СИНТЕЗ ГРАФЕНОПОДІБНИХ СТРУКТУР ПЛАЗМО-ДУГОВИМ РОЗРЯДОМ У СЕРЕДОВИЩІ РІДКОГО АЗОТУ
Using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Raman scattering we studied the charge state of matrix and doping element atoms on the surface, morphology, and defects in the structure of graphene-like materials synthesized by plasma-arc discharge in liquid nitrogen.
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| author | Panteleimonov, Radyslav Korduban , Oleksandr Ogenko , Volodymyr Kryshchuk, Taras |
| author_facet | Panteleimonov, Radyslav Korduban , Oleksandr Ogenko , Volodymyr Kryshchuk, Taras |
| author_institution_txt_mv | [
{
"author": "Radyslav Panteleimonov",
"institution": "V. I. Vernadskii Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine"
},
{
"author": "Oleksandr Korduban ",
"institution": "V. I. Vernadskii Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine"
},
{
"author": "Volodymyr Ogenko ",
"institution": "V. I. Vernadskii Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine"
},
{
"author": "Taras Kryshchuk",
"institution": "V. I. Vernadskii Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine"
}
] |
| author_sort | Panteleimonov, Radyslav |
| baseUrl_str | https://ucj.org.ua/index.php/journal/oai |
| collection | OJS |
| datestamp_date | 2026-07-22T08:23:44Z |
| description | Using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Raman scattering we studied the charge state of matrix and doping element atoms on the surface, morphology, and defects in the structure of graphene-like materials synthesized by plasma-arc discharge in liquid nitrogen. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.33609/2708-129X.86.10.2020.88-94 |
| first_indexed | 2025-09-24T17:43:35Z |
| format | Article |
| fulltext |
88 ISSN 2708-129X. Укр. хім. журн., 2020
УДК 538.9.544.723 doi: 10.33609/2708-129X.86.10.2020.88-94
SYNTHESIS OF GRAPHENE-LIKE STRUCTURES BY A PLASMA-ARC
DISCHARGE IN LIQUID NITROGEN
R. А. Panteleimonov, T. V. Kryschuk, О. M. Korduban, V. М. Ogenko
V. I. Vernadskii Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of the National Academy of Sciences
of Ukraine, Aсademiс Palladin Avenue, 32/34, Kyiv 03142, Ukraine
*E-mail: radik20031@gmail.com
Abstract. Using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and
Raman scattering we studied the charge state of matrix and doping element atoms on the
surface, morphology, and defects in the structure of graphene-like materials synthesized by
plasma-arc discharge in liquid nitrogen.
Keywords: graphene-like structures, graphene, liquid nitrogen, Raman spectroscopy, plas-
ma arc discharge.
INTRODUCTION. Currently, graphene-
like structures are an extremely important
material that has unique thermal, electrical
conductivity, mechanical strength and opti-
cal properties. Every year there are more and
more publications about their application and
unique properties, and this happens in various
industries from chemistry to electronics [1].
Dozens of effective methods for obtaining
graphene-like structures are already known,
but the most popular are still chemical depo-
sition from the gas phase, the method of laser
ablation and synthesis in plasma-arc discharge
[2]. Each of these methods is unique in its
own way and makes it possible to obtain va
rious graphene-like structures, such as carbon
nanotubes, single or multilayer graphene-like
material, fullerenes. Among these methods,
the synthesis in plasma-arc discharge stands
out favorably, thanks to which it is possible to
reproduce certain carbon-containing struc-
tures. In addition, this method has a number
of advantages, such as: low energy costs and re-
agent costs, high purity of the obtained nano-
particles, a small number of additional chemi
cal methods for removing impurities, which
in the other two methods are costly and time
consuming. This allows one to obtain a high
yield of the final product and the possibility of
using some processing products as starting re-
agents [3].
Synthesis in plasma-arc discharge gives a
possibility to create extremely high tempera-
tures and pressures in the discharge zone and
immediatly stop reactions, which is crucial for
the condensation of certain types of carbon
structures: fullerenes, nanotubes of different
diameters and lengths, shell structures and
UCJ № 10 / Vol. 86R. А. Panteleimonov, T. V. Kryschuk, О. M. Korduban, V. М. Ogenko
89https://ucj.org.ua
others. As a medium, you can use not only
gases but also liquids [4], such as water, emul-
sions, suspensions, liquid nitrogen. In addi-
tion, liquids are more efficient and convenient
for obtaining certain graphene-like structures.
It is known that the physicochemical pro
perties of graphene are significantly changed
by the introduction into the graphene struc-
ture of heteroatoms of a number of elements.
For example, nitrogen can be introduced
into the lattice of graphene-like structures
in different ways, which are characterized by
different configurations of interatomic bonds
(graphite-like, pyridine, pyrrole, etc.). Each of
the configurations may have different cataly
tic activity and affect the electronic structure
in different ways. Thus, the synthesis of doped
graphene with a fixed type of configuration of
the dopant or the maximum set of configura-
tions allows you to control the functional char-
acteristics of the material.
Given the close atomic radii and commen-
surate lengths of the N - C and C - C bonds,
when nitrogen enters the crystal lattice of
graphene, almost no vacancies are formed,
which promote electron scattering, resulting in
a high mobility of charge carriers. Therefore,
nitrogen is ideal dopant for graphene and has
the most pronounced doping effect among
different types of impurities. The presence of
nitrogen atoms in graphene also increases the
stability of the carbon lattice by ~ 200 oC [5].
In general, in the work the task of synthesis
of laboratory batches of functional materials
promising for use as sensitive elements of sen-
sors and current sources was set.
The work is aimed at the study of graphene-
like structures, which are synthesized by the
method of plasma-arc discharge in liquid
nitrogen.
EXPERIMENT AND DISCUSSION OF
RESULTS. Waste plates of various function-
al products made of compressed thermal-
ly expanded natural graphite produced by
TM Spetsmash Ltd, Kyiv were used in the syn-
thesis as arc discharge electrodes. It’s worth
noting that the samples of thermoexpand-
ed graphite synthesized by oxidation (by the
method of Hamer and others) from natural
graphite already have a purity of more than
99.9%. It is also possible to expect that the
re-condensation of carbon atoms and subse-
quent separation of graphene planes at ther-
mal shocks and pressures occurring in the arc
discharge zone will further improve the purity
of synthesized nanoproducts, which is known
to be very important for carbon use in current
sources [6].
Heat-resistant utensils were used in the
work, and liquid nitrogen was used as a disper-
sion medium. To reduce the effect of arc light
radiation on the synthesized carbon structures,
a protective screen made of compressed ther-
moexpanded graphite plates is provided in the
structure in the arc discharge zone (fig. 1).
After the evaporation of nitrogen, the dis-
persion phase of carbon particles remains in
the utensils in the form of dry powder.
Further separation of the synthesized car-
bon nanoparticles by size was performed by
sedimentation in water and ethyl alcohol.
In the process of preparation of samples for
their analysis and subsequent use, the follow-
ing methods were used: ultrasonic treatment,
mixing, centrifugation, coating of nanocarbon
materials with drops of dispersion of a certain
concentration. The smallest nanoparticles,
forming a transparent dispersion medium,
were clearly visible on the Tyndall cone and
were stable over time. In the aqueous medium,
PHISICAL CHEMISTRY SYNTHESIS OF GRAPHENE-LIKE STRUCTURES BY A PLASMA-ARC DISCHARGE IN LIQUID NITROGEN
90 ISSN 2708-129X. Укр. хім. журн., 2020
a hydrophobic phase is steadily released, which
forms a floating film on the water surface.
During drying and evaporation of the dis-
persion medium, the dispersed phases formed
strong films of different porosity, which are
further promising for use in sensitive sensors
and current sources.
The images of graphene-like particles were
obtained using a scanning electron microscope
MIRA3 Tescan. The raman spectra were taken
at the center of collective use of the Lashkarev
Institute of Semiconductor Physics. X-ray pho-
toelectron spectra were studied in the center of
collective use of V.I. Vernadsky IZNH of the
National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine.
Figure 1 shows a diagram of an experimen-
tal setup for the synthesis of carbon structures.
The distance between the electrodes required
for the ignition of arc and its stable combustion
was 2-4 mm.
In the process of synthesis, graphene-like
structures with different structural morpholo-
gy were obtained.
Figure 1 - Schematic diagram of synthesis in
plasma-arc discharge: 1 - cathode, 2 - cover, 3 -
anode, 4 - anode clamp, 5 - liquid nitrogen, 6 - ves-
sel body, 7 - electric arc, 8 - protective screen in the
arc zone.
Figure 2 - SEM Image of graphene-like struc-
tures: a) cone-shaped carbon nanostructures;
b) graphene strips; c) agglomerates of graphene-
like structures; d) graphene-like globules deposited
on the cathode during synthesis.
Figure 2, shows and examples of the forma-
tion of conical structures with an inner diame-
ter of 50 to 150 nm. These particles are illumi-
nated by the probing electron beam of the mi-
croscope, making it possible to conclude that
they consist of several layers. Figure 2, b shows
strips of graphene with a thickness in the range
of 5-10 nm. Figure 2, c shows different in shape
agglomerates of graphene-like structures.
Figure 2, d shows the carbon structures depo
sited on cathode in the form of globules.
We assumed that in the process of arc dis-
charge in liquid nitrogen, plasma chemical re-
actions take place between nitrogen radicals
and carbon structures.
The electronic structure of the internal C1s
and N1s levels of the synthesized nanostruc-
tures was studied by X-ray photon-electron
UCJ № 10 / Vol. 86R. А. Panteleimonov, T. V. Kryschuk, О. M. Korduban, V. М. Ogenko
91https://ucj.org.ua
spectroscopy (fig. 3-6). Decomposition into
spectral components was performed by the
Gauss-Newton method in the mode of bound
parameters. The intensity of the compo-
nents and their binding energy varied. The
total width of the components ΔЕ = 1.4 eV
and the Gauss-Lorentz contribution ratio
G/L = 0.7 during the spectrum decomposi-
tion were fixed. The appearance of transpa
rent and absorbing carbon-containing phas-
es was recorded in the visible range of the
dispersion medium. According to the XPS,
C1s-line, which is decomposed into compo-
nents (fig. 3-4), along with the contribution
of sp2C-sp2C (Ezv = 284.8 eV), characteristic
of graphene, contains a component with Ezv =
286.4 eV, which is attributed both to the bond
of nitrogen-modified graphene sp3C-N and to
the CO bond [7]. The contribution to the C1s
line in the energy range with Ezv = 287.3 eV
refers to the C = O bond, which is absent in
the C1s spectrum of a transparent phase in
the optical range.
In the N1s spectra, depending on the lo-
cal configuration, different chemical shifts are
observed. Thus, on the N1s-bands (fig. 5-6)
there are components characteristic of nitro-
gen-modified graphene with Ezv = 398.4 eV
(pyridine-N), Ezv = 400.0 eV (pyrrole-N),
Ezv = 401.6 eV (graphite-N), Ezv = 402.7 eV
(oxidized NO) [8]. It should be noted that in
general, the first three of the above configura-
tions are noted in the literature.
The component in the region of 398.4 eV can
also be attributed to the nitrile-N group, where
nitrogen is covalently bonded to a carbon atom
and two hydrogen atoms [9]. The pyrrole-N
component may also be an N-substitution in
the Stone-Wales defect or part of an amine,
pyridine, nitroso or cyano group [10].
In this case, the infrared spectra of the sam-
ples show bands characteristic of C=C and
C=O vibrations (1630, 1650 and 1736 cm-1 for
C=C in the sp2 state), C-O (1375 cm-1), O-C-O
(1260cm-1).
Figure 3 - 1s X-ray photoelectron spectrum of
transparent phase carbon.
Figure 4 - 1s X-ray photoelectron spectrum of
absorbing phase carbon.
In the Raman spectra (fig. 7) there are two
main peaks: a G-line (1580 cm-1), which re-
fers to the vibrations of the system of sp2-car-
bon bonds, and a 2D-line (2670 cm-1), which
corresponds to the vibrational states, of de-
fective hexagonal lattice. For the synthesized
PHISICAL CHEMISTRY SYNTHESIS OF GRAPHENE-LIKE STRUCTURES BY A PLASMA-ARC DISCHARGE IN LIQUID NITROGEN
92 ISSN 2708-129X. Укр. хім. журн., 2020
graphene-like structures, a symmetrical sharp
peak of the 2D line is observed, while for ther-
mally expanded and compressed graphite, a
broadened peak is shifted to the long-wave-
length region with respect to graphene. The
degree of structural perfection of graphene can
be assessed by the ratio ID/IG. In our case, the
ID/IG ratio is 0.064 for curve 1 and 0.060 for
curve 2, and, consequently, a decrease in the
value of the ID/IG ratio indicates an increase
in the degree of perfection of the structure of
graphene-like nanostructures [11].
Figure 5 - 1s X-ray photoelectron spectrum of
transparent phase nitrogen.
Figure 6 - 1s X-ray photoelectron spectrum of
absorbing phase nitrogen.
The morphology and physicochemical char-
acteristics of the obtained samples allow one to
use them both individually and in combina-
tions in the form of films in sensors, current
sources, supercapacitors, reinforcing polymer
fillers, electromagnetic screens and more.
Figure 7 - Spectra of Raman scattering: 1 -
thermally expanded and compressed graphite; 2 -
graphene-like structures obtained after synthesis.
CONCLUSIONS.
Various graphene-like nanostructures doped
with nitrogen were synthesized by plasma-arc
discharge in liquid nitrogen. Their electronic
structure, morphology and structural defects
have been studied.
New centers of nitrogen doping of the
surface of graphene-like nanostructures are
characterized by the method of X-ray photo-
electron spectroscopy.
Acknowledgment
Made according to the theme: GDR 314-E
“Physical and inorganic chemistry of function-
ally oriented systems, heterostructures and com-
posites”.
UCJ № 10 / Vol. 86R. А. Panteleimonov, T. V. Kryschuk, О. M. Korduban, V. М. Ogenko
93https://ucj.org.ua
СИНТЕЗ ГРАФЕНОПОДІБНИХ СТРУКТУР
ПЛАЗМО-ДУГОВИМ РОЗРЯДОМ
У СЕРЕДОВИЩІ РІДКОГО АЗОТУ
Р. А. Пантелеймонов, Т. В. Крищук,
О. М. Кордубан, В. М. Огенко
Інститут загальної та неорганічної
хімії ім. В. І. Вернадського НАН України,
просп. Академіка Палладіна, 32/34, Київ
03142, Україна
*е-mail: radik20031@gmail.com
Методами скануючої електронної мі-
кроскопії, рентгенфотоелектронної спек-
троскопії, комбінаційного розсіювання до-
сліджено зарядовий стан атомів матриці та
легуючого елементу на поверхні, морфоло-
гію та дефекти структури графеноподібних
матеріалів, синтезованих плазмо-дуговим
розрядом у середовищі азоту.
Ключові слова: графеноподібні струк-
тури, графен, середовище рідкого азоту,
спектроскопія комбінаційного розсіюван-
ня, плазмо-дуговий розряд.
СИНТЕЗ ГРАФЕНОПОДОБНЫХ СТРУКТУР
ПЛАЗМО-ДУГОВЫМ РАЗРЯДОМ В СРЕДЕ
ЖИДКОГО АЗОТА
Р. А. Пантелеймонов, Т. В. Крищук,
О. М. Кордубан, В. М. Огенко
Институт общей и неорганической хи-
мии им. В. И. Вернадского НАН Украины,
просп. Академика Палладина, 32/34, Киев
03142, Украина
*e-mail: radik20031@gmail.com
Методами сканирующей электронной
микроскопии, рентгенфотоэлектронной
спектроскопии, комбинационного рассе-
ивания исследовано зарядовое состояние
атомов матрицы и легирующего элемента
на поверхности, морфологию и дефекты
структуры графеноподобных материалов,
синтезированных плазмо-дуговым разря-
дом в среде жидкого азота.
Ключевые слова: графеноподобные
структуры, графен, среда жидкого азота,
спектроскопия комбинационного рассея-
ния, плазменно-дуговой разряд.
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Стаття надійшла 25.09.2020
|
| id | oai:ojs2.1444248.nisspano.web.hosting-test.net:article-241 |
| institution | Ukrainian Chemistry Journal |
| keywords_txt_mv | keywords |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2026-07-23T01:05:13Z |
| publishDate | 2020 |
| publisher | V.I.Vernadsky Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry |
| record_format | ojs |
| resource_txt_mv | ucjorgua/ef/7cfbc62ee2c6dfd214488e5e6f3957ef.pdf |
| spelling | oai:ojs2.1444248.nisspano.web.hosting-test.net:article-2412026-07-22T08:23:44Z SYNTHESIS OF GRAPHENE-LIKE STRUCTURES BY A PLASMA-ARC DISCHARGE IN LIQUID NITROGEN СИНТЕЗ ГРАФЕНОПОДОБНЫХ СТРУКТУР ПЛАЗМО-ДУГОВЫМ РАЗРЯДОМ В СРЕДЕ ЖИДКОГО АЗОТА СИНТЕЗ ГРАФЕНОПОДІБНИХ СТРУКТУР ПЛАЗМО-ДУГОВИМ РОЗРЯДОМ У СЕРЕДОВИЩІ РІДКОГО АЗОТУ Panteleimonov, Radyslav Korduban , Oleksandr Ogenko , Volodymyr Kryshchuk, Taras graphene-like structures, graphene, liquid nitrogen, Raman spectroscopy, plasma arc discharge. Using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Raman scattering we studied the charge state of matrix and doping element atoms on the surface, morphology, and defects in the structure of graphene-like materials synthesized by plasma-arc discharge in liquid nitrogen. V.I.Vernadsky Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry 2020-11-16 Article Article Physical chemistry Физическая xимия Фізична xімія application/pdf https://ucj.org.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/241 10.33609/2708-129X.86.10.2020.88-94 Ukrainian Chemistry Journal; Vol. 86 No. 10 (2020): Ukrainian Chemistry Journal; 88-94 Украинский химический журнал; ##issue.vol## 86 ##issue.no## 10 (2020): Украинский химический журнал; 88-94 Український хімічний журнал; Том 86 № 10 (2020): Український хімічний журнал; 88-94 2708-129X 2708-1281 en https://ucj.org.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/241/130 Copyright (c) 2020 Radyslav Panteleimonov, Oleksandr Korduban , Volodymyr Ogenko , Taras Kryshchuk https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 |
| spellingShingle | Panteleimonov, Radyslav Korduban , Oleksandr Ogenko , Volodymyr Kryshchuk, Taras СИНТЕЗ ГРАФЕНОПОДІБНИХ СТРУКТУР ПЛАЗМО-ДУГОВИМ РОЗРЯДОМ У СЕРЕДОВИЩІ РІДКОГО АЗОТУ |
| title | СИНТЕЗ ГРАФЕНОПОДІБНИХ СТРУКТУР ПЛАЗМО-ДУГОВИМ РОЗРЯДОМ У СЕРЕДОВИЩІ РІДКОГО АЗОТУ |
| title_alt | SYNTHESIS OF GRAPHENE-LIKE STRUCTURES BY A PLASMA-ARC DISCHARGE IN LIQUID NITROGEN СИНТЕЗ ГРАФЕНОПОДОБНЫХ СТРУКТУР ПЛАЗМО-ДУГОВЫМ РАЗРЯДОМ В СРЕДЕ ЖИДКОГО АЗОТА |
| title_full | СИНТЕЗ ГРАФЕНОПОДІБНИХ СТРУКТУР ПЛАЗМО-ДУГОВИМ РОЗРЯДОМ У СЕРЕДОВИЩІ РІДКОГО АЗОТУ |
| title_fullStr | СИНТЕЗ ГРАФЕНОПОДІБНИХ СТРУКТУР ПЛАЗМО-ДУГОВИМ РОЗРЯДОМ У СЕРЕДОВИЩІ РІДКОГО АЗОТУ |
| title_full_unstemmed | СИНТЕЗ ГРАФЕНОПОДІБНИХ СТРУКТУР ПЛАЗМО-ДУГОВИМ РОЗРЯДОМ У СЕРЕДОВИЩІ РІДКОГО АЗОТУ |
| title_short | СИНТЕЗ ГРАФЕНОПОДІБНИХ СТРУКТУР ПЛАЗМО-ДУГОВИМ РОЗРЯДОМ У СЕРЕДОВИЩІ РІДКОГО АЗОТУ |
| title_sort | синтез графеноподібних структур плазмо-дуговим розрядом у середовищі рідкого азоту |
| topic_facet | graphene-like structures graphene liquid nitrogen Raman spectroscopy plasma arc discharge. |
| url | https://ucj.org.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/241 |
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