Occurrence of Dirofi laria immitis (Nematoda, Onchocercidae) in Red Foxes (Vulpes vulpes) from the Suburbs of Kharkiv (Ukraine)
Dirofilariasis of animals and humans is a disease caused by nematodes of the genus Dirofilaria (Railliet et Henry, 1911), suborder Filariata (Skrjabin, 1915). The role of wild predators, particularly foxes (Vulpes vulpes) (Linnaeus, 1758) in the distribution of dirofilariasis in the world remains un...
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| author | Liulin, P. V. Prykhodko, Yu. O. Mazannyі , O. V. Fedorova , H. V. Nikiforova , O. V. Kryvoruchenko , D. O. |
| author_facet | Liulin, P. V. Prykhodko, Yu. O. Mazannyі , O. V. Fedorova , H. V. Nikiforova , O. V. Kryvoruchenko , D. O. |
| author_institution_txt_mv | [
{
"author": "P. V. Liulin",
"institution": null,
"orcid": ""
},
{
"author": "Yu. O. Prykhodko",
"institution": null,
"orcid": ""
},
{
"author": "O. V. Mazannyі ",
"institution": null,
"orcid": ""
},
{
"author": " H. V. Fedorova ",
"institution": null,
"orcid": ""
},
{
"author": "O. V. Nikiforova ",
"institution": null,
"orcid": ""
},
{
"author": "D. O. Kryvoruchenko ",
"institution": null,
"orcid": ""
}
] |
| author_sort | Liulin, P. V. |
| baseUrl_str | https://ojs.akademperiodyka.org.ua/index.php/Zoodiversity/oai |
| collection | OJS |
| container_end_page | |
| container_issue | 5 |
| container_start_page | |
| container_title | Zoodiversity (Vestnik Zoologii) |
| container_volume | 55 |
| datestamp_date | 2026-08-20T12:37:20Z |
| description | Dirofilariasis of animals and humans is a disease caused by nematodes of the genus Dirofilaria (Railliet et Henry, 1911), suborder Filariata (Skrjabin, 1915). The role of wild predators, particularly foxes (Vulpes vulpes) (Linnaeus, 1758) in the distribution of dirofilariasis in the world remains unclear. We have studied the occurense of D. immtis (Leidy, 1856) n a population of foxes. Twenty-seven foxes were obtained and dissected during the hunting winter season of 2019-2020 in Dergachi district, Kharkiv region of Ukraine. All 27 examined foxes were older than 1.5–2 years old, 5 of them (18.5%) were 4–5 years old. Dirofilariasis caused by Dirofilaria was found in 22.2% of foxes. The intensity of infection ranged from 2 to 4 specimens of nematodes per host. In four foxes (66.7% of infected hosts), the same number of male and female nematodes was detected, and two foxes (33.3%) had each 1 male per 2 female D. immitis. The length of D. immitis males (7 specimens) was 13.96 ± 0.29 cm and the length of females (9 specimens) was 19.58 ± 0.55 cm. Prevalence of foxes with dirofilariasis may depend on their habitat and the presence of habitats which support mosquitos (obligate biological vectors of dirofilariasis) in these areas. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.15407/zoo2021.05.425 |
| first_indexed | 2025-07-17T12:35:50Z |
| format | Article |
| fulltext |
UDC 599.742.17: 595.132(477.54)
OCCURRENCE OF DIROFILARIA IMMITIS (NEMATODA,
ONCHOCERCIDAE) IN RED FOXES (VULPES VULPES) FROM THE
SUBURBS OF KHARKIV (UKRAINE)
P. V. Liulin1, Yu. O. Prykhodko1, O. V. Mazannyі1, H. V. Fedorova1*, O. V. Nikiforova1,
D. O. Kryvoruchenko1
1Kharkiv State Zooveterinary Academy,
Mala Danylivka, Academic st., 1, Kharkiv Regoin, 62341 Ukraine
*Corresponding author
E-mail: parasitdad@gmail.com
P. V. Liulin (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6718-958X)
Yu. O. Prykhodko (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1014-250X)
O. V. Mazannyі (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4442-4011)
H. V. Fedorova (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8400-2083)
O. V. Nikiforova (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5586-5886)
D. O. Kryvoruchenko (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2044-8019)
Occurrence of Dirofi laria immitis (Nematoda, Onchocercidae) in Red Foxes (Vulpes vulpes) from the Suburbs
of Kharkiv (Ukraine). Liulin, P. V., Prykhodko, Yu. O., Mazannyі, O. V., Fedorova, H. V., Nikiforova,
O. V., Kryvoruchenko, D. O. — Dirofi lariasis of animals and humans is a disease caused by nematodes of the
genus Dirofi laria (Railliet et Henry, 1911). Th e role of wild predators, particularly the red fox (Vulpes vulpes)
(Linnaeus, 1758) in the distribution of pathogen of the genus Dirofi laria in the world remains unclear. We
studied the occurrence of Dirofi laria immitis (Leidy, 1856) in a population of the red fox. Twenty-seven foxes
were examined during the winter hunting season of 2019–2020 in Dergachi district, Kharkiv region of Ukraine.
All 27 examined foxes were older than 1.5–2 years old, 5 of them (18.5 %) were 4–5 years old. Dirofi laria immitis
was found in 22.2 % of foxes. Th e intensity of infection ranged from 2 to 4 specimens of nematodes per host. In
four foxes (66.7 % of infected hosts), the same number of male and female nematodes was detected, while two
foxes (33.3 %) had each 1 male and 2 females of D. immitis. Th e length of D. immitis males (7 specimens) was
13.96 ± 0.29 cm and the length of females (9 specimens) was 19.58 ± 0.55 cm. Prevalence of infection of foxes
with D. immitis presumably depends on their habitat and the presence of mosquitos (vectors of the nematode)
in these areas.
Key words : dirofi lariasis; Dirofi laria immitis; fox; Kharkiv, Ukraine.
Introduction
From twenty six species of the genus Dirofi laria two species are recorded in Ukraine. Th e most pathogenic
species is Dirofi laria immitis (Leidy, 1856), whose mature stage lives in the heart, pulmonary artery, and other
blood vessels in domestic and wild carnivorous animals as well as humans (Arkhipov et al., 2004).
Defi nitive hosts are infected with participation of obligate biological vectors, numerous species of blood-
sucking mosquitoes (Ionică et al., 2017).
In Ukraine, dirofi lariasis of wild canids, such as foxes and wolves, caused by D. immitis and D. repens was fi rst
recorded in Crimea (Kadenatcii, 1957). Th e parasites were considered to be imported from tropical and subtropical
areas. Up to date, there are reports of 264 cases of dirofi lariasis in human (Maiboroda, 2004; Bodnya, 2006). Th ese days
it is a steady tendency in Ukraine, and in some regions, the situation becomes drastic as the number of infected dogs
(Kryvoruchenko et al., 2019; Nikiforova & Reshetylo, 2019), cats (Vinokurova, 2011) and humans increased signifi cantly
(Fіlіptsova et al., 2016). Dirofi lariasis caused by D. repens has become a serious medical problem in Ukraine. Th e number
Zoodiversity, 55(5):425–430, 2021
DOI 10.15407/zoo2021.05.425
Parasitology
426 P. V. Liulin, Yu. O. Prykhodko, O. V. Mazannyі, H. V. Fedorova, O. V. Nikiforova, D. O. Kryvoruchenko
of people aff ected by dirofi lariasis exceeded 1500 cases by 2014 (Sałamatin et al., 2013; Pavlikovska et al., 2014). During
the same time period (1998–2010), domestic dogs and cats were examined in the Kyiv region. Both species of dirofi laria
were recorded. D. repens was found in cats and dogs, and D. immitis in dogs only (Varodi et al., 2017).
Th e role and impact of wild predatory animals, particularly red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in the transmission
and the spread of dirofi lariasis in the world remain unstudied (Ionică et al., 2017).
Th e purpose of the work was to investigate the occurrence of D. immitis in the population of foxes in the
vicinity of Kharkiv, Ukraine.
Material and methods
Th e study was conducted in the Department of Normal and Pathological Morphology and in the Scientifi c
Laboratory of the Parasitology Department of Kharkiv State Zooveterinary Academy. Th e material for the
research was 27 dead foxes (Vulpes vulpes), which were shot during the winter hunting season in 2019–2020.
Th e foxes were collected in six settlements located in suburbs of Kharkiv (fi g. 1).
Anamnestic data, sex and age of animals, and sampling areas were taken into account.
Prior to dissection, the dead foxes were examined by veterinarians of the State Food and Consumer Service
of suburbs of Kharkiv city, and negative results of virologic examination for rabies were obtained. Subcutaneous
tissue, body cavities, heart, pulmonary arteries, and other blood vessels were thoroughly examined. Th e site,
number, and sex of helminths were recorded. Th e infection rates were established including the prevalence
(P, %), and the intensity of the infection calculated as the number of helminths per host. Helminths were
identifi ed following Skryabin et al., 1949
Results
Six animals, of which 2 males and 4 females, were infected with D. immitis. Hence,
the prevalence of infection was 22.2 %. All collected foxes were older than 1.5–2 years old,
and 5 of them (18.5 %) were 4–5 years old. Eight foxes were obtained from the meadows
and wetlands of Lopan river fl oodplain near the settlements Mala Danylivka, Luzhok,
and Caravan of Malodanylivska united territorial community (UTC) (table 1). Th ere,
prevalence (P) was 50 % (fi g. 2). Four other foxes were collected on wetlands and meadows
near Solonytsivka and Vilshany villages. Only one of those was infected with Dirofi laria
(P = 25 %).
Only one of 15 foxes obtained on dry land in fi elds, forest belts at a distance of
3–5 km from Dergachi to Zolochiv settlement, was infected with D. immitis (P = 6.7 %).
Presumably, intensity of infection in foxes could depend on the presence of fox and mosquito
(intermediate hosts of dirofi laria) habitats. In the natural ecosystem with meadows and
wetlands the intensity of infection of foxes reached 50 %. In infected hosts, 16 specimens of
Fig 1. Th e sites of fox collection in the suburbs of Kharkiv City.
427Occurrence of Dirofi laria immitis in Red Foxes (Vulpes vulpes) from the Suburbs of Kharkiv (Ukraine)
1.5 times longer than the left one. Th e number and location of the papillae varied; there
were 4–5 precloacal ventrolateral papillae on the right side and 3–4 on the left side, and
from 3 to 6 postcloacal pairs (fi g. 3, C).
Th e length of body in nine females (56.3 % of all specimens) was 19.58 ± 0.55 cm (from
17.4 to 21.6 cm), the width of body was 0.92 ± 0.02 mm. Th e anus opening is subterminal,
the tail end is rounded. Th e vulva opens at the anterior end of body.
Th e intensity of infection (II) ranged from 2 to 4 nematodes in one animal, with an
equal number of males and females in four hosts (66.7 %). Other two foxes (33.3 %) had
2 females per 1 male of D. immitis.
Discussion
According to the literature,
the Dirofi laria spp. are common
nematode parasites of domestic
dogs in the Kharkiv City and
Kharkiv Region. Th at is confi rmed
by the results of in vivo laboratory
diagnostics and dissections (Maibo-
roda, 2004; Kryvoruchenko et al.,
2019; Nikiforova & Reshetylo, 2019).
Four dogs with severe clinical
symptoms of dirofi lariasis have
been studied aft er death in Romania
D. immitis were found. Th ey localized in the right ventricle (ventriculus dexter) of the heart,
pulmonary trunk (truncus pulmonaris) and pulmonary arteries.
Species and sex of nematodes were identifi ed according to morphological and
morphometric parameters.
Th e nematodes are white to light yellow. Th e head (fi g. 3, A) and tail ends (fi g. 3, B, C)
of body are thinner than the mid-region in females and males. Th e tail end of male is curved
as a corkscrew (fi g. 3, D). Seven of 16 collected nematode specimens were males (43.8 %).
Th e length of body in males was 13.96 ± 0.29 cm (from 13.2 to 15.3 cm), the width of body
was 0.59 ± 0.02 mm. Males had two spicules of diff erent size (fi g. 3, E), the right spicule was
T a b l e 1 . Th e results of detection nematodes in hearts of foxes (n = 27, M ± m)
N
Fox
gender,
({, })
Fox age,
years
old
D. immitis,
number D. immitis { D. immitis }
{ } length, cm width, mm length, cm width, mm
Dergachi
1 { 2 1 1 15.3 0.6 18.6 0.9
Malodanylivska UTC
Mala Danylivka settlement
2 } 1.5–2 1 1 13.2 0.55 20.5 0.85
3 } 2 1 1 13.3 0.55 17.4 0.85
Luzhok village
4 { 3 2 2 13.3 0.5 21.6 1.0
14.0 0.6 18.0 0.9
Karavan village
5 } 3 1 2 14.5 0.7 18.7 0.9
21.3 1.0
Other localities
Solonytsivka, Vilshany settlements
6 } 2 1 2 14.1 0.6 18.6 0.9
21.5 1.0
Total { — 11
} — 16
7 9 13.96 ± 0.29 0.59 ± 0.02 19.58 ± 0.55 0.92 ± 0.02
Fig 2. Th e prevalence of Dirofi laria immitis infection in foxes
from separate localities.
428 P. V. Liulin, Yu. O. Prykhodko, O. V. Mazannyі, H. V. Fedorova, O. V. Nikiforova, D. O. Kryvoruchenko
in 2010–2011. Only one of these dogs had severe infection by 25 specimens of Dirofi laria
immitis localized in the right ventricle and pulmonary arteries (Pasca et al., 2012). Infestation
with Dirofi laria spp. in Romania is restricted to domestic dogs. Despite the large population
of wild predators in the country, their role in the epizooty and the distribution of fi larial
parasites among domestic dogs is unknown (Ionică et al., 2017).
Vinokurova (2011) examined 60 dogs from Krasnodarsky area (Russia), and found mature
D. immitis in 33 animals with typical localization for this species. Prevalence in males was lower
(52.9 %) than in females (57.7 %). Prevalence depended on the type of local dog habitats: it was
58.6 % in urban areas, and 47.3 % in rural areas. Intensity of dog infection ranged from 10 to
35 specimens per dog, with fewer number of female nematodes than males (Vinokurova, 2011).
Omelianenko et al. (2016) reported changes in all parenchymal organs of six dogs with
cardiac dirofi lariasis, but the most dangerous changes were observed in the locations of
dirofi laria. Th e helminths caused interstitial pneumonia, venous hyperaemia, haemorrhage
in the lungs, and granular and fatty dystrophy, necrosis and destruction of cardiomyocytes
in the myocardium (Omelianenko et al., 2016). Th us, mature nematodes not only cause
disorders in bloodstream, but also lead to profound changes directly in their localization.
Dirofi laria immitis was found in red foxes, golden jackals and domestic dogs in the study
of 115 red foxes, golden jackals, wolves, domestic dogs, martens, and cats in Bulgaria in 2012–
2013 (Panayotova-Pencheva et al., 2016). Mature fi lariae were found in the heart of 55.24 % of
animals, and in the heart and pulmonary arteries of 27.97 % hosts. Prevalence was 25.22 % in
red foxes, and 33.33 % in domestic dogs. Intensity of infection ranged from 1 to 15 specimens
(on average 4.79 specimens) in foxes, and thrice more, from 1 to 34 specimens (on average
14.43 specimens) in dogs. Th e obturation changes in the inner surface of the pulmonary
arteries and the damage of the atrioventricular valves were observed in areas parasitized by
dirofi laria (Panayotova-Pencheva et al., 2016).
In northern Greece, four D. immitis females were found in the heart and pulmonary
arteries of 4-year-old brown bear which died accidentally, in 2014 (Papadopoulos et al.,
2017). Th e nematodes were 10.2 ± 0.5 cm long. Th e known range of reservoir hosts of the
nematode has expanded.
Dirofi laria was found in 23 of 132 collected foxes (P = 17.4 %) in Tuscany, Central
Italy, in 2005–2006 (Magi et al., 2008). In 2013–2014, D. immitis was recorded in two of
28 red foxes (P = 7.1 %) in the Italian province of Modena (Fiocchi et al., 2016).
Fig 3. Morphological features of Dirofi laria immitis: A — head end of female; B — tail end of female; C — tail
end of male; D — general view of male showing typical shape of posterior part of body; E — spicules (arrows)
and papillae on the tail end of male. In A, B, C — magnifi cation ×100.
429Occurrence of Dirofi laria immitis in Red Foxes (Vulpes vulpes) from the Suburbs of Kharkiv (Ukraine)
Several species of wild predators were used in a parasitological study in Serbia in
2009–2013 (Penezić et al., 2014). Th e prevalence of mature D. immitis in 738 examined
hearts and lungs was as follows: 1.55% in red foxes, 1.43 % in wolves, 7.32 % in jackals and
7.69 % in wild cats. In foxes, the infection was more common in males (1.75 %) than in
females (1.26 %). In Vojvodina, northern Serbia, 83 red foxes were examined in 2017–2018,
and D. immitis was found in hosts collected near alluvial rivers (P = 4.8 %). Two male
nematodes were found in two host animals, two female parasites in one host, and four
female dirofi laria in another host (Gavrilović et al., 2019).
In Hungary, red foxes and jackals were studied in 2007. D. immitis was detected in 20
of 534 red foxes (P = 3.7 %), and in golden jackals, the prevalence of infection was 7.4 %.
However, the authors claim that the 1.5 % prevalence of dirofi laria infection of wild canids
is lower in Hungary than in the Mediterranean Europe, where the prevalence is 0.4–12.7 %
and intensity is 2.9–4.4 specimens/host (Tolnai et al., 2014).
In the central region of the Russian Federation, 40 dogs and 427 red foxes were dissected in
2003–2016. In one fox (P = 0.23 %), 10 specimens of D. immitis were found in the right ventricle
of heart, and in one dog (P = 2.5 %), seven dirofi laria were recorded (Andreyanov et al., 2016).
Th us, dogs are more susceptible to dirofi laria than red foxes, which are also confi rmed by the
results in other studies (Vinokurova, 2011; Pasca et al., 2012; Panayotova-Pencheva et al., 2016).
Dirofi laria immitis has been found in foxes on other continents as well, including
North America and Australia (Wixsom et al., 1991; Henderson, 2009).
Th e results of world-wide research are partially consistent and confi rm that in domestic
dogs the prevalence and intensity of infection are signifi cantly higher than in wild animals
of the family Canidae.
In our study, the number of dirofi laria in six infected foxes in Kharkiv Region did not
exceed 4 specimens. Our data concerning localization of D. immitis in the body of foxes
coincide with the data of scientists from diff erent countries, and the localization in dogs
does not diff er either (Vinokurova, 2011; Omelianenko et al., 2016).
Scientists from diff erent countries agree that the role of wild carnivores in the
epidemiology process and in the spread of dirofi lariasis has not been fully identifi ed.
However, it is confi rmed that foxes contribute to the transmission of D. immitis in the
natural ecosystems, and they probably act as a reservoir and a source of infection and
distribution of these nematodes to susceptible animals.
Conclusion
Dirofi laria immitis is a common parasite (P = 22.2 %) in the fox population in Dergachi
Dstrict, Kharkiv Region of Ukraine. Prevalence of infection of foxes with D. immitis may
depend on their habitat and the presence of vectors in these areas.
Th is study was conducted in close collaboration between Kharkiv State Zooveterinary Academy and hunting
farm of Kharkiv Regional Department of Forestry and Hunting of the State Agency of Forest Resources of Ukraine.
Confl ict of Interest
Authors state no confl ict of interest.
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Received 26 July 2021
Accepted 1September 2021
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| id | oai:ojs.akademperiodyka.org.ua:article-248 |
| institution | Zoodiversity |
| issn | 2707-7268 |
| keywords_txt_mv | |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2026-08-21T01:01:13Z |
| publishDate | 2021 |
| publisher | Publishing House "Akademperiodyka" of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| record_format | ojs |
| resource_txt_mv | ojsakademperiodykaorgua/d1/06a164bed35a0091fea7bf0a47ae05d1.pdf |
| spelling | oai:ojs.akademperiodyka.org.ua:article-2482026-08-20T12:37:20Z Occurrence of Dirofi laria immitis (Nematoda, Onchocercidae) in Red Foxes (Vulpes vulpes) from the Suburbs of Kharkiv (Ukraine) Liulin, P. V. Prykhodko, Yu. O. Mazannyі , O. V. Fedorova , H. V. Nikiforova , O. V. Kryvoruchenko , D. O. dirofilariasis Dirofilaria immitis fox dissection Kharkiv Ukraine Dirofilariasis of animals and humans is a disease caused by nematodes of the genus Dirofilaria (Railliet et Henry, 1911), suborder Filariata (Skrjabin, 1915). The role of wild predators, particularly foxes (Vulpes vulpes) (Linnaeus, 1758) in the distribution of dirofilariasis in the world remains unclear. We have studied the occurense of D. immtis (Leidy, 1856) n a population of foxes. Twenty-seven foxes were obtained and dissected during the hunting winter season of 2019-2020 in Dergachi district, Kharkiv region of Ukraine. All 27 examined foxes were older than 1.5–2 years old, 5 of them (18.5%) were 4–5 years old. Dirofilariasis caused by Dirofilaria was found in 22.2% of foxes. The intensity of infection ranged from 2 to 4 specimens of nematodes per host. In four foxes (66.7% of infected hosts), the same number of male and female nematodes was detected, and two foxes (33.3%) had each 1 male per 2 female D. immitis. The length of D. immitis males (7 specimens) was 13.96 ± 0.29 cm and the length of females (9 specimens) was 19.58 ± 0.55 cm. Prevalence of foxes with dirofilariasis may depend on their habitat and the presence of habitats which support mosquitos (obligate biological vectors of dirofilariasis) in these areas. Publishing House "Akademperiodyka" of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine 2021-09-21 Article Article application/pdf https://ojs.akademperiodyka.org.ua/index.php/Zoodiversity/article/view/248 10.15407/zoo2021.05.425 Zoodiversity; Vol. 55 No. 5 (2021): Zoodiversity Zoodiversity (Vestnik Zoologii); Том 55 № 5 (2021): Zoodiversity 2707-7268 2707-725X 10.15407/zoo2021.05 en https://ojs.akademperiodyka.org.ua/index.php/Zoodiversity/article/view/248/129 Copyright (c) 2021 P. V. Lyulin, Yu. O. Prykhodko, O. V. Mazannyі , H. V. Fedorova , O. V. Nikiforova , D. O. Kryvoruchenko |
| spellingShingle | Liulin, P. V. Prykhodko, Yu. O. Mazannyі , O. V. Fedorova , H. V. Nikiforova , O. V. Kryvoruchenko , D. O. Occurrence of Dirofi laria immitis (Nematoda, Onchocercidae) in Red Foxes (Vulpes vulpes) from the Suburbs of Kharkiv (Ukraine) |
| title | Occurrence of Dirofi laria immitis (Nematoda, Onchocercidae) in Red Foxes (Vulpes vulpes) from the Suburbs of Kharkiv (Ukraine) |
| title_full | Occurrence of Dirofi laria immitis (Nematoda, Onchocercidae) in Red Foxes (Vulpes vulpes) from the Suburbs of Kharkiv (Ukraine) |
| title_fullStr | Occurrence of Dirofi laria immitis (Nematoda, Onchocercidae) in Red Foxes (Vulpes vulpes) from the Suburbs of Kharkiv (Ukraine) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Occurrence of Dirofi laria immitis (Nematoda, Onchocercidae) in Red Foxes (Vulpes vulpes) from the Suburbs of Kharkiv (Ukraine) |
| title_short | Occurrence of Dirofi laria immitis (Nematoda, Onchocercidae) in Red Foxes (Vulpes vulpes) from the Suburbs of Kharkiv (Ukraine) |
| title_sort | occurrence of dirofi laria immitis (nematoda, onchocercidae) in red foxes (vulpes vulpes) from the suburbs of kharkiv (ukraine) |
| topic_facet | dirofilariasis Dirofilaria immitis fox dissection Kharkiv Ukraine |
| url | https://ojs.akademperiodyka.org.ua/index.php/Zoodiversity/article/view/248 |
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