ВПЛИВ КОНЦЕНТРАЦІЇ І ПРИРОДИ СОЛІ ЛІТІЮ НА ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ ГЕЛЕВИХ ЕЛЕКТРОЛІТІВ ДМСО-ПВДФ-LiAn
The results of the study of electrolytes based on gel solutions of DMSO-PVDF-lithium salt with concentrations up to 0.05 m.f. and above 0.1 m.f. are presented.  It is shown that the conductivity of electrolytes is close to the conductivity of lithium salt solutions in pure DMSO and obey...
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| Date: | 2020 |
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| Language: | English |
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V.I.Vernadsky Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry
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Ukrainian Chemistry Journal| _version_ | 1871465406805311488 |
|---|---|
| author | Globa, Nataliy Pershina, Katherine Shmatok, Yurii Milovanova, Olha |
| author_facet | Globa, Nataliy Pershina, Katherine Shmatok, Yurii Milovanova, Olha |
| author_institution_txt_mv | [
{
"author": "Nataliy Globa",
"institution": "Межведомственное отделение электрохимической энергетики НАН Украины"
},
{
"author": "Katherine Pershina",
"institution": "NAS V I Vernadsky Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry"
},
{
"author": "Yurii Shmatok",
"institution": "Межведомственное отделение электрохимической энергетики НАН Украины"
},
{
"author": "Olha Milovanova",
"institution": "Межведомственное отделение электрохимической энергетики НАН Украины"
}
] |
| author_sort | Globa, Nataliy |
| baseUrl_str | https://ucj.org.ua/index.php/journal/oai |
| collection | OJS |
| datestamp_date | 2026-07-22T08:23:42Z |
| description | The results of the study of electrolytes based on gel solutions of DMSO-PVDF-lithium salt with concentrations up to 0.05 m.f. and above 0.1 m.f. are presented.  It is shown that the conductivity of electrolytes is close to the conductivity of lithium salt solutions in pure DMSO and obeys the Arrhenius equation in the studied range of temperatures and concentrations. The calculated activation energies for electrolytes with a salt concentration of up to 0.05 m.f. are 14–15.4 KJ/Mol, and for electrolytes with a salt concentration above 0.1 m.f. - 16.9–20.6 KJ/Mol indicate a fast ion transfer, which in more concentrated solutions is inhibited by an increase in their crystallinity. The analysis of the equivalent circuit models of the Li-Li systems electrochemical impedance spectra showed the tendency of electrolytes to form capacitive elements at the lithium electrode-electrolyte interface. It was recognized the presence of semi-infinite diffusion in LiClO4 and LiIm with salt concentration of 0.05 m.f., due to the imperfection of the film formed on the electrode surface. The efficiency of using DMSO-PVDF-lithium gel electrolytes on steel and platinum electrodes was analyzed by voltammograms. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.33609/0041-6045.86.1.2020.22-35 |
| first_indexed | 2025-09-24T17:43:23Z |
| format | Article |
| fulltext |
Фізична хімія
22 ISSN 0041-6045. УКР . ХІМ . ЖУРН ., 2020, т . 86, No 1
UDC 541.133; 544.653 doi: 10.33609/0041-6045.86.1.2020.22-35
O. I. Milovanova1, N. I. Globa1*, Y. V. Shmatok1, K. D. Pershina1,2
EFFECT OF CONCENTRATION AND NATURE OF LITHIUM SALT ON
CHARACTERISTICS OF GEL ELECTROLYTES DMSO-PVDF-LiAn
1 Joint Department оf Electrochemical Energy Systems оf NAS оf Ukraine 38a Vernadskogo st., Ky-
iv, 03680, Ukraine
2Vernadskii Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry Palladin aven.32/34, Kyiv, 03142,
Ukraine
*e-mail: gnl-n@ukr.net
The results of the study of electrolytes based on gel solutions of DMSO-PVDF-lithium
salt with concentrations up to 0.05 m.f. and above 0.1 m.f. are presented. It is shown
that the conductivity of electrolytes is close to the conductivity of lithium salt solutions
in pure DMSO and obeys the Arrhenius equation in the studied range of temperatures
and concentrations. The calculated activation energies for electrolytes with a salt con-
centration of up to 0.05 m.f. are 14–15.4 KJ/Mol, and for electrolytes with a salt concen-
tration above 0.1 m.f. - 16.9–20.6 KJ/Mol indicate a fast ion transfer, which in more
concentrated solutions is inhibited by an increase in their crystallinity. The analysis of
the equivalent circuit models of the Li-Li systems electrochemical impedance spectra
showed the tendency of electrolytes to form capacitive elements at the lithium electrode-
electrolyte interface. It was recognized the presence of semi- infinite diffusion in LiClO4
and LiIm with salt concentration of 0.05 m.f., due to the imperfection of the film formed
on the electrode surface. The efficiency of using DMSO-PVDF-lithium gel electrolytes
on steel and platinum electrodes was analyzed by voltammograms.
K e y w o rd s: polymer electrolyte, conductivity, lithium-electrolyte interface, conduc-
tivity activation energy, model circuit.
INTRODUCTION. Improving the per-
formance of lithium-ion current sources is
not possible without the development of
electrolytes that are stable in a wide range of
temperatures, charge- discharge voltages,
and are indifferent to the main components
of the current source. The development of
gel-based polymer electrolytes has received
considerable attention in the literature due
their sufficiently high viscosity, with retains
the necessary level of electrical conductivity
close to liquid solutions. The use of polymer
electrolytes is also promising in lithium-
oxygen current sources (LOCS) in addition
to lithium-ion current sources with solid-
phase cathodes and anodes. The main ad-
vantages of LOCS, in comparison with tradi-
tional battery systems, are in high theoretical
© O. I. Milovanova, N. I. Globa, Y. V. Shmatok, K. D. Pershina, 2020
mailto:gnl-n@ukr.net
Effect of concentration and nature of lithium salt on characteristics of gel electrolytes
ISSN 0041-6045. УКР . ХІМ . ЖУРН ., 2020, т . 86, No 1 23
capacity and energy, which is due to the use
of molecular oxygen as a redox component
[1, 2]. The range of potentials of electro-
chemical stability of non-aqueous electro-
lytes is significantly higher than that of wa-
ter, which allows increasing the specific en-
ergy of LOCS in their application [3, 4].
However, issues related to the stability of the
charge-discharge capacity during cycling
remain unresolved, and this does not allow
obtaining the capacitive characteristics nec-
essary for practical use. One of the reasons
for the decrease in capacitance during cy-
cling is the formation of sparingly soluble
products on the surface of the cathode and
anode. In this case the resistance at the elec-
trode-electrolyte interface increases, which
leads to an increase of the current source to-
tal resistance. The choice of electrolyte sys-
tems that can reduce the resulting resistance
is considered as a possible way to solve this
problem. The required level of electrical
conductivity, a wide range of potentials of
electrochemical stability, ensuring high sol-
ubility of oxygen and its diffusion to the
cathode surface, as well as the corrosion re-
sistance of lithium during storage and cy-
cling are the main requirements for electro-
lytes [5].The use of electrolytes in the form
of gels was suggested in [6–8], the ad-
vantages of which include increased chemi-
cal and thermal stability compared to liquid
solutions [9, 10].
Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) is one
of the most commonly used polymers for
producing gel and solid polymer electro-
lytes. The solubility of PVDF depends on
the properties of organic solvents and reach-
es 500 g/kg of solvent, which makes possi-
ble to obtain gels with the necessary and
controlled viscosity. However, not all sol-
vents capable of dissolving PVDF may be
indifferent to the lithium electrode and cath-
ode at the same time.
Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is one of
the solvents that are relatively indifferent to
the lithium electrode. Its use in electrolytes
for lithium current sources with cathodes
made of polycarbon fluoride, sulfur, and
LOCS is described in the literature [11–14].
At the same time, DMSO was not widely
used in current sources, which explains the
relatively small number of publications, in-
cluding those related to the electrical con-
ductivity of solutions of lithium salts (LiAn)
in a DMSO-PVDF mixture.
So, the purpose of this work is to deter-
mine the conductivity and electrochemical
stability of DMSO-PVDF-LiAn solutions
depending on the nature of the lithium salt
anion and its concentration in a DMSO-
PVDF solution over a wide temperature
range. To establish the effect of the electro-
lyte composition on the transition resistance
at the lithium electrode-electrolyte interface
using the method of impedance spectrosco-
py. The obtained data will help to formulate
some approaches to the formation of electro-
lytes for LOCS.
EXPERIMENT AND DISCUSSION OF
THE RESULTS. Lithium salts such as: lithi-
um bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide
LiN(CF3SO2)2 - LiIm (≥99%), lithium
fluoroborate LiBF4 (98%), lithium
trifluoromethanesulfonate LiCF3SO3 - LiTf
(96%), as well as polyvinylidene fluoride
hexafluoropropyl PVDF-HFP (M = 400000)
(all Sigma-Aldrich) were dried in vacuum at
70±2 °С for 3 hours before the manufacture
of electrolytes. Lithium bis(oxalato)borate
O. I. Milovanova, N. I. Globa, Y. V. Shmatok, K. D. Pershina
24 ISSN 0041-6045. УКР . ХІМ . ЖУРН ., 2020, т . 86, No 1
T a b l e 1
Compositions of the studied electrolytes and their designations
Feature Lithium salt
LiBOB LiClO4 LiIm LiBF4 LiTf
Number of elec-
trolyte 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Salt concentra-
tion, m.f. 0.042 0.15 0.05 0.12 0.05 0.15 0.05 0.1 0.05 0.17
Solvate melting
temperature, °С
[16]
18 –29 10 –2,5 12 –23,6 12 –1 18 –22
— LiВОВ was synthesized by the micro-
wave method according to the procedure
published in [15]. Before use, lithium per-
chlorate LiClO4 (Sinbias, Ukraine) was re-
crystallized and dried in vacuum at a tem-
perature of 160-170 °С for at least 14 hours.
DMSO (99.7%, Sigma-Aldrich) was addi-
tionally dried over molecular sieves. To ob-
tain solutions of electrolytes, a solution of
PVDF in DMSO was initially prepared. The
PVDF granules were dissolved in DMSO at
a temperature of 70 °C until a clear solution
was obtained. Then, the calculated amount
of lithium salt was added to the resulting so-
lution, and to speed up dissolution, the re-
sulting mixture was heated for 10-15
minutes. The compositions of the solutions
are given in table 1 (salt concentration is
given in mole fractions (m.f.) and is calcu-
lated on a mixture of DMSO-PVDF). Elec-
trolytes and cells for electrochemical studies
were prepared and assembled in a dry
glove box. The electrolyte conductivity was
determined by the conductometric method
using the impedance spectra obtained in the
frequency range 106–103 Hz using the Z –
2000 impedance meter (Elins, Russia) and
was calculated by the equation k = l/RS, l –
the distance between the electrodes, cm; R –
the resistance determined using the imped-
ance spectra, Ω; S – the area of the elec-
trodes, cm2. To determine the conductivity,
two-electrode Teflon cells with Х18Н10Т
stainless steel electrodes with a surface area
– 2 cm2 and fixed distance between them of
0.4 cm were used.
The change of the resistance at the lithi-
um metal-electrolyte interface, depending on
the electrolyte composition and storage time,
was determined using impedance spectra ob-
tained in the frequency range 10-1÷+5 Hz at an
applied voltage of 20 mV and a temperature
of 25±0.5 °C using a Z–2000 impedance me-
ter (Elins, Russia). The range of electrolytes
potentials of electrochemical stability was
determined by voltammograms using a P-30
potentiostat (Elins, Russia) in a three-
electrode cell with a platinum or steel work-
ing electrode, a lithium auxiliary electrode
and a reference electrode. DMSO belongs
to the class of highly polar organic solvents,
which allows one to obtain its solutions with
a high concentration of lithium salts [11, 14,
17]. According to the phase diagrams pre-
sented in [16], the melting points (Tm) of
solvates with a salt concentration of up to
Effect of concentration and nature of lithium salt on characteristics of gel electrolytes
ISSN 0041-6045. УКР . ХІМ . ЖУРН ., 2020, т . 86, No 1 25
0.05 m. f. are in the range from 10 to 18 °С
(Table 1). For more concentrated solutions
corresponding to the eutectic point, Tm this
temperature is much lower and, depending
on the anion of the lithium salt, is in the
range –29 – 0 °С. Based on this, for both salt
concentrations selected for work, the crystal-
lization temperature of the solution is below
room temperature, which allows them to be
in liquid conditions at room temperature.
The temperature dependences of the
conductivity constructed in the Arrhenius
coordinates are mainly linear, Fig. 1. Slight
deviations in the tilt angles are observed de-
pending on the concentration and nature of
the anion of the lithium salt. The presence of
PVDF in the electrolyte, although it leads to
a significant change in the viscosity of solu-
tions, which is observed visually, does not
change the linear nature of the obtained
polytherms. In the table 2 the values of the
conductivity of DMSO - PVDF- LiAn solu-
tions at a temperature of 25 °C are given for
comparison. In accordance with the present-
ed data, an increase in the conductivity of
electrolytes with a lithium salt concentration
≤ 0.05 m.f. occurs in the following row:
LiBOB < LiIm < LiTf < LiClO4 < LiBF4.
For solutions with salt concentration ≥
0.1 m.f., the conductivity changes in a slight-
ly different order: LiTf < LiBOB <LiIm
<LiClO4 < LiBF4. This agrees well with a
similar series characterizing the change in
the degree of dissociation of lithium salts
[18, 19]. An exception is DMSO-PVDF-
LiBF4 solutions, for which was obtained an
abnormally high level of conductivity. For
most salts, the conductivity in less concen-
trated solutions is higher than in concentrat-
ed ones. This is due to changes in the struc-
Fig.1 Polytherms of the DMSO-PVDF-LiAn
solutions conductivity with lithium salt concen-
tration ≤ 0.05 m.f. (a) and ≥ 0.1 m.f (b). The
numbers on the curves correspond to the electro-
lyte number in the Table 1.
ture of the solvate because of increase in the
degree of ordering of the solution due to the
solvation of ions by solvent molecules.
The conductivity activation energy (Еact)
was calculated graphically, based on the
slope of the straight line constructed in Ar-
rhenius coordinates (ln k–1/T), where Еact =
tg α∙(-R). In accordance to Arrhenius equa-
tion, the activation energy values calculated
on the basis of the linear sections of the ln k–
1/T curves. Results are presented in Table 3.
O. I. Milovanova, N. I. Globa, Y. V. Shmatok, K. D. Pershina
26 ISSN 0041-6045. УКР . ХІМ . ЖУРН ., 2020, т . 86, No 1
T a b l e 2
The conductivity of gel electrolytes at 25 °C
Lithi-
um salt
Concen-
tration,
m.f.
Condu-
ctivity,
mS/cm
Concen-
tration,
m.f.
Condu-
ctivity,
mS/cm
LiBOB 0.042 6.7 0.15 4.2
LiClO4 0.05 12.7 0.12 7.7
LiIm 0.05 9.5 0.15 6.1
LiBF4 0.05 13.7 0.1 11.1
LiTf 0.05 11.2 0.17 3.4
For comparison, the activation energies cal-
culated by the authors of [16] for DMSO-
LiAn solutions are presented. The obtained
results show that the nature of the anion of
lithium salt does not significantly affect the
value of Eact and its order, which indicates a
fairly fast ion transfer [20].
A slight increasing of the Еact value was
observed in gel electrolytes and has been not
significant after comparing with liquid
DMSO-LiAn solutions. In accordance with
the Stokes equation, such effect can be ex-
plained by an increase of the solutions vis-
cosity with PVDF. However, according to
experimental data, an increase of the solu-
tions viscosity with increasing of PVDF con-
tent does not change the mechanism of the
conductivity process. This process depends
on the salt concentration increasing. In this
case Eact also increases. Such behavior may
connect with the increase of the solutions
crystallinity.
The interaction of the lithium metal with
electrolyte components is very important for
current sources with a lithium anode. As a
result of the interaction of lithium with elec-
trolyte components, a solid electrolyte film
(SEF) is formed on its surface, the nature
and composition of which is determined by
the salt concentration, the nature of its anion,
and the composition of the solvents. In order
to determine the effect of the gel electrolyte
composition on the resistance of the SEF
formed on the surface of the lithium elec-
trode and its change during storage, the elec-
trochemical impedance spectra of
Li|electrolyte|Li cells were recorded and ana-
lyzed.
The impedance spectra plotted in the
Nyquist coordinates are shown in Fig. 2.
They have a semicircle characteristic of such
curves, the radius of which depends on the
electrolyte composition. Such characteristic
is mainly associated with the formation of a
film on the surface of a lithium electrode.
T a b l e 3
The conductivity activation energy of the studied electrolytes
Lithium
salt
Concentration,
m.f.
Еact, kJ/mol
Concentration,
m.f.
Еact, kJ/mol
DMSO-
PVDF
DMSO
[16]
DMSO-
PVDF
DMSO
[16]
LiBOB 0.042 15.3 13.7 0.15 19.6 23.8
LiClO4 0.05 15.4 12.6 0.12 20.6 16.8
LiIm 0.05 14.0 13.4 0.15 20.0 17.5
LiBF4 0.05 14.2 13.0 0.1 16.9 13.5
LiTf 0.05 14.3 13.7 0.17 20.3 19.4
Effect of concentration and nature of lithium salt on characteristics of gel electrolytes
ISSN 0041-6045. УКР . ХІМ . ЖУРН ., 2020, т . 86, No 1 27
Fig.2 Impedance spectra of the Li | electrolyte |
Li cell after 5 hours of storage at a temperature
of 25 ± 0.5 ° C for electrolytes with a salt con-
centration of ≤ 0.05 m.f. (a) and ≥ 0.1 m.f (b).
The numbers on the curves correspond to the
electrolyte number in the Table 1.
The structure of the film formed on the sur-
face of the lithium electrode is quite com-
plex and consists of both lithium inorganic
compounds, which formed its dense part,
and organic compounds, which formed a
loose layer, consisting mainly of the prod-
ucts of the lithium interaction with solvent.
The sum of the resistances of the dense and
loose parts of the films corresponds to the
total resistance.
In electrolytes with salt concentration ≤
0.05 m.f., the resistance measured at the
maximum frequency in the Li-Li electrode
system after 5 hours of exposure changes in
such order: LiBF4 < LiTf <LiClO4 <LiIm
<LiBOB. With the exception of LiClO4, the
presented series is in accordance with a se-
ries of the electrolytes conductivity changes.
Thus, in the high-frequency region, the re-
sistance in the Li-Li system is depended
mainly by the conductivity of the gel electro-
lyte. This corresponds to generally accepted
ideas about the formation of resistance in
this frequency range. At the same time, the
resistance of the SEF in the low-frequency
region (1 Hz) changes in a slightly different
order LiBOB< LiIm< LiBF4<LiTf<LiClO4,
and differs from changes in the conductivity
of electrolytes. Such a mismatch may be due
to the contribution of the SEF resistance the
formation of which is affected by the elec-
trolyte composition. In electrolytes with a
salt concentration ≥ 0.1 m.f., under similar
conditions, the SEF resistance in the high-
frequency range changes in the order
LiBF4<LiIm<LiClO4<LiBOB<LiTf. And
also, with the exception of LiClO4, corre-
sponds to the order of the conductivity of
electrolytes changing. At low frequencies,
this resistance has another order
LiBOB≈LiIm≈LiBF4 <LiTf <LiClO4. The
presented sequences of changes in the film
resistance depending on the composition of
the electrolyte are stored during storage, de-
spite the fact that the film thickness and its
composition, as well as the concentration of
charge carriers, can vary.
The dynamics of the resistance changing
Z' taken at a frequency of 1 Hz, depending
on the storage time of the Li-Li electrode
O. I. Milovanova, N. I. Globa, Y. V. Shmatok, K. D. Pershina
28 ISSN 0041-6045. УКР . ХІМ . ЖУРН ., 2020, т . 86, No 1
Fig.3. Dynamics of the resistance Z change 'at a
frequency of 1 Hz in the Li | electrolyte | Li cell
depending on the storage time τ for electrolytes
with salt concentration ≤ 0.05 m.f. (a) and ≥ 0.1
m.f. (b). The numbers on the curves correspond
to the electrolyte number in the Table 1.
couple for various electrolytes, is shown in.
In accordance to the experimental data, a
constant change in the resistance value is ob-
served, which is correlated with the films
thickness and a change in its structure. In the
initial period of time, after the assembly of
the cells, the resistance on the axis Z' de-
creases, but after passing a certain minimum
begins to increase. This behavior is ex-
plained by the dissolution of the primary sur-
face film formed upon contact of lithium
with the environment, and the formation of a
new film resulting from the interaction of
lithium with an electrolyte. The chemical
composition of the SEF is quite complex and
depends on the composition of the electro-
lyte, which also affects its thickness, specific
ionic and electronic conductivity. The data
given in fig. 2 and 3 reflect the general pic-
ture of changes, which include changes in
the current lead - lithium contact, the lithi-
um-electrolyte interface, as well as in the
electrolyte composition, and do not reflect
changes in the dynamics of SEF formation.
Model of the equivalent circuits 1 and 2,
constructed from impedance spectra.
Scheme 1. Model equivalent circuit for electro-
lytes 1, 2, 6, 7, 8, 9
Scheme 2. Model equivalent circuit for electro-
lytes 3, 4 and 5
(Scheme 1, 2) , demonstrate that in all elec-
trolytes, contact with lithium leads to the
formation of capacitive elements formed as a
result of changes in ionic conductivity at the
lithium electrode-electrolyte interface. This
coincides with the general laws of charge
transfer in SEFs formed on lithium in elec-
trolytes of different compositions [24]. Only
a perfectly polarized electrode can have an
ideal impedance of the capacitance of a dou-
ble electric layer (DEL), which is observed
on geometrically and atomically homogene-
ous electrodes (liquid mercury or
Effect of concentration and nature of lithium salt on characteristics of gel electrolytes
ISSN 0041-6045. УКР . ХІМ . ЖУРН ., 2020, т . 86, No 1 29
monocrystals) [25]. In all other cases, on
polycrystalline, including smooth solid elec-
trodes, the impedance is not purely capaci-
tive, because such surfaces contain several
layers that are frequency-dependent in na-
ture. To distinguish it from an ideal capaci-
tance, such capacitance is called “frequency
dispersion of capacitance”. For a simple de-
scription of the dispersion, the phase bound-
ary is often approximated by a constant
phase element (CPE), in other words, the ca-
pacitance C (frequency-dependent) is the
frequency power function, ω, that is, C (ω)
∞ (iω) α-1, where i - imaginary unit. In the
theory of impedance, such capacitances are
modeled by a shunted CPE element with a
standard deviation not exceeding 7 [21].
For electrolytes containing LiClO4 and
an electrolyte with LiIm at a salt concentra-
tion of 0.05 m.f., an additional element ap-
pears in equivalent circuits - open Warburg
(Wо), which characterizes the presence of
semi-infinite diffusion. The reason for this
may be the imperfection of the SEF formed
on the surface of the lithium electrode [22],
which can consist, for example, in the high
porosity of the SEF, which facilitates the
transfer of lithium ions, or in the presence of
corrosion processes. Thus, electrolytes 3, 4
and 5 are modeled by circuit 2 with a stand-
ard deviation not exceeding 0.005.
For equivalent circuits containing an el-
ement of the CPE constant phase, an analy-
sis was proposed in [23] using such parame-
ter as the dispersion of the capacitance Сmin,
which can be considered as an indicator of
the imperfection of films formed on metal
surfaces. The calculation of Сmin was carried
out using Bode diagrams according to equa-
tion 1:
𝐶min = 1
3𝑅max𝜔max
2−𝛾 (1)
The Rmax and ωmax are the resistance and fre-
quency corresponding to the maximum of
the semicircle, and the value of the exponent
γ is determined by the slope of the imped-
ance spectrum in the high-frequency region
of the Nyquist diagram. The calculation of
the maximum values of the differential ca-
pacitance Cmax was carried out according to
the Nyquist diagrams for different storage
time ranges in accordance with equation 2:
𝐶max = 3𝑅max𝜔max (2)
After calculation this parameters the contour
diagrams were built in 3-D coordinates (ca-
pacitance, capacity dispersion, frequency)
(Fig.4). As result we received EIS images,
which demonstrate a charges change of the
lithium electrode surface in time. Using of
the such was approaches based on the theory
of transient processes and the Kirchhoff’s
laws for an electric circuit containing reac-
tive elements. They were used to obtain
some S-plane described by Duhamel inte-
grals [26] and to apply a graphical method in
the following time intervals: 0 < t < t1, t1 < t
< t2 и t > t2 [27]. In this case, the graph is
presented in the form of a triple diagram of
the dependence of the rate of change of ca-
pacitance C in a certain time interval ∆t,
which is proportional to the capacitance at
the beginning of the time interval superim-
posed on the variation curve of the capaci-
tance as a function of frequency. Taking into
account that the dispersion of the capaci-
tance reflects surface disorder arising due to
the unevenness of atomic scales and energy
inhomogeneities at the electrode – electro-
lyte interface [25- 29], this approach can be
O. I. Milovanova, N. I. Globa, Y. V. Shmatok, K. D. Pershina
30 ISSN 0041-6045. УКР . ХІМ . ЖУРН ., 2020, т . 86, No 1
Fig.4. EIS images of the changes of the lithium surface in the electrolytes depending on the storage
time. The numbers in the diagrams correspond to the electrolyte number in the Table. 1
Effect of concentration and nature of lithium salt on characteristics of gel electrolytes
ISSN 0041-6045. УКР . ХІМ . ЖУРН ., 2020, т . 86, No 1 31
used as an integral characteristic of the de-
gree of surface inhomogeneity in time. Thus,
the switching of the rate of change of capaci-
tance and the dispersion of the capacitance
in the studied time interval can be consid-
ered as an integral picture of the changes in
the SEF formed on the surface of the lithium
electrode depending on the composition of
the electrolytes, which is reflected in the EIS
images (Fig.4). The X axis indicates the stor-
age time, min, the Y axis shows the change
in capacity over time calculated according to
equation 2, and the Z axis represents the pro-
jection of the capacity dispersion Сmin onto
the X – Y plane. The intensity of light tones
corresponds to the maximum dispersion of
the capacitance (charge) and can character-
ize the imperfection of the forming surface
films.
The presented EIS images show a signif-
icant difference in the surface structure of
the lithium electrode, depending on the stor-
age time and electrolyte composition. In
most electrolytes, with an increase in the du-
ration of their contact with lithium depend-
ing on the storage time, a maximum of the
dispersion of the capacitance is observed,
depending on the composition of the electro-
lyte. After this, the formation of a more sta-
ble film is observed. The period of film for-
mation is characterized by the presence of
extrema, indicated in light diagrams by a
light tone, which indicate the existence of a
disordered SEF structure on the lithium sur-
face. The presence of these extremes, as a
rule, is observed in a relatively short period
of time, which corresponds to the accepted
ideas about the rapid formation of the disor-
dered structure of the SEF [24]. An excep-
tion is electrolytes 3, 4, and 8, that is, elec-
trolytes based on lithium perchlorate and
fluoroborate, where the SEF disorder per-
sists throughout the entire measurement time
and may be due to corrosion processes,
which is known for solutions with lithium
perchlorate in DMSO [28]. With an increase
in the contact time of lithium with an elec-
trolyte, the degree of film ordering increases.
This is characterized by a transition from
light tones in the contour diagrams to darker
ones. Thus, from the point of view of the
structure of the electrode – electrolyte inter-
face, electrolyte systems based on LiBF4 and
LiClO4 salts can lead to an increase in inter-
nal resistance and, in the presence of corro-
sion processes, to decomposition of the elec-
trolyte, which are undesirable effects that
significantly affect the characteristics of cur-
rent sources. An electrolyte based on
LiBOB, at its high concentration, is also
characterized by a rather long period of SEF
formation, and from this point of view, its
dilute solutions have advantages. In all other
electrolytes, SEF is formed within ~ 100–
200 min.
The efficiency of using electrolytes
based on DMSO – PVDF gels in oxygen ox-
idation-reduction reactions was studied us-
ing voltammograms obtained on steel and
platinum electrodes in the voltage range 1.8–
4.6 V. The choice of electrode materials was
based on differences in the catalytic proper-
ties of these metals in oxygen oxidation-
reduction reactions. The obtained
voltammograms are presented in Fig. 5. Ac-
cording to published data [13], the peak on
the cathode branch of the curve obtained on
the platinum electrode in the potential region
close to 2.5 V (curve 1) can be attributed to
the process associated with oxygen reduc
O. I. Milovanova, N. I. Globa, Y. V. Shmatok, K. D. Pershina
32 ISSN 0041-6045. УКР . ХІМ . ЖУРН ., 2020, т . 86, No 1
tion. In the voltammogram obtained using a
steel electrode, a similar peak is absent,
since steel is not a catalyst in the processes
of oxygen oxidation-reduction. The increase
in current at voltages above 4.5 V on the
steel electrode is explained by the decompo-
sition of the electrolyte.
CONCLUSIONS. The study results of
the conductivity of gel polymer electrolytes
showed that the systems based on DMSO-
PVDF solutions with lithium salts LiBOB,
LiClO4, LiIm, LiBF4, LiTf are characterized
by conductivity close to similar electrolytes,
including lithium salt and DMSO. The con-
ductivity activation energy calculated on the
basis of the Arrhenius equation is 14–15.4
KJ/Mol for electrolytes with salt concentra-
tion ≤ 0.05 m.f., and 16.9–20.6 KJ/Mol for
electrolytes with salt concentration ≥ 0.1
m.f. The obtained values of Eact indicate a
fairly rapid transfer of ions, which in more
concentrated solutions is inhibited by an in-
crease in their crystallinity. A slight increase
in Eact for gel electrolytes in comparison
with DMSO-LiAn liquid solutions is not
significant, and an increase in the viscosity
of solutions due to PVDF does not change
the mechanism of the conductivity pro-
cess.The analysis of model equivalent cir-
cuits of the studied electrolytes did not es-
tablish significant differences in their struc-
ture, all electrolytes are prone to the for-
mation of capacitive elements, which are
formed as a result of changes in ionic con-
ductivity at the lithium electrode-electrolyte
interface. The changes on the surface of the
lithium electrode have been recorded using
EIS images based on capacitive elements
and their frequency changing. The presence
of diffusion in the LiClO4 solution and LiIm
solution with a salt concentration of 0.05
m.f. was fixed by equivalent circuits of EIS
spectra and by EIS images.
We are grateful to National Academy of
Sciences of Ukraine for financial support of
the project 011U000858.
ВПЛИВ КОНЦЕНТРАЦІЇ І ПРИРОДИ СОЛІ
ЛІТІЮ НА ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ ГЕЛЕВИХ
ЕЛЕКТРОЛІТІВ ДМСО-ПВДФ-LiAn
О. І. Мілованова, Н. І. Глоба*, К. Д. Перши-
на, Ю. В. Шматок,
Міжвідомче відділення електрохімічної енер-
гетики НАН України, вул. Академіка вер-
надського, 38а, Київ, 03680, Україна
Інститут загальної та неорганічної хімії ім.
В.І. Вернадського НАН України, пр.. Палладі-
на, 32/34, Київ, 03142, Україна
*e-mail: gnl-n@ukr.net
В роботі приведені результати дослідження
електролітів на основі розчинів гелів ДМСО-
ПВДФ-сіль літію з концентраціями до 0,05 м.
д. і вище 0,1 м. д. показано, що провідність
електролітів є близькою до провідності роз-
чинів солей літію в чистому ДМСО і підпо-
рядковується рівнянню Арреніуса в дослі-
джуваному інтервалі температур і концент-
рацій. Розраховані значення енергії активації
для електролітів з концентрацією солі до 0,05
м. д. становлять 14-15,4 кДж/моль, а для еле-
ктролітів з концентрацією солі вище 0,1 м. д.
– 16,9-20,6 кДж/моль, що свідчить про доста-
тньо швидкий перенос іонів, який у більш
концентрованих розчинах гальмується збі-
льшенням ступеню їх кристалічності. Аналіз
модельних еквівалентних схем, отриманих в
системі Li-Li, показав схильність електролі-
тів до утворення ємнісних елемен-тів, які
формуються в результаті зміни іонної прові-
дності на границі розділу літієвий електрод-
електроліт. Для розчинів LiClO4 та LiIm з
mailto:gnl-n@ukr.net
Effect of concentration and nature of lithium salt on characteristics of gel electrolytes
ISSN 0041-6045. УКР . ХІМ . ЖУРН ., 2020, т . 86, No 1 33
концентрацією солі 0,05 м. д. в еквіва-
лентних схемах з’являється додатковий еле-
мент W0 (відкритий Варбург), який харак-
теризує напівбескінечнe дифузію, яка пов’я-
зана з недосконалістю плівки, що утво-
рюється на поверхні електроду. Присутність
дифузії додатково підтверджена контурними
діаграмами ємності та дисперсії ємності в
широкому частотному діапазоні.
К л ю ч о в і с л о в а: полімерний електро-
літ, провідність, границя розділу літій-елек-
троліт, енергія активації провідності, мо-
дельна схема.
ВЛИЯНИЕ КОНЦЕНТРАЦИИ И ПРИРОДЫ
СОЛИ ЛИТИЯ НА ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ
ГЕЛЕВИХ ЭЛЕКТРОЛИТОВ ДМСО-ПВДФ-
LiAn
О. И. Мілованова, Н. И. Глоба*, К. Д. Пер-
шина, Ю. В. Шматок
Межведомственное отделение электрохи-
мической энергетики НАН Украины, ул. Ака-
демика Вернадского, 38а, Киев, 03680, Ук-
раина
Институт общей и неорганической химии
им. В.І. Вернадского НАН Украины, пр. Пал-
ладина, 32/34, Киев, 03142, Украина
*e-mail: gnl-n@ukr.net
В работе приведенные результаты исследо-
вания электролитов на основе растворов ге-
лей ДМСО-ПВДФ-соль лития с концентра-
циями до 0,05 м. д. и выше 0,1 м. д. Показа-
но, что проводимость электролитов является
близкой к проводимости растворов солей ли-
тия в чистом ДМСО и подчиняется уравне-
нию Арреніуса в исследуемом интервале
температур и концентраций. Рассчитанные
значения энергии активации для электроли-
тов с концентрацией соли до 0,05 м. д. пред-
ставляют 14-15,4 кДж/моль, а для электроли-
тов с концентрацией соли выше 0,1 м. д. -
16,9-20,6 кДж/моль, что свидетельствует о
достаточно быстром переносе ионов, кото-
рый в более концентрированных растворах
тормозится увеличением степени их кри-
сталличности. Анализ модельных эквива-
лентных схем, полученных в системе Li - Li,
показал склонность электролитов к образо-
ванию элементов емкости, которые форми-
руются в результате изменения ионной про-
водимости на границе раздела литиевый
электрод-электролит. Для растворов LiClO4 и
LiIm с концентрацией соли 0,05 м. д. в экви-
валентных схемах появляется дополнитель-
ный элемент W0 (открытый Варбург), кото-
рый описывает полу бесконечную диффу-
зию, связанную с несовершенством пленки,
образующейся на поверхности электрода.
Присутствие диффузии дополнительно под-
тверждено контурными диаграммами емко-
сти и дисперсии емкости в широком частот-
ном диапазоне.
К л ю ч е в ы е с л о в а: полимерный элек-
тролит, проводимость, граница раздела ли-
тий-электролит, энергия активации проводи-
мости, модельная схема.
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|
| id | oai:ojs2.1444248.nisspano.web.hosting-test.net:article-120 |
| institution | Ukrainian Chemistry Journal |
| keywords_txt_mv | keywords |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2026-07-23T01:01:32Z |
| publishDate | 2020 |
| publisher | V.I.Vernadsky Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry |
| record_format | ojs |
| resource_txt_mv | ucjorgua/a7/df65c0bd774c08854c51ccf9a9f060a7.pdf |
| spelling | oai:ojs2.1444248.nisspano.web.hosting-test.net:article-1202026-07-22T08:23:42Z EFFECT OF CONCENTRATION AND NATURE OF LITHIUM SALT ON CHARACTERISTICS OF GEL ELECTROLYTES DMSO-PVDF-LiAn ВЛИЯНИЕ КОНЦЕНТРАЦИИ И ПРИРОДЫ СОЛИ ЛИТИЯ НА ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ ГЕЛЕВИХ ЭЛЕКТРОЛИТОВ ДМСО-ПВДФ- LiAn ВПЛИВ КОНЦЕНТРАЦІЇ І ПРИРОДИ СОЛІ ЛІТІЮ НА ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ ГЕЛЕВИХ ЕЛЕКТРОЛІТІВ ДМСО-ПВДФ-LiAn Globa, Nataliy Pershina, Katherine Shmatok, Yurii Milovanova, Olha polymer electrolyte, conductivity, lithium-electrolyte interface, conductivity activation energy, model circuit. полимерный электролит, проводимость, граница раздела литий-электролит, энергия активации проводимости, модельная схема. полімерний електроліт, провідність, границя розділу літій-електроліт, енергія активації провідності, модельна схема. The results of the study of electrolytes based on gel solutions of DMSO-PVDF-lithium salt with concentrations up to 0.05 m.f. and above 0.1 m.f. are presented.&nbsp; It is shown that the conductivity of electrolytes is close to the conductivity of lithium salt solutions in pure DMSO and obeys the Arrhenius equation in the studied range of temperatures and concentrations. The calculated activation energies for electrolytes with a salt concentration of up to 0.05 m.f. are 14–15.4 KJ/Mol, and for electrolytes with a salt concentration above 0.1 m.f. - 16.9–20.6 KJ/Mol indicate a fast ion transfer, which in more concentrated solutions is inhibited by an increase in their crystallinity. The analysis of the equivalent circuit models of the Li-Li systems electrochemical impedance spectra showed the tendency of electrolytes to form capacitive elements at the lithium electrode-electrolyte interface. It was recognized the presence of semi-infinite diffusion in LiClO4 and LiIm with salt concentration of 0.05 m.f., due to the imperfection of the film formed on the electrode surface. The efficiency of using DMSO-PVDF-lithium gel electrolytes on steel and platinum electrodes was analyzed by voltammograms. V.I.Vernadsky Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry 2020-02-05 Article Article Physical chemistry Физическая xимия Фізична xімія application/pdf https://ucj.org.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/120 10.33609/0041-6045.86.1.2020.22-35 Ukrainian Chemistry Journal; Vol. 86 No. 1 (2020): Ukrainian Chemistry Journal; 22-35 Украинский химический журнал; ##issue.vol## 86 ##issue.no## 1 (2020): Украинский химический журнал; 22-35 Український хімічний журнал; Том 86 № 1 (2020): Український хімічний журнал; 22-35 2708-129X 2708-1281 en https://ucj.org.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/120/76 Copyright (c) 2020 Nataliy Globa, Katherine Pershina, Yurii Shmatok, Olha Milovanova https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 |
| spellingShingle | полімерний електроліт провідність границя розділу літій-електроліт енергія активації провідності модельна схема. Globa, Nataliy Pershina, Katherine Shmatok, Yurii Milovanova, Olha ВПЛИВ КОНЦЕНТРАЦІЇ І ПРИРОДИ СОЛІ ЛІТІЮ НА ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ ГЕЛЕВИХ ЕЛЕКТРОЛІТІВ ДМСО-ПВДФ-LiAn |
| title | ВПЛИВ КОНЦЕНТРАЦІЇ І ПРИРОДИ СОЛІ ЛІТІЮ НА ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ ГЕЛЕВИХ ЕЛЕКТРОЛІТІВ ДМСО-ПВДФ-LiAn |
| title_alt | EFFECT OF CONCENTRATION AND NATURE OF LITHIUM SALT ON CHARACTERISTICS OF GEL ELECTROLYTES DMSO-PVDF-LiAn ВЛИЯНИЕ КОНЦЕНТРАЦИИ И ПРИРОДЫ СОЛИ ЛИТИЯ НА ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ ГЕЛЕВИХ ЭЛЕКТРОЛИТОВ ДМСО-ПВДФ- LiAn |
| title_full | ВПЛИВ КОНЦЕНТРАЦІЇ І ПРИРОДИ СОЛІ ЛІТІЮ НА ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ ГЕЛЕВИХ ЕЛЕКТРОЛІТІВ ДМСО-ПВДФ-LiAn |
| title_fullStr | ВПЛИВ КОНЦЕНТРАЦІЇ І ПРИРОДИ СОЛІ ЛІТІЮ НА ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ ГЕЛЕВИХ ЕЛЕКТРОЛІТІВ ДМСО-ПВДФ-LiAn |
| title_full_unstemmed | ВПЛИВ КОНЦЕНТРАЦІЇ І ПРИРОДИ СОЛІ ЛІТІЮ НА ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ ГЕЛЕВИХ ЕЛЕКТРОЛІТІВ ДМСО-ПВДФ-LiAn |
| title_short | ВПЛИВ КОНЦЕНТРАЦІЇ І ПРИРОДИ СОЛІ ЛІТІЮ НА ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ ГЕЛЕВИХ ЕЛЕКТРОЛІТІВ ДМСО-ПВДФ-LiAn |
| title_sort | вплив концентрації і природи солі літію на характеристики гелевих електролітів дмсо-пвдф-lian |
| topic | полімерний електроліт провідність границя розділу літій-електроліт енергія активації провідності модельна схема. |
| topic_facet | polymer electrolyte conductivity lithium-electrolyte interface conductivity activation energy model circuit. полимерный электролит проводимость граница раздела литий-электролит энергия активации проводимости модельная схема. полімерний електроліт провідність границя розділу літій-електроліт енергія активації провідності модельна схема. |
| url | https://ucj.org.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/120 |
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