Органічні полімери нового покоління: сталий розвиток, функціональні властивості та застосування

• Дата: 2025
• Автори: Теребінська, М. І., Ткачук, О. І., Філоненко, О. В., Дацюк, А. М.
• Формат: Стаття
• Мова: Українська
• Опубліковано: Chuiko Institute of Surface Chemistry National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine 2025
• Теми: органічні сонячні елементи; органічні полімери; сонячна енергетика; кон’юговані полімери; донорно-акцепторні полімери; вітримери
• Онлайн доступ: https://surfacezbir.com.ua/index.php/surface/article/view/812
• Назва журналу: Surface

This article provides a comprehensive overview of the latest developments in next-generation organic polymers, with particular attention to their functional properties, structural engineering, and applications in organic solar cells (OSCs). The work summarizes recent advances in the chemistry of conjugated polymers, donor–acceptor systems, and vitrimer networks, and analyzes the key factors that determine the efficiency, stability, and operational lifetime of organic photovoltaic devices. Special emphasis is placed on molecular design strategies that enable reduced energy losses, enhanced charge-carrier mobility, and extended absorption in the visible and near-infrared spectral regions. The article highlights the scientific breakthroughs that have led to a rapid increase in OSC power conversion efficiencies to beyond 19%, driven by the development of non-fullerene acceptors of the ITIC and Y6/Y7 families, high-performance donor polymers such as PM6 and D18, and refined methods of nanostructural control in the active layer.A detailed examination of donor and acceptor polymers is presented, including their historical evolution, energy-level alignment, optical behavior, and interactions in bulk heterojunction architectures. A substantial part of the review focuses on emerging polymeric acceptors enabling fully polymer-based solar cells (all-PSC). The article describes structural classes of polymeric acceptors–NDI-, PDI-, and BTI-based systems as well as polyimides–their electronic properties, conjugation length, ability to form ordered domains, and their impact on photovoltaic performance. Key morphological parameters of the active layer–phase separation, π–π stacking, molecular orientation, and charge-transport pathways–are analyzed alongside state-of-the-art methods for morphology control, including solvent-vapor annealing, solvent/additive engineering, sequential deposition, and side-chain modification.The manuscript also provides an in-depth analysis of degradation processes that limit the longevity of OSCs, including photo-oxidation, thermal decomposition, morphological evolution, interfacial degradation, and environmental factors such as oxygen and moisture. Physical models describing degradation (Arrhenius kinetics, Flory-Huggins thermodynamics, recombination dynamics) are discussed. Furthermore, the article outlines how molecular engineering of polymers (fluorination, selenation, introduction of electron-withdrawing groups), interface optimization, and advanced encapsulation technologies can significantly enhance the operational stability of devices. Modern stabilization strategies–vitrimer and self-healing polymer networks, oxide interlayers, multi-layer hybrid encapsulation barriers, and machine-learning-based lifetime prediction–are presented.Overall, the article delivers a systematic review of modern polymeric materials for organic electronics and photovoltaics, demonstrating that coordinated optimization of molecular structures, nanoscale morphology, interfaces, and protective barriers forms the foundation for the transition of OSCs from laboratory prototypes to commercially viable technologies. The work outlines the principal scientific challenges in the field and identifies promising research directions aimed at surpassing 20% efficiency, achieving long-term stability, and integrating next-generation organic polymers into practical renewable-energy applications.