СУЧАСНІ МЕТОДИ ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ФІЗИКО-ХІМІЧНИХ І ЕЛЕКТРОХІМІЧНИХ ВЛАСТИВОСТЕЙ ЕЛЕКТРОЛІТІВ У ЛІТІЙ-ЙОННИХ АКУМУЛЯТОРАХ ТА ГІБРИДНИХ СУПЕРКОНДЕНСАТОРАХ
In review examineі base properties of modern non-aqueous electrolytes for li-ion batteries and hybrid supercapacities taking part in the formation of power density, electrochemical and thermal stability. Discussed such aspects as the electrolytes functions in electrochemical power sources, physicoch...
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| author | Diamant, Viktor |
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| author_institution_txt_mv | [
{
"author": "Viktor Diamant",
"institution": "Vernadsky Institute of General & Inorganic Chemistry NAS Ukraine, Palladin Avenue, 32\/34, 03680 Kiev, Ukraine"
}
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| description | In review examineі base properties of modern non-aqueous electrolytes for li-ion batteries and hybrid supercapacities taking part in the formation of power density, electrochemical and thermal stability. Discussed such aspects as the electrolytes functions in electrochemical power sources, physicochemical and electrochemical properties of electrolytes for supercapacitors, the physicochemical and electrochemical properties of electrolytes for primary and secondary batteries, and methods of electrolytes research. As the base methodі for electrolytes studies considered: electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, voltammetry, amperometry, viscosimetry, and combined Ramman spectroscopy.
  |
| doi_str_mv | 10.33609/2708-129X.87.06.2021.82-96 |
| first_indexed | 2025-09-24T17:43:39Z |
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82 ISSN 2708-129X. Укр. хім. журн., 2020
UDC 544.6.018+544.35 doi: 10.33609/2708-129X.87.06.2021.82-96
MODERN RESEARCH METHODS OF PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND ELECTRO
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ELECTROLYTES FOR LiION BATTERIES
AND HYBRID SUPERCAPACITIES
V. A. Diamant
V. I. Vernadsky Institute of General & Inorganic Chemistry NAS Ukraine, Akad. Palladin Avenue,
32/34, 03680 Kyiv, Ukraine
e-mail: carbon.h.4@gmail.com
In review examineі base properties of modern non-aqueous electrolytes for Li-ion batte
ries and hybrid supercapacitors taking part in the formation of power density, electrochemical
and thermal stability. Discussed such aspects as the electrolytes functions in electrochemical
power sources, physicochemical and electrochemical properties of electrolytes for superca-
pacitors, the physicochemical and electrochemical properties of electrolytes for primary and
secondary batteries, and methods of electrolytes research. As the base methodі for electrolytes
studies considered: electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, voltammetry, amperometry,
viscosimetry, and combined Ramman spectroscopy.
Key words: electrolyte, non-aqueous solvent, operating life, impedance, voltammetry, vis-
cosity, conductivity.
INTRODUCTION. Modern electrolytes
are complex physico-chemical systems which
properties are formed by all components of
these systems. Hence, receiving new know
ledge about interactions between components
of electrolytes could give the ability to move
the properties of electrolytes according to their
application. Today, we have a rather limited
amount of methods to study the physicochemi
cal and electrochemical properties of modern
electrolytes. These are classical methods of
density measurement [1–4], scanning calorim-
etry [5–8], thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA)
[9–11], and electrochemical methods: conduc-
tivity measurement [12–14], cyclic voltamme-
try [15–16], and electrochemical impedance
spectroscopy [17–18]. The study of electrolyte
systems in – situ is a more difficult task because
it needs non-destructive physicochemical and
electrochemical control methods [19–20] and
is closely connected with the functions of elec-
trolytes in electrochemical power sources and
energy storages. In dependences of these func-
tions, the research methods could be changed.
For a better understanding of the ability of
methods, it is necessary to know the differences
in these functions according to various types of
energy storage/power sources. Also, the great
interest performs impact of solvent or mix-
ture of solvents on ending properties of such
V. A. Diamant
83https://ucj.org.ua
UCJ № 6 / Vol. 87
electrochemical systems. So, the main aim of
this review is to combine specific tasks for the
control of working parameters of batteries or
capacitors with properties of electrolytes.
The electrolytes functions in electrochemical
power sources (EPS). The charge transfer is the
base function of electrolytes in chemical power
sources. The conductivity y of electrolyte forms
by the ion transfer component. The component
with an electron transfer function contributing
to the self-discharge of the element. The basic
requirements for the electrolytes in all cases are:
– high ionic conductivity;
– electrochemical stability window of at
least 4.5 V on a platinum electrode
– temperature range of the electrochemi-
cal window in the liquid state from - 60 °C to
+ 60 °C;
– no corrosion activity happening to struc-
tural materials (aluminum and copper current
collectors, steel housing, etc.) [21].
Some particular requirements exist only for
supercapacitors. Their electrochemical capaci-
ty depends on the number of charges, so very
concentrated electrolytes and the use of ionic
liquid lead to better performance. The region
of electrochemical stability on the electrolyte
plate narrows down from 4.5 V to 2.5 V, when
the working material is replaced with porous
carbon. Therefore, for the electrolyte used in
the supercapacitor, the following characteris-
tics decrease: the electrochemical stability win-
dow is not less than 2.5 V by solubility - 0.9 M
and more [22–23].
Physiochemical and electrochemical proper-
ties of electrolytes for supercapacitors. Often,
for the preparation of the electrolyte, conven-
tional solvents such as acetonitrile, propylene
carbonate, and other carbonate solvents and
their mixtures are used [23–24]. Last year, the
solutions of tetrafluoroborate tetraethylammo-
nium in acetonitrile are implemented in batte
ries manufacturing and the researcher domain.
The last is charged up to the capacity of 2.5 V
[23–28]. This salt has high electrochemical
(~ 2.8 V on carbon) [26] and thermal stabi
lity (320 °C) [27]. But it is expensive to pro-
duce and highly toxic at the same time. Also,
the hydrolysis with traces of water and fluo-
rine-containing anion results in HF, which can
lead to corrosion of the hull and the сurrent
collector. Therefore, the search for cheap, easy
to manufacture, and environmentally friendly
analogs of this salt is highly relevant.
Other types of known electrolytes are based
on ionic liquids [29, 30, 31] and polymer elec-
trolytes [22–24, 29]. They create a low vapor
pressure, simplifying the assembly stage of the
power source and providing fire safety.
The physicochemical and electrochemical
properties of electrolytes for primary and se
condary batteries. The properties of an electro-
lyte flow in the batteries are of great importance
since it is the main way to transport the rea-
gents to the electrodes. Thus, it affects the ope
rational reliability of the entire electrochemi-
cal system. The requirements for electrolytes
are simplified and do not change during the
last decades for the primary power sources in
the presence of irreversible chemical reactions
[32]. In contrast to primary, the secondary
power sources can cycle. The secondary power
sources need a higher electrochemical (ope
rating potential range) and thermal (operating
temperature range) resistance to ensure high
operating life. Modern electrolytes have suffi-
ciently high values of the potentials operating
range (3.5–5.1 V) [33–40]. Salt components
have significant thermal stability (100–400 °C)
(Table 1) [33–40].
MODERN RESEARCH METHODS OF PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND ELECTRO CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF
ELECTROLYTES FOR LiION BATTERIES AND HYBRID SUPERCAPACITIES
84 ISSN 2708-129X. Укр. хім. журн., 2021
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
Table 1
Composition, operating temperature range, and potentials operating range
of commercial and laboratory electrolytes for secondary power sources.
Salt component Т, °С Electrochemical stability (solvent
in which it was measured) Literature cited
LiClO4 400 °С 5.1 V (propylene carbonat [33, 34],
LiAsF6 340 °С 4,5 В
propylene carbonate [33, 35]
LiBF4 293 °С 5.0 V (propylene carbonate) [33, 35]
LiPF6
30 °С – 117
°С 4.5 V (propylene carbonate) [41, 36, 35, 33]
Lithium triflate 300 °С 5,1 В
(sulpholane)
[33], [37],
[38 p. 318],
propylene carbonate 360 °С 5,0 V
(propylene carbonate)
[42], [37],
[38 p. 318], [39]
Lithium Methanide 340 °С 4.0 V (tetrahydrofuran) [39]
LiSO3F 360 °С 4.9 V (γ-butyrolactone) [40]
Table 2
Electroconductivity of the lithium salts in aprotic solvents.
σ, mСm*Сm-1
LiBF
4
LiPF
6
LiA
sF
6
LC
lO
4
LiC
F
3 SO
3
LiN
(SO
2 C
F
3 )2
Literature
cited
(1.0 М 25 °С) in ПК 3.4 5.8 5.7 5.6 1.7 5.1 [33], [35]
(1.0 М 25 °С) in ЕК/DMK 4.9 10.7 11.1 8.4 9.0 [33], [35]
(1,0 М 25 °С)
in PC / DME 9.46 15.3 14.8 13.5 6.12 12.6 [35]
Nowadays, the industry samples contained
mainly lithium compounds that have some
operational problems. For example, LiClO4
solutions in organic solvents can explode du
ring exploitation [33]. LiAsF6 and its decom-
position products are toxic. LiAsF6 and LiBF4,
LiPF6 are sensitive to hydrolysis since their
products - PF5, BF3, and AsF5 initiate solvents
polymerization. In addition, these reactions
result in lithium fluoride, which stimulates the
creation of a blocking film with cyclic carbonate
on the electrodes [43, 37]. The other disad-
vantages typical for these fluorinated salts are
high cost, limited use with cathode materials
based on manganese spinel, and environmen-
tal hazards. But, despite the pointed problems,
LiPF6 remains today the most common salt for
liquid electrolytes in lithium-ion batteries with
V. A. Diamant
85https://ucj.org.ua
UCJ № 6 / Vol. 87
different cathode and anode materials [43]. Al-
though LiPF6 begins to decompose by tempe
ratures above 30 °C, even being in an electro-
lyte [41, 36, 35, 33].
Also, LiSO3F does not dissolve in solvents
which have proved to be efficient for lithi
um EPS. The lithium triflate solutions in
non-aqueous solvents are inferior to other sys-
tems in terms of electrical conductivity. Lithi-
um methanide and imide lead to corrosion of
aluminum current collector [33, 37, 44].
Methods of electrolytes research. Analysis of
the electrolytes features gives grounds to as-
sert that CEI and CVA are the most informa-
tive methods for the study of electrochemical
properties of electrolytes. For the determina-
tion of the ion’s transportability of electrolyte,
the density measurements are also actual.
Electrochemical impedance of lithium-ion
battery. Spectroscopy of electrochemical im-
pedance (SEI) has been promoted in recent
years, and the number of objects under study
is constantly growing. Many studies are used
to understanding the processes into chemical
power sources and their components. The elec-
trochemical impedance spectroscopy could be
used to study the battery as a whole [18, 4750,
54] or its parts (electrode or electrolyte) [20,
52, 5558]. Modeling allows us to understand
the mechanisms of formation conductivity
in liquid [55], solid and polymer electrolytes
[57], colloidal solutions [52], and other hete
rogeneous systems. When modeling an elec-
trolyte system and determining its elements,
additional physical and chemical values such
as the relaxation time of the system [18,56],
and the diffusion coefficient (via calculating
the Warburg impedance) should be identified.
A very important aspect in research of lithium
and sodium secondary power sources is to in-
vestigate the properties, formation, and func-
tioning conditions of a solid protective film
formed on cathode and anode materials after
the first cycle due to the destruction of some
electrolyte part [45-48, 50-51, 54]. The only
possible way to carry out the study of this film
without opening the battery is to construct an
electrochemical model of the system, which
will allow us to interpret the data obtained by
electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and
calculate the values of interest [47]. Most of the
equivalent schemes constructed to explain the
impedance of a lithium-ion battery follow one
of the three examples (Fig.1) [17, 47]:
Fig. 1. Basic equivalent schemes of a lithi-
um-ion battery: a unit model – without the solid
passivation film on the surface of the electrode (a);
2 models – with the solid passivation film on the
surface of the electrode materials (b, c). SL – indi-
cates elements of the scheme associated with a solid
passivation film, Rs – resistance of solution, C SL –
capacity of the passivation film, RSL – resistance of
the passivation film, CDL – capacity of the double
electric layer, ZER – boundary impedance.
MODERN RESEARCH METHODS OF PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND ELECTRO CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF
ELECTROLYTES FOR LiION BATTERIES AND HYBRID SUPERCAPACITIES
86 ISSN 2708-129X. Укр. хім. журн., 2021
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
As a rule, we have to consider the formation
of a passivation film on the metal surface of the
current collector (or often oxide corrosive film)
and the formation of a solid electrolyte film on
the surface of the cathode and anode material,
as well as the formation of a double electric layer
[47]. Models of this type are given in Fig. 2.
According to [46], model equivalent circuit
diagrams of the battery before discharge and
after may differ significantly (Fig. 3)
Fig. 2. Equivalent circuit diagram of the battery, considering the corrosion film on the surface of the
current collector and the solid electrolyte film on the surface of the electrode material [45]. W – the War-
burg element, Rb – resistance of the electrolyte, RSEI – resistance of the passivation film, Rct – resistance of
cathode, CSEI – capacity of the passivation film, Cdl – capacity of the double electric layer.
a
b
Fig. 3. Model equivalent circuits of the battery before discharge (a) and after discharge (b) [46].
This model has more than two constant
phase elements connected with “capacitance
dispersion” due to electrode porosity, surface
roughness, and heterogeneities [19]. Also, such
interpretation partially corresponds to the
Voight’s model for rubber-like materials (im-
pedance at the local contact area between flexi
ble surface film and electrode) [17, 59]. More
reasonable is a model that takes into account
the simultaneous transport of electrons and
ions in the counterflow (Figure 4) [47]. More
reasonable is a model, that takes into account
the simultaneous transport of electrons and
ions in the counterflow (Figure 4), [47]. Among
all the mentioned examples, RSOL elements and
the double layer capacity of CSL / SOL could be
attributed to the electrolyte component of the
batteries because the electrolyte is directly in-
volved in the formation of a solid surface film
and ionic conductivity.
V. A. Diamant
87https://ucj.org.ua
UCJ № 6 / Vol. 87
Fig. 4. Model equivalent circuit scheme of lithium-ion battery [47].
The conception of polymer electrolytes
(PEs) is a highly specialized and multidisci-
plinary field that covers the disciplines of elec-
trochemistry, polymer science, organic and
inorganic chemistry. The good mechanical
strength, ease of thin film fabrication with de-
sirable shapes and the ability of forming good
electrode/electrolyte contact are the main ad-
vantages of dry SPEs. The electrolyte scheme
[17, 57–59] of a polymer electrolyte composed
in a cell following the order Li | Polymer | Li is
simpler (Fig. 5.). This equivalent circuit con-
sists of two shunted CPE elements and closely
connects with electrode porosity [19].
Fig. 5. Equivalent circuit of polymer electro-
lyte [58].
Attempts to construct equivalent models of
primary power sources (lithium), sodium-ion
battery, lead, Nickel-cadmium, Nickel-metal
hydride batteries, and their electrodes are also
reviewed [60]. All the described models need
to be revised and refined.
Thus, the modeling of electrolyte systems
is carried out periodically, in general, use the
universal model [17]. We find this approach
fundamentally wrong, as it does not consider
the relationship between conductivity mecha-
nism and the electrolyte aggregate state, as well
as the dissolved salt-solvent interaction. How-
ever, these relationships form the prerequisites
for changing the conductivity mechanisms.
Another method, often used in addition to
modeling equivalent circuit diagrams, is the
direct measurement of the active impedance
component. However, the imaginary part of
the impedance also has a significant effect due
to thermal stress. It depends not only on the
MODERN RESEARCH METHODS OF PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND ELECTRO CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF
ELECTROLYTES FOR LiION BATTERIES AND HYBRID SUPERCAPACITIES
88 ISSN 2708-129X. Укр. хім. журн., 2021
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
capacity of the double electric layer on the
electrode surface but also on the change in its
structure after chemical transformations. It is
formed due to the diffusion of ions, which
is increasingly fixed in the low-frequency
range. Therefore, the high-frequency range
is not always advisable, since at a frequency
above 103 Hz the diffusion of the ions will be
blocked [61].
So, EIS could be used to study electrolytes
properties in-situ without the destruction of
batteries and separately to detect their proper-
ties during contact with the electrode surface.
Voltammetry of electrolytes. The voltamme-
try method allows for the investigation of the
overall electrochemical stability of the electro-
lyte and defines the so-called «electrochemi-
cal stability window» (the potentials interval
where electrochemical processes are impos-
sible), as well as the electrochemical reactions
where the individual electrolyte components
participate. Reference voltammetric studies are
done on platinum electrodes, but the electrodes
and current collectors used in real systems are
made from copper, aluminum, and carbon.
Therefore, voltammetric studies are carried out
on noble metals – silver and gold, as well as
on aluminum, copper, and glassy carbon [62].
The peaks of all these electrodes are associated
with extraneous processes, such as oxygen re-
duction, reduction of the surface oxide film,
reduction/oxidation of surface groups, etc [62].
The characteristic window of electrochemical
stability of different classes of organic solvents
with tetraalkylammonium (a) and a lithium
background salt (b) are shown in Fig.6 [63]:
Fig. 6. The electrochemical stability of solvents.
Using voltammetry detected that many
modern electrolytes have a low range of elec-
trochemical stability. Their decomposition
takes place at the potential range from 0,5–2 V.
The typical products of solvent decomposition
and the most popular in studies of background
salts LiClO4 and LiPF6 are presented in Table
3. Moreover, it was shown the impact of salt
anion on the electrochemical and temperature
stability of electrolytes by voltammetry. In the
case of the salicyl borate anion - the сoordi-
nate covalent bond in the aromatic nucleus has
shifted the recovery peak to higher potentials
(Table 4).
V. A. Diamant
89https://ucj.org.ua
UCJ № 6 / Vol. 87
Table 3
The products of electrolyte decomposition [63].
Solvent and other components Possible reduction products Potential limit relative to Li/Li+
O2 LiO2, Li2O2 1,5 – 2 V
H2O LiOH 1,5 – 1,2 V
HF PF5 LiF, LixPFy 1.8 and below
Eters ROLi Below 0,5 V
esters ROCOOLi (carboxylates) Below 1,2 V
alkylcarbonates ROCOOLi, ROLi Below 1,5 V
ethylene carbonate CH2(OCOOLi), CH2=CH2 Below 1,5 V
propylene carbonate CH3CH(OCOOLi),
CH2OCOOLi, CH3CH=CH2
Below 0,5 V
dimethyl carbonate CH3OCOOLi, CH3OLi Below 1.2 V
LiClO4 LiCl, LiCIOx Below 1 V
LiPF6 LiF, LixPFy Below 1 V
LiN(SO2CF3)2
LiF, LiCF3, LiSO2CF3,
Li2NSO2CF3
Below 1 V
Table 4
Reduction in the first cycle of lithium bis(Saltillo)borate substitution
in the aromatic nucleus to Galogen atom [64].
The salt components of the
electrolyte
Recovery
potential at
the first cycle
relative
to Li/Li+, V
The salt components of the
electrolyte
Recovery
potential at
the first cycle
relative
to Li/Li+, V
O
O
O
B
O
O
O
Li
F
F
0.75
1.12
1.45 O
O
O
B
O
O
O
Li
Br
Br
1.3
O
O
O
B
O
O
O
Li
Cl
Cl
1.3
1.65 O
O
O
B
O
O
O
Li
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
1.35
MODERN RESEARCH METHODS OF PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND ELECTRO CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF
ELECTROLYTES FOR LiION BATTERIES AND HYBRID SUPERCAPACITIES
90 ISSN 2708-129X. Укр. хім. журн., 2021
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
Measurements of densitometry and ampero
metry to evaluate the electrical conductivity of
electrolytes. Known, that in non-aqueous sol-
vents, the autoionization of the solvent, if pro-
tic, will be different to water, meaning that the
ionization of these functional polymers will be
different. In aprotic solvents, there will not be
autoionizable protons, so solvent-solute pro-
ton transfer is not possible. The formation
and stabilization of charges in non-polar low
dielectric solvents is known to be challeng-
ing, and so it is not surprising that identifying
ionic species in electrolytes is challenging. At
another hand, introducing insulating phases
into non-aqueous salt solution leads to
remarkable conductivity enhancements,
an effect ascribed to the breaking up of
ion pairs. This new class of electrolytes
combines the high ionic conductivities
of liquids and the beneficial mechanical
properties of soft matter [65].
Electrolyte viscosity is a macrosco
pic property, although its foundation lies
on molecular-scale interactions between
solvent and ionic species. A comprehen-
sive understanding of viscosity behavior
with respect to solvent composition, salt
concentration and temperature is only
possible with correct interpretations of
molecular interactions and related quan-
tities. For this purpose, the use of a combina-
tion of methods gives more corrective and in-
formational results.
So, the following methods are widely used
to study the physicochemical properties and
conductivity of non-aqueous electrolytes: di
electrometry, differential scanning calorimetry,
densitometry, viscometry and combined Ram-
man spectroscopy [66]. Such studies found
the ability to form solvat complexes of metal
cations with solvent components. Analyzing
these calculations could determine the nature
of ion solvation and the mechanism of charge
carrier growth depending on the salt concen-
tration. The difference between the conducti
vity nature of the systems based on lithium and
sodium was established. It depends upon the
structure and charge of the metal complex. In
systems based on Li+ electrolytes form a com-
plex [Li (TFSI)2]
-, whereas, in sodium systems,
the dominant form is [Na(TFSI)3]
2- complexes.
It directly relates to the density change and
electrolytes conductivity, depending on the
metal salt concentration.
Fig. 7. Conductivity effect (black bands and axes
of the left side of the axis) on the viscosity (green
bands and the right side of the y axis) of electrolytes
consisting fom 1 M NaClO4 dissolved in various
solvents and solvent mixtures [67].
The most informative is one hour study of
the electrolyte’s thermal behavior, ionic con-
ductivity, and viscosity using inert and «real»
electrodes. This approach allows optimizing
the working electrolyte mixtures (salt and
V. A. Diamant
91https://ucj.org.ua
UCJ № 6 / Vol. 87
solvent, to stabilize the film on the electrode
surface, reduce polarization and achieve full
power at a low potential plateau. For example,
the relationship between conductivity, visco
sity, and composition of the electrolyte system
LiPF6, on reference samples were investigated
in various solvents. Results of measurements
are shown in Fig. 7. There are no linear de-
pendences in such systems, but the correlation
between the optimal range of viscosity and
maximum conductivity could be observed
Thus, the study of the temperature de-
pendence of the conductivity on the salt con-
centration and electrolyte viscosity, dielectric
properties of solvents and their mixtures can
be a tool to select the optimal composition of
electrolytes with high power in a wide range
of potentials and a stable film on the elec-
trode - electrolyte interface.
CONCLUSIONS. Spectroscopy of elec-
trochemical impedance, voltammetry, am-
perometry with viscosimetry, and combined
Ramman spectroscopy have been successfully
used for the study properties of electrolytes
necessary in the manufacturing of modern
batteries and hybrid supercapacitors. They
permit the analysis of properties that are dif-
ficult or even impossible to study by only one
of these methods separately. EIS could be used
to study electrolytes properties in-situ with-
out the destruction of batteries and separately
to detect their properties during contact with
the electrode surface. The voltammetry me
thod allows for the investigation of the over-
all electrochemical stability of the electrolyte
and defines the so-called «electrochemical sta-
bility window» (the potentials interval where
electrochemical processes are impossible), as
well as the electrochemical reactions where
the individual electrolyte components partici-
pate. The study of the temperature dependence
of the conductivity on the salt concentration
and electrolyte viscosity, dielectric properties
of solvents and their mixtures can be a tool to
select the optimal composition of electrolytes
with high power in a wide range of potentials
and a stable film on the electrode - electrolyte
interface.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. The authors
will express thanks to the National
Academy of Sciences of Ukraine for
the financial support of this work.
СУЧАСНІ МЕТОДИ ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ФІЗИКО-
ХІМІЧНИХ І ЕЛЕКТРОХІМІЧНИХ ВЛАСТИВОС
ТЕЙ ЕЛЕКТРОЛІТІВ У ЛІТІЙ-ЙОННИХ АКУ
МУЛЯТОРАХ ТА ГІБРИДНИХ СУПЕРКОНДЕН
САТОРАХ
В. А. Діамант
Інститут загальної та неорганічної хімії
ім. В. І. Вернадського НАН України, просп.
Акад. Палладіна, 32/34, 03680 Київ, Україна
e-mail: carbon.h.4@gmail.com
В огляді надано базові властивості су-
часних неводних електролітів для літій-
іонних акумуляторів та гібридних супер-
конденсаторів, які беруть участь у фор-
муванні потужності, електрохімічної та
MODERN RESEARCH METHODS OF PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND ELECTRO CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF
ELECTROLYTES FOR LiION BATTERIES AND HYBRID SUPERCAPACITIES
92 ISSN 2708-129X. Укр. хім. журн., 2021
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
термічної стабільності. Обговорено такі ас-
пекти, як функції електролітів в електрохі-
мічних джерелах живлення, фізико-хімічні
та електрохімічні властивості електролітів
для суперконденсаторів, фізико-хімічні та
електрохімічні властивості електролітів
для первинних та вторинних батарей та ме-
тоди дослідження електролітів. Як базові
методи досліджень електролітів наведено:
електрохімічну імпедансну спектроскопію,
вольтамперометрію, амперометрію, віско-
зиметрію та комбіновану спектроскопію
Рамана. Використання цих методів дозво-
ляє аналізувати властивості, які важко або
навіть неможливо вивчити за допомогою
лише одного з цих методів. ЕІС можна ви-
користовувати для вивчення властивостей
електролітів in-situ без руйнування батарей
та окремо для виявлення їхніх властивос-
тей під час контакту з поверхнею елект
рода. Метод вольтамперометрії дозволяє
досліджувати загальну електрохімічну
стабільність електроліту і визначає т. зв.
«вікно електрохімічної стійкості» (інтер-
вал потенціалів, де електрохімічні процеси
неможливі), а також електрохімічні реакції,
в яких беруть участь окремі компоненти
електроліту. Вивчення температурної за-
лежності провідності від концентрації солі
та в’язкості електролітів, діелектричних
властивостей розчинників та їхніх сумішей
може бути інструментом для вибору опти-
мального складу електролітів із великою
потужністю в широкому діапазоні потен-
ціалів та стабільною плівкою на інтерфейс
електрод – електроліт.
Ключові слова: електроліт, неводний
розчинник, термін служби, імпеданс, вольт
амперометрія, в’язкість, провідність.
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Стаття надійшла 15.07.2021.
|
| id | oai:ojs2.1444248.nisspano.web.hosting-test.net:article-323 |
| institution | Ukrainian Chemistry Journal |
| keywords_txt_mv | keywords |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2026-07-23T01:06:38Z |
| publishDate | 2021 |
| publisher | V.I.Vernadsky Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry |
| record_format | ojs |
| resource_txt_mv | ucjorgua/04/6c505fcad5cb691bbe1b1cc5dc53f704.pdf |
| spelling | oai:ojs2.1444248.nisspano.web.hosting-test.net:article-3232026-07-22T08:23:46Z MODERN RESEARCH METHODS OF PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ELECTROLYTES FOR Li-ION BATTERIES AND HYBRID SUPERCAPACITIES СУЧАСНІ МЕТОДИ ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ФІЗИКО-ХІМІЧНИХ І ЕЛЕКТРОХІМІЧНИХ ВЛАСТИВОСТЕЙ ЕЛЕКТРОЛІТІВ У ЛІТІЙ-ЙОННИХ АКУМУЛЯТОРАХ ТА ГІБРИДНИХ СУПЕРКОНДЕНСАТОРАХ Diamant, Viktor electrolyte, non-aqueous solvent, operating life, impedance, voltammetry, viscosity, conductivity. In review examineі base properties of modern non-aqueous electrolytes for li-ion batteries and hybrid supercapacities taking part in the formation of power density, electrochemical and thermal stability. Discussed such aspects as the electrolytes functions in electrochemical power sources, physicochemical and electrochemical properties of electrolytes for supercapacitors, the physicochemical and electrochemical properties of electrolytes for primary and secondary batteries, and methods of electrolytes research. As the base methodі for electrolytes studies considered: electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, voltammetry, amperometry, viscosimetry, and combined Ramman spectroscopy.   V.I.Vernadsky Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry 2021-07-26 Article Article Physical chemistry Физическая xимия Фізична xімія application/pdf https://ucj.org.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/323 10.33609/2708-129X.87.06.2021.82-96 Ukrainian Chemistry Journal; Vol. 87 No. 6 (2021): Ukrainian Chemistry Journal; 82-96 Украинский химический журнал; ##issue.vol## 87 ##issue.no## 6 (2021): Ukrainian Chemistry Journal; 82-96 Український хімічний журнал; Том 87 № 6 (2021): Український хімічний журнал; 82-96 2708-129X 2708-1281 en https://ucj.org.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/323/174 Copyright (c) 2021 Viktor Diamant https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 |
| spellingShingle | Diamant, Viktor СУЧАСНІ МЕТОДИ ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ФІЗИКО-ХІМІЧНИХ І ЕЛЕКТРОХІМІЧНИХ ВЛАСТИВОСТЕЙ ЕЛЕКТРОЛІТІВ У ЛІТІЙ-ЙОННИХ АКУМУЛЯТОРАХ ТА ГІБРИДНИХ СУПЕРКОНДЕНСАТОРАХ |
| title | СУЧАСНІ МЕТОДИ ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ФІЗИКО-ХІМІЧНИХ І ЕЛЕКТРОХІМІЧНИХ ВЛАСТИВОСТЕЙ ЕЛЕКТРОЛІТІВ У ЛІТІЙ-ЙОННИХ АКУМУЛЯТОРАХ ТА ГІБРИДНИХ СУПЕРКОНДЕНСАТОРАХ |
| title_alt | MODERN RESEARCH METHODS OF PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ELECTROLYTES FOR Li-ION BATTERIES AND HYBRID SUPERCAPACITIES |
| title_full | СУЧАСНІ МЕТОДИ ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ФІЗИКО-ХІМІЧНИХ І ЕЛЕКТРОХІМІЧНИХ ВЛАСТИВОСТЕЙ ЕЛЕКТРОЛІТІВ У ЛІТІЙ-ЙОННИХ АКУМУЛЯТОРАХ ТА ГІБРИДНИХ СУПЕРКОНДЕНСАТОРАХ |
| title_fullStr | СУЧАСНІ МЕТОДИ ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ФІЗИКО-ХІМІЧНИХ І ЕЛЕКТРОХІМІЧНИХ ВЛАСТИВОСТЕЙ ЕЛЕКТРОЛІТІВ У ЛІТІЙ-ЙОННИХ АКУМУЛЯТОРАХ ТА ГІБРИДНИХ СУПЕРКОНДЕНСАТОРАХ |
| title_full_unstemmed | СУЧАСНІ МЕТОДИ ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ФІЗИКО-ХІМІЧНИХ І ЕЛЕКТРОХІМІЧНИХ ВЛАСТИВОСТЕЙ ЕЛЕКТРОЛІТІВ У ЛІТІЙ-ЙОННИХ АКУМУЛЯТОРАХ ТА ГІБРИДНИХ СУПЕРКОНДЕНСАТОРАХ |
| title_short | СУЧАСНІ МЕТОДИ ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ФІЗИКО-ХІМІЧНИХ І ЕЛЕКТРОХІМІЧНИХ ВЛАСТИВОСТЕЙ ЕЛЕКТРОЛІТІВ У ЛІТІЙ-ЙОННИХ АКУМУЛЯТОРАХ ТА ГІБРИДНИХ СУПЕРКОНДЕНСАТОРАХ |
| title_sort | сучасні методи дослідження фізико-хімічних і електрохімічних властивостей електролітів у літій-йонних акумуляторах та гібридних суперконденсаторах |
| topic_facet | electrolyte non-aqueous solvent operating life impedance voltammetry viscosity conductivity. |
| url | https://ucj.org.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/323 |
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