Calculation and Analysis of the Reduction of Boil-Off Gas Generation on Floating Storage and Regasification Units
The problem of the formation of boil-off gas (BOG) during the storage of liquefied natural gas on floating storage and regasification units is considered in this paper. The relevance of the study is due to the growing role of LNG infrastructure in the global energy sector, the need to increase the e...
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Інститут енергетичних машин і систем ім. А. М. Підгорного Національної академії наук України
2026
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| author | Нікончук, С. В. |
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| author_institution_txt_mv | [
{
"author": "С. В. Нікончук",
"institution": "Admiral Makarov National University of Shipbuilding"
}
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| description | The problem of the formation of boil-off gas (BOG) during the storage of liquefied natural gas on floating storage and regasification units is considered in this paper. The relevance of the study is due to the growing role of LNG infrastructure in the global energy sector, the need to increase the energy efficiency of cryogenic systems and reduce the load on auxiliary equipment. The purpose of the paper is calculation and analysis of the impact of reducing the heat input on the intensity of boil-off gas formation and the related operational and environmental indicators. Thermodynamic analysis, parametric comparison of calculation modes and assessment of the methane equivalent indicator are applied in this paper. The dependence between the thermal load on the reservoir, the amount of boil-off gas formed and the load on its processing systems has been established. The obtained results can be used for further modeling of thermal processes, improving liquefied natural gas storage systems and substantiating technical solutions for floating regasification complexes. |
| first_indexed | 2026-07-29T01:00:23Z |
| format | Article |
| fulltext |
POWER ENGINEERING
ISSN 2709-2984. Journal of Mechanical Engineering – Problemy Mashynobuduvannia, 2026, vol. 29, no. 2 22
DOI: https://doi.org/10.15407/pmach2026.02.022
UDC 621.1:621.565:629.5
CALCULATION AND ANALYSIS
OF THE REDUCTION
OF BOIL-OFF GAS
GENERATION
ON FLOATING STORAGE AND
REGASIFICATION UNITS
Sergii V. Nikonchuk
serhii.nikonchuk@nuos.edu.ua
ORCID: 0009-0005-2690-1581
Admiral Makarov National
University of Shipbuilding,
9, Heroes of Ukraine Ave., Mykolaiv,
54007, Ukraine
The problem of the formation of boil-off gas (BOG) during the stor-
age of liquefied natural gas on floating storage and regasification
units is considered in this paper. The relevance of the study is due to
the growing role of LNG infrastructure in the global energy sector,
the need to increase the energy efficiency of cryogenic systems and
reduce the load on auxiliary equipment. The purpose of the paper is
calculation and analysis of the impact of reducing the heat input on
the intensity of boil-off gas formation and the related operational
and environmental indicators. Thermodynamic analysis, parametric
comparison of calculation modes and assessment of the methane
equivalent indicator are applied in this paper. The dependence be-
tween the thermal load on the reservoir, the amount of boil-off gas
formed and the load on its processing systems has been established.
The obtained results can be used for further modeling of thermal
processes, improving liquefied natural gas storage systems and sub-
stantiating technical solutions for floating regasification complexes.
Keywords: liquefied natural gas; boil-off gas (BOG); floating stor-
age and regasification unit; heat input; thermal insulation; energy
efficiency.
Introduction
Liquefied natural gas occupies an important place in the modern system of international energy
trade, since it is possible to transport it by sea regardless of the presence of direct pipeline connections be-
tween the supplier and the consumer. The development of liquefied natural gas infrastructure contributes to
the diversification of sources and routes of supply, increasing the flexibility of gas markets and expanding
the possibilities of rapid response to changes in demand [1].
With the changing geopolitical situation in the world and the reorientation of energy flows, tech-
nologies that allow to create or increase capacities for receiving, storing and regasifying liquefied natural gas
in a relatively short time are gaining special importance. One of such technological solutions is floating stor-
age and regasification units, which combine the functions of receiving cargo, its cryogenic storage, regasifi-
cation and further transmission of natural gas to the coastal infrastructure.
Compared to land-based terminals, floating storage and regasification units are characterized by
greater flexibility in placement, the possibility of phased infrastructure development and a reduction in the
volume of onshore construction work. At the same time, the efficiency of their operation largely depends on
the perfection of cryogenic storage systems, thermal insulation parameters, the intensity of heat input to the
tanks and the modes of boil-off gas (BOG) handling [2]. As is known, liquefied natural gas is stored at a
temperature of about minus 162 °C, as a result of which a significant temperature difference arises between
the ambient and cryogenic environment. Even with the use of modern thermal insulation materials, it is im-
possible to completely eliminate the heat flow to the tank. Part of this heat is spent on the phase transition,
which is accompanied by the BOG formation. The intensity of this process depends on the tank design, the
characteristics of the thermal insulation system, the ambient temperature, the level of the tanks filling and the
operating mode of the unit.
The generated BOG can be used as fuel, compressed, recondensed or reliquefied. However, increasing
its quantity leads to an increase in the load on the compressor, heat exchange and auxiliary equipment, compli-
cates the pressure control in the tanks and affects the overall energy balance of the unit. Therefore, reducing the
heat input to the liquefied natural gas should be considered not only as a task of improving thermal insulation,
but as a component of increasing the efficiency of the entire energy system of the floating unit.
In addition, the BOG contains a high content of methane, which creates problems from the point of
view of environmentalists. Methane is characterized by a significant global warming potential, so the volume
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Sergii V. Nikonchuk, 2026
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ISSN 2709-2984. Проблеми машинобудування. 2026. Т. 29. № 2 23
of its formation, the method of further use and possible losses should be taken into account when assessing
the environmental performance of the liquefied natural gas infrastructure [3, 4]. Reducing the BOG amount
at the storage stage can simultaneously contribute to reducing energy losses, reducing the load on its process-
ing systems and reducing the potential methane-equivalent impact.
In this regard, it is relevant to develop a computational and analytical approach that allows establish-
ing the dependence between heat input, operating cycle duration, BOG formation intensity, and related op-
erational indicators. The obtained dependences can be used as a basis for further detailing the heat balance of
tanks, assessing the effectiveness of thermal insulation systems, and modeling BOG formation processes us-
ing specialized software.
The potential role of FSRU in the development of Ukraine's LNG infrastructure
For Ukraine, the development of liquefied natural gas infrastructure can be of great importance in the
context of diversifying natural gas supply sources, increasing the flexibility of the gas transportation system
and expanding the possibilities of integration with the European energy market. The presence of a developed
gas transportation infrastructure and large underground storage facilities creates the prerequisites for using
additional routes for natural gas supply, in particular, through regasification facilities in European countries
and potentially – through its own offshore facilities.
Floating storage and regasification units can be considered as one of the options for the phased devel-
opment of the national liquefied natural gas direction. Their use allows combining the functions of reception,
storage and regasification within one floating unit, as well as reducing the volume of initial shore construction
compared to a classic land terminal. For Ukraine, this can be especially important in the case of implementing
projects aimed at phased capacity expansion and further integration with the gas transportation system.
The location of such unit should not be limited to one predetermined site. The choice of a specific
coastal location should be based on a set of technical and economic criteria, including sufficient sea depth,
the possibility of mooring large-tonnage gas carriers, proximity to gas transportation infrastructure, the avail-
ability of port communications, the availability of electricity supply and the possibility of further expansion
of the complex. It is also important to coordinate the operating modes of the floating unit with the capacity of
onshore networks and the projected volumes of natural gas consumption.
Previous initiatives to create a liquefied natural gas infrastructure in Ukraine confirm the interest in this
direction. At the same time, the implementation of a full-scale floating or land-based terminal requires the par-
ticipation of large companies with experience in the field of transportation, storage and regasification of lique-
fied natural gas. Such projects are associated with high capital intensity, the need to coordinate marine, port and
gas transportation infrastructure, as well as the involvement of specialized technological equipment.
In the case of practical development of this direction, the efficiency of storage of liquefied natural gas
on floating units will acquire independent technical significance. The magnitude of the heat input, the charac-
teristics of thermal insulation systems, the intensity of the BOG formation and the load on auxiliary equipment
will directly affect the operating costs and overall energy efficiency of the complex. Therefore, the assessment
of thermal processes in tanks should be a component of the feasibility study of future projects.
Regarding our country, we note that in Ukrainian realities, seasonal changes in air and sea water
temperature, the intensity of solar radiation, cargo acceptance modes and the regasification schedule should
be taken into account. These factors will determine the actual heat balance of the floating unit and the inten-
sity of the BOG formation. Accordingly, the results of the calculation and analytical assessment can be used
when choosing the configuration of tanks, thermal insulation parameters, the performance of the systems for
BOG handling and the operating modes of auxiliary equipment.
Thus, the potential use of floating storage and regasification units in Ukraine should be considered
not only as a logistics or infrastructure project, but also as a complex task of power engineering. Its solution
requires a deep analysis of thermal processes, cryogenic equipment, regasification systems, energy supply
and integration with the onshore gas transmission network.
The problem of BOG formation during LNG storage
Liquefied natural gas is stored at cryogenic temperatures close to its saturation temperature. Under
such conditions, even a small amount of heat input to the tank causes the evaporation of part of the liquid
phase and the BOG formation. The intensity of this process is determined by the magnitude of the external
POWER ENGINEERING
ISSN 2709-2984. Journal of Mechanical Engineering – Problemy Mashynobuduvannia, 2026, vol. 29, no. 2 24
heat input, the thermodynamic properties of liquefied natural gas, the tank design, the thermal insulation
characteristics, and the operating mode of the unit.
The thermal load on the tank is formed due to thermal conductivity through the body and thermal in-
sulation layers, convective heat exchange with the external environment, solar radiation, and thermal bridges
in the places where pipelines, supports, fittings, and other structural elements pass. For floating units, as al-
ready mentioned, additional importance is given to the temperature of the sea water, daily and seasonal
changes in air temperature, wind speed, the position of the vessel relative to solar radiation, and the variable
level of the tanks filling.
In a simplified form, the heat input entering the tank can be determined by the relation
R
T
Q ,
where Q is the heat input, W; ΔT is the temperature difference between the environment and the liquefied natu-
ral gas, K; RΣ is the total thermal resistance of the tank structure and the thermal insulation system, K/W
For a surface with a known area and a given heat transfer coefficient, the dependence can be written as
TAkQ ,
where k is the total heat transfer coefficient, W/(m²·K); A is the heat exchange surface area, m².
The abovementioned dependencies show that the intensity of heat input is determined not only by
the temperature difference, but also by the structure of the thermal insulation circuit. An increase in the total
thermal resistance or a decrease in local thermal bridges directly reduces the amount of heat entering the
cryogenic medium.
Part of the received heat is spent on heating the liquid phase, and part of it – on the phase transition
with the BOG formation. Under conditions close to the quasi-stationary mode, the mass of the formed BOG
can be estimated by the ratio
vh
Q
m
BOG ,
where mBOG is the BOG mass, kg; τ is the duration of the calculation period, s; hv is the specific heat of the
liquefied natural gas vaporization, J/kg.
This dependence implies that, with unchanged thermodynamic properties of the product, the amount
of BOG is directly proportional to the heat input and storage duration. That is why, when comparing different
modes, it is necessary to simultaneously take into account both the daily BOG formation coefficient and the
actual duration of the operating cycle.
For practical assessments, the daily BOG formation coefficient, which characterizes the share of liq-
uefied natural gas that passes into the gas phase during the day, is often used. Its value depends on the tank
type, the technical condition of thermal insulation, temperature conditions, filling level and operating mode.
For modern storage systems, lower values of this indicator are typical compared to units of previous genera-
tions, which is associated with the improvement of thermal insulation materials and tank design [5, 6].
The BOG formation affects the pressure in the gas space of the tank. With insufficient gas extraction,
its accumulation leads to an increase in pressure, which requires the operation of compression systems, gas
supply to the fuel system, recondensation or re-liquefaction. Accordingly, the amount of heat input indirectly
determines the load on compressors, heat exchangers, pipelines, valves and automatic control systems.
On floating storage and regasification units, the mode of BOG formation is additionally related to the
regasification performance. At high rates of LNG withdrawal, part of the heat and mass balance is compen-
sated by a constant decrease in the amount of product in the tanks. During periods of reduced withdrawal or
temporary reduction of gas supply to the onshore network, BOG can accumulate faster, which increases the
requirements for its processing systems.
Thus, the BOG amount is an integral indicator of the thermal efficiency of the storage system. Its re-
duction can be achieved by improving thermal insulation, reducing local heat inputs, optimizing operating
modes and coordinating the operation of tanks with regasification systems and BOG the use.
ЕНЕРГЕТИЧНЕ МАШИНОБУДУВАННЯ
ISSN 2709-2984. Проблеми машинобудування. 2026. Т. 29. № 2 25
Modern thermal insulation solutions and methods for assessing heat input and BOG formation
The efficiency of liquefied natural gas storage is largely determined by the design of the thermal in-
sulation system of the tanks. Its main task is to reduce the heat flow from the environment to the cryogenic
product, maintain an acceptable temperature field in the structural elements and limit the intensity of the
BOG formation.
Modern storage systems use multilayer thermal insulation structures, which may include polyure-
thane foam, perlite, fiberglass, composite and other materials with low thermal conductivity. The choice of
thermal insulation depends on the tank type, its geometry, fastening method, permissible mass of the struc-
ture, resistance to cyclic thermal loads and durability requirements.
Thus, for membrane tanks, the thermal insulation system simultaneously performs the functions of
thermal protection, load transfer to the ship's hull and the tightness maintaining of the cargo circuit. In such
structures, special attention is paid to the joints of thermal insulation panels, membrane attachment points
and pipeline passage areas. These zones can form local thermal bridges and increase the unevenness of the
temperature field.
In self-supporting tanks, thermal insulation is located around the outer surface of the tank, while its
temperature deformations must be taken into account. For spherical and prismatic tanks, the uniformity of the
thickness of the thermal insulation, the tightness of the vapor barrier layer and the minimization of heat input
through the supporting elements are important. Even with high efficiency of the main thermal insulation array,
a significant portion of the heat load can come through structural components, fittings, pipelines and supports.
A separate direction of improvement is the use of vacuum and multilayer thermal insulation systems.
They provide low values of effective thermal conductivity, but require stable vacuum, reliable sealing and
more complex control of the technical condition. For large-sized ship and floating tanks, the use of such sys-
tems is limited by structural complexity, cost and requirements for maintainability.
The estimation of heat input can be performed at different levels of detail. At the initial stage, one-
dimensional stationary models, in which the heat input is determined through the total thermal resistance of
the thermal insulation layers, are used. It allows to estimate the average heat input and compare several op-
tions of the thermal insulation design.
For a multilayer system, the total thermal resistance can be defined as
AAA
R
i
i
inext
11
,
where αext – heat transfer coefficient from the external environment, W/(m²·K); αin – heat transfer coefficient
from the inside of the tank, W/(m²·K); δi – thickness of a separate layer, m; λi – thermal conductivity coeffi-
cient of the corresponding material, W/(m·K); A – heat exchange area, m².
With a known total thermal resistance, the heat flow is defined as
R
TT
Q LNGext .
This representation is convenient for preliminary engineering calculations; however, it does not take
into account the spatial non-uniformity of the temperature field, local thermal bridges, changes in solar load
and dynamics of the liquefied natural gas level.
For a more detailed analysis, two- and three-dimensional heat conductivity models are used. They al-
low to study the temperature distribution in the structure, determine areas of increased heat flow and assess
the influence of joints, supports and pipeline passages. Such models can be implemented using the finite
element or finite volume method.
Non-stationary modeling is necessary in cases where external conditions and operating modes change
over time. Such factors include daily fluctuations in air temperature, changes in solar radiation, fluctuations in
sea water temperature, changes in the tank filling level, and uneven regasification mode. In this case, the heat
balance must take into account the heat capacity of the structural layers and the liquefied natural gas itself.
Specialized process modeling software packages can be used to model the storage, vaporization,
compression, and regasification processes. For example, Aspen HYSYS allows to create thermodynamic
models of liquefied natural gas flows, evaluate phase equilibrium, the operation of compressors, heat ex-
POWER ENGINEERING
ISSN 2709-2984. Journal of Mechanical Engineering – Problemy Mashynobuduvannia, 2026, vol. 29, no. 2 26
changers, and re-liquefaction systems. It is advisable to use it to study the relation between heat input, BOG
formation, and the operation of auxiliary equipment.
At the same time, Aspen HYSYS does not replace a detailed spatial calculation of the thermal insu-
lation structure. Therefore, the most complete approach involves combining a heat transfer model in the tank
shell with a process model of the movement and BOG processing. The results of the thermal calculation can
be used as an initial heat load for the tank model in the process environment.
In modern research, considerable attention is also paid to systems for handling already formed BOG.
The main solutions include its use as fuel, compression and supply to the gas network, recondensation and
re-liquefaction. The choice of a specific method depends on the BOG amount, the operating mode of the unit,
the presence of gas fuel consumers and energy costs for its processing [7–10].
Re-liquefaction systems allow the BOG to be returned to the liquid phase, but require significant
electrical energy costs for compression and cooling. The efficiency of such systems is determined by the re-
frigeration cycle scheme, the temperature and pressure of the BOG, the composition of the natural gas and
the performance of the equipment [7, 9, 10].
The BOG use as a fuel reduces the need for its re-liquefaction, but links the gas balance with the load
of the ship's power unit. With a low fuel demand, the excess BOG still requires compression, recondensation
or another method of disposal.
Recondensation, in turn, is effective if there is a sufficient flow of supercooled liquefied natural gas.
In this case, the BOG after compression is mixed with the liquid phase and condensed due to its cold poten-
tial. For floating storage and regasification units, the feasibility of such a solution depends on the mode of
liquefied natural gas withdrawal and regasification performance.
A separate direction is the use of the cold potential of liquefied natural gas and BOG in integrated
energy systems. Cold energy can be used for pre-cooling of working environments, maintaining low-
temperature processes or reducing the energy consumption of auxiliary equipment [11].
Analysis of current approaches shows that effective BOG management should combine two com-
plementary directions: reducing its formation by improving thermal insulation and thermal regime of tanks,
as well as energy-efficient treatment of already formed gas. Further research should be directed to quantita-
tive assessment of heat input, determining the influence of properties of thermal insulation materials and
forming an integrated model of the tank and BOG handling system.
Purpose, objectives and research methodology
The purpose of the study is a computational and analytical assessment of the impact of reducing heat in-
put on the BOG formation during storage of liquefied natural gas on floating storage and regasification facilities.
To achieve this goal, the following tasks have been defined:
– analysis of the relation between the heat input to the cryogenic tank and the intensity of BOG for-
mation;
– assessment of the impact of the BOG formation daily coefficient on its accumulation during the
operating cycle;
– determination of the change in the volume and BOG mass at different levels of thermal load;
– assessment of the impact of reducing BOG formation on the load of compression, recondensation,
re-liquefaction and fuel preparation systems;
– determination of the potential change in the methane equivalent indicator;
– formation of the starting points for further mathematical and software modeling of thermal proc-
esses in liquefied natural gas tanks.
The research methodology is based on a combination of thermodynamic analysis, parametric calcu-
lation estimation and comparison of operating modes. The main initial parameter is the daily BOG formation
coefficient, which characterizes the fraction of the volume of liquefied natural gas that passes into the gas
phase during one day.
For the calculation, a model configuration of a floating storage and regasification unit with a total
tank capacity of 178,000 m³ was adopted. This capacity corresponds to the modern large-tonnage class of gas
carriers and allows to estimate the order of magnitude for an industrial liquefied natural gas storage system.
The duration of the basic operating cycle is taken to be eight days. This period is used as an ap-
proximate interval between consecutive supplies of liquefied natural gas for a terminal with a given annual
ЕНЕРГЕТИЧНЕ МАШИНОБУДУВАННЯ
ISSN 2709-2984. Проблеми машинобудування. 2026. Т. 29. № 2 27
productivity. To assess the scalable effect, the results of one cycle can be aggregated for a monthly or annual
period without assuming continuous storage of one batch of cargo for a long time.
The calculations consider daily BOG formation rates of 0.02; 0.05 and 0.10 %/day. The first two val-
ues characterize the current level of thermal insulation efficiency, while the value of 0.10 %/day is used as a
comparative mode for systems with higher heat input.
The BOG volume in the liquid phase equivalent during one operating cycle is determined by the ratio
BOG0BOG rVV ,
where VBOG is the volume of liquefied natural gas that has turned into BOG as, m³; V0 is the initial volume of
liquefied natural gas in tanks, m³; rBOG is the daily BOG formation rate, fraction per day; τ is the duration of
the operating cycle, days
The mass equivalent of the formed BOG is determined by the formula
LNGBOGBOG Vm ,
where mBOG is the mass of liquefied natural gas converted into BOG, kg; ρLNG is the density of liquefied natu-
ral gas, kg/m³.
For the preliminary assessment, the density of liquefied natural gas is assumed to be 450 kg/m³. The
density value may vary depending on the component structure, temperature and pressure; however, the
adopted value is sufficient for a comparative calculation assessment.
The impact of the reduction in heat input is assessed through the relative change in the amount of
formed BOG. Under the assumption of a directly proportional relation between heat load and vaporization,
reducing the heat input by a given value leads to a corresponding reduction in the BOG volume
)1(BOG
red
BOG QVV ,
where red
BOGV is the BOG volume after reducing the heat input, m³; δQ is the relative reduction in the heat input.
To assess the sensitivity, the levels of heat input reduction by 5 and 10% are considered. Such a
comparison allows to determine the change in the BOG volume and mass without reference to the specific
design of the thermal insulation system.
The methane equivalent indicator is defined as a potential environmental indicator that characterizes
the change in the amount of methane associated with a decrease in the BOG formation. For its assessment,
the 100-year global warming potential of methane is used in accordance with the recommendations of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [3].
The next stage of the study involves the detailed analysis of the heat balance of the tanks, taking into
account the design of the thermal insulation layers, external climatic loads, the level of tank filling and the
regasification mode. It is planned to perform modeling of heat and mass transfer processes using Aspen
HYSYS or a similar software environment with subsequent comparison of the results for different thermal
insulation options and operating modes.
Calculation and analytical assessment of the BOG formation
For the quantitative assessment, a model configuration of a floating storage and regasification facil-
ity with a total tank capacity of 178,000 m³ was adopted. The calculation was performed for one eight-day
operating cycle, which is considered (and this has already been discussed) as an approximate interval be-
tween consecutive supplies of liquefied natural gas.
The daily volume of liquefied natural gas converted to BOG is determined by the formula
BOG0
day
BOG rVV ,
where day
BOGV is the daily volume of liquefied natural gas converted to BOG, m³/day; V0 is the initial volume of
liquefied natural gas, m³; rBOG is the daily BOG formation coefficient.
For a daily coefficient of 0.02% – 6.350002.0178000day
BOG V m³/day. For eight days –
8.28486.358
BOG V m³.
For a daily coefficient of 0.05% – 0.890005.0178000day
BOG V m³/day, 0.71280.898
BOG V m³.
For a daily coefficient of 0.10% – 0.178001.0178000day
BOG V m³/day, 0.142480.1788
BOG V m³.
POWER ENGINEERING
ISSN 2709-2984. Journal of Mechanical Engineering – Problemy Mashynobuduvannia, 2026, vol. 29, no. 2 28
The mass equivalent is determined for a density
of liquefied natural gas of 450 kg/m³. The calculation
results are given in Table 1.
The obtained values demonstrate a significant
dependence of the absolute amount of BOG on the effi-
ciency of the thermal insulation system. At a daily coef-
ficient of 0.02%, 284.8 m³ of liquefied natural gas is
converted into BOG during one operating cycle, while at
a coefficient of 0.10% this indicator increases to
1424 m³. Thus, a fivefold increase in the daily coefficient
causes a corresponding fivefold increase in the load on
the BOG handling systems.
Table 1. BOG formation during an eight-day operating
cycle
Daily coefficient
of BOG
generation,
%/day
BOG
generation,
m³ LNG-
eq./day
BOG
generation,
m³ LNG-
eq./cycle
Mass
equivalent,
t/cycle
0.02 35.6 284.8 128.16
0.05 89.0 712.0 320.40
0.10 178.0 1424.0 640.80
Note: The volume of BOG is given in liquid phase equivalent,
i.e. as the volume of liquefied natural gas that has passed
into a gaseous state
To assess the impact of reducing the heat input, two levels of its reduction were considered – and
10%. Given the adopted proportional relation between the heat input and the amount of BOG formed, the
calculated reduction is determined by the formula
QVV BOG BOG ,
where ΔVBOG is the reduction in the BOG volume, m³; δQ is the relative reduction in the heat input.
The results are given in Table 2.
From Table 2 it is clear that the
absolute effect of reducing the heat input
depends on the initial level of BOG for-
mation. For the most effective thermal
insulation system with a daily coefficient
of 0.02%, a 10% reduction in heat input
provides a reduction in BOG by
28.48 m³ per cycle. For an initial coeffi-
cient of 0.10%, a similar relative reduc-
tion in heat input corresponds to a reduc-
tion of 142.4 m³ per cycle. For a visual
comparison of the effect of reduced heat
input on boil-off gas formation, the cal-
culation results are presented in Fig. 1.
The graph illustrates the change in the
absolute reduction of boil-off gas vol-
ume for three adopted daily coefficients
and two levels of heat input reduction.
The graphic comparison con-
firms that the absolute reduction of the
BOG formation increases in proportion
to the initial daily coefficient and the
level of heat input reduction. For the
0.05%/day mode, a reduction of the
heat input by 5–10% corresponds to a
reduction of the BOG formation by
35.6–71.2 m³ of LNG-equivalent per
one operating cycle.
Table 2. Effect of heat input reduction on BOG formation
over an eight-day cycle
Daily
coefficient,
%/day
Reducing
heat input,
%
BOG generation after
heat input reduction,
m³ LNG-eq./cycle
BOG reduction,
m³ LNG-
eq./cycle
Mass
equivalent
reduction,
t/cycle
0.02 5 270.56 14.24 6.41
0.02 10 256.32 28.48 12.82
0.05 5 676.40 35.60 16.02
0.05 10 640.80 71.20 32.04
0.10 5 1352.80 71.20 32.04
0.10 10 1281.60 142.40 64.08
Fig. 1. Reduction of the BOG formation depending on the daily rate
and the level of heat input reduction
For a modern system with a daily coefficient of 0.05%, a reduction of the heat input by 5–10% allows
to reduce the BOG formation by 35.6–71.2 m³ per one operating cycle, which corresponds to 16.02–32.04 t of
liquefied natural gas. This result characterizes not only the preservation of the product, but also the possible
reduction of the load on the compressors, heat exchangers, recondensation and re-liquefaction systems.
ЕНЕРГЕТИЧНЕ МАШИНОБУДУВАННЯ
ISSN 2709-2984. Проблеми машинобудування. 2026. Т. 29. № 2 29
To assess the long-term scale, the results of one cycle can be aggregated by the number of consecu-
tive operating cycles. In this case, it is not assumed that one batch of liquefied natural gas will be stored con-
tinuously for a month or a year. The scaling reflects the total effect of repeated cycles of reception, storage
and regasification.
With an estimated number of 44 operating cycles per year for a mode with a daily coefficient of
0.05% and a reduction in heat input by 10%, the annual reduction in the BOG formation will be
8.3132442.71year
BOG V m³ LNG-eq./year.
The mass equivalent of such a reduction is
76.14094404.32year
BOG m т/рік.
The given scaling shows that even a relatively small reduction in heat input within one operating cy-
cle can have a noticeable cumulative effect over the long-term operation of a floating unit.
Estimation of methane equivalent
The BOG is formed mainly from the light components of liquefied natural gas, among which meth-
ane dominates. Therefore, a decrease in the amount of BOG can affect not only the energy balance of the
unit, but also its potential environmental performance. At the same time, the amount of formed BOG should
not be directly identified with the actual methane emissions, since under operating conditions the gas can be
used as fuel, sent for recondensation, re-liquefaction or supplied to the onshore gas system.
Within the framework of the study, the methane equivalent indicator was used as a comparative in-
dicator of the potential environmental effect of reducing the BOG formation. Its definition is based on the
mass equivalent of the reduced BOG and the global warming potential of methane.
The general expression for the assessment can be given in the form
442 CHrelCHBOGeqCO GWPfxmE ,
where ECO₂-eq is the methane equivalent indicator, t CO₂-eq; ΔmBOG is the mass equivalent of reduced BOG, t;
xCH₄ is the mass fraction of methane in BOG; frel is the fraction of gas that can potentially be lost to the envi-
ronment; GWPCH₄ is the global warming potential of methane.
According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the 100-year global warming poten-
tial of fossil methane is 29.8 relative to carbon dioxide [3].
To compare the calculation modes, a limit methane-equivalent indicator is adopted, for which xCH₄=1
and frel=1. This approach does not characterize the actual emissions of a particular floating unit, but shows
the maximum potential climate equivalent of the corresponding mass of methane. In real conditions, the in-
dicator value should be adjusted taking into account the component composition of BOG and the actual share
of its losses.
For a mode with a daily coefficient of BOG formation of 0.05%, a 5% reduction in heat input pro-
vides a reduction in the mass equivalent of BOG by 16.02 t per eight-day cycle. The marginal methane
equivalent indicator will be
40.4778.2902.165
eqCO2
E t CO₂-eq./cycle.
For a 10% reduction in heat input, the mass equivalent of BOG reduction is 32.04 t per cycle
79.9548.2904.3210
eqCO2
E t CO₂-eq./cycle.
The results for the considered daily coefficients are given in Table 3.
The data in Table 3 show that the methane equivalent effect directly depends on the initial intensity
of the BOG formation and the relative reduction in the heat input. At a lower daily coefficient, the absolute
effect is smaller, but the direct relation between the heat load, the BOG mass and the limiting methane
equivalent indicator remains.
To assess the actual environmental effect, it is necessary to take into account the real BOG composi-
tion, the proportion of methane used as fuel, its combustion efficiency, the presence of unburned methane in
the exhaust gases, the operation of the recondensation and re-liquefaction systems. Therefore, the given val-
ues should be used primarily to compare the design regimes and determine the potential direction of change in
environmental indicators.
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ISSN 2709-2984. Journal of Mechanical Engineering – Problemy Mashynobuduvannia, 2026, vol. 29, no. 2 30
Reducing the BOG formation at the
storage stage has a systemic advantage, since it
reduces the amount of gas that must be further
processed, compressed, burned or returned to
the liquid phase. As a result, the environmental
effect may occur not only through a reduction
in potential methane losses, but also through a
reduction in energy consumption of auxiliary
equipment.
Discussion of results
The results of the calculation and ana-
lytical assessment show that the amount of
BOG formation is determined by the simulta-
neous action of two main factors, namely:
Table 3. The marginal methane equivalent indicator of reduction
in BOG generation for an eight-day cycle
Daily coefficient
of BOG generation,
%/day
Reduce
in heat input,
%
Mass equivalent
of reduced BOG,
t/cycle
Limit methane
equivalent,
t CO₂-eq./cycle
0.02 5 6.41 191.02
0.02 10 12.82 382.04
0.05 5 16.02 477.40
0.05 10 32.04 954.79
0.10 5 32.04 954.79
0.10 10 64.08 1909.58
Note: The value is calculated as a marginal benchmark assuming
that all the mass equivalent of the reduced BOG corresponds to methane.
The indicators are not an estimate of the actual emissions of a specific unit
the initial daily coefficient of BOG formation and the duration of the operating cycle. With the same capacity
of the tanks, even a relatively small change in the daily coefficient significantly affects the absolute volume
of liquefied natural gas that passes into the gas phase.
For a model unit with a capacity of 178,000 m³ for an eight-day cycle, BOG formation is from 284.8
to 1424.0 m³ LNG equivalent, depending on the adopted daily coefficient. This range shows that the charac-
teristics of the thermal insulation system directly affect not only the BOG amount, but also the performance
of the equipment required for its further processing.
Reducing the heat input by 5–10% provides a proportional reduction in BOG generation. For a mode
with a daily coefficient of 0.05% per day, which can be used as a baseline for a modern storage system, the
reduction in heat input corresponds to a BOG reduction by 35.6–71.2 m³ of LNG equivalent per eight-day
cycle. In mass terms, this is 16.02–32.04 t of liquefied natural gas.
The given values characterize not only the amount of stored product. The reduction in the BOG vol-
ume can reduce the load on compressors, heat exchangers, recondensation and re-liquefaction systems. Ac-
cordingly, the reduction in heat input can affect the auxiliary energy consumption, the duration of equipment
operation and the overall energy balance of the floating unit.
The largest absolute effect is observed for modes with a higher initial daily coefficient of BOG for-
mation. At the same time, this does not mean that systems with a lower coefficient are of less engineering
interest. At the current level of thermal insulation, further reduction of heat input may be important for ensur-
ing a more stable thermal mode, reducing the cyclicality of the operation of auxiliary equipment and increas-
ing operational flexibility.
The use of an eight-day operating cycle allows the calculation to be linked to the mode of regular re-
ceipt and regasification of liquefied natural gas. Scaling of results to a monthly or annual period is performed
by aggregating consecutive cycles, rather than by assuming long-term continuous storage of one batch of
product. This approach reflects the operation of a terminal with a recurring supply schedule more correctly.
The methane equivalent indicator determined in the paper should be used as a comparative indicator.
Its value characterizes the potential environmental effect of reducing the BOG mass, but is not an estimate of
the actual emissions of a particular unit. To proceed to the actual assessment, it is necessary to take into ac-
count the BOG composition, the share of its use as fuel, combustion efficiency, the presence of unburned
methane in exhaust gases and the operation of re-liquefaction systems.
The obtained dependencies also justify the feasibility of further transition from parametric estimation
to detailed modeling of the heat balance of tanks. For this, it is necessary to take into account the geometry
of the tanks, the properties of thermal insulation materials, local thermal bridges, ambient temperature, solar
load, tank filling level and variable regasification performance.
Further modeling is advisable to perform in two stages. At the first stage, it is necessary to determine
the spatial distribution of temperatures and heat flows in the tank structure. At the second stage, the obtained
heat input values can be used in the Aspen HYSYS process model or a similar software environment to
evaluate the BOG formation, the operation of compressors, heat exchangers and systems for its further use.
ЕНЕРГЕТИЧНЕ МАШИНОБУДУВАННЯ
ISSN 2709-2984. Проблеми машинобудування. 2026. Т. 29. № 2 31
Thus, it is advisable to consider the reduction of heat input to tanks as a component of the compre-
hensive optimization of the floating storage and regasification unit. The effect of such a reduction is mani-
fested in the reduction of liquefied natural gas losses, the reduction of the load on auxiliary equipment and
the potential improvement of environmental indicators.
Research limitations and directions for further work
Further development of the study involves refining the heat balance of liquefied natural gas tanks
and quantitatively assessing the impact of heat input on the BOG formation.
It is advisable to pay special attention to the analysis of the characteristics of thermal insulation sys-
tems and their impact on the daily coefficient of BOG formation. The level of detail of such an analysis will
be determined by the availability of technical data on the design of tanks and thermal insulation materials.
A separate direction is the modeling of heat and mass transfer processes using Aspen HYSYS or
similar software. Such modeling can be used to assess the relation between heat input, BOG formation, tank
operation mode and load on auxiliary equipment.
It is also advisable to study variable operating modes, in particular, different operating cycle dura-
tions, tank filling levels, regasification performance and ambient temperature conditions.
Further refinement of the environmental assessment should include consideration of the BOG com-
ponent structure, the proportion of its use as fuel, combustion efficiency and operating modes of re-
liquefaction systems.
The obtained results can be used to further improve the methodology for assessing heat losses, select
areas for increasing energy efficiency and justify technical solutions for floating storage and regasification
units.
Conclusions
1. It was established that the intensity of the BOG formation during the storage of liquefied natural gas
is determined by the amount of heat input, the daily evaporation coefficient and the operating cycle duration.
2. For a model floating storage and regasification unit with a capacity of 178,000 m³ per eight-day
cycle, the BOG formation is 284.8–1424.0 m³ in terms of the volume of the liquid phase, depending on the
adopted daily coefficient of 0.02–0.10% per day.
3. For a mode with a daily coefficient of BOG formation of 0.05% per day, a reduction in heat input
by 5–10% corresponds to a reduction in BOG formation by 35.6–71.2 m³ per eight-day cycle. The mass
equivalent of such a reduction is 16.02–32.04 tons of liquefied natural gas.
4. Reducing the BOG formation can help reduce the load on compressor, heat exchange and other
auxiliary equipment, as well as reduce energy costs for compression, recondensation or re-liquefaction.
5. The methane equivalent indicator should be used as a comparative indicator of the potential envi-
ronmental effect. To determine the actual emissions, it is necessary to additionally take into account the
BOG composition, its use, combustion efficiency and the operation of re-liquefaction systems.
6. The use of an eight-day operating cycle allows to link the calculation to the recurring processes of
receiving, storing and regasifying liquefied natural gas. It is advisable to assess the monthly or annual effect
by aggregating consecutive operating cycles.
7. Further research should be directed towards clarifying the heat balance of tanks, analyzing the im-
pact of the characteristics of thermal insulation systems, and modeling the relation between heat input, BOG
formation, and the operation of auxiliary equipment using Aspen HYSYS or similar software.
References
1. (2025). 2025 World LNG: Report. International Gas Union: official web-site. https://www.igu.org/igu-
reports/2025-world-lng-report.
2. Naveiro, M., Romero Gómez, M., Arias-Fernández, I., & Baaliña Insua, Á. (2021). Energy efficiency and envi-
ronmental measures for Floating Storage Regasification Units. Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering,
vol. 96, article 104271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jngse.2021.104271.
3. (2023). Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Climate Change 2021 – The physical science basis:
Working group I contribution to the sixth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157896.
4. (2021). Fourth IMO Greenhouse Gas Study 2020. International Maritime Organization: official web-site. Lon-
don: IMO. https://www.imo.org/en/ourwork/environment/pages/fourth-imo-greenhouse-gas-study-2020.aspx.
POWER ENGINEERING
ISSN 2709-2984. Journal of Mechanical Engineering – Problemy Mashynobuduvannia, 2026, vol. 29, no. 2 32
5. (2021). GIIGNL. LNG Custody Transfer Handbook. 6th ed. International Group of Liquefied Natural Gas Im-
porters. https://www.giignl.org/resources/custody-transfer-handbook-6th-edition-2021.
6. Faruque Hasan, M. M., Zheng, A. M., & Karimi, I. A. (2009). Minimizing boil-off losses in liquefied natural gas
transportation. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, vol. 48, iss. 21, pp. 9571–9580.
https://doi.org/10.1021/ie801975q.
7. Kim, D., Hwang, C., Gundersen, T., & Lim, Y. (2019). Process design and economic optimization of boil-off-
gas re-liquefaction systems for LNG carriers. Energy, vol. 173, pp. 1119–1129.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2019.02.098.
8. Khan, M. S., Wood, D. A., Qyyum, M. A., Ansari, K. B., Ali, W., Wazwaz, A., & Dutta, A. (2022). Graphical
approach for estimating and minimizing boil-off gas and compression energy consumption in LNG regasification
terminals. Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering, vol. 101, article 104539.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jngse.2022.104539.
9. Son, H. & Kim, J.-K. (2020). Energy-efficient process design and optimization of dual-expansion systems for
BOG re-liquefaction process in LNG-fueled ship. Energy, vol. 203, article 117823.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.117823.
10. Kim J.-S. &Kim D.-J. (2023). Energy, exergy, and economic (3E) analysis of boil-off gas re-liquefaction sys-
tems for LNG-fueled ships. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, vol. 11, iss. 3, article 587.
https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11030587.
11. Naveiro, M., Romero Gómez, M., Arias Fernández, I., & Romero Gómez, J. (2021). Exploitation of liquefied
natural gas cold energy in floating storage regasification units. Brodogradnja, vol. 72, no. 4, pp. 47–69.
https://doi.org/10.21278/brod72404.
Received 04 May 2026 Accepted 21 May 2026 Published 30 June 2026
Розрахунково-аналітична оцінка зменшення утворення випарного газу
на плавучих установках зберігання й регазифікації
С. В. Нікончук
Національний університет кораблебудування імені адмірала Макарова,
54007, Україна, м. Миколаїв, пр. Героїв України, 9
У статті розглянуто проблему утворення випарного газу під час зберігання зрідженого природного газу
на плавучих установках зберігання й регазифікації. Актуальність дослідження зумовлена зростанням ролі LNG-
інфраструктури у світовій енергетиці, необхідністю підвищення енергоефективності кріогенних систем і змен-
шення навантаження на допоміжне обладнання. Метою роботи є розрахунково-аналітична оцінка впливу змен-
шення теплоприпливу на інтенсивність утворення випарного газу і пов’язані з цим експлуатаційні й екологічні
показники. У роботі застосовано термодинамічний аналіз, параметричне порівняння розрахункових режимів й
оцінку метан-еквівалентного показника. Встановлено залежність між тепловим навантаженням на резервуар,
кількістю утвореного випарного газу й навантаженням на системи його оброблення. Отримані результати мо-
жуть бути використані для подальшого моделювання теплових процесів, удосконалення систем зберігання зрід-
женого природного газу й обґрунтування технічних рішень для плавучих регазифікаційних комплексів.
Ключові слова: зріджений природний газ, випарний газ, плавуча установка зберігання й ре газифікації,
тепло приплив, теплоізоляція, енергоефективність.
Література
1. 2025 World LNG: Report. International Gas Union: official web-site. 2025. https://www.igu.org/igu-
reports/2025-world-lng-report.
2. Naveiro M., Romero Gómez M., Arias-Fernández I., Baaliña Insua Á. Energy efficiency and environmental
measures for Floating Storage Regasification Units. Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering. 2021.
Vol. 96. Article 104271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jngse.2021.104271.
3. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Climate Change 2021 – The physical science basis: Work-
ing group I contribution to the sixth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cam-
bridge University Press, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157896.
4. Fourth IMO Greenhouse Gas Study 2020. International Maritime Organization: official web-site. London: IMO,
2021. https://www.imo.org/en/ourwork/environment/pages/fourth-imo-greenhouse-gas-study-2020.aspx.
ЕНЕРГЕТИЧНЕ МАШИНОБУДУВАННЯ
ISSN 2709-2984. Проблеми машинобудування. 2026. Т. 29. № 2 33
5. GIIGNL. LNG Custody Transfer Handbook. 6th ed. International Group of Liquefied Natural Gas Importers,
2021. https://www.giignl.org/resources/custody-transfer-handbook-6th-edition-2021.
6. Faruque Hasan M. M., Zheng A. M., Karimi I. A. Minimizing boil-off losses in liquefied natural gas transportation. In-
dustrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. 2009. Vol. 48. Iss. 21. P. 9571–9580. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie801975q.
7. Kim D., Hwang C., Gundersen T., Lim Y. Process design and economic optimization of boil-off-gas re-liquefaction
systems for LNG carriers. Energy. 2019. Vol. 173. P. 1119–1129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2019.02.098.
8. Khan M. S., Wood D. A., Qyyum M. A., Ansari K. B., Ali W., Wazwaz A., Dutta A. Graphical approach for estimat-
ing and minimizing boil-off gas and compression energy consumption in LNG regasification terminals. Journal of
Natural Gas Science and Engineering. 2022. Vol. 101. Article 104539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jngse.2022.104539.
9. Son H., Kim J.-K. Energy-efficient process design and optimization of dual-expansion systems for BOG re-liquefaction
process in LNG-fueled ship. Energy. 2020. Vol. 203. Article 117823. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.117823.
10. Kim J.-S., Kim D.-J. Energy, exergy, and economic (3E) analysis of boil-off gas re-liquefaction systems for
LNG-fueled ships. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2023. Vol. 11. Iss. 3. Article 587.
https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11030587.
11. Naveiro M., Romero Gómez M., Arias Fernández I., Romero Gómez J. Exploitation of liquefied natural gas cold
energy in floating storage regasification units. Brodogradnja. 2021. Vol. 72. No. 4. P. 47–69.
https://doi.org/10.21278/brod72404.
|
| id | oai:ojs.journals.uran.ua:article-367948 |
| institution | Energy Technologies & Resource Saving |
| keywords_txt_mv | keywords |
| language | English Ukrainian |
| last_indexed | 2026-07-29T01:00:23Z |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| publisher | Інститут енергетичних машин і систем ім. А. М. Підгорного Національної академії наук України |
| record_format | ojs |
| resource_txt_mv | journalsuranua/61/d448e34d6e336ce3a98a0934bd575261.pdf |
| spelling | oai:ojs.journals.uran.ua:article-3679482026-07-28T12:52:53Z Calculation and Analysis of the Reduction of Boil-Off Gas Generation on Floating Storage and Regasification Units Розрахунково-аналітична оцінка зменшення утворення випарного газу на плавучих установках зберігання й регазифікації Розрахунково-аналітична оцінка зменшення утворення випарного газу на плавучих установках зберігання й регазифікації Нікончук, С. В. The problem of the formation of boil-off gas (BOG) during the storage of liquefied natural gas on floating storage and regasification units is considered in this paper. The relevance of the study is due to the growing role of LNG infrastructure in the global energy sector, the need to increase the energy efficiency of cryogenic systems and reduce the load on auxiliary equipment. The purpose of the paper is calculation and analysis of the impact of reducing the heat input on the intensity of boil-off gas formation and the related operational and environmental indicators. Thermodynamic analysis, parametric comparison of calculation modes and assessment of the methane equivalent indicator are applied in this paper. The dependence between the thermal load on the reservoir, the amount of boil-off gas formed and the load on its processing systems has been established. The obtained results can be used for further modeling of thermal processes, improving liquefied natural gas storage systems and substantiating technical solutions for floating regasification complexes. У статті розглянуто проблему утворення випарного газу під час зберігання зрідженого природного газу на плавучих установках зберігання й регазифікації. Актуальність дослідження зумовлена зростанням ролі LNG-інфраструктури у світовій енергетиці, необхідністю підвищення енергоефективності кріогенних систем і зменшення навантаження на допоміжне обладнання. Метою роботи є розрахунково-аналітична оцінка впливу зменшення теплоприпливу на інтенсивність утворення випарного газу і пов’язані з цим експлуатаційні й екологічні показники. У роботі застосовано термодинамічний аналіз, параметричне порівняння розрахункових режимів й оцінку метан-еквівалентного показника. Встановлено залежність між тепловим навантаженням на резервуар, кількістю утвореного випарного газу й навантаженням на системи його оброблення. Отримані результати можуть бути використані для подальшого моделювання теплових процесів, удосконалення систем зберігання зрідженого природного газу й обґрунтування технічних рішень для плавучих регазифікаційних комплексів. У статті розглянуто проблему утворення випарного газу під час зберігання зрідженого природного газу на плавучих установках зберігання й регазифікації. Актуальність дослідження зумовлена зростанням ролі LNG-інфраструктури у світовій енергетиці, необхідністю підвищення енергоефективності кріогенних систем і зменшення навантаження на допоміжне обладнання. Метою роботи є розрахунково-аналітична оцінка впливу зменшення теплоприпливу на інтенсивність утворення випарного газу і пов’язані з цим експлуатаційні й екологічні показники. У роботі застосовано термодинамічний аналіз, параметричне порівняння розрахункових режимів й оцінку метан-еквівалентного показника. Встановлено залежність між тепловим навантаженням на резервуар, кількістю утвореного випарного газу й навантаженням на системи його оброблення. Отримані результати можуть бути використані для подальшого моделювання теплових процесів, удосконалення систем зберігання зрідженого природного газу й обґрунтування технічних рішень для плавучих регазифікаційних комплексів. Інститут енергетичних машин і систем ім. А. М. Підгорного Національної академії наук України 2026-07-28 Article Article application/pdf application/pdf https://journals.uran.ua/jme/article/view/367948 Journal of Mechanical Engineering; Vol. 29 No. 2 (2026); 22-33 Проблемы машиностроения; Том 29 № 2 (2026); 22-33 Проблеми машинобудування; Том 29 № 2 (2026); 22-33 2709-2992 2709-2984 en uk https://journals.uran.ua/jme/article/view/367948/352971 https://journals.uran.ua/jme/article/view/367948/352972 Copyright (c) 2026 С. В. Нікончук http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0 |
| spellingShingle | Нікончук, С. В. Calculation and Analysis of the Reduction of Boil-Off Gas Generation on Floating Storage and Regasification Units |
| title | Calculation and Analysis of the Reduction of Boil-Off Gas Generation on Floating Storage and Regasification Units |
| title_alt | Розрахунково-аналітична оцінка зменшення утворення випарного газу на плавучих установках зберігання й регазифікації Розрахунково-аналітична оцінка зменшення утворення випарного газу на плавучих установках зберігання й регазифікації |
| title_full | Calculation and Analysis of the Reduction of Boil-Off Gas Generation on Floating Storage and Regasification Units |
| title_fullStr | Calculation and Analysis of the Reduction of Boil-Off Gas Generation on Floating Storage and Regasification Units |
| title_full_unstemmed | Calculation and Analysis of the Reduction of Boil-Off Gas Generation on Floating Storage and Regasification Units |
| title_short | Calculation and Analysis of the Reduction of Boil-Off Gas Generation on Floating Storage and Regasification Units |
| title_sort | calculation and analysis of the reduction of boil-off gas generation on floating storage and regasification units |
| url | https://journals.uran.ua/jme/article/view/367948 |
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