigra, in Italy
between 1994 and 2016. Rivista Italiana di Ornitologia — Research in Ornithology, 88 (1), 15–22. Doi:
10.4081/rio.2018.345
Hampl, R., Bureš, S., Baláž, P., Bobek, M., Pojer, F. 2005. Food provisioning and nestling diet of the black stork in
the Czech Republic. Waterbirds, 28 (1), 35–40. Doi: 10.1675/1524-4695(2005)028[0035:FPANDO]2.0.CO;2
IBM Corporation, 2015. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 23.0. Armonk, NY, USA.
Kalocsa, B., Tamás, E. A. 2002. Survey of the Black Stork (Ciconia nigra) population in the Gemenc forest.
Nesting habits and breeding effi ciency (1992–2000). Aquila, 107–108, 215–223 [In Hungarian].
183Distribution Pattern, Nest-Tree Features and Breeding Performance of Black Stork, Ciconia nigra…
Kalocsa, B., Tamás, E. A. 2006. An analysis of nesting data of Black Storks Ciconia nigra in the Gemenc region
of the Danube-Drava National Park (1992-2003). Biota, 7 (1–2), 47–50.
Kalocsa, B., Tamás, E. A. 2018. Th e Hazards of Overhead Electric Lines on Black Storks. In: Cano Alonso, L. S., Sundar,
K. S. G. eds. VII International Conference on Black Stork Ciconia nigra: Programme and abstracts book. IUCN-
SSC Stork, Ibis and Spoonbill Specialist Group Special Publication 1. Seville Spain and Mysuru India, 21.
Kleewein, D. 1999. Population size, density, spatial distribution and dispersal in an Austrian population of
the Land Snail Arianta arbustorum styriaca (Gastropoda: Helicidae). Journal of Moluscan Studies, 65,
303–315. Doi: 10.1093/mollus/65.3.303
Konovalov, A., Nellis, R., Nurmla, A., Sellis, U., Väli, Ü. 2019. Solitude at periphery: lack of partners limits
reproduction of the Black Stork (Ciconia nigra) at the margin of the distribution range. Ornis Fennica,
96, 13–23.
Krebs, C. J. 2014. Ecology: Th e Experimental Analysis of Distribution and Abundance. Sixth edition. Pearson
Education Limited, Essex, UK, 1–646.
Lõhmus, A., Sellis, U. 2003. Nest trees — a limiting factor for the Black Stork Ciconia nigra populations in
Estonia. Aves, 40 (1–4), 84–91.
Lõhmus, A., Sellis, U., Rosenvald, R. 2005. Have recent changes in forest structure reduced the Estonian black
stork Ciconia nigra population? Biodiversity and Conservation, 14 (6), 1421–1432. Doi: 10.1007/s10531-
004-9667-5
MacArthur, R. H., Wilson, E. O. 2001. Th e Th eory of Island Biogeography. Second edition. Princeton University
Press, Princeton, US, 1–203.
Marčetić, M. 1957. Black Stork, Ciconia nigra, in Vojvodina. Larus, 9/10, 172–175.
Moreno-Opo, R., Fernández-Olalla, M., Guil, F., Arredondo, A., Higuero, R., Martín, M., Soria, C., Guzmán, J.
2011. Th e role of ponds as feeding habitat for an umbrella species: best management practices for the black
stork Ciconia nigra in Spain. Oryx, 45 (3): 448–455. Doi: 10.1017/S0030605310001560
Netwon, I. 1998. Population limitation in birds. Academic Press, London, UK, 1–597.
Newton, I. 2004. Th e recent declines of farmland bird populations in Britain: an appraisal of causal factors and
conservation actions. Ibis, 146,: 579–600.
Pojer, F. 2003. Black Stork (Ciconia nigra) in the Czech Republic: Present` Status and Conservation. Aves, 40
(1–4), 20–24.
Popović, J. 1960. Refuge of White-tailed Eagle (Haliaetus albicilla L.) and Black Stork (Ciconia nigra L.) in sur-
rounding of Bački Monoštor village. Zaštita prirode, 18/19, 88–91 [In Serbian].
Puzović, S., Sekulić, V., Pavlović, D. 1988/89. Black Stork (Ciconia nigra L.) at the Obedska bara 1983-1987.
Bulletin of Natural History Museum B, 43–44, 161–174 [In Serbian].
Puzović, S., Grubač, B. 2000. Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. In: Heath, M. F., Evans, M. I., eds. Important Bird
Areas in Europe: Priority sites for conservation. Second part (Southern Europe). BirdLife International,
Cambridge, UK, 725–745.
QGIS Development Team, 2016. QGIS Geographic Information System. Open Source Geospatial Foundation
Project. http://qgis.osgeo.org
Roberge, J-M., Angelstam, P. 2004. Usefulness of the Umbrella Species Concept as a Conservation Tool. Con-
servation Biology, 18 (1), 76–85. Doi: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2004.00450.x
Saino, N., Szép, T., Romano, M., Rubolini, D., Spina, F., Møller, A.P. 2004. Ecological conditions during winter
predict arrival date at the breeding quarters in a trans-Saharan migratory bird. Ecology Letters, 7, 21–25.
Doi: 10.1046/j.1461-0248.2003.00553.x
Sackl, P. 2000. Form and function of aerial courtship displays in Black Storks Ciconia nigra. Acrocephalus, 21
(102–103), 223–229.
Sackl, P., Strazds, M. 1997. Ciconia nigra Black Stork. In: Hagemeijer, E. J. M., Blair, M. J., eds. Th e EBCC Atlas
of European Breeding Birds: Th eir Distribution and Abundance. T & A D Poyser, London, UK, 56–57.
Schneider-Jacoby, M. 1999. Values of the Lonjsko Polje Nature Park and the Sava Wetlands. Bilten parka
prirode Lonjsko Polje, 1, 21–27.
Sellis, U. 2000. Will the Black Stork remain to breed in Estonia? Hirundo, 13 (1), 19–30 [In Estonian].
Siriwardena, G. M., Baillie, S. R., Crick, H. Q. P., Wilson, J. D. 2000. Th e importance of variation in the breeding
performance of seed-eating birds in determining their population trends on farmland. Journal of Applied
Ecology, 37 (1), 128–148. Doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2664.2000.00484.x
Sokal, R. R., Rohlf, F. J. 1995. Biometry: Th e Principles and Practices of Statistics in Biological Research. Th ird
Edition. W. H. Freeman and Company, New York, USA, 1–850.
Steenhof, K., Kochert, M. N., McIntyre, C. L., Brown, J. L. 2017. Coming to terms about describing Golden
Eagle reproduction. Journal of Raptor Research, 51 (3), 378–390. Doi: 10.3356/JRR-16-46.1
Stojanović, V., Velojić, M., Šakić, R. 2014. Sustainable tourism development strategy in the ʺGornje Podunavljeʺ
Special Nature Reserve. Public Enterprise ʺVojvodinašumeʺ, Forestry ʺSomborʺ, Sombor, Serbia, 1–31 [In
Serbian].
Strazds, M. 2011. Conservation Ecology of the Black Stork in Latvia. PhD thesis, Faculty of Biology, University
of Latvia, Riga, 1–96.
184 D. Z. Rajković
Tamás, E. A. 2012. Breeding and migration of the Black Stork (Ciconia nigra), with special regard to a Central
European population and the impact of hydro-meteorogical factors and wetland status. PhD thesis, Juhás-
Nagy Pál Doctoral School, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 1–146.
Tamás, E. A., Kalocsa, B. 2006. Th e diet of young and feeding places of adult’s Black Storks Ciconia nigra in
Gemenc. Biota, 7 (1–2), 103–107.
Treinys, R., Lõhmus, A., Stončius, D., Skuja, S., Drobelis, E., Šablevičius, B., Rumbutis, S., Dementavičius, D.,
Naruševičius, V., Petraška, A., Augutis, D. 2008. At the border of ecological change: status and nest sites
of the Lithuanian Black Stork Ciconia nigra population 2000–2006 versus 1976–1992. Journal of Ornithol-
ogy, 149, 75–81. Doi: 10.1007/s10336-007-0220-7
Treinys, R., Stončius, D., Augutis, D., Skuja, S. 2009. Breeding habitat of the Black Stork Ciconia nigra in Lithu-
ania: implications for conservation planning. Baltic Forestry, 15 (1), 33–40.
Tucakov, M., Kalocsa, B., Mikuska, T., Tamás, E.A., Žuljević, A., Erg, B., Deme, T. 2006. Th e Black Stork Cico-
nia nigra between the Sió channel and the Drava river in the central Danube fl oodplain: transboundary
monitoring and protection plan. Biota, 7 (1–2), 109–118.
Väli, Ü. 2015. Monitoring of spotted eagles in Estonia in 1994–2014: Stability of the lesser spotted eagle (Aq-
uila pomarina) and decline of the greater spotted eagle (A. clanga). Slovak Raptor Journal, 9, 55–64. Doi:
10.1515/srj-2015-0004
Velevski, M., Grubač, B., Hallmann, B. 2008. Distribution and estimation of the population size of the Black
Stork Ciconia nigra in Macedonia. Ciconia, 17, 14–19.
Vlachos, C. G., Bakaloudis, D. E., Alexandrou, O. G., Bontzorlos, V. A., Papakosta, M. A. 2008. Factors aff ecting
the nest-site selection of the black stork, Ciconia nigra in the Dadia-Lefk imi-Soufl i National Park, north-
eastern Greece. Folia Zoologica, 57 (3), 251–257.
USDA FOREST SERVICE 2006. Forest inventory and analysis national core fi eld guide, Vol. 1: Field data col-
lection procedures for phase 2 plots. National Core Field Guide. Version 3.1. USDA Forest Service, Forest
Inventory and Analysis (FIA), Washington, DC, 2–294.
Witmer, G. W. 2005. Wildlife population monitoring: some practical considerations. Wildlife Research, 32 (3),
259–263. Doi: 10.1071/wr04003
Received 23 November 2020
Accepted 3 March 2021
<<
/ASCII85EncodePages false
/AllowTransparency false
/AutoPositionEPSFiles true
/AutoRotatePages /None
/Binding /Left
/CalGrayProfile (Dot Gain 20%)
/CalRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-2.1)
/CalCMYKProfile (U.S. Web Coated \050SWOP\051 v2)
/sRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-2.1)
/CannotEmbedFontPolicy /Error
/CompatibilityLevel 1.4
/CompressObjects /Tags
/CompressPages true
/ConvertImagesToIndexed true
/PassThroughJPEGImages true
/CreateJobTicket false
/DefaultRenderingIntent /Default
/DetectBlends true
/DetectCurves 0.0000
/ColorConversionStrategy /CMYK
/DoThumbnails false
/EmbedAllFonts true
/EmbedOpenType false
/ParseICCProfilesInComments true
/EmbedJobOptions true
/DSCReportingLevel 0
/EmitDSCWarnings false
/EndPage -1
/ImageMemory 1048576
/LockDistillerParams false
/MaxSubsetPct 100
/Optimize true
/OPM 1
/ParseDSCComments true
/ParseDSCCommentsForDocInfo true
/PreserveCopyPage true
/PreserveDICMYKValues true
/PreserveEPSInfo true
/PreserveFlatness true
/PreserveHalftoneInfo false
/PreserveOPIComments true
/PreserveOverprintSettings true
/StartPage 1
/SubsetFonts true
/TransferFunctionInfo /Apply
/UCRandBGInfo /Preserve
/UsePrologue false
/ColorSettingsFile ()
/AlwaysEmbed [ true
]
/NeverEmbed [ true
]
/AntiAliasColorImages false
/CropColorImages true
/ColorImageMinResolution 300
/ColorImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK
/DownsampleColorImages true
/ColorImageDownsampleType /Bicubic
/ColorImageResolution 300
/ColorImageDepth -1
/ColorImageMinDownsampleDepth 1
/ColorImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000
/EncodeColorImages true
/ColorImageFilter /DCTEncode
/AutoFilterColorImages true
/ColorImageAutoFilterStrategy /JPEG
/ColorACSImageDict <<
/QFactor 0.15
/HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1]
>>
/ColorImageDict <<
/QFactor 0.15
/HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1]
>>
/JPEG2000ColorACSImageDict <<
/TileWidth 256
/TileHeight 256
/Quality 30
>>
/JPEG2000ColorImageDict <<
/TileWidth 256
/TileHeight 256
/Quality 30
>>
/AntiAliasGrayImages false
/CropGrayImages true
/GrayImageMinResolution 300
/GrayImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK
/DownsampleGrayImages true
/GrayImageDownsampleType /Bicubic
/GrayImageResolution 300
/GrayImageDepth -1
/GrayImageMinDownsampleDepth 2
/GrayImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000
/EncodeGrayImages true
/GrayImageFilter /DCTEncode
/AutoFilterGrayImages true
/GrayImageAutoFilterStrategy /JPEG
/GrayACSImageDict <<
/QFactor 0.15
/HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1]
>>
/GrayImageDict <<
/QFactor 0.15
/HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1]
>>
/JPEG2000GrayACSImageDict <<
/TileWidth 256
/TileHeight 256
/Quality 30
>>
/JPEG2000GrayImageDict <<
/TileWidth 256
/TileHeight 256
/Quality 30
>>
/AntiAliasMonoImages false
/CropMonoImages true
/MonoImageMinResolution 1200
/MonoImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK
/DownsampleMonoImages true
/MonoImageDownsampleType /Bicubic
/MonoImageResolution 1200
/MonoImageDepth -1
/MonoImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000
/EncodeMonoImages true
/MonoImageFilter /CCITTFaxEncode
/MonoImageDict <<
/K -1
>>
/AllowPSXObjects false
/CheckCompliance [
/None
]
/PDFX1aCheck false
/PDFX3Check false
/PDFXCompliantPDFOnly false
/PDFXNoTrimBoxError true
/PDFXTrimBoxToMediaBoxOffset [
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
]
/PDFXSetBleedBoxToMediaBox true
/PDFXBleedBoxToTrimBoxOffset [
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
]
/PDFXOutputIntentProfile ()
/PDFXOutputConditionIdentifier ()
/PDFXOutputCondition ()
/PDFXRegistryName ()
/PDFXTrapped /False
/CreateJDFFile false
/Description <<
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
/BGR <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>
/CHS <FEFF4f7f75288fd94e9b8bbe5b9a521b5efa7684002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002065876863900275284e8e9ad88d2891cf76845370524d53705237300260a853ef4ee54f7f75280020004100630072006f0062006100740020548c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee553ca66f49ad87248672c676562535f00521b5efa768400200050004400460020658768633002>
/CHT <FEFF4f7f752890194e9b8a2d7f6e5efa7acb7684002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002065874ef69069752865bc9ad854c18cea76845370524d5370523786557406300260a853ef4ee54f7f75280020004100630072006f0062006100740020548c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee553ca66f49ad87248672c4f86958b555f5df25efa7acb76840020005000440046002065874ef63002>
/CZE <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>
/DAN <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>
/DEU <FEFF00560065007200770065006e00640065006e0020005300690065002000640069006500730065002000450069006e007300740065006c006c0075006e00670065006e0020007a0075006d002000450072007300740065006c006c0065006e00200076006f006e002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002d0044006f006b0075006d0065006e00740065006e002c00200076006f006e002000640065006e0065006e002000530069006500200068006f006300680077006500720074006900670065002000500072006500700072006500730073002d0044007200750063006b0065002000650072007a0065007500670065006e0020006d00f60063006800740065006e002e002000450072007300740065006c006c007400650020005000440046002d0044006f006b0075006d0065006e007400650020006b00f6006e006e0065006e0020006d006900740020004100630072006f00620061007400200075006e0064002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020006f0064006500720020006800f600680065007200200067006500f600660066006e00650074002000770065007200640065006e002e>
/ESP <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>
/ETI <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>
/FRA <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>
/GRE <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>
/HEB <FEFF05D405E905EA05DE05E905D5002005D105D405D205D305E805D505EA002005D005DC05D4002005DB05D305D9002005DC05D905E605D505E8002005DE05E105DE05DB05D9002000410064006F006200650020005000440046002005D405DE05D505EA05D005DE05D905DD002005DC05D405D305E405E105EA002005E705D305DD002D05D305E405D505E1002005D005D905DB05D505EA05D905EA002E002005DE05E105DE05DB05D90020005000440046002005E905E005D505E605E805D5002005E005D905EA05E005D905DD002005DC05E405EA05D905D705D4002005D105D005DE05E605E205D505EA0020004100630072006F006200610074002005D5002D00410064006F00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002E0030002005D505D205E805E105D005D505EA002005DE05EA05E705D305DE05D505EA002005D905D505EA05E8002E05D005DE05D905DD002005DC002D005000440046002F0058002D0033002C002005E205D905D905E005D5002005D105DE05D305E805D905DA002005DC05DE05E905EA05DE05E9002005E905DC0020004100630072006F006200610074002E002005DE05E105DE05DB05D90020005000440046002005E905E005D505E605E805D5002005E005D905EA05E005D905DD002005DC05E405EA05D905D705D4002005D105D005DE05E605E205D505EA0020004100630072006F006200610074002005D5002D00410064006F00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002E0030002005D505D205E805E105D005D505EA002005DE05EA05E705D305DE05D505EA002005D905D505EA05E8002E>
/HRV (Za stvaranje Adobe PDF dokumenata najpogodnijih za visokokvalitetni ispis prije tiskanja koristite ove postavke. Stvoreni PDF dokumenti mogu se otvoriti Acrobat i Adobe Reader 5.0 i kasnijim verzijama.)
/HUN <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>
/ITA <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>
/JPN <FEFF9ad854c18cea306a30d730ea30d730ec30b951fa529b7528002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020658766f8306e4f5c6210306b4f7f75283057307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a30674f5c62103055308c305f0020005000440046002030d530a130a430eb306f3001004100630072006f0062006100740020304a30883073002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee5964d3067958b304f30533068304c3067304d307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a306b306f30d530a930f330c8306e57cb30818fbc307f304c5fc59808306730593002>
/KOR <FEFFc7740020c124c815c7440020c0acc6a9d558c5ec0020ace0d488c9c80020c2dcd5d80020c778c1c4c5d00020ac00c7a50020c801d569d55c002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020bb38c11cb97c0020c791c131d569b2c8b2e4002e0020c774b807ac8c0020c791c131b41c00200050004400460020bb38c11cb2940020004100630072006f0062006100740020bc0f002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020c774c0c1c5d0c11c0020c5f40020c2180020c788c2b5b2c8b2e4002e>
/LTH <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>
/LVI <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>
/NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit. De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 5.0 en hoger.)
/NOR <FEFF004200720075006b00200064006900730073006500200069006e006e007300740069006c006c0069006e00670065006e0065002000740069006c002000e50020006f0070007000720065007400740065002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002d0064006f006b0075006d0065006e00740065007200200073006f006d00200065007200200062006500730074002000650067006e0065007400200066006f00720020006600f80072007400720079006b006b0073007500740073006b00720069006600740020006100760020006800f800790020006b00760061006c0069007400650074002e0020005000440046002d0064006f006b0075006d0065006e00740065006e00650020006b0061006e002000e50070006e00650073002000690020004100630072006f00620061007400200065006c006c00650072002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000200065006c006c00650072002000730065006e006500720065002e>
/POL <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>
/PTB <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>
/RUM <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>
/RUS <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>
/SKY <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>
/SLV <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>
/SUO <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>
/SVE <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>
/TUR <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>
/UKR <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>
/ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents best suited for high-quality prepress printing. Created PDF documents can be opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 5.0 and later.)
>>
/Namespace [
(Adobe)
(Common)
(1.0)
]
/OtherNamespaces [
<<
/AsReaderSpreads false
/CropImagesToFrames true
/ErrorControl /WarnAndContinue
/FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false
/IncludeGuidesGrids false
/IncludeNonPrinting false
/IncludeSlug false
/Namespace [
(Adobe)
(InDesign)
(4.0)
]
/OmitPlacedBitmaps false
/OmitPlacedEPS false
/OmitPlacedPDF false
/SimulateOverprint /Legacy
>>
<<
/AddBleedMarks false
/AddColorBars false
/AddCropMarks false
/AddPageInfo false
/AddRegMarks false
/ConvertColors /ConvertToCMYK
/DestinationProfileName ()
/DestinationProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
/Downsample16BitImages true
/FlattenerPreset <<
/PresetSelector /MediumResolution
>>
/FormElements false
/GenerateStructure false
/IncludeBookmarks false
/IncludeHyperlinks false
/IncludeInteractive false
/IncludeLayers false
/IncludeProfiles false
/MultimediaHandling /UseObjectSettings
/Namespace [
(Adobe)
(CreativeSuite)
(2.0)
]
/PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
/PreserveEditing true
/UntaggedCMYKHandling /LeaveUntagged
/UntaggedRGBHandling /UseDocumentProfile
/UseDocumentBleed false
>>
]
>> setdistillerparams
<<
/HWResolution [2400 2400]
/PageSize [612.000 792.000]
>> setpagedevice
|
| id | oai:ojs.akademperiodyka.org.ua:article-145 |
| institution | Zoodiversity |
| issn | 2707-7268 |
| keywords_txt_mv | |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2026-08-21T01:01:03Z |
| publishDate | 2021 |
| publisher | Publishing House "Akademperiodyka" of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| record_format | ojs |
| resource_txt_mv | ojsakademperiodykaorgua/d5/38ba4c1b0d2f379786ab360179ee9cd5.pdf |
| spelling | oai:ojs.akademperiodyka.org.ua:article-1452026-08-20T12:37:23Z Distribution Pattern, Nest-Tree Features and Breeding Performance of Population of the Black Stork, Ciconia nigra (Ciconiiformes, Ciconiidae), in Northwestern Serbia Rajković, D. Black Stork Ciconia nigra breeding Gornje Podunavlje productivity nesting success Distribution pattern, nest-tree characteristics and reproductive features of Black Stork’s population were evaluated in the floodplains of Gornje Podunavlje in Northwestern Serbia over five consecutive years. In total, 44 different nests were discovered and monitored. Nests were mostly placed on wide-diameter European Oaks and White Poplars between 5.5 and 18 m above ground level. Annually, the number of occupied nests varied between 26 and 16 with the declining trend over study years. The mean nesting density was 9.8 ± 2 occupied nests per 100 km2. Through study area, occupied nests were uniformly distributed and very isolated concerning the conspecific pairs. Predominantly, Black Stork preferred to nest on the lateral branches of the autochthonous mature trees with straight trunks and extensive crowns. These results suggest that the existence of old native forest stands represent crucial microhabitat criteria in the choice of the particular nesting site. In almost half of successful nesting cases, the most frequent number of fledglings was three. Overall productivity was relatively low with some variations between years implying poor nesting success. Publishing House "Akademperiodyka" of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine 2021-03-01 Article Article application/pdf https://ojs.akademperiodyka.org.ua/index.php/Zoodiversity/article/view/145 10.15407/zoo2021.02.175 Zoodiversity; Vol. 55 No. 2 (2021): Zoodiversity; 175–184 Zoodiversity (Vestnik Zoologii); Том 55 № 2 (2021): Zoodiversity; 175–184 2707-7268 2707-725X 10.15407/zoo2021.02 en https://ojs.akademperiodyka.org.ua/index.php/Zoodiversity/article/view/145/82 Copyright (c) 2021 Zoodiversity https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 |
| spellingShingle | Rajković, D. Distribution Pattern, Nest-Tree Features and Breeding Performance of Population of the Black Stork, Ciconia nigra (Ciconiiformes, Ciconiidae), in Northwestern Serbia |
| title | Distribution Pattern, Nest-Tree Features and Breeding Performance of Population of the Black Stork, Ciconia nigra (Ciconiiformes, Ciconiidae), in Northwestern Serbia |
| title_full | Distribution Pattern, Nest-Tree Features and Breeding Performance of Population of the Black Stork, Ciconia nigra (Ciconiiformes, Ciconiidae), in Northwestern Serbia |
| title_fullStr | Distribution Pattern, Nest-Tree Features and Breeding Performance of Population of the Black Stork, Ciconia nigra (Ciconiiformes, Ciconiidae), in Northwestern Serbia |
| title_full_unstemmed | Distribution Pattern, Nest-Tree Features and Breeding Performance of Population of the Black Stork, Ciconia nigra (Ciconiiformes, Ciconiidae), in Northwestern Serbia |
| title_short | Distribution Pattern, Nest-Tree Features and Breeding Performance of Population of the Black Stork, Ciconia nigra (Ciconiiformes, Ciconiidae), in Northwestern Serbia |
| title_sort | distribution pattern, nest-tree features and breeding performance of population of the black stork, ciconia nigra (ciconiiformes, ciconiidae), in northwestern serbia |
| topic_facet | Black Stork Ciconia nigra breeding Gornje Podunavlje productivity nesting success |
| url | https://ojs.akademperiodyka.org.ua/index.php/Zoodiversity/article/view/145 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT rajkovicd distributionpatternnesttreefeaturesandbreedingperformanceofpopulationoftheblackstorkciconianigraciconiiformesciconiidaeinnorthwesternserbia |