The Relationship Between Fish Length and Otolith Size and Weight of the Australian Ancnovy, Engraulis australis (Clupeiformes, Engraulidae), Retrieved from the Food of the Australasian Gannet, Morus serrator (Suliformes, Sulidae), Hauraki Gulf, New Zealnd
Relationships between fish length and otolith length, width and mass were examined in the Australian anchovy Engraulis australis (White, 1790) recovered from the food of Gannet examined from colonies at islands of Horuhoru Rock and Mahuki Islands in the Hauraki Gulf. New Ze...
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| author_institution_txt_mv | [
{
"author": "L. Jawad",
"institution": "Retred Scientist",
"orcid": ""
},
{
"author": "N. J. Adams",
"institution": null,
"orcid": ""
}
] |
| author_sort | Jawad, L. |
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| datestamp_date | 2026-08-20T12:37:23Z |
| description | Relationships between fish length and otolith length, width and mass were examined in the Australian anchovy Engraulis australis (White, 1790) recovered from the food of Gannet examined from colonies at islands of Horuhoru Rock and Mahuki Islands in the Hauraki Gulf. New Zealand. The relationships between otolith length- fish total length (TL), otolith-weight-TL, and otolith-width-TL were investigated by means of non-linear regression models (TL = 0.54 OL 16.86, TL = 4.39 OW 7.61 and TL = 26.19 OWe 2.2). This study characterizes the first reference available on the relationship of fish size and otolith size and weight for E. australis obtained from bird’s food in the Pacific Ocean region. |
| first_indexed | 2025-07-17T12:35:13Z |
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UDC 597.541(1-021.26:931)
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FISH LENGTH
AND OTOLITH SIZE AND WEIGHT OF THE AUSTRALIAN
ANCHOVY, ENGRAULIS AUSTRALIS (CLUPEIFORMES,
ENGRAULIDAE), RETRIEVED FROM THE FOOD
OF THE AUSTRALASIAN GANNET, MORUS SERRATOR
(SULIFORMES, SULIDAE), HAURAKI GULF, NEW ZEALAND
L. A. Jawad*, N. J. Adams
School of Environmental and Animal Sciences,
Unitec Institute of Technology, Victoria Street West,
Auckland 1142, New Zealand
*Corresponding author
E-mail: laith_jawad@hotmail.com
L. A. Jawad (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8294-2944)
Th e Relationship Between Fish Length and Otolith Size and Weight of the Australian Ancnovy,
Engraulis australis (Clupeiformes, Engraulidae), Retrieved from the Food of the Australasian Gan-
net, Morus serrator (Suliformes, Sulidae), Hauraki Gulf, New Zealand. Jawad, L. A., Adams, N. J. —
Relationships between fi sh length and otolith length, width and mass were examined in the Australian
anchovy Engraulis australis (White, 1790) recovered from the food of Gannet examined from colonies
at islands of Horuhoru Rock and Mahuki Islands in the Hauraki Gulf, New Zealand. Th e relationships
between otolith length- fi sh total length (TL), otolith-weight-TL, and otolith-width-TL were investigated
by means of non-linear regression models (TL = 0.54 OL 16.86, TL = 4.39 OW 7.61 and TL = 26.19 OWe 2.2).
Th is study characterizes the fi rst reference available on the relationship of fi sh size and otolith size and
weight for E. australis obtained from bird’s food in the Pacifi c Ocean region.
Key words : otolith, size, Hauraki Gulf, fi sh length, morphometrics, non-linear regression, Gannet.
Introduction
Th e Australian anchovy, Engraulis australis (White, 1790) is a marine species that sometimes enters
brackish waters (Whitehead et al., 2019). Typically the species inhabits the pelagic-neritic region of the sea at a
depth of 31–70 m (Stevenson, 2004). Mature individuals of this species reach maximum total length of 150 mm
(Miskiewicz & Neira, 1998) with average total length of 120 mm (Munroe & Nizinski, 1999). Engraulis austra-
lis are distributed along the Australian East coast from Queensland to Northern Tasmania including Lord Howe
Island and Norfolk Island and then along the Australian Southern coast but excluding the Great Australian
Bight and then North along to coast of Western Australia to Shark Bay, Western Australia. The species is also
found in the coastal waters of North and South Island in New Zealand excluding southeast coast of the South
Island (Froese & Pauly, 2019). Individuals of this species form compact schools and are prey to larger fi shes,
marine mammals and birds (Majluf & Reyes, 1989; Bunce, 2001; Schuckard et al., 2012).
Zoodiversity, 55(4): 331–338, 2021
DOI 10.15407/zoo2021.04.331
332 L. A. Jawad, N. J. Adams
Th e predator-prey relationship is an important key ecological interaction in understanding the functioning
of marine ecosystems. Th ese can be explored, in part, by determining the diet of apex predators. A highly visible
component of the suite of marine predators is seabirds and examination of feeding and foraging ecology has
been an important thrust in seabird research. Obtaining direct and systematic observations of feeding seabirds
is challenging. Approaches to identifying prey of seabirds have included killing of birds to inspecting their
stomach contents through to analyses of faeces or regurgitated food remains, and tissue collection (Duff y &
Jackson, 1986; Andersen et al., 2004). Identifi cation of species in the diet relies on identifi cation of prey at
varying degrees of digestion.
Fish otoliths are resistant to digestion and are characterised by species-specifi c characters. Examination of
otoliths has allowed identifi cation of fi sh found in the stomachs of predatory, piscivorous fi shes (Blackwell and
Sinclair, 1995; Labeelund et al., 1996) and also for regurgitated food remains of piscivorous birds (Veldkamp,
1995; Kubetzki & Garthe, 2003; Liordos & Goutner, 2009) and in regurgitations and faeces of fur seals (Page
et al., 2005). Th erefore, several investigators have examined the morphology of otoliths (Smale et al., 1995;
Campana, 2004; Lombarte et al., 2006; Sadigzadeh & Tuset, 2012; Jawad et al., 2018 a, b). Beside taxonomic
purposes, otolith sizes and morphometric features such as length, width and weight are also imperative to
evaluate the size and mass of the fi sh being preyed upon, as oft en in studies on feeding ecology the only item
enduring in the stomach of a predator is the otolith (Jawad et al., 2011 a, b, c).
In addition, the size and mass of a fi sh can be predicted from otolith measurements since somatic growth
is positively related to a range of otolith parameters. Accordingly it is possible to reconstruct prey size and
biomass from otoliths obtained from stomach contents of these animals (Battaglia et al., 2010). Th is is only
possible when the correlations between detailed morphological features of the prey (e.g. otolith length and
weight) and actual prey size, and weight-length relationships of prey species are known (Granadeiro & Silva,
2000; Jawad & Al-Mamry, 2012; Jawad et al., 2011 a). In addition as consistent taxonomic tools, otolith length
and width parameters, and their associations are generally used in keys and identifi cation guides on fi sh otolith
morphology (Lombarte et al., 2006).
Th is study is part of series of investigations on the fi sh found in the food of the Australian gannets, Morus
serrator. Th ese studies include examination of several fi sh body structures including otolith. In this perspective,
this paper aims to make data available on morphometric parameters by means of analysing body size and
otolith size and weight relationships in E. australis (Gray, 1843) a marine pelagic-neritic species in the eastern
Pacifi c coast of New Zealand. Except for the work of Furlani et al. (2007), no more information is available on
fi shes of the South Pacifi c in general and those of New Zealand in particular and it will be valuable for future
researchers investigating the biology of piscivorous fi shes, birds and marine mammals to detect the size of fi shes
from the length of regained otoliths. In a novel approach we used fi sh recovered from Australasian gannets,
Morus serrator at two breeding colonies in the Hauraki Gulf, New Zealand.
Material and methods
Descript ion of sampling area and
stomach col lect ion
Regurgitate samples were collected at two
Australasian gannet colonies located on islands
in the Hauraki Gulf namely Horuhoru in the
inner Gulf and Mahuki Island, some 55 km
to the North East in the outer gulf. As such
the colony lies closer to deeper oceanic waters
(fi g. 1). Birds are present in substantial num-
bers at breeding colonies from July, when birds
fi rst return to the colonies, to March when the
last of the chicks fl edge. We sampled gannets in
December and January across two consecutive
breeding seasons (2017–2018 and 2018–2019)
when adults were attending large chicks and
making regular trips to coastal waters to collect
food to feed chicks. Australasian gannets oft en
feed in relatively close to their colonies and
may return with relatively undigested fi sh. On
capture and handling gannets may regurgitate
spontaneously. All birds were released at their
nest site aft er capture and collection of the re-
gurgitation samples. Th e samples were collected
as part of a study characterising the diet of gan-
nets in the Hauraki Gulf foraging from neigh-
bouring colonies.
Fig. 1. Map showing the location of the gannet’s colonies in
the Hauraki Gulf, New Zealand.
333Otolith of the Australian anchovy
Adult gannets were caught at their breeding colony immediately on arrival to feed chicks using a modifi ed
shepherd’s hook. Such birds frequently regurgitate food spontaneously on handling. To facilitate collection of
contents, birds are held at angle with the bill and throat inclined downwards and where necessary accompanied
by gentle massaging of the throat from the base to its junction with the mouth. Regurgitated samples were col-
lected into buckets held in front of the bird’s bill by a second individual. On collection food samples were placed
in plastic bags and kept chilled in an insulated container with freezer blocks. At the end of the day samples were
frozen for preservation. Once back at the laboratory samples were defrosted for analysis and removal of otoliths.
Col lect ing f i sh specimens from Gannet ’s food
Studies of otolith morphology and size recovered from predators must deal with the problem of otolith
erosion by stomach acids, making them not suitable for species identifi cation or size estimation (Barrett et al.,
2007). In our study the problem of erosion was absent as whole, undigested fi sh were retrieved from the food
of the gannet and the otoliths were still intact in the head of the fi sh where they were not expose to the acidic
environment of the stomach of the bird. Chemical and mechanical aberrations can change the shape of the
otolith and reduce their usefulness for size reconstruction of whole fi sh (Jobling & Breiby, 1986; Granadeiro &
Silva, 2000).
Th e specimens were washed with water to remove any adhering food remains (fi g. 2, A.) A total of 64
whole E. australis were obtained from the food samples of Australasian gannets M. serrator. Total length (TL)
(± standard deviation) was measured to the nearest 1 mm from the tip of the snout to the posterior edge of the
caudal fi n. Otoliths (sagittae) were removed from both sides of the fi sh head by a cut in the cranium to uncover
them and then cleaned and stored dry in glass vials. Each otolith was positioned under a dissecting microscope
with the sulcus acusticus oriented towards the observer and its length was measured on the axis between the
rostrum and post-rostrum axis (nomenclature of Smale et al., 1995) (fi g. 2, B). Otolith weight was obtained to
the nearest 0.001 g. Th e measurements used followed Jawad et al. (2017).
Stat is t ica l analys is
Th e relationship between otolith size (length, width, weight) and fi sh size (TL) was determined using non-
linear regression for the following parameters: otolith length (OL) — total length (TL), otolith width (OW) —
total length (TL) and otolith weight (OWe) — fi sh length (TL). Th ese equations were fi rst calculated for both
left and right otoliths and ANCOVA test (Fowler and Cohen 1992) was used to check any diff erences between
regressions.
Result
A total of 64 otoliths were extracted. Total length of the fi sh specimens used in this
study ranged from 82–118 mm with an average value at 103.05 ± 3.6 mm. As the fi sh
individuals were obtained in the food of gannet, M. serrator, the length range of our sample
was limited. Th e data of fi sh total length, otolith length, width and weight are given in
table 1. Ranges and means (± standard deviation) of otolith length, width and mass were
shown in table 2.
Fig. 2. A, Engraulis australis, 138 mm TL; B, Otolith of Engraulis australis, 135 mm TL showing otolith sizes,
length (OL) and width (OW).
334 L. A. Jawad, N. J. Adams
T a b l e 1 . Data of fi sh total length, otolith length, otolith width and otolith weight obtained from En-
graulis australis retrieved from the food of the Australasian gannet Morus serrator, Hauraki Gulf, New
Zealand
Total length Otolith length Otolith width Otolith weight
82 7.1 1.52 0.021
82.6 7.2 1.54 0.022
82.9 7.26 1.57 0.023
83 7.28 1.58 0.023
83.2 7.28 1.59 0.024
83.5 7.29 1.67 0.025
83.7 7.3 1.69 0.025
83.9 7.3 1.68 0.026
84 7.3 1.69 0.026
84.2 7.3 1.7 0.027
84.5 7.3 1.71 0.028
84.7 7.3 1.72 0.028
84.9 7.3 1.79 0.028
85 7.3 1.79 0.028
85.5 7.4 1.8 0.03
85.7 7.4 1.82 0.03
85.9 7.4 1.83 0.031
86 7.4 1.85 0.031
86.2 7.4 1.87 0.032
87 7.4 1.92 0.033
87.8 7.4 1.98 0.034
88 7.4 2 0.035
88.6 7.5 2.1 0.036
88.9 7.5 2.1 0.037
89 7.5 2.16 0.037
89.6 7.5 2.19 0.038
89.8 7.5 2.2 0.039
90 7.5 2.2 0.039
92.1 7.5 2.38 0.044
92.6 7.5 2.39 0.045
92.8 7.5 2.4 0.046
93 7.5 2.45 0.046
93.2 7.5 2.48 0.046
93.7 7.5 2.49 0.047
93.9 7.5 2.51 0.048
94 7.4 2.53 0.049
94.8 7.48 2.58 0.05
95 7.4 2.59 0.052
95.7 7.39 2.6 0.053
95.9 7.37 2.61 0.053
98 7.2 2.7 0.056
98.4 7.2 2.7 0.057
98.8 7.2 2.72 0.058
99 7.18 2.74 0.058
99.5 7.14 2.75 0.058
99.8 7.13 2.76 0.059
100 7.1 2.79 0.06
100.6 7.1 2.8 0.061
100.9 7.1 2.83 0.062
103 7.1 2.88 0.063
335Otolith of the Australian anchovy
Th e various relationships between fi sh length and otolith length, width and weight
are shown in table 2 and fi g. 3. In the examination of morphometric parameters (otolith
length and width) and mass against fi sh total length, no substantial diff erences (P = 0.2)
between right and left otoliths were detected by ANCOVA test. Consequently, single linear
regression was plotted for each parameter. Th e otolith size parameters were signifi cantly
and highly correlated with the size of the fi sh (table 2).
Discussion
Th e signifi cant relationship obtained in the present study between the fi sh total length
and each of the morphometric characters of the otoliths the E. australis is in accordance
with the other studies (Jawad & Al-Mamry, 2012; Jawad et al., 2011 a).
Although the taxonomic value of the otolith of E. australis is not an issue in the present
study, but it is worth mentioning that the development of the relationship between fi sh and
otolith sizes might be considered another taxonomic benefi t that can be added to those
previously set for fi sh otolith (Battaglia et al., 2010).
Th e relationships can be back-calculated to gain fi sh size from otoliths retrieved
from the stomachs of predator bird. Th e biology and ecology of E. australis have been
investigated in both the Australian and the New Zealand waters (Blackburn, 1967; Francis
et al., 2005; Ward et al., 2006). On the other hand, the relationship of fi sh size-otolith
measurements of this species were previously studied only in the Australian waters (e. g.
Furlani et al., 2007). Accordingly, this research complements information for this species
and for the region, which will be valuable exploring marine trophodynamics in the area
(Zan et al., 2015).
Th e absence of statistical diff erences between left and right sagittae indicates that
otoliths on either body side be used indiscriminately for fi sh-size estimations (Battaglia et
al., 2010; Jawad et al., 2011 a, b; Mehanna et al., 2016; Park et al., 2017; Yilmaz et al., 2015;
Qasim et al., 2019).
103.6 7 2.89 0.065
103.9 7 2.87 0.063
104 7 2.88 0.064
104.5 7 2.89 0.065
104.9 7 2.86 0.066
105.2 7 2.87 0.067
106 7 2.89 0.067
110 6.7 2.85 0.07
115 6.4 2.75 0.074
116 6.3 2.7 0.075
117 6.23 2.65 0.076
117.8 6.1 2.6 0.077
118 6.2 2.57 0.078
Tabl e 2 . Data analysis of Engraulis australis collected from the food of gannet inhabiting colonies at
Hauraki Gulf, New Zealand
Parameter Range Mean (± SD) Equation R2
Otolith length, mm 6.2–7.5 6.83 ± 5.5 Y = -0.0017x2+ 0.3081x -6.4963 0.9446
Otolith width, mm 1.68–2.89 2.26 ± 3.3 Y = -0.0023x2+ 0.4939x -23.5140 0.9970
Otolith weight, gms 0.021–0.078 0.048 ± 1.14 Y = 3E-05x2+ 0.0080x -0.4188 0.9979
Note . OL, otolith length; OW, otolith width; Owe, otolith weight. R2, coeffi cient of determination.
336 L. A. Jawad, N. J. Adams
Fig. 3. Fish total length relationship with: A — otolith length; B — otolith width; C — otolith weight.
Determination of fi sh size from otolith measurements should be used cautiously
because of diff erences in the growth of individuals belonging to the same species but of
diff erent stocks or that live in diff erent areas (Campana et al., 1993; Reichenbacher et al.,
2009) or because of variations between sexes (Echeveria, 1987).
A
B
C
337Otolith of the Australian anchovy
Th e study was funded in part by Birds NZ and Unitec Strategic Research Fund. Th e gannets, from which
regurgitations were collected, were sampled under a Department of Conservation Wildlife Authority (38016-
FAU) and a University of Auckland Animal Ethics Committee approval notice (001797).
Confl icts of interest
Th e authors declare that they have no confl icts of interest.
Funding
Partially funded by Birds NZ and Unitec Strategic Research Fund.
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Received 9 Deсember 2020
Accepted 1 July 2021
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| id | oai:ojs.akademperiodyka.org.ua:article-154 |
| institution | Zoodiversity |
| issn | 2707-7268 |
| keywords_txt_mv | |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2026-08-21T01:01:03Z |
| publishDate | 2021 |
| publisher | Publishing House "Akademperiodyka" of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| record_format | ojs |
| resource_txt_mv | ojsakademperiodykaorgua/07/21e8839cc6aefd5b49ed2eb3f4dd9307.pdf |
| spelling | oai:ojs.akademperiodyka.org.ua:article-1542026-08-20T12:37:23Z The Relationship Between Fish Length and Otolith Size and Weight of the Australian Ancnovy, Engraulis australis (Clupeiformes, Engraulidae), Retrieved from the Food of the Australasian Gannet, Morus serrator (Suliformes, Sulidae), Hauraki Gulf, New Zealnd Jawad, L. Adams, N. J. otolith size Hauraki Gulf fish length food feeding Relationships between fish length and otolith length, width and mass were examined in the Australian anchovy Engraulis&nbsp;australis&nbsp;(White, 1790) recovered from the food of Gannet examined from colonies at islands of Horuhoru Rock and Mahuki Islands in the Hauraki Gulf. New Zealand. The relationships between otolith length- fish total length (TL), otolith-weight-TL, and otolith-width-TL were investigated by means of non-linear regression models (TL = 0.54 OL 16.86, TL = 4.39 OW 7.61 and TL = 26.19 OWe 2.2). This study characterizes the first reference available on the relationship of fish size and otolith size and weight for E.&nbsp;australis obtained from bird’s food in the Pacific Ocean region. Publishing House "Akademperiodyka" of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine 2021-07-01 Article Article application/pdf https://ojs.akademperiodyka.org.ua/index.php/Zoodiversity/article/view/154 Zoodiversity; Vol. 55 No. 4 (2021): Zoodiversity Zoodiversity (Vestnik Zoologii); Том 55 № 4 (2021): Zoodiversity 2707-7268 2707-725X 10.15407/zoo2021.04 en https://ojs.akademperiodyka.org.ua/index.php/Zoodiversity/article/view/154/112 Copyright (c) 2021 Laith Jawad |
| spellingShingle | Jawad, L. Adams, N. J. The Relationship Between Fish Length and Otolith Size and Weight of the Australian Ancnovy, Engraulis australis (Clupeiformes, Engraulidae), Retrieved from the Food of the Australasian Gannet, Morus serrator (Suliformes, Sulidae), Hauraki Gulf, New Zealnd |
| title | The Relationship Between Fish Length and Otolith Size and Weight of the Australian Ancnovy, Engraulis australis (Clupeiformes, Engraulidae), Retrieved from the Food of the Australasian Gannet, Morus serrator (Suliformes, Sulidae), Hauraki Gulf, New Zealnd |
| title_full | The Relationship Between Fish Length and Otolith Size and Weight of the Australian Ancnovy, Engraulis australis (Clupeiformes, Engraulidae), Retrieved from the Food of the Australasian Gannet, Morus serrator (Suliformes, Sulidae), Hauraki Gulf, New Zealnd |
| title_fullStr | The Relationship Between Fish Length and Otolith Size and Weight of the Australian Ancnovy, Engraulis australis (Clupeiformes, Engraulidae), Retrieved from the Food of the Australasian Gannet, Morus serrator (Suliformes, Sulidae), Hauraki Gulf, New Zealnd |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Relationship Between Fish Length and Otolith Size and Weight of the Australian Ancnovy, Engraulis australis (Clupeiformes, Engraulidae), Retrieved from the Food of the Australasian Gannet, Morus serrator (Suliformes, Sulidae), Hauraki Gulf, New Zealnd |
| title_short | The Relationship Between Fish Length and Otolith Size and Weight of the Australian Ancnovy, Engraulis australis (Clupeiformes, Engraulidae), Retrieved from the Food of the Australasian Gannet, Morus serrator (Suliformes, Sulidae), Hauraki Gulf, New Zealnd |
| title_sort | relationship between fish length and otolith size and weight of the australian ancnovy, engraulis australis (clupeiformes, engraulidae), retrieved from the food of the australasian gannet, morus serrator (suliformes, sulidae), hauraki gulf, new zealnd |
| topic_facet | otolith size Hauraki Gulf fish length food feeding |
| url | https://ojs.akademperiodyka.org.ua/index.php/Zoodiversity/article/view/154 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT jawadl therelationshipbetweenfishlengthandotolithsizeandweightoftheaustralianancnovyengraulisaustralisclupeiformesengraulidaeretrievedfromthefoodoftheaustralasiangannetmorusserratorsuliformessulidaehaurakigulfnewzealnd AT adamsnj therelationshipbetweenfishlengthandotolithsizeandweightoftheaustralianancnovyengraulisaustralisclupeiformesengraulidaeretrievedfromthefoodoftheaustralasiangannetmorusserratorsuliformessulidaehaurakigulfnewzealnd AT jawadl relationshipbetweenfishlengthandotolithsizeandweightoftheaustralianancnovyengraulisaustralisclupeiformesengraulidaeretrievedfromthefoodoftheaustralasiangannetmorusserratorsuliformessulidaehaurakigulfnewzealnd AT adamsnj relationshipbetweenfishlengthandotolithsizeandweightoftheaustralianancnovyengraulisaustralisclupeiformesengraulidaeretrievedfromthefoodoftheaustralasiangannetmorusserratorsuliformessulidaehaurakigulfnewzealnd |