Otolith Mass Asymmetry of Pampus candidus (Osteichthyes, Stromatidae) from Iraqi Marine Waters
The otolith mass asymmetry of the fish species Pampus candidus was assessed. The findings indicated a significant level of asymmetry comparison with similar studies on other fish species. The level of asymmetry was shown to increase with the size of the fish, where the utmost estimate of the otolith...
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| author | Qasim, A. Jawad, L. |
| author_facet | Qasim, A. Jawad, L. |
| author_institution_txt_mv | [
{
"author": "A. Qasim",
"institution": "Marine Science Centre, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq ",
"orcid": ""
},
{
"author": "L. Jawad",
"institution": "School of Environmental and Animal Sciences, Unitec Institute of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand",
"orcid": ""
}
] |
| author_sort | Qasim, A. |
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| description | The otolith mass asymmetry of the fish species Pampus candidus was assessed. The findings indicated a significant level of asymmetry comparison with similar studies on other fish species. The level of asymmetry was shown to increase with the size of the fish, where the utmost estimate of the otolith weight irregularity was obtained. The detected otolith asymmetry may be linked to pollutants in the sampling area. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.15407/zoo2024.05.403 |
| first_indexed | 2025-07-17T12:37:03Z |
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© Publisher Publishing House "Akademperiodyka" of the NAS of Ukraine, 2024. Th e article is published under
an open access license CC BY-NC-ND (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
UDC 597.4/.5(567)
OTOLITH MASS ASYMMETRY OF PAMPUS CANDIDUS
(OSTEICHTHYES, STROMATIDAE) FROM IRAQI MARINE
WATERS
A. Qasim1 & L. A. Jawad2*
1Marine Science Centre, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq
2School of Environmental and Animal Sciences, Unitec Institute of Technology, 139 Carrington Road,
Mt Albert, Auckland 1025, New Zealand
*Corresponding author
E-mail: audai.qasim@uobasrah.edu.iq, laith_jawad@hotmail.com
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:AFDF79F2-9A15-4F3D-87F4-52C66CAD2924
Otolith Mass Asymmetry of Pampus candidus (Osteichthyes, Stromatidae) from Iraqi Marine
Waters. Qasim, A. & Jawad, L. A. — Th e otolith mass asymmetry of the fi sh species Pampus candidus
(Cuvier, 1833) was assessed. Th e fi ndings indicated a signifi cant level of asymmetry comparison with
similar studies on other fi sh species. Th e level of asymmetry was shown to increase with the size of the fi sh,
where the utmost estimate of the otolith weight irregularity was obtained. Th e detected otolith asymmetry
may be linked to pollutants in the sampling area.
Key words : Ecology, Khor Abdullah, fi sh size, environment, pollution, Arabian Gulf.
Introduction
Th e otoliths, sometimes known as ear bones, were rigid anatomical structures situated within the intrinsic
auditory system of vertebrates that assist as sound receptors and balance organs (Schulz-Mirbach & Ladich,
2016; Tuset et al., 2021). In most species the sagitta is large, but in some species like Cypriniformes the aster-
iscus is the largest, and in Siluriformes, Characiformes, and Gymnotiformes the lapillus is the largest (Berra &
Aday, 2004). Th ese structures have been the basis of fundamental studies until today (Yu et al., 2014; Yilmaz et
al., 2015; Jawad et al., 2017; Bostanci & Yedier, 2018; Ozpicak et al., 2021; Pavlov, 2022; Qasim et al., 2022; Jawad
et al., 2023). Th e external features of otoliths are very exclusive and fl uctuate greatly throughout fi sh families,
but they can also be rather species-specifi c (Maisey, 1987). Recently, several investigations were published to
disclose that otolith mass asymmetry is a very signifi cant study area due to its role in acoustic performance
(Lychakov et al., 2006; Jawad et al., 2011; Jawad et al., 2017; Yedier et al., 2018; Bouriga et al., 2021; Jawad et al.,
2021). Due to its quantifying practicalities, the otoliths form an outstanding biological model for investigating
the physiological implication of otolith weight irregularity (Lychakov et al., 2006).
Otolith shape is hereditarily controlled (L’Abée-Lund, 1988 and Jawad et al., 2021). However, environ-
mental factors can aff ect the fi sh’s metabolism, which later disturbs the body’s cell development and therefore
the calcium deposition amount placed in otoliths (Cardinale et al. 2004, Galley et al., 2006; Stransky et al.,
2008). Other infl uences, like the growth phases as characterized by the length of the fi sh (Hüssy 2008), age (Cas-
tonguay et al., 1991), and reaching adulthood (Mérigot et al., 2007), might likewise be bearing on the surface
morphology of the otoliths.
Zoodiversity, 58(5):403–410, 2024
DOI 10.15407/zoo2024.05.403
404 A. Qasim & L. A. Jawad
Recently, most fi ndings investigating the basis of otolith shape disparity have been dedicated to the
infl uence of external infl uences, such as habitat variables, or species structures, such as genetic constitution or
morphology (Mille et al., 2015). However, only a limited number of studies have explored the possible causes
of individual disparity in otolith external morphology. For instance, the dissimilarity among the otolith mor-
phology in both sides of the fi sh head (denoted to as otolith position end). Th e location of the otolith inside ear
construction of the fi sh revealed that both partitions of the ear structure are precisely similar with ear internal
structure which allow sensing certain movement and otoliths allocated for perceive sound and equilibrium
(Panfi li et al., 2002). Even though several among species modifi cations in the length of the fi sh and the morphol-
ogy of these characters, otoliths are bilaterally even in round fi shes (Popper & Lu, 2000).
Somarakis et al. (1997) suggested that results of changing otolith asymmetry could be a good a valuable
marker of fi sh health. Clark (1992) disclosed that this is an exceptionally sensitive strain indicator. Somarakis et
al. (1997) found no changes in size-related age among the otolith characteristics they examined. Th e investigation
of otolith asymmetry is an aff ordable, straightforward assessment that requires no special treatment or fi eld
facilities and is unaff ected by damage caused by net capture or shrinking.
Normally, the correlation among fi sh external features and changeable irregularity has been inspected for
adult fi shes, and several features have been studied, as well as number of gill rakers, pectoral fi n rays, fi sh body
proportions, eye spot area, and otolith size and shape (Al-Hassan et al., 1990; Al-Hassan & Hassan, 1994; Escos
et al., 1995; Somarakis et al., 1997; Jawad, 2001; Øxnevad et al., 2002; Gonçalves et al., 2002; Jawad 2003, 2004).
Mass otolith irregularity has not ever been assessed in Silver Pomfret P. argenteus wherever within its
distributional range. Th e main aim of this search is to determine the level of two-sided irregularity observed in
the otolith mass of P. candidus specimens obtained from marine water in Iraq.
Material and Methods
Samples of P. candidus (120) (fi g. 1) were captured from drift gillnets, in addition to collecting samples
from the landing site off Khor Abdullah at the southern extent of Iraqi marine waters (fi g. 2). Th e selection of
the specimen’s collecting region was based on its signifi cance as a primary fi shing habitat for the species in
Iraq. Th e presence of otolith asymmetry in P. candidus has the potential to disrupt the larval settling within this
signifi cant fi shing habitat. Th e samples were collected within the time frame of February to September 2019,
at a depth ranging from 10 to 25 meters. Sagittae were removed from the sacculus of the fi sh’s ear, located on
both sides of the fi sh head. Th e fi sh specimens exhibited a range of standard lengths (SL) spanning from 78 to
293 mm. Th e dimensions of the otolith were measured with precision to the near millimeters using a binocular
microscope (fi g. 3). Th e squared coeffi cient of asymmetry variation (CV2
a) served as the basis for statistical
analysis of the mass of the otolith Following Valentine et al. (1973)
CV2
a = (S r-l X∙100/X r + l)2
where X r-1 is the mean of the otolith’s mass, Th e calculation involved the summation of all absolute scores
of the two sides, followed by division by the selected sample size. According to Merilä & Bjöklund (1995) the
estimations of bilateral asymmetry and measurement errors had a minor magnitude and followed a normal
distribution with a mean value of zero. Th e presence of individual imperfections throughout the measuring
process can interfere with the outcomes Analysis of bilateral asymmetry, hence causing ambiguity (Palmer,
1994). Th erefore, in the current investigation, all measures were conducted in duplication by a single individual
to minimize any unintentional errors (Lee & Lysak, 1990). ANOVA was used to compare the coeffi cients of
asymmetry among the various (S.L) classes.
Results
Table 1 presents the asymmetry variables of the otolith mass of P. candidus obtained
from Khor Abdullah, located at the southern border of Iraqi marine waters. The current
study’s findings demonstrated that as fish size increased, so did the value of the otolith mass
asymmetry of P. candidus (table 1).
The percentage of specimens displaying asymmetry in the otolith mass trait exhibited
a positive correlation with the size of the fish. The statistical analysis revealed that the di-
vergence coefficients among the various fish length groups in P. candidus did not reach
statistical significance (P > 0.5).
405Otolith mass asymmetry in Pampus candidus
Discussion
This investigation was conducted in conjunction with the demonstration of two-sided
irregularity in P. candidus otolith mass. The young individual’s ability to live in their appro-
priate habitats may be hampered by the apparent asymmetry in the otolith mass (Gagliano
et al., 2008). The present study examines the variation in otolith weight between the right
and left otoliths in fish species that have available data. These species may exhibit variations
in otolith weight due to sudden differences in their habitats. As a result, this essential dif-
ference in the otolith mass may be considered a bioindicator of pressure in Iraq’s maritime
waters. Comparable work by Qasim et al. (2022). performed on P. candidus collected from
the same area where the specimens of the present study were collected showed that a high
asymmetry level is also noted in the otolith width. This proposes that these features might
be more affected by the ecological impacts, comprising pollution (Jawad, 2003).
Previous studies on otoliths have identified a wide range of benthic and pelagic spe-
cies exhibiting varying degrees of otolith mass irregularity, typically fluctuating from 0.2 to
2 Lychakov et al. (2008), Jawad
& Sadighzadeh (2013), and
Jawad (2013). In the current
investigation, a greater oto-
lith bulk irregularity estimates
for P. candidus explored was
reached. This result backs
those of Bouriga et al. (2021)
on Trachurus mediterraneus
attained from unlike localities
in the Tunisian waters of the
Mediterranean Sea. Bouriga
et al. (2021) associated these
great levels with the biologi-
cal state of these species, their
habitats, and environmental
T a b l e 1 . Squared coeffi cient of otolith asymmetry and character means in the whole sample and by size
class of Pampus candidus collected from the marine waters of Iraq
% of individuals with
asymmetry
Character mean
± SDNCV2
aParameters
0.2011204.2562 ± 0.176Whole fi sh sample
Fish body size classes
730.2009 ± 1.343.7812 ± 0.16570–100
850.2010 ± 1.1103.8932 ± 0.247101–130
890.2013 ± 1.593.9635 ± 0.264131–160
920.2031 ± 1.8203.9864 ± 0.186161–190
950.2011 ± 1.3103.9900 ± 0.193191–220
970.204 ± 1.7494.5745 ± 0.172221–250
980.2034 ± 1.4104.5843 ± 0.168251–280
990.20335 ± 1.384.6542 ±0.193281–310
Fig. 1. Specimen of Pampus candidus, 326 mm TL collected from the
marine waters of Iraq.
406 A. Qasim & L. A. Jawad
impacts, where habitat and human activities effects have a noteworthy pressure on the de-
velopment of otoliths (Grønkjær, 2016).
Comparing the outcomes reached in the present study with those obtained by oth-
ers on different species around the world showed that similar and diverse outcomes have
been reached. For example, Jawad (2012) study revealed that the otolith mass of Lutjanus
bengalensis exhibits a high level of asymmetry, as evidenced by the length and width data
found. (Bloch, 1790) attained from the Muscat coast on the Sea of Oman, with a propensity
to upsurge irregularity in the otolith dimensions as the fish grew. Moreover, this irregular-
ity is attributed to the many impurities found in the environment. In addition, Jawad et al.
(2012) studied Sardinella sindensis (Day, 1878) and Sillago sihama (Forsskål, 1775) collect-
ed from the Arabian Gulf near Bandar Abbas, and Jawad et al. (2020) studied Sarotherodon
melanotheron (Rüppell, 1852), and Coptodon guineensis (Günther, 1862) from Lake Ahémé
and Porto-Novo Lagoon, Bénin. Both studies reached comparable conclusions, with the
exception that the otolith mass showed a propensity for an increase in the grade of irregu-
larity with fish length. Yet, according to Al-Busaidi et al. (2017), the measurement of otolith
length and otolith variables examined in Lutjanus ehrenbergii (Peters, 1869) Sea of Oman
samples in Muscat City is considered a valuable indicator of fish length.
The asymmetry observed on the bilateral aspects of the otolith has been suggested by
several researchers to potentially be attributed to hereditary causes (Panfili et al., 2005).
However, this issue cannot be considered at this time because it requires genetic data on
the examined P. candidus.
In general, the current findings contribute to the existing body of knowledge regarding
the otolith characteristics that serve as effective means of differentiating and identifying
the varying asymmetry observed in the right and left otoliths of P. candidus, which were
Fig. 2. Th e map illustrates the designated sampling region for Pampus candidus.
407Otolith mass asymmetry in Pampus candidus
selected for this study. The otolith mass exhibits asymmetry, which can be accredited to
ecological issues such as water temperature, salt, and pollution. Even so, this examina-
tion is considered a preliminary investigation that may involve assessing additional otolith
characteristics like shape feature, circularity, ellipticity, and rectangularity, in addition to
conducting hereditary analysis. These methods are crucial for gaining a comprehensive
understanding of the factors contributing to the varying asymmetry observed in the otolith
pairs of P. candidus currently studied in the marine waters of Iraq.
Confl ict of interest
Th e authors state that there are no confl icts of interest.
Ethical statement
Th is work is based on specimens collected through a routine ichthyological survey by the fi rst author, and
the fi sh specimens obtained from the collection sites were dead. Th erefore, no ethics is required in this case.
Author contribution
Both authors contributed to the study’s conception and design. Material preparation and data collection
were performed by AQ, and the statistical analyses were accomplished by LAJ. Th e fi rst draft of the manuscript
was written by LAJ, and both authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. Both authors read
and approved the fi nal manuscript.
Funding
No fund was obtained for this work.
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Received 31 March 2024
Accepted 16 October 2024
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| id | oai:ojs.akademperiodyka.org.ua:article-623 |
| institution | Zoodiversity |
| issn | 2707-7268 |
| keywords_txt_mv | |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2026-08-21T01:01:42Z |
| publishDate | 2024 |
| publisher | Publishing House "Akademperiodyka" of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| record_format | ojs |
| resource_txt_mv | ojsakademperiodykaorgua/30/20706681dd42e5f46c9c68c806babe30.pdf |
| spelling | oai:ojs.akademperiodyka.org.ua:article-6232026-08-20T12:37:08Z Otolith Mass Asymmetry of Pampus candidus (Osteichthyes, Stromatidae) from Iraqi Marine Waters Qasim, A. Jawad, L. ecology Khor Abdullah fish size environment pollution Arabian Gulf The otolith mass asymmetry of the fish species Pampus candidus was assessed. The findings indicated a significant level of asymmetry comparison with similar studies on other fish species. The level of asymmetry was shown to increase with the size of the fish, where the utmost estimate of the otolith weight irregularity was obtained. The detected otolith asymmetry may be linked to pollutants in the sampling area. Publishing House "Akademperiodyka" of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine 2024-08-27 Article Article application/pdf https://ojs.akademperiodyka.org.ua/index.php/Zoodiversity/article/view/623 10.15407/zoo2024.05.403 Zoodiversity; Vol. 58 No. 5 (2024): Zoodiversity Zoodiversity (Vestnik Zoologii); Том 58 № 5 (2024): Zoodiversity 2707-7268 2707-725X 10.15407/zoo2024.05 en https://ojs.akademperiodyka.org.ua/index.php/Zoodiversity/article/view/623/286 Copyright (c) 2024 Audai Qasim, Laith Jawad |
| spellingShingle | Qasim, A. Jawad, L. Otolith Mass Asymmetry of Pampus candidus (Osteichthyes, Stromatidae) from Iraqi Marine Waters |
| title | Otolith Mass Asymmetry of Pampus candidus (Osteichthyes, Stromatidae) from Iraqi Marine Waters |
| title_full | Otolith Mass Asymmetry of Pampus candidus (Osteichthyes, Stromatidae) from Iraqi Marine Waters |
| title_fullStr | Otolith Mass Asymmetry of Pampus candidus (Osteichthyes, Stromatidae) from Iraqi Marine Waters |
| title_full_unstemmed | Otolith Mass Asymmetry of Pampus candidus (Osteichthyes, Stromatidae) from Iraqi Marine Waters |
| title_short | Otolith Mass Asymmetry of Pampus candidus (Osteichthyes, Stromatidae) from Iraqi Marine Waters |
| title_sort | otolith mass asymmetry of pampus candidus (osteichthyes, stromatidae) from iraqi marine waters |
| topic_facet | ecology Khor Abdullah fish size environment pollution Arabian Gulf |
| url | https://ojs.akademperiodyka.org.ua/index.php/Zoodiversity/article/view/623 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT qasima otolithmassasymmetryofpampuscandidusosteichthyesstromatidaefromiraqimarinewaters AT jawadl otolithmassasymmetryofpampuscandidusosteichthyesstromatidaefromiraqimarinewaters |