Ichthyofaunal diversity of a Ramsar site in Kashmir Himalayas -Wular Lake
The present study was undertaken in order to assess the current status of ichthyofaunal diversity of one of Asia’s largest freshwater lakes — Wular, India.  In this study the sampling was carried out every month at 5 different sites of Wular Lake which were selected on the basis of diff...
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Zoodiversity| _version_ | 1874092722289115136 |
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| author | Mushtaq, S. T. Balkhi, M. H. Bhat , F. A. Mushtaq, S. A. |
| author_facet | Mushtaq, S. T. Balkhi, M. H. Bhat , F. A. Mushtaq, S. A. |
| author_institution_txt_mv | [
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"author": "S. T. Mushtaq",
"institution": "Faculty of Fisheries, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, India",
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"author": "M. H. Balkhi",
"institution": "Faculty of Fisheries, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, India",
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{
"author": "F. A. Bhat ",
"institution": "Faculty of Fisheries, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, India",
"orcid": "0000-0002-9102-3720"
},
{
"author": "S. A. Mushtaq",
"institution": "Faculty of Fisheries, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, India",
"orcid": ""
}
] |
| author_orcid_str_mv | 0000-0002-9102-3720 |
| author_sort | Mushtaq, S. T. |
| baseUrl_str | https://ojs.akademperiodyka.org.ua/index.php/Zoodiversity/oai |
| collection | OJS |
| container_end_page | |
| container_issue | 2 |
| container_start_page | |
| container_title | Zoodiversity (Vestnik Zoologii) |
| container_volume | 58 |
| datestamp_date | 2026-08-20T12:36:51Z |
| description | The present study was undertaken in order to assess the current status of ichthyofaunal diversity of one of Asia’s largest freshwater lakes — Wular, India.  In this study the sampling was carried out every month at 5 different sites of Wular Lake which were selected on the basis of different ecological niches. A total of 738 fish species were collected during the entire study. The ichthyofaunal biodiversity observed in this study belonged to 2 orders, 2 families, 4 sub families and 6 genera. The carps viz. Cyprinus carpio (var. communis), Cyprinus carpio (var. specularis) and Carassius carassius contributed more than 82.52 % to the total catch by biomass and 50.79 % to the total catch by number. Shannon-Wiener diversity index showed maximum value (1.476) during summer and minimum value (1.195) during autumn. Similarly, Pielou’s Evenness index and Simpson’s dominance index also showed maximum values (0.856 and 0.645) in summer and minimum values (0.738 and 0.438) in autumn respectively. The study revealed that there was a drastic decline in the native Schizothorax due to encroachment, pollution and other anthropogenic disturbances. Many fish species that had been reported in the lake in the earlier studies were not reported in this study, indicating their disappearance from the lake. Keeping in view the progressively worse situation, there is an urgent need to take remedial steps to conserve the endangered native fish fauna of the lake in order to preserve its biodiversity from further degradation. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.15407/zoo2024.02.137 |
| first_indexed | 2025-07-17T12:36:39Z |
| format | Article |
| fulltext |
© Publisher Publishing House "Akademperiodyka" of the NAS of Ukraine, 2024. Th e article is published under
an open access license CC BY-NC-ND (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
UDC 597.2/.5(235.243)
ICHTHYOFAUNAL DIVERSITY OF A RAMSAR SITE IN KASHMIR
HIMALAYAS — WULAR LAKE
S. T. Mushtaq*, M. H. Balkhi, F. A. Bhat & S. A. Mushtaq
Faculty of Fisheries, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology
Kashmir, Rangil, Ganderbal-190006, India
*Corresponding author
E-mail: syedtalia2020@gmail.com
S. T. Mushtaq (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2287-6690
M. H. Balkhi (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8075-5889)
F. A. Bhat (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8741-5334)
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:5F94DC20-5475-4C48-88CB-999CB6FD34EB
Ichthyofaunal Diversity of a Ramsar Site in Kashmir Himalayas — Wular Lake. Mushtaq, S. T.,
Balkhi, M. H., Bhat, F. A. & Mushtaq, S. A. — Th e present study was undertaken in order to assess
the current status of ichthyofaunal diversity of one of Asia’s largest freshwater lakes — Wular, India.
In this study the sampling was carried out every month at 5 diff erent sites of Wular Lake which were
selected on the basis of diff erent ecological niches. A total of 738 fi sh species were collected during the
entire study. Th e ichthyofaunal biodiversity observed in this study belonged to 2 orders, 2 families, 4 sub
families and 6 genera. Th e carps viz. Cyprinus carpio (var. communis), Cyprinus carpio (var. specularis)
and Carassius carassius contributed more than 82.52 % to the total catch by biomass and 50.79 % to the
total catch by number. Shannon-Wiener diversity index showed maximum value (1.476) during summer
and minimum value (1.195) during autumn. Similarly, Pielou’s Evenness index and Simpson’s dominance
index also showed maximum values (0.856 and 0.645) in summer and minimum values (0.738 and 0.438)
in autumn respectively. Th e study revealed that there was a drastic decline in the native Schizothorax
due to encroachment, pollution and other anthropogenic disturbances. Many fi sh species that had been
reported in the lake in the earlier studies were not reported in this study, indicating their disappearance
from the lake. Keeping in view the progressively worse situation, there is an urgent need to take remedial
steps to conserve the endangered native fi sh fauna of the lake in order to preserve its biodiversity from
further degradation.
Key words : anthropogenic, Himalayas, Wular Lake, endangered, biodiversity, ichthyofauna.
Zoodiversity, 58(2):137–150, 2024
DOI 10.15407/zoo2024.02.137
Ecology
138 S. T. Mushtaq, M. H. Balkhi, F. A. Bhat & S. A. Mushtaq
Introduction
Th e aquatic ecosystems around the world in general, and in the vulnerable areas such as Himalayas
in particular, are facing an ever increasing threat from anthropogenic activities which necessitate a better
understanding of the freshwater biodiversity for its conservation. Th e conservation of biodiversity is related
to environmental changes that occur on a global scale which include climate change, change of land use and
land cover etc (Gude et al., 2007; Liu et al., 2011). Unfortunately over the last decade, there has been a rapid
change in ecosystems than ever before, due to which the biodiversity had decreased rapidly (Balmford et al.,
2003). Th is loss is followed by the loss of knowledge of biodiversity which is more obvious among people who
totally depend on the natural ecosystems for their survival and sustenance. India is one of the mega biodiversity
hotspots in the world and occupies 9th position in terms of freshwater biodiversity (Mittermeier & Mittermeier,
1997). Th e country has numerous water bodies ranging from coldwater/hill streams, brackish waters, estuaries,
wetlands and marine waters. Th ese water bodies are home to a wide variety of fi shes. Among all the diff erent
kinds of water bodies, wetlands occupy an important position as they are critical habitats for waterfowl, fi sh
and other wildlife. Th ese may be defi ned as unique land areas with fl uctuating water levels which have critical
ecological signifi cance and which support a large variety of plant and animal populations. Once such wetland
which also happens to be among Asia’s largest freshwater lakes is Wular. Wular Lake, a Ramsar site is an oxbow
type lake of fl uviatile origin, located in District Bandipora in the Union territory of Jammu and Kashmir. It acts
as a huge absorption basin for annual fl ood waters and accounts for 60 % of the total fi sh production in the state.
However, due to encroachments, increase in silt content, use of fertilizers and pesticides and other solid wastes
which fi nd their way in the lake through runoff s, the lake is under tremendous pressure.
Th e Wular lake is one of Asia’s largest freshwater lakes located in north Kashmir between geographical
coordinates of 34°17'–34.25' N and 74°30'–74.40' E. Th e lake is known for its diverse fi sh fauna as it is home
to a number of fi sh species dominated by cyprinids, with the most common species being Cyprinus carpio var.
communis, Schizothorax esocinus, Schizothorax curvifrons and Schizothorax niger.
Th e forces which change the abundance and distribution of wetlands have an aff ect on the diversity
and persistence of the fl ora and fauna of the wetland as well. Unfortunately, as a result of increased human
intervention coupled with increased fi shing pressure, the endemic fi sh populations have declined dramatically
over the years providing alarming signals of accelerated loss of biodiversity. Eff orts are being made to protect
and conserve the fi sh fauna of Wular Lake, including the establishment of protected areas and the regulation of
fi shing practices. However, the lake faces a number of threats, including pollution, habitat loss, and overfi shing,
which can have signifi cant impacts on fi sh populations and their habitats. In order to assess the current status of
fi sh species availability including species richness and evenness, the study was undertaken with an aim to frame
recommendations to prevent degradation of the wetland.
Materials and Methods
Study area
Wular Lake is the largest water body of South Asia. Its open water area at present is 16 km2 and is spread in
two districts of Kashmir valley viz. Bandipora and Baramulla. During the present study fi ve sites were selected
for sampling (fi g. 1) on the basis of factors like feasibility, accessibility, availability of fi shers, off shore and
inshore sites and diff erent ecological niches.
Study s i tes
1. Ningli 34°17'–15.8' N and 74°30'–24.9' E
2. Central Site 34°17'–74.31' N and 74°31'–29.8' E
3. Watlab Ghat 34°21'–29.4' N and 74°31'–42.8' E
4. Ashtung 34°24'–14.8' N and 74°32'–34.9' E
5. Vintage Park 34°21'–51.5' N and 74°39'–42.0' E
Col lect ion and preservat ion of f i sh
Th e present study was carried out from December, 2014 to November, 2015 for a period of one year.
Fishes were collected on a monthly basis with the help of local fi shermen operating cast nets for catching fi sh
in the morning hours. Th e total catch (number and weight) was recorded on each site with help of a digital
balance. Th e representative samples were brought to the laboratory at Faculty of Fisheries, Rangil, Ganderbal
and preserved in 10 % formalin in separate jars according to the size (Misra, 1962; Munro, 2000).
139Ichthyofaunal diversity of a Ramsar site in Kashmir Himalayas — Wular Lake
Fig. 1. Location of study sites in the Lake Wular.
140 S. T. Mushtaq, M. H. Balkhi, F. A. Bhat & S. A. Mushtaq
Identification of fish
Identifi cation of fi sh samples was done by using standard taxonomical works of Day (1877) and Kullander
et al. (1999).
Biodivers i ty Studies
A. Shannon’s Divers i ty Index
Th e Shannon Diversity Index was computed with the help of the following formula (Shannon and Weiner,
1949)
H' = – pi lnpi ,
S
i=1 ,
where pi = probability of each species (ni /N).
N = total number of individuals in ‘S’ species.
ni = number of individuals in ith species.
B. Index of Dominance
Th e index of dominance was computed using the following formula (E. W. Simpson, 1949):
,
where N = total number of individuals.
ni = number of individuals in each species.
C. Evenness Index
Th e evenness index was computed with the following formula (E. C. Pielou, 1966):
,
where H' = species diversity index.
S = total number of species.
Stat is t ica l analys is
Th e results obtained for biodiversity indices were interpreted with the help of statistical methods using
Microsoft excel, SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) for Windows and PAST (Paleontological
Statistics) soft ware respectively.
Results and Discussion
Any fishing operation’s catch composition indicates the variety of fish present in the
area, which in turn aids in a better knowledge of the water body’s biodiversity. Numerous
scientists have investigated the fish flora in the water bodies that dot the Kashmir valley.
However, Heckel made the first attempt to describe the fish species of Kashmir in 1838,
naming sixteen species from this area. This was followed by Silas in 1960, who reported
28 fish species, Das and Subla in 1963, who reported 36 species, Nath in 1986, who reported
42 species, and so on. Additionally, Saxena and Koul (1966) classified 39 species from the
area based on a literature review, whereas Yousuf (1996) only identified 37 species.
Fish have been regarded as an effective biological indicator of environmental quality
and anthropogenic stress in aquatic ecosystems (Simon & Lyons, 1995; Bhat, 2003; Jay-
alekshmy and Sanalkumar, 2012) not only because of their iconic value, but also because
of sensitivity to subtle environmental changes. They represent a wide range of tolerance at
community level. Today the fish diversity and associated habitats management is a great
challenge (Dudgeon et al., 2006). During the present investigation, a total of 8 species of fish
belonging to two orders (Cypriniformes and Siluriformes), two families (Cyprinidae and
Cobitidae), and four sub-families (Cyprininae, Schizothoracinae, Garrinae and Nemachili-
nae) were recorded at five different sites of Wular Lake (fig. 2). These included Cyprinus
141Ichthyofaunal diversity of a Ramsar site in Kashmir Himalayas — Wular Lake
carpio (var. communis), Cyprinus carpio (var. specularis) (Lacepede, 1803), Carassius caras-
sius (Linnaeus, 1758), Schizothorax niger, Schizothorax esocinus, Schizothorax curvifrons,
Crossochelius diplochilus (Heckel, 1838), Triplophysa marmorata (Heckel, 1838) and Pun-
tius conchonius (Hamilton, 1822). The commercially important species were Cyprinus car-
pio (var. Communis), Cyprinus carpio (var. Specularis), Carassius carassius, Schizothorax
niger, Schizothorax esocinus and Schizothorax curvifrons. However, in a survey carried out
during 1990–1997 covering the Jhelum River from Sopore to Uri and the three valley lakes,
viz., Wular, Manasbal and Dal, Kullander et al. (1999) described 18 fish species, out of
which 14 were native and 4 introduced. Bhat et al. (2020) reported 120 species in a variety
of aquatic systems in J & K, 105 species were documented from Jammu region 23 from
Kashmir valley and 15 from the Ladakh region. Recent surveys carried out by NIAE and
JKLWWDA (2000) indicate occurrence of 13 fish species from Jhelum and associated lakes
including Wular. Ahmed et al. (2017) reported 14 species of fish species from Jhelum and
Dal lake and found S. plagiostomus to be abundant. It is evident from a comparison of the
survey’s findings with earlier research that the number of fish species has decreased over
time. Several authors have also claimed that over the past few decades, India’s fish biodi-
versity has rapidly decreased as a result of environmental degradation and human activities
like damming, water abstraction, and pollution. These activities have put natural water
bodies, specifically lakes and rivers, under extreme stress, which has had a catastrophic
impact on fish diversity (Pandey & Das, 2006; Lakra & Pandey, 2009). Balkhi (2004) noted
that there is a decline in fish species with respect to environmental degradation and sup-
ported the diminishing number of fish species as revealed in the current study. Qadri et al.
(2018) discovered 8 species from Wular Lake and was found to be dominated by Cyprinus
carpio (var. communis). Leveque (2008) also reported that overexploitation, flow modifica-
tion, destruction of habitats, and invasion by exotic species, pollution and eutrophication
are major threats to fish biodiversity. Sultan and Kant (2016) reported 9 species of fish and
their study indicated that there is the reduction in diversity in river Jhelum. That may be
because of the degrading water quality conditions which is in agreement with Pastorino
et al. (2021) who reported that harsh environment condition limits the biodiversity of the
ecosystem.
The analysis of fish catch during the study period showed that both varieties of Com-
mon carp viz. Cyprinus carpio (var. communis) and Cyprinus carpio (var. specularis) have
gained dominance over the indigenous snow trouts (table 1). Cyprinus carpio var. com-
munis contributed 45.73 % by biomass and 32.8 % by number followed by Cyprinus carpio
var. specularis contributing 35.08 % by biomass and 19.06 % by number. However, Caras-
sius carassius recorded a significantly lesser catch and contributed 1.71 % by biomass and
8.93 % by number. Overall, the carps contributed 82.52 % by biomass and 60.79 % by num-
ber to the total catch (figs 3 and 4). The dominance of Cyprinids at all sites as seen during
the present study is also in accordance with the observations of Dutta et al. (2002); Dutta,
(2003); Dutta and Kour (2005); Kaur (2006); Johnson and Arunachalam (2010); Kantaraj
et al. (2011); Johnson et al. (2012); Murugan and Prabaharan (2012); Mishra (2013) who
attributed it to their high adaptive variability to occupy all possible habitats. Due to their
high fertility, common carp have an adaptive advantage over other species in how they use
lake resources for growth (Das & Subla, 1963). Additional elements that contribute to the
common carp’s dominance over other fish species include its long spawning season, access
to water resources, high fecundity, and prolific breeding habits. The months of June and
July had the highest catches of both common carp strains, Cyprinus carpio var. communis
and Cyprinus carpio var. specularis, in terms of biomass and quantity. This might be ex-
142 S. T. Mushtaq, M. H. Balkhi, F. A. Bhat & S. A. Mushtaq
plained by summer’s higher temperatures and increased food supply. Besides, Common
carp is known to spawn during May to July and the planktonic peaks from March to April
and July to August concur with the spawning activity of summer and autumn spawners,
thus contributing to the high catch rates during summer months.
Schizothorax niger, Schizothirax esocinus, and Schizothrax curvifrons, were the three
Schizothoracid species that made up the majority of the catch (Heckel, 1838). Schizothorax
niger, which contributed 8.33 % by biomass and 10.6 % by number, had the highest catch
based on biomass, followed by Schizothorax esocinus, which contributed 5.09 % by biomass
and 6.26 % by number, and Schizothorax curvifrons, which contributed 2.14 % by biomass
and 2.26 % by number. Schizothoracids made up 19.12 % of the total biomass and 15.56 %
of the total population (fig. 5). The highest capture was made by Schizothorax niger, while
the lowest was made by Schizothorax curvifrons. Other Schizothorax species, including
Schizothorax plagiostomus (Heckel), Schizothorax micropogon, and others were studied
in the past by the Department of Wildlife Protection, Government of J & K. According
to Balkhi (2004), the fall in the native Schizothoracine population was brought on by the
expansion of shallow peripheral lake areas and the variable water levels in some lakes and
streams’ tributaries. Additionally, the contribution of Schizothoracids to the captures has
gradually decreased as a result of human interference in the aquatic ecosystems of the valley
(Yousuf, 1996; Bhat et al., 2010; Mir & Channa, 2010). Since the introduction of common
carp in 1956, the number of Schizothracine fishes in Wular Lake has significantly declined
(Fotedar & Qadri 1974; Vass et al., 1984). Fish species like Schizothorax richardsonii (Gray)
and Bangana diplostoma, which were formerly common and even widely captured com-
mercially. The highest catch on the basis of biomass and number was seen in the months
of June and July for Schizothorax niger, and Schizothorax esocinus while as the maximum
catch of Schizothorax curvifrons was witnessed in the month of January. The Schizothorac-
ids except Schizothorax niger show breeding migration with the onset of March/April even
up to June (Jyoti & Malhotra, 1975). This also seems to be one of the reasons for higher
catch of fishes during the months. Sunder et al., 1978; Yousuf, 1996; Shafi et al., 2005 and
Bhat et al., 2010 reported similar observations in their study.
According to Balkhi (2004), the fall in the native Schizothoracine population was
brought on by the expansion of shallow peripheral lake areas and the variable water levels
in some lakes and streams’ tributaries. The other smaller fish species, including Triplophysa
marmorata, Crossocheilus diplochilus and Puntius conchonius formed a very low percent-
age of the catch (1.86 % by biomass and 19.99 % by number), with each species contribut-
ing 1.40 % by biomass and 9.73 % by number, 0.28 % by biomass and 4.66 % by number,
and 0.18 % by biomass, respectively. Triplophysa marmorata (Heckel, 1838), Crossocheilus
diplochilus (Heckel1, 1838), and Puntius conchonius were the three smallest fish species
with the highest reported catches. This may be explained by their adaptability to many
ecosystems, inability to serve as food to locals due to their small size, hardy nature, and
tolerance for high pollution levels. In the course of the investigation, it was found that
Wular Lake has gradually shrunk, as evidenced by the low water depths of 1.7 m in the
winter and 3.06 m in the summer, which contrasted with the maximum average depth of
5.8 m as recorded by Pandit, 2002. The shallow lake waters, which offer these fishes a good
environment, may be the cause of the abundance of a wide variety of smaller fishes. This
fact is further supported by Othman et al. (2001), who said that the existence of smaller fish
species like Puntius conchonius from shallow and much polluted locations indicated their
hardiness, maintaining the species as a common one in different water bodies. In his study
on stream fishes in the Western Ghats, Arunachalam (2000) noted that non-cyprinids like
143Ichthyofaunal diversity of a Ramsar site in Kashmir Himalayas — Wular Lake
balitorids are primarily found at pool borders and shallow waters. Bhat et al., 2013 obtained
similar results and reported that Triplophysa kashmirensis and Crossocheilus diplochilus
were restricted primarily to those areas of Lidder stream which had shallow depth and slow
water current velocity.
The term“biodiversity” refers to the numerous types of living species that live in ter-
restrial, marine, and freshwater habitats and is expressed at all levels of biological organ-
isation, from the cell to the ecosystem. Depending on the context and scale, ichthyofaunal
diversity can refer to different fish species, alleles or genotypes within life forms within a
fish community, or species or life forms throughout aquatic regimes. To investigate the
variables impacting the structure of the fish community, studies of geographical and tem-
poral patterns of diversity, distribution, and species composition of freshwater fishes are
helpful. The diversity and health of fish species are also significant indicators of the ecologi-
cal well-being of water bodies.
The term“biodiversity” refers to a vast array of different types of living things in all
levels of the biosphere, from the cellular to the ecosystem.Two things make up “Species
diversity”: the quantity or richness of species and the distribution of individuals among
species. Numerous studies examining a wide range of ecosystems and creatures reveal that
habitat heterogeneity and ecosystem productivity have a substantial positive correlation
with species richness. The fish fauna of Jammu and Kashmir has been the subject of exten-
sive research. Chalkoo et al. (2006), Arjumand (2006), and Mushtaq et al. (2018) are a few
notable examples of recent efforts.
The Shannon-Weiner diversity (H') index takes into account both the number of spe-
cies and how individuals are distributed among them. This index considers both the total
number of people and taxa. Wilhm and Dorris (1966) determined that a Shannon-Weiner
diversity (H') value > 3 indicated clean water, 1.00 to 3.00 indicated moderately polluted
water, and 1.00 indicated severely polluted water. This classification places the Wular wet-
land in the group of moderately contaminated waterways. While Osborne et al. (1976)
and Godfrey (1978) observed values ranging from 0.14 to 2.69 and from 1.938 to 5.34,
respectively, Mackey et al. (1973) reported that the Shannon index ranged from 1.3 to 2.5.
When both the number of species and evenness, e increase, Shannon-Weiner diversity,
(H') values rise. The value of H' is maximised for a given number of species when all species
are equally prevalent. The value of H' typically ranges from 1.5 to 3.5, and it hardly ever
rises above 4.5. A number close to 4.6 would suggest that all species have an equal number
of individuals (Bibi and Ali, 2013). However, the current study discovered that the value
of H’ was highest in the summer (H' = 1.476) and lowest in the fall (H' = 1.195), indicating
a relatively low diversity (table 2). When the Shannon-Weiner diversity index varied from
3.0–4.5, Biligrami (1988) advised better water body condition for fish diversity. The non-
available and less availability of some fish species indicates the alarming decline of the fish
diversity in the study area. The present results are in agreement with Welcomme (1985),
Bayley and Li (1994), Granado (2000), Slavik and Bartos (2001), Offem et al. (2011), Hina
(2010) and Patra et al. (2010). The Shannon-Weaver index serves as a sensitive pollution
indicator. It is a result of both the diversity of species and the uniformity of individual
distribution across taxa (Klemm et al., 1990). The very low Shannon index indicates that
Wular Lake’s fish diversity is extremely low as a result of pollution and other unfavourable
environmental factors. Growing human populations and economic growth are the primary
causes of Wular’s declining fish variety, according to the Simpson index and Evenness (Wu
et al., 1999). Human activity has the potential to influence biological, chemical, and physi-
cal processes, changing the nature of the lakes in the process. The following factors have an
144 S. T. Mushtaq, M. H. Balkhi, F. A. Bhat & S. A. Mushtaq
impact on Wular Lake’s ecology and biodiversity: (i) direct dumping of untreated sewage
from densely populated areas The following factors have an impact on the ecology and
biodiversity of Wular Lake: (i) direct discharge of untreated sewage from agriculture and
highly populated village activities; (ii) watershed runoff; (iii) pressure from tourists; (iv)
sand mining; channelization and impoundment; and (v) illicit fishing. As noted by Hynes
(1960) in his study, the interaction of these danger variables has an impact on biodiversity
and puts freshwater species in particular at risk.
Pielou’s index (J) is an evenness measurement index that assesses how evenly in-
dividuals are distributed among the current taxa. During the study period, Site C had
the highest Pielou’s index (0.9609) and Site E had the lowest (0.3333); seasonally, the
highest and lowest values were 0.856 in summer and 0.738 in autumn, respectively.
Fig. 2. Fishes caught during sampling: A — Cyprinus carpio var. specularis; B — Cyprinus carpio var. specu-
laris; C — Carassius carassius; D — Puntius conchonius; E — Schizothorax niger; F — Schizothorax curvifrons;
G — Schizothorax esocinus; H — Crossocheilus diplochilus; I — Triplophysa marmorata.
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
145Ichthyofaunal diversity of a Ramsar site in Kashmir Himalayas — Wular Lake
Since this index’s value was close to 1, it is possible that the community’s population of
fish was more uniformly distributed (Emmanuel and Modupe, 2010). The maximum
evenness value (0.99), according to Murugan and Prabharan (2012), was observed in
the late monsoon, indicating a well-balanced and abundant fauna during the monsoon
and post-monsoon.
When two people are randomly chosen from a sample, Simpson’s dominance index
(I D) calculates the likelihood that they will be of the same species. The Simpson’s index
during the current inquiry was highest at Site A (0.7684) in the winter and lowest at Site E
(0.1481) in the autumn. This index has a value between 0 and 1; the higher the number,
the more diverse the sample. It may be deduced that Site A had the highest concentration
of fish species while Site E had the lowest concentration. Seasonally, the values varied from
0.645 in the summer to 0.438 in the fall, indicating more species dominance in the summer
and less dominance in the autumn (fig. 6).
The fish density in Kashmir’s lentic and lotic water systems has been negatively
impacted by the numerous anthropogenic stresses along the watershed area (Khan,
2004). A key issue for this wetland is the numerous anthropogenic hazards that have
been seen during the course of the study, such as deforestation in catchment areas
and non-point pollution from agricultural fields with insecticides, herbicides, wee-
dicides, and chemical fertilisers. According to Khan (2004), anthropogenic pressure
along catchments has negatively impacted the fish density in Kashmir’s lentic and lotic
waterways. Fish diversity is seriously threatened by unsustainable fishing practises and
the discharge of sewage into the lake (Ahmad et al., 2012). According to Dudgeon et al.,
2006 the major threat of the aquatic ecosystem in India is the intense human interven-
tions resulting in the habitat loss and degradation and as a consequence of this many
fresh water fish species have become endangered. It is noted that during the present
study the wetland receives domestic sewage from adjoining villages and cities and the
introduction of two exotic fish species have also been established well into this wetland
posing a major threat to its native fish fauna. From the investigation, a number of fac-
tors, such as habitat loss, siltation, water pollution from household waste, pesticides,
and agrochemicals, destruction of breeding and nursery grounds due to willow planta-
tions, and conversion of lake area into agricultural lands, are to blame for the declining
biodiversity of fishes in the Wular wetland. The feeding and spawning of fish were
negatively impacted by the increasing silt load and altered temperature regime of the
channel.
T a b l e 1 . Contribution of diff erent fi sh species to the total fi sh catch from Wular Lake
Site No. Fish species caught
Biomass Number
weight, kg composition, % number composition, %
1 Schizothorax niger 16.34 8.33 80 10.6
2 Schizothorax esocinus 9.98 5.09 47 6.26
3 Schizothorax curvifrons 4.21 2.14 17 2.26
4 a Cyprinus carpio var. communis 89.63 45.73 246 32.8
4 b Cyprinus carpio var. specularis 68.76 35.08 143 19.06
5 Carassius carassius 3.37 1.71 67 8.93
6 Triplophysa marmorata 2.76 1.40 73 9.73
7 Crossocheilus diplochilus 0.55 0.28 35 4.66
8 Puntius conchonius 0.37 0.18 42 5.6
Total Catch 195.97 100 738 100
146 S. T. Mushtaq, M. H. Balkhi, F. A. Bhat & S. A. Mushtaq
Fig. 3. Graphical representation of fi shes caught by weight.
Fig. 4. Graphical representation of fi shes caught by number.
Weight % composition
Schizothorax niger
Cyprinus carpio var. communis
1,4
1,71
2,14
5,09
8,33
45,73
35,08
0,180,28
Cyprinus carpio var. specularis
Schizothirax esocinus
Triplophysa marmorata Crossocheilus diplochilus
Carassius carassius
Puntius conchonius
Schizothrax curvifrons
Number % composition
100
10,6
32,8
19,06
6,26
8,93
9,73
4,665,6
2,26
Schizothorax niger
Cyprinus carpio var. communis Cyprinus carpio var. specularis
Schizothirax esocinus
Triplophysa marmorata
Total Catch
Crossocheilus diplochilus
Carassius carassius
Puntius conchonius
Schizothrax curvifrons
5020
40
60
80
100
100
150
250
250
00
Sch
izo
thora
x n
ige
r
Cypr
inus ca
rpi
o v
ar.
co
mmunis
Cypr
inus ca
rpi
o v
ar.
sp
ecu
lar
is
Sch
izo
thira
x e
soc
inus
Trip
lop
hysa
m
arm
ora
ta
Cros
soc
heilu
s d
ipl
och
ilu
s
Cara
ssiu
s ca
rassiu
s
Cara
ssiu
s ca
rassiu
s
Puntiu
s co
nchon
ius
Sch
izo
thrax c
urvi
fro
ns
W
ei
gh
t (
kg
)
Weight and Number of fish species caught
N
um
be
r
Sch
izo
thora
x n
ige
r
Cypr
inus ca
rpi
o v
ar.
co
mmunis
Cypr
inus ca
rpi
o v
ar.
sp
ecu
lar
is
Sch
izo
thira
x e
soc
inus
Trip
lop
hysa
m
arm
ora
ta
Cros
soc
heilu
s d
ipl
och
ilu
s
Puntiu
s co
nchon
ius
Sch
izo
thrax c
urvi
fro
ns
Fig. 5. Graphical representation of fi shes caught by both weight and number.
147Ichthyofaunal diversity of a Ramsar site in Kashmir Himalayas — Wular Lake
T a b l e 2 . Mean biodiversity indices for diff erent fi sh species of Wular Lake, Kashmir
Month Season Shannon-Wiener
Diversity Index
Pielou’s Evenness
Index
Simpson’s Dominance
Index
December Winter 1.336 0.7372 0.539
January 1.549 0.9397 0.647
February 1.317 0.7523 0.575
Mean 1.400 0.809 0.587
March Spring 1.437 0.888 0.632
April 1.372 0.711 0.535
May 1.338 0.895 0.683
Mean 1.382 0.831 0.616
June Summer 1.531 0.865 0.692
July 1.465 0.876 0.694
August 1.433 0.829 0.550
Mean 1.476 0.856 0.645
September Autumn 1.190 0.717 0.680
October 1.326 0.748 0.390
November 1.070 0.750 0.245
Mean 1.195 0.738 0.438
Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index
Winter
D
ec
em
be
r
Ja
nu
ar
y
Fe
br
ua
ry
M
ar
ch
Ap
ril
M
ay
0
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
1,2
1,4
1,6
1,8
0,2
Ju
ly
Au
gu
st
Se
pt
em
be
r
O
ct
ob
er
N
ov
em
be
r
Ju
ne
Spring Summer Autumn
Pielou’s Evennes Index Simpson’s Dominance Index
Fig. 6. Graphical representation of Diversity indices.
Conclusion
The present study reveals that many factors are responsible for the decreasing
biodiversity of fishes in the lake. These include habitat loss, siltation, water pollution
caused by domestic wastes, pesticides and agrochemicals, destruction of breeding and
nursery grounds due to willow plantation and conversion of lake areas into agricultural
lands. Further the degrading water quality followed by increasing silt load along with
changed temperature regime of channel has resulted in the prolific growth of aquatic
vegetation, which has caused decline in fish populations by affecting the feeding and
spawning.
148 S. T. Mushtaq, M. H. Balkhi, F. A. Bhat & S. A. Mushtaq
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Received 8 May 2023
Accepted 22 February 2024
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/HRV (Za stvaranje Adobe PDF dokumenata najpogodnijih za visokokvalitetni ispis prije tiskanja koristite ove postavke. Stvoreni PDF dokumenti mogu se otvoriti Acrobat i Adobe Reader 5.0 i kasnijim verzijama.)
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/NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit. De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 5.0 en hoger.)
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| id | oai:ojs.akademperiodyka.org.ua:article-498 |
| institution | Zoodiversity |
| issn | 2707-7268 |
| keywords_txt_mv | |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2026-08-21T01:01:35Z |
| publishDate | 2024 |
| publisher | Publishing House "Akademperiodyka" of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| record_format | ojs |
| resource_txt_mv | ojsakademperiodykaorgua/47/5dec4b4d2810d16efe057fe4b33dc047.pdf |
| spelling | oai:ojs.akademperiodyka.org.ua:article-4982026-08-20T12:36:51Z Ichthyofaunal diversity of a Ramsar site in Kashmir Himalayas -Wular Lake Mushtaq, S. T. Balkhi, M. H. Bhat , F. A. Mushtaq, S. A. anthropogenic Himalayas Wular Lake endangered biodiversity ichthyofauna The present study was undertaken in order to assess the current status of ichthyofaunal diversity of one of Asia’s largest freshwater lakes — Wular, India.&nbsp; In this study the sampling was carried out every month at 5 different sites of Wular Lake which were selected on the basis of different ecological niches. A total of 738 fish species were collected during the entire study. The ichthyofaunal biodiversity observed in this study belonged to 2 orders, 2 families, 4 sub families and 6 genera. The carps viz. Cyprinus carpio (var. communis), Cyprinus carpio (var. specularis) and Carassius carassius contributed more than 82.52 % to the total catch by biomass and 50.79 % to the total catch by number. Shannon-Wiener diversity index showed maximum value (1.476) during summer and minimum value (1.195) during autumn. Similarly, Pielou’s Evenness index and Simpson’s dominance index also showed maximum values (0.856 and 0.645) in summer and minimum values (0.738 and 0.438) in autumn respectively. The study revealed that there was a drastic decline in the native Schizothorax due to encroachment, pollution and other anthropogenic disturbances. Many fish species that had been reported in the lake in the earlier studies were not reported in this study, indicating their disappearance from the lake. Keeping in view the progressively worse situation, there is an urgent need to take remedial steps to conserve the endangered native fish fauna of the lake in order to preserve its biodiversity from further degradation. Publishing House "Akademperiodyka" of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine 2024-02-14 Article Article application/pdf https://ojs.akademperiodyka.org.ua/index.php/Zoodiversity/article/view/498 10.15407/zoo2024.02.137 Zoodiversity; Vol. 58 No. 2 (2024): Zoodiversity Zoodiversity (Vestnik Zoologii); Том 58 № 2 (2024): Zoodiversity 2707-7268 2707-725X 10.15407/zoo2024.02 en https://ojs.akademperiodyka.org.ua/index.php/Zoodiversity/article/view/498/254 Copyright (c) 2024 Talia Syed |
| spellingShingle | Mushtaq, S. T. Balkhi, M. H. Bhat , F. A. Mushtaq, S. A. Ichthyofaunal diversity of a Ramsar site in Kashmir Himalayas -Wular Lake |
| title | Ichthyofaunal diversity of a Ramsar site in Kashmir Himalayas -Wular Lake |
| title_full | Ichthyofaunal diversity of a Ramsar site in Kashmir Himalayas -Wular Lake |
| title_fullStr | Ichthyofaunal diversity of a Ramsar site in Kashmir Himalayas -Wular Lake |
| title_full_unstemmed | Ichthyofaunal diversity of a Ramsar site in Kashmir Himalayas -Wular Lake |
| title_short | Ichthyofaunal diversity of a Ramsar site in Kashmir Himalayas -Wular Lake |
| title_sort | ichthyofaunal diversity of a ramsar site in kashmir himalayas -wular lake |
| topic_facet | anthropogenic Himalayas Wular Lake endangered biodiversity ichthyofauna |
| url | https://ojs.akademperiodyka.org.ua/index.php/Zoodiversity/article/view/498 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT mushtaqst ichthyofaunaldiversityofaramsarsiteinkashmirhimalayaswularlake AT balkhimh ichthyofaunaldiversityofaramsarsiteinkashmirhimalayaswularlake AT bhatfa ichthyofaunaldiversityofaramsarsiteinkashmirhimalayaswularlake AT mushtaqsa ichthyofaunaldiversityofaramsarsiteinkashmirhimalayaswularlake |