WHAT IS NEGATIVE ENTROPY AND HOW DOES IT AFFECT THE SUSTAINABILITY OF REGIONS DURING THE WARFARE
The impact of warfare in one region on other regions is shown using the base fundamental thermodynamics laws and trends of decreasing entropy. The physical sense of the negentropy is described use of the principles of chemical thermodynamics. A phenomenological model for the description impact of wa...
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"author": "Katherine Pershina",
"institution": "Vernadsky Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry N.A.S of Ukraine, Kiev, Palladin av., 32\/34,03142 Ukraine"
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| description | The impact of warfare in one region on other regions is shown using the base fundamental thermodynamics laws and trends of decreasing entropy. The physical sense of the negentropy is described use of the principles of chemical thermodynamics. A phenomenological model for the description impact of warfare on the ecological part of the region is proposed. According to this model, a system without plants, with destroyed soils, can't be alive without external factors. Based on thermodynamic differences between turbulent and laminar flows, the capability of the zones formation with an absence of the ability to any own functioning outside zone with military actions is shown. With the rising number of influencing factors, especially in large areas, the probability of narrowing and loss of zones with a stable state as in the region with military action but in neighboring regions increases. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.33609/2708-129X.88.03.2022.48-60 |
| first_indexed | 2025-09-24T17:43:44Z |
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48 ISSN 2708-129X. Укр. хім. журн., 2022
UDK: 544-971 doi: 10.33609/2708-129X.88.03.2022.48-60
WHAT IS NEGATIVE ENTROPY AND HOW DOES IT AFFECT
THE SUSTAINABILITY OF REGIONS DURING THE WARFARE.
K.D.Pershina1
1V.I.Vernadskii Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of the National Academy of Sciences
of Ukraine, 32/34, Akad. Palladin av., 03142, Kyiv, Ukraine
e-mail: Pershina@ionc.kiev.ua
The impact of warfare in one region on other regions is shown using the base fundamental
thermodynamics laws and trends of decreasing entropy. The physical sense of the negentropy
is described use of the principles of chemical thermodynamics. A phenomenological model
for the description impact of warfare on the ecological part of the region is proposed. Accord
ing to this model, a system without plants, with destroyed soils, can't be alive without external
factors. Based on thermodynamic differences between turbulent and laminar flows, the ca
pability of the zones formation with an absence of the ability to any own functioning outside
zone with military actions is shown. With the rising number of influencing factors, especially
in large areas, the probability of narrowing and loss of zones with a stable state as in the region
with military action but in neighboring regions increases.
Keywords: negentropy, warfare, sustainability, thermodynamics, open system, environment.
INTRODUCTION. The concept of sustai
nable development has prevailed in modern
society since 1992, which was declared in Rio
as «Rio declaration on Environment and De
velopment∫, (Rio declaration) of the United
Nations Conference on Environment and De
velopment (UNCED) in June 1992. The Princi
ples of the Rio conference were made concrete
in Agenda 21, the comprehensive plan of ac
tion for the 21st century which was adopted by
more than 170 governments [1,2]. Such princi
ples are 27 (Table 1).
Table 1. Principles of sustainable development and their background [3]
N0 Principle Background
1 Human beings are at the center of concerns for sustai
nable development
They are entitled to a healthy and produc
tive life in harmony with Nature
2 States have, in accordance with the Charter of the
United Nations and the principles of international law,
the sovereign right to exploit their own resources pur
suant to their own environmental and developmental
Do not cause damage to the environment
of other States or of areas beyond the li
mits of national jurisdiction.
49https://ucj.org.ua
K.D. Pershina UCJ № 2 / Vol. 88
policies, and the responsibility to ensure that activi
ties within their jurisdiction or control do not cause
damage to the environment of other States or of areas
beyond the limits of national jurisdiction.
3 The right to development must be fulfilled so as to equi
tably meet developmental and environmental needs of
present and future generations.
Environmental needs of present and fu
ture generations
4 In order to achieve sustainable development, environ
mental protection shall constitute an integral part of
the development process and cannot be considered in
isolation from it.
Environmental protection shall consti
tute an integral part of the development
process and cannot be considered in iso
lation from it
5 All States and all people shall cooperate in the essential
task of eradicating poverty as an indispensable require
ment for sustainable development, in order to decrease
the disparities in standards of living and better meet
the needs of the majority of the people of the world.
Eradicating poverty is an indispensable re
quirement for sustainable development, in
order to decrease the disparities in stan
dards of living and better meet the needs
of the majority of the people of the world.
6 The special situation and needs of developing coun
tries, particularly the least developed and those most
environmentally vulnerable, shall be given special pri
ority.
International actions in the field of envi
ronment and development should also
address the interests and needs of all
countries.
7 States shall cooperate in a spirit of global partnership to
conserve, protect, and restore the health and integrity
of the Earth’s ecosystem. In view of the different con
tributions to global environmental degradation, States
have common but differentiated responsibilities. The
developed countries acknowledge the responsibility
that they bear in the international pursuit of sustaina
ble development in view of the pressures their societies
place on the global environment and of the technolo
gies and financial resources they command.
States shall cooperate in a spirit of glob
al partnership to conserve, protect, and
restore the health and integrity of the
Earth’s ecosystem.
8 To achieve sustainable development and a higher quality
of life for all people, States should reduce and eliminate
unsustainable patterns of production and consumption
and promote appropriate demographic policies.
States should reduce and eliminate un
sustainable patterns of production and
consumption and promote appropriate
demographic policies.
9 States should cooperate to strengthen endogenous ca
pacity building for sustainable development by improv
ing scientific understanding through exchanges of scien
tific and technological knowledge, and by enhancing the
development, adaptation, diffusion, and transfer of tech
nologies, including new and innovative technologies.
Common building for sustainable deve
lopment by improving scientific under
standing through exchanges of scientific
and technological knowledge
50 ISSN 2708-129X. Укр. хім. журн., 2022
WHAT IS NEGATIVE ENTROPY AND HOW DOES IT AFFECT THE SUSTAINABILITY OF REGIONS DURING THE WARFARE.PHISICAL CHEMISTRY
10 Environmental issues are best handled with the par
ticipation of all concerned citizens, at the relevant
level. At the national level, each individual shall have
appropriate access to information concerning the en
vironment that is held by public authorities, including
information on hazardous materials and activities in
their communities, and the opportunity to participate
in decision-making processes. States shall facilitate
and encourage public awareness and participation by
making information widely available. Effective access
to judicial and administrative proceedings, including
redress and remedy, shall be provided.
At the national level, each individual shall
have appropriate access to information
concerning the environment that is held
by public authorities, including informa
tion on hazardous materials and activities
in their communities, and the opportuni
ty to participate in decision-making pro
cesses
11 States shall enact effective environmental legislation.
Environmental standards, management objectives, and
priorities should reflect the environmental and deve
lopmental context to which they apply. Standards ap
plied by some countries may be inappropriate and of
unwarranted economic and social cost to other coun
tries, in particular developing countries
Environmental standards, management
objectives, and priorities should reflect
the environmental and developmental
context to which they apply.
12 States should cooperate to promote a supportive and
open international economic system that would lead
to economic growth and sustainable development in
all countries, to better address the problems of envi
ronmental degradation. Trade policy measures for en
vironmental purposes should not constitute a means
of arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination or a dis
guised restriction on international trade. Unilateral
actions to deal with environmental challenges outside
the jurisdiction of the importing country should be
avoided. Environmental measures addressing trans
boundary or global environmental problems should,
as far as possible, be based on an international con
sensus.
To promote a supportive and open in
ternational economic system that would
lead to economic growth and sustainable
development in all countries, to better
address the problems of environmental
degradation.
13 States shall develop national law regarding liability and
compensation for the victims of pollution and other en
vironmental damage. States shall also cooperate in an
expeditious and more determined manner to develop
further international law regarding liability and com
pensation for adverse effects of environmental damage
caused by activities within their jurisdiction or control
to areas beyond their jurisdiction.
To develop national and international law
regarding liability and compensation for
the victims of pollution and other envi
ronmental damage.
51https://ucj.org.ua
K.D. Pershina UCJ № 2 / Vol. 88
14 States should effectively cooperate to discourage or
prevent the relocation and transfer to other States of
any activities and substances that cause severe envi
ronmental degradation or are found to be harmful to
human health.
Cooperation to discourage or prevent the
relocation and transfer to other States of
any activities and substances that cause
severe environmental degradation or are
found to be harmful to human health.
15 In order to protect the environment, the precautionary
approach shall be widely applied by States according to
their capabilities. Where there are threats of serious or
irreversible damage, lack of full scientific certainty shall
not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective
measures to prevent environmental degradation
To protect the environment and to pre
vent environmental degradation
16 National authorities should endeavor to promote the in
ternalization of environmental costs and the use of eco
nomic instruments, taking into account the approach
that the polluter should, in principle, bear the cost of
pollution, with due regard to the public interest and
without distorting international trade and investment.
To promote the internalization of envi
ronmental costs and the use of economic
instruments
17 Environmental impact assessment, as a national instru
ment, shall be undertaken for proposed activities that
are likely to have a significant adverse impact on the en
vironment and are subject to a decision of a competent
national authority
Environmental impact assessment
18 States shall immediately notify other States of any nat
ural disasters or other emergencies that are likely to
produce sudden harmful effects on the environment of
those States. Every effort shall be made by the interna
tional community to help States so afflicted.
Environmental security
19
States shall provide prior and timely notification and
relevant information to potentially affected States on
activities that may have a significant adverse trans
boundary environmental effect and shall consult with
those States at an early stage and in good faith.
Transboundary environmental effect
and environmental security
20 Women have a vital role in environmental management
and development. Their full participation is therefore
essential to achieve sustainable development.
Gender policy
21 The creativity, ideals and courage of the youth of the
world should be mobilized to forge a global partnership
in order to achieve sustainable development and ensure
a better future for all.
The place of youth in sustainable develop
ment, youth policy
52 ISSN 2708-129X. Укр. хім. журн., 2022
WHAT IS NEGATIVE ENTROPY AND HOW DOES IT AFFECT THE SUSTAINABILITY OF REGIONS DURING THE WARFARE.PHISICAL CHEMISTRY
22 Indigenous people and their communities and other
local communities have a vital role in environmental
management and development because of their know
ledge and traditional practices. States should recognize
and duly support their identity, culture and interests
and enable their effective participation in the achieve
ment of sustainable development.
23 The environment and natural resources of people un
der oppression, domination and occupation shall be
protected
Indigenous people policy
24 Warfare is inherently destructive of sustainable deve
lopment. States shall therefore respect international
law providing protection for the environment in times
of armed conflict and cooperate in its further develop
ment, as necessary.
To protect environment in times of war
fare
25 Peace, development and environmental protection are
interdependent and indivisible.
Peace, development, and environmental
protection are interdependent and indi
visible.
26 States shall resolve all their environmental disputes
peacefully and by appropriate means in accordance
with the Charter of the United Nations.
To resolve environmental disputes
peacefully
27 States and people shall cooperate in good faith and in a
spirit of partnership in the fulfilment of the principles
embodied in this Declaration and in the further deve
lopment of international law in the field of sustainable
development.
To further development of international
law in the field of sustainable develop
ment.
If you look at these principles, there are
only seven from twenty-seven, which would
not mention the environment. Moreover, the
twenty-four principles are like a non-under
standing declaration. There are no differences
between international warfare, military action,
and national military conflicts. And, from my
point of view, such a definition creates some
difficulties to resolved environmental prob
lems and problems of region's sustainability.
The question arises why? The answer to these
questions is the purpose of my work.
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND
NEGENTROPY IN OPEN NONEQUILIBRI-
UM SYSTEMS. Let's start from the basic prin
ciples of thermodynamics for open nonequi
librium systems (including all ecological sys
tems). It is nessesary to understand thier ability
to sustanable development. At the beginning of
the 20th century, V.I. Vernadsky introduced a
term named negative entropy [4], the physical
meaning of which was improved in the works
of E. Schrödinger [5,6], I.R. Prigogine [7],
Klimontovich [8,9] and others [10,11]. Such
53https://ucj.org.ua
K.D. Pershina UCJ № 2 / Vol. 88
works were based exclusively on classical physi
cal parameters: temperature, pressure, energy,
and such a statistically distributed parameter
as entropy. But to consider macroscopic phe
nomena, only entropy allows us to statistically
describe the degree of chaos and ability of the
closed system for independent existence.
The classical form of the second law of ther
modynamics connects entropy with the mea
sure of heat transferred to the system.
sustanable development. At the beginning of the 20th century, V.I. Vernadsky introduced a
term named negative entropy [4], the physical meaning of which was improved in the works of
E. Schrödinger [5,6], I.R. Prigogine [7], Klimontovich [8,9] and others [10,11]. Such works were
based exclusively on classical physical parameters: temperature, pressure, energy, and such a
statistically distributed parameter as entropy. But to consider macroscopic phenomena, only
entropy allows us to statistically describe the degree of chaos and ability of the closed system for
independent existence.
The classical form of the second law of thermodynamics connects entropy with the
measure of heat transferred to the system.
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 (1)
According to this law, heat tends to dissipate spontaneously. Dissipation of heat is the
base of entropy changes [12].
Boltzmann gave the following formulation of entropy:
𝑆𝑆 = 𝑘𝑘 ∙ 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙, (2)
k=R/NA = 1.38·10-23 J / K – the Boltzmann constant, W – the number of microstates that realize
the macrostate, R – the universal gas constant.
This equation is the base for such allegations: 1 – the most probable state of the least probable
state of an isolated system is spontaneously realized, 2 – the most uniform distribution leads to
the maximum values of entropy, 3 – the entropy of a fully ordered system is zero. However,
Boltzmann equation (2) can't answer the questions: why entropy must be negative? What does it
mean? There are two answers to these questions: first, in all chemical and biochemical
transformations in the global planetary ecosystem, heat is transferred primarily from the hot sun
to the cold Earth, in which case the negative sign reflects the direction of the process [10–11].
Secondly, there is a conclusion from the second law of thermodynamics, which regulates the
spontaneous realization of any chemical reaction under constant temperature and pressure and, at
the same time, reflects the influence of enthalpy and entropy on the direction of chemical
processes. This factor is the change in the Gibbs free energy ΔG:
∆𝐺𝐺 = ∆𝐻𝐻 − 𝑇𝑇∆𝑆𝑆. (3)
The Gibbs energy is attributed to 1 mol of substance and is expressed in kJ / mol. For isobaric-
isothermal processes, ΔН – is an enthalpy factor; TΔS is an entropic factor.
The ΔG of the most stable modification of the formation of a simple substance is taken
equal to zero. At constant temperature and pressure, chemical reactions can proceed
spontaneously only in the direction in which the Gibbs energy of the system decreases (ΔG < 0).
Thus, if ΔН <0 (exothermic reaction) and S> 0 (entropy increases), it follows from
equation (3) that at all temperatures – ΔG <0. It means that the reaction can proceed
spontaneously at any temperature. Such reactions include almost all oxidation and respiration
reactions.
If ΔН <0 and ΔS <О, the reaction is possible provided when the absolute value of negative
ΔН in the equation for the Gibbs energy is greater than the entropy factor TΔS. Such conditions
are realized either at sufficiently low temperatures or under the influence of other factors that
(1)
According to this law, heat tends to dissi
pate spontaneously. Dissipation of heat is the
base of entropy changes [12].
Boltzmann gave the following formulation
of entropy:
sustanable development. At the beginning of the 20th century, V.I. Vernadsky introduced a
term named negative entropy [4], the physical meaning of which was improved in the works of
E. Schrödinger [5,6], I.R. Prigogine [7], Klimontovich [8,9] and others [10,11]. Such works were
based exclusively on classical physical parameters: temperature, pressure, energy, and such a
statistically distributed parameter as entropy. But to consider macroscopic phenomena, only
entropy allows us to statistically describe the degree of chaos and ability of the closed system for
independent existence.
The classical form of the second law of thermodynamics connects entropy with the
measure of heat transferred to the system.
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 (1)
According to this law, heat tends to dissipate spontaneously. Dissipation of heat is the
base of entropy changes [12].
Boltzmann gave the following formulation of entropy:
𝑆𝑆 = 𝑘𝑘 ∙ 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙, (2)
k=R/NA = 1.38·10-23 J / K – the Boltzmann constant, W – the number of microstates that realize
the macrostate, R – the universal gas constant.
This equation is the base for such allegations: 1 – the most probable state of the least probable
state of an isolated system is spontaneously realized, 2 – the most uniform distribution leads to
the maximum values of entropy, 3 – the entropy of a fully ordered system is zero. However,
Boltzmann equation (2) can't answer the questions: why entropy must be negative? What does it
mean? There are two answers to these questions: first, in all chemical and biochemical
transformations in the global planetary ecosystem, heat is transferred primarily from the hot sun
to the cold Earth, in which case the negative sign reflects the direction of the process [10–11].
Secondly, there is a conclusion from the second law of thermodynamics, which regulates the
spontaneous realization of any chemical reaction under constant temperature and pressure and, at
the same time, reflects the influence of enthalpy and entropy on the direction of chemical
processes. This factor is the change in the Gibbs free energy ΔG:
∆𝐺𝐺 = ∆𝐻𝐻 − 𝑇𝑇∆𝑆𝑆. (3)
The Gibbs energy is attributed to 1 mol of substance and is expressed in kJ / mol. For isobaric-
isothermal processes, ΔН – is an enthalpy factor; TΔS is an entropic factor.
The ΔG of the most stable modification of the formation of a simple substance is taken
equal to zero. At constant temperature and pressure, chemical reactions can proceed
spontaneously only in the direction in which the Gibbs energy of the system decreases (ΔG < 0).
Thus, if ΔН <0 (exothermic reaction) and S> 0 (entropy increases), it follows from
equation (3) that at all temperatures – ΔG <0. It means that the reaction can proceed
spontaneously at any temperature. Such reactions include almost all oxidation and respiration
reactions.
If ΔН <0 and ΔS <О, the reaction is possible provided when the absolute value of negative
ΔН in the equation for the Gibbs energy is greater than the entropy factor TΔS. Such conditions
are realized either at sufficiently low temperatures or under the influence of other factors that
(2)
k=R/NA = 1.38·10-23 J / K – the Boltzmann con
stant, W – the number of microstates that re
alize the macrostate, R – the universal gas con
stant.
This equation is the base for such allega
tions: 1 – the most probable state of the least
probable state of an isolated system is sponta
neously realized, 2 – the most uniform distri
bution leads to the maximum values of entro
py, 3 – the entropy of a fully ordered system
is zero. However, Boltzmann equation (2) can't
answer the questions: why entropy must be
negative? What does it mean? There are two
answers to these questions: first, in all chemi
cal and biochemical transformations in the
global planetary ecosystem, heat is transferred
primarily from the hot sun to the cold Earth,
in which case the negative sign reflects the di
rection of the process [10–11]. Secondly, there
is a conclusion from the second law of ther
modynamics, which regulates the spontane
ous realization of any chemical reaction under
constant temperature and pressure and, at the
same time, reflects the influence of enthalpy
and entropy on the direction of chemical pro
cesses. This factor is the change in the Gibbs
free energy ΔG:
sustanable development. At the beginning of the 20th century, V.I. Vernadsky introduced a
term named negative entropy [4], the physical meaning of which was improved in the works of
E. Schrödinger [5,6], I.R. Prigogine [7], Klimontovich [8,9] and others [10,11]. Such works were
based exclusively on classical physical parameters: temperature, pressure, energy, and such a
statistically distributed parameter as entropy. But to consider macroscopic phenomena, only
entropy allows us to statistically describe the degree of chaos and ability of the closed system for
independent existence.
The classical form of the second law of thermodynamics connects entropy with the
measure of heat transferred to the system.
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 (1)
According to this law, heat tends to dissipate spontaneously. Dissipation of heat is the
base of entropy changes [12].
Boltzmann gave the following formulation of entropy:
𝑆𝑆 = 𝑘𝑘 ∙ 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙, (2)
k=R/NA = 1.38·10-23 J / K – the Boltzmann constant, W – the number of microstates that realize
the macrostate, R – the universal gas constant.
This equation is the base for such allegations: 1 – the most probable state of the least probable
state of an isolated system is spontaneously realized, 2 – the most uniform distribution leads to
the maximum values of entropy, 3 – the entropy of a fully ordered system is zero. However,
Boltzmann equation (2) can't answer the questions: why entropy must be negative? What does it
mean? There are two answers to these questions: first, in all chemical and biochemical
transformations in the global planetary ecosystem, heat is transferred primarily from the hot sun
to the cold Earth, in which case the negative sign reflects the direction of the process [10–11].
Secondly, there is a conclusion from the second law of thermodynamics, which regulates the
spontaneous realization of any chemical reaction under constant temperature and pressure and, at
the same time, reflects the influence of enthalpy and entropy on the direction of chemical
processes. This factor is the change in the Gibbs free energy ΔG:
∆𝐺𝐺 = ∆𝐻𝐻 − 𝑇𝑇∆𝑆𝑆. (3)
The Gibbs energy is attributed to 1 mol of substance and is expressed in kJ / mol. For isobaric-
isothermal processes, ΔН – is an enthalpy factor; TΔS is an entropic factor.
The ΔG of the most stable modification of the formation of a simple substance is taken
equal to zero. At constant temperature and pressure, chemical reactions can proceed
spontaneously only in the direction in which the Gibbs energy of the system decreases (ΔG < 0).
Thus, if ΔН <0 (exothermic reaction) and S> 0 (entropy increases), it follows from
equation (3) that at all temperatures – ΔG <0. It means that the reaction can proceed
spontaneously at any temperature. Such reactions include almost all oxidation and respiration
reactions.
If ΔН <0 and ΔS <О, the reaction is possible provided when the absolute value of negative
ΔН in the equation for the Gibbs energy is greater than the entropy factor TΔS. Such conditions
are realized either at sufficiently low temperatures or under the influence of other factors that
(3)
The Gibbs energy is attributed to 1 mol of
substance and is expressed in kJ / mol. For
isobaric-isothermal processes, ΔН – is an en
thalpy factor; TΔS is an entropic factor.
The ΔG of the most stable modification of
the formation of a simple substance is taken
equal to zero. At constant temperature and
pressure, chemical reactions can proceed spon
taneously only in the direction in which the
Gibbs energy of the system decreases (ΔG < 0).
Thus, if ΔН <0 (exothermic reaction) and
S>0 (entropy increases), it follows from equa
tion (3) that at all temperatures – ΔG <0. It
means that the reaction can proceed sponta
neously at any temperature. Such reactions
include almost all oxidation and respiration
reactions.
If ΔН <0 and ΔS <О, the reaction is possi
ble provided when the absolute value of nega
tive ΔН in the equation for the Gibbs energy
is greater than the entropy factor TΔS. Such
conditions are realized either at sufficiently low
temperatures or under the influence of other
factors that significantly increase the system's
entropy and are closely connected to the pre
sence of any radiation, including the solar radi
ation or catalytic reactions involving enzymes.
If ΔН> 0 and ΔS> 0, the reaction is possi
ble provided that TΔS is greater in absolute
value than ΔН, and this is realized at sufficient
ly high temperatures. At high temperatures,
the reactions often are to be accompanied by
54 ISSN 2708-129X. Укр. хім. журн., 2022
WHAT IS NEGATIVE ENTROPY AND HOW DOES IT AFFECT THE SUSTAINABILITY OF REGIONS DURING THE WARFARE.PHISICAL CHEMISTRY
an increase in entropy. The values of ΔН, ΔS,
and ΔG depend on the nature of substances,
their physical state, and concentrations.
Thus, the negative value of entropy is a more
formalized name for the system's state, which
indicates an exaggeration of the entropy factor
over the enthalpy. The same exaggeration lies
in the base of existing of life. In a global sense,
it allows us to talk about the extraordinary im
pact of living matter on planetary processes,
their development, and the stability of exist
ence and development of the biosphere [4]. Es
pecially, to the part of the biosphere that is as
sociated with the production of organic matter
using carbon dioxide. Let's consider terrestrial
ecosystems. These ecosystems are the largest
significant global sinkers of carbon dioxide,
besides the oceans [13]. About 120 Pg C · a-1
(Pg = 1015g) CO2 is absorbed annually on our
planet due to the terrestrial part of plants, but
since 1999 there has been a significant loss of
biologically fixed carbon against the back
ground of increasing CO2 emissions [13].
However, the global carbon cycle and the en
vironmental processes that contribute to it
are not sustainable but rather highly dynam
ic. This dynamic realizes due to many factors,
which makes it difficult to model the distribu
tion and binding of CO2 [14]. Moreover, some
factors are completely unpredictable – it is a
criminal human activity aimed at destroying
ecosystems, especially large ecosystems (fo
rests and steppes) with large amounts of plant
biomass, which is involved in the fixation of
atmospheric carbon dioxide. The most unpre
dictable and dangerous factors are military
action, which leads not only to the physical
destruction of sustainable ecosystems, which
can take decades to recover but also a local
increase in combustion products containing
large amounts of CO2, nitrogen compounds
that destroy the ionosphere, namely planetary
Ozone Layer [15]. It should be noted, that soil
destruction due to fires lead to increased dis
sipation of CO2, CH4 and N2O through micro
bial activity between the atmosphere and soils.
The maximum increase in these flows is ob
served in the burned soils of spruce. Thus,
in burned forests, microbial respiration can
supply additional carbon dioxide of approxi
mately 14.7 t C / ha, which in terms of CO2 is
44.1 t / ha and can last for at least ten years [16].
Therefore, warfare, even in a small area, can
not only simultaneously increase greenhouse
gas emissions by hundred times and remains
a source of additional CO2 emissions into the
atmosphere for decades. A simple calculation
of such emission in an area of 100 km2 for ten
years has additional 4.41 · 106 tons of carbon
dioxide without other sources of its incom
ing. Thus, a system that has not any plants and
destroyed soils already enters a state where it
is impossible to implement oxidation or res
piration reactions ΔH < 0. Under destruction
of the balance of CO2 binding (photosynthe
sis reaction) with its reverse emission during
respiration, the ΔS of such a system becomes
state with ΔS <0. Such system begins to be in
the state, where it cannot exist on its own (lost
ability to spontaneous chemical reactions)
without additional factors.
THE ECOLOGICAL OPEN SYSTEM IN
LAMINAR AND TURBULENT STATE. Now,
look at such an ecosystem in terms of the ther
modynamics of open systems, in which the
changing of entropy is the main parameter. In
open systems, the changing of entropy (ΔS) is
a measure of chaos. They do have not a concept
of energy, but there is a concept of effective
energy (Eeff), which is a function of the distri
55https://ucj.org.ua
K.D. Pershina UCJ № 2 / Vol. 88
bution of physical chaos. Analytically, this is an
effective Hamiltonian (Heff):
significantly increase the system's entropy and are closely connected to the presence of any
radiation, including the solar radiation or catalytic reactions involving enzymes.
If ΔН> 0 and ΔS> 0, the reaction is possible provided that TΔS is greater in absolute value
than ΔН, and this is realized at sufficiently high temperatures. At high temperatures, the
reactions often are to be accompanied by an increase in entropy. The values of ΔН, ΔS, and ΔG
depend on the nature of substances, their physical state, and concentrations.
Thus, the negative value of entropy is a more formalized name for the system's state, which
indicates an exaggeration of the entropy factor over the enthalpy. The same exaggeration lies in
the base of existing of life. In a global sense, it allows us to talk about the extraordinary impact
of living matter on planetary processes, their development, and the stability of existence and
development of the biosphere [4]. Especially, to the part of the biosphere that is associated with
the production of organic matter using carbon dioxide. Let's consider terrestrial ecosystems.
These ecosystems are the largest significant global sinkers of carbon dioxide, besides the oceans
[13]. About 120 Pg C · a-1 (Pg = 1015g) CO2 is absorbed annually on our planet due to the
terrestrial part of plants, but since 1999 there has been a significant loss of biologically fixed
carbon against the background of increasing CO2 emissions [13]. However, the global carbon
cycle and the environmental processes that contribute to it are not sustainable but rather highly
dynamic. This dynamic realizes due to many factors, which makes it difficult to model the
distribution and binding of CO2 [14]. Moreover, some factors are completely unpredictable – it is
a criminal human activity aimed at destroying ecosystems, especially large ecosystems (forests
and steppes) with large amounts of plant biomass, which is involved in the fixation of
atmospheric carbon dioxide. The most unpredictable and dangerous factors are military action,
which leads not only to the physical destruction of sustainable ecosystems, which can take
decades to recover but also a local increase in combustion products containing large amounts of
CO2, nitrogen compounds that destroy the ionosphere, namely planetary Ozone Layer [15]. It
should be noted, that soil destruction due to fires lead to increased dissipation of CO2, CH4 and
N2O through microbial activity between the atmosphere and soils. The maximum increase in
these flows is observed in the burned soils of spruce. Thus, in burned forests, microbial
respiration can supply additional carbon dioxide of approximately 14.7 t C / ha, which in terms
of CO2 is 44.1 t / ha and can last for at least ten years [16]. Therefore, warfare, even in a small
area, can not only simultaneously increase greenhouse gas emissions by hundred times and
remains a source of additional CO2 emissions into the atmosphere for decades. A simple
calculation of such emission in an area of 100 km2 for ten years has additional 4.41 · 106 tons of
carbon dioxide without other sources of its incoming. Thus, a system that has not any plants and
destroyed soils already enters a state where it is impossible to implement oxidation or respiration
reactions ΔH <0. Under destruction of the balance of CO2 binding (photosynthesis reaction)
with its reverse emission during respiration, the ΔS of such a system becomes state with ΔS <0.
Such system begins to be in the state, where it cannot exist on its own (lost ability to spontaneous
chemical reactions) without additional factors.
THE ECOLOGICAL OPEN SYSTEM IN LAMINAR AND TURBULENT STATE. Now, look
at such an ecosystem in terms of the thermodynamics of open systems, in which the changing of
entropy is the main parameter. In open systems, the changing of entropy (ΔS) is a measure of
chaos. They do have not a concept of energy, but there is a concept of effective energy (Eeff),
which is a function of the distribution of physical chaos. Analytically, this is an effective
Hamiltonian (Heff):
𝐻𝐻𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = −𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑓𝑓0 . (4) (4)
However, when changing the control pa
rameter of the system, this function is not pre
served in most cases [9, 12]. Therefore, to use
the entropy difference ΔS = S0-S1 to estimate
the degree of the chaos at the system, it is nece
ssary to replace the functions f0, S0 with nor
malized or renormalized functions [8, 9]. Con
sider a simple two-component system in which
the state of complete physical chaos coincides
with the equilibrium state (in the thermody
namics of ecological systems, this state consid
ered as the death of such a system). Then in a
two-component system (temperature and con
centration of CO2 (vapor pressure)) renorma
lization is carried out exclusively by changing
the temperature:
However, when changing the control parameter of the system, this function is not
preserved in most cases [9, 12]. Therefore, to use the entropy difference ΔS = S0-S1 to estimate
the degree of the chaos at the system, it is necessary to replace the functions f0, S0 with
normalized or renormalized functions [8, 9]. Consider a simple two-component system in which
the state of complete physical chaos coincides with the equilibrium state (in the thermodynamics
of ecological systems, this state considered as the death of such a system). Then in a two-
component system (temperature and concentration of CO2 (vapor pressure)) renormalization is
carried out exclusively by changing the temperature:
∫ 𝐻𝐻𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑓𝑓0
⃗⃗⃗⃗ (𝑋𝑋, 𝑎𝑎 = 𝑎𝑎0)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫𝐻𝐻𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑓𝑓1(𝑋𝑋, 𝑎𝑎 = 𝑎𝑎1)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑. (5)
In the case of the correct choice of equilibrium, 𝑇⃗𝑇 (𝑎𝑎) ≥ 𝑇𝑇, that is, to maintain states in
which a = a0, the system needs additional heat. When using the Gibbs distribution for the
renormalized function 𝑓𝑓0⃗⃗ ⃗ for the Boltzmann equation transforms to:
𝑓𝑓0
⃗⃗⃗⃗ (𝑥𝑥) = 𝑒𝑒𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝐹𝐹𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒(𝑇⃗⃗𝑇 )−𝐻𝐻𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒(𝑥𝑥)
𝑘𝑘𝑇⃗⃗𝑇 (6)
the Boltzmann – Gibbs – Shannon entropy equation [8, 9] already includes two renormalizable
functions ie this state is non-equilibrium:
𝑆𝑆0⃗⃗⃗⃗ = −∫𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 (𝑓𝑓0
⃗⃗⃗⃗ (𝑋𝑋))𝑓𝑓0
⃗⃗⃗⃗ (𝑋𝑋)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑. (7)
As the number of variable parameters increases, the deviation from this state should
increase, but only under conditions if Heff is constant. It is the case when dynamic instability and
exponential trajectory divergence under conditions of uncontrolled external influences allow
trajectories to mix in phase space. It means the formation of the conditions for a "continuous
medium". Such media is the background for aligning parameters at infinitesimal scales. So, ΔS
will be defined as:
𝑆𝑆0⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑆𝑆1 = −∫ (𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑓𝑓1(𝑥𝑥)
𝑓⃗⃗𝑓 0
) 𝑓𝑓1(𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ≥ 0 , (8)
𝑇⃗𝑇 (𝑎𝑎) ≥ 1.
It is a formal description of the effect of temperature on the increase in the entropy of the system
and testifies the low informativeness of the Boltzmann H-theorem [17] without taking into
account the direction of components' movement of the system and its ability to create of certain
internal structures [10]. To describe these phenomena, concepts of the degradation and self-
organization are used. They based on the possibility of normalizing chaos with the S-theorem [8,
9]. In many cases, the degree of the chaos of the ecological system does not provide an answer
about its state (degradation or self-organization). Because the capability to live in ecological
systems does not base on the thermal equilibrium. It bases on the ability to fluctuate near a state
with a certain degree of chaos. Therefore, the degree of chaos is a necessary factor, but not
sufficient [8–12, 18]. In this case, it proposes to use additional parameters, namely the direction
of movement and the type of movement The paper [8] presents rather interesting calculations of
the degree of chaos in water under turbulent and laminar flow conditions. Calculations indicate
the appearance of the new structures of water (Bernall – Fowler cells) in the turbulent flow [19].
Such structures significantly decrease the entropy in turbulent flow relatively to laminar flow. It
means, that turbulence is a factor that forms new structures in the "continuous media' and
decreases the full entropy of system. Why? If the laminar flow is selected as a level of physical
chaos, the role of effective Hamiltonian plays the middle kinetic energy of the laminar flow.
However, when changing the control parameter of the system, this function is not
preserved in most cases [9, 12]. Therefore, to use the entropy difference ΔS = S0-S1 to estimate
the degree of the chaos at the system, it is necessary to replace the functions f0, S0 with
normalized or renormalized functions [8, 9]. Consider a simple two-component system in which
the state of complete physical chaos coincides with the equilibrium state (in the thermodynamics
of ecological systems, this state considered as the death of such a system). Then in a two-
component system (temperature and concentration of CO2 (vapor pressure)) renormalization is
carried out exclusively by changing the temperature:
∫ 𝐻𝐻𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑓𝑓0
⃗⃗⃗⃗ (𝑋𝑋, 𝑎𝑎 = 𝑎𝑎0)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫𝐻𝐻𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑓𝑓1(𝑋𝑋, 𝑎𝑎 = 𝑎𝑎1)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑. (5)
In the case of the correct choice of equilibrium, 𝑇⃗𝑇 (𝑎𝑎) ≥ 𝑇𝑇, that is, to maintain states in
which a = a0, the system needs additional heat. When using the Gibbs distribution for the
renormalized function 𝑓𝑓0⃗⃗ ⃗ for the Boltzmann equation transforms to:
𝑓𝑓0
⃗⃗⃗⃗ (𝑥𝑥) = 𝑒𝑒𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝐹𝐹𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒(𝑇⃗⃗𝑇 )−𝐻𝐻𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒(𝑥𝑥)
𝑘𝑘𝑇⃗⃗𝑇 (6)
the Boltzmann – Gibbs – Shannon entropy equation [8, 9] already includes two renormalizable
functions ie this state is non-equilibrium:
𝑆𝑆0⃗⃗⃗⃗ = −∫𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 (𝑓𝑓0
⃗⃗⃗⃗ (𝑋𝑋))𝑓𝑓0
⃗⃗⃗⃗ (𝑋𝑋)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑. (7)
As the number of variable parameters increases, the deviation from this state should
increase, but only under conditions if Heff is constant. It is the case when dynamic instability and
exponential trajectory divergence under conditions of uncontrolled external influences allow
trajectories to mix in phase space. It means the formation of the conditions for a "continuous
medium". Such media is the background for aligning parameters at infinitesimal scales. So, ΔS
will be defined as:
𝑆𝑆0⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑆𝑆1 = −∫ (𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑓𝑓1(𝑥𝑥)
𝑓⃗⃗𝑓 0
) 𝑓𝑓1(𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ≥ 0 , (8)
𝑇⃗𝑇 (𝑎𝑎) ≥ 1.
It is a formal description of the effect of temperature on the increase in the entropy of the system
and testifies the low informativeness of the Boltzmann H-theorem [17] without taking into
account the direction of components' movement of the system and its ability to create of certain
internal structures [10]. To describe these phenomena, concepts of the degradation and self-
organization are used. They based on the possibility of normalizing chaos with the S-theorem [8,
9]. In many cases, the degree of the chaos of the ecological system does not provide an answer
about its state (degradation or self-organization). Because the capability to live in ecological
systems does not base on the thermal equilibrium. It bases on the ability to fluctuate near a state
with a certain degree of chaos. Therefore, the degree of chaos is a necessary factor, but not
sufficient [8–12, 18]. In this case, it proposes to use additional parameters, namely the direction
of movement and the type of movement The paper [8] presents rather interesting calculations of
the degree of chaos in water under turbulent and laminar flow conditions. Calculations indicate
the appearance of the new structures of water (Bernall – Fowler cells) in the turbulent flow [19].
Such structures significantly decrease the entropy in turbulent flow relatively to laminar flow. It
means, that turbulence is a factor that forms new structures in the "continuous media' and
decreases the full entropy of system. Why? If the laminar flow is selected as a level of physical
chaos, the role of effective Hamiltonian plays the middle kinetic energy of the laminar flow.
(5)
In the case of the correct choice of equilib
rium,
However, when changing the control parameter of the system, this function is not
preserved in most cases [9, 12]. Therefore, to use the entropy difference ΔS = S0-S1 to estimate
the degree of the chaos at the system, it is necessary to replace the functions f0, S0 with
normalized or renormalized functions [8, 9]. Consider a simple two-component system in which
the state of complete physical chaos coincides with the equilibrium state (in the thermodynamics
of ecological systems, this state considered as the death of such a system). Then in a two-
component system (temperature and concentration of CO2 (vapor pressure)) renormalization is
carried out exclusively by changing the temperature:
∫ 𝐻𝐻𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑓𝑓0
⃗⃗⃗⃗ (𝑋𝑋, 𝑎𝑎 = 𝑎𝑎0)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫𝐻𝐻𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑓𝑓1(𝑋𝑋, 𝑎𝑎 = 𝑎𝑎1)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑. (5)
In the case of the correct choice of equilibrium, 𝑇⃗𝑇 (𝑎𝑎) ≥ 𝑇𝑇, that is, to maintain states in
which a = a0, the system needs additional heat. When using the Gibbs distribution for the
renormalized function 𝑓𝑓0⃗⃗ ⃗ for the Boltzmann equation transforms to:
𝑓𝑓0
⃗⃗⃗⃗ (𝑥𝑥) = 𝑒𝑒𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝐹𝐹𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒(𝑇⃗⃗𝑇 )−𝐻𝐻𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒(𝑥𝑥)
𝑘𝑘𝑇⃗⃗𝑇 (6)
the Boltzmann – Gibbs – Shannon entropy equation [8, 9] already includes two renormalizable
functions ie this state is non-equilibrium:
𝑆𝑆0⃗⃗⃗⃗ = −∫𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 (𝑓𝑓0
⃗⃗⃗⃗ (𝑋𝑋))𝑓𝑓0
⃗⃗⃗⃗ (𝑋𝑋)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑. (7)
As the number of variable parameters increases, the deviation from this state should
increase, but only under conditions if Heff is constant. It is the case when dynamic instability and
exponential trajectory divergence under conditions of uncontrolled external influences allow
trajectories to mix in phase space. It means the formation of the conditions for a "continuous
medium". Such media is the background for aligning parameters at infinitesimal scales. So, ΔS
will be defined as:
𝑆𝑆0⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑆𝑆1 = −∫ (𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑓𝑓1(𝑥𝑥)
𝑓⃗⃗𝑓 0
) 𝑓𝑓1(𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ≥ 0 , (8)
𝑇⃗𝑇 (𝑎𝑎) ≥ 1.
It is a formal description of the effect of temperature on the increase in the entropy of the system
and testifies the low informativeness of the Boltzmann H-theorem [17] without taking into
account the direction of components' movement of the system and its ability to create of certain
internal structures [10]. To describe these phenomena, concepts of the degradation and self-
organization are used. They based on the possibility of normalizing chaos with the S-theorem [8,
9]. In many cases, the degree of the chaos of the ecological system does not provide an answer
about its state (degradation or self-organization). Because the capability to live in ecological
systems does not base on the thermal equilibrium. It bases on the ability to fluctuate near a state
with a certain degree of chaos. Therefore, the degree of chaos is a necessary factor, but not
sufficient [8–12, 18]. In this case, it proposes to use additional parameters, namely the direction
of movement and the type of movement The paper [8] presents rather interesting calculations of
the degree of chaos in water under turbulent and laminar flow conditions. Calculations indicate
the appearance of the new structures of water (Bernall – Fowler cells) in the turbulent flow [19].
Such structures significantly decrease the entropy in turbulent flow relatively to laminar flow. It
means, that turbulence is a factor that forms new structures in the "continuous media' and
decreases the full entropy of system. Why? If the laminar flow is selected as a level of physical
chaos, the role of effective Hamiltonian plays the middle kinetic energy of the laminar flow.
, that is, to maintain states in
which a = a0, the system needs additional heat.
When using the Gibbs distribution for the
renormalized function
However, when changing the control parameter of the system, this function is not
preserved in most cases [9, 12]. Therefore, to use the entropy difference ΔS = S0-S1 to estimate
the degree of the chaos at the system, it is necessary to replace the functions f0, S0 with
normalized or renormalized functions [8, 9]. Consider a simple two-component system in which
the state of complete physical chaos coincides with the equilibrium state (in the thermodynamics
of ecological systems, this state considered as the death of such a system). Then in a two-
component system (temperature and concentration of CO2 (vapor pressure)) renormalization is
carried out exclusively by changing the temperature:
∫ 𝐻𝐻𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑓𝑓0
⃗⃗⃗⃗ (𝑋𝑋, 𝑎𝑎 = 𝑎𝑎0)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫𝐻𝐻𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑓𝑓1(𝑋𝑋, 𝑎𝑎 = 𝑎𝑎1)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑. (5)
In the case of the correct choice of equilibrium, 𝑇⃗𝑇 (𝑎𝑎) ≥ 𝑇𝑇, that is, to maintain states in
which a = a0, the system needs additional heat. When using the Gibbs distribution for the
renormalized function 𝑓𝑓0⃗⃗ ⃗ for the Boltzmann equation transforms to:
𝑓𝑓0
⃗⃗⃗⃗ (𝑥𝑥) = 𝑒𝑒𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝐹𝐹𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒(𝑇⃗⃗𝑇 )−𝐻𝐻𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒(𝑥𝑥)
𝑘𝑘𝑇⃗⃗𝑇 (6)
the Boltzmann – Gibbs – Shannon entropy equation [8, 9] already includes two renormalizable
functions ie this state is non-equilibrium:
𝑆𝑆0⃗⃗⃗⃗ = −∫𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 (𝑓𝑓0
⃗⃗⃗⃗ (𝑋𝑋))𝑓𝑓0
⃗⃗⃗⃗ (𝑋𝑋)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑. (7)
As the number of variable parameters increases, the deviation from this state should
increase, but only under conditions if Heff is constant. It is the case when dynamic instability and
exponential trajectory divergence under conditions of uncontrolled external influences allow
trajectories to mix in phase space. It means the formation of the conditions for a "continuous
medium". Such media is the background for aligning parameters at infinitesimal scales. So, ΔS
will be defined as:
𝑆𝑆0⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑆𝑆1 = −∫ (𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑓𝑓1(𝑥𝑥)
𝑓⃗⃗𝑓 0
) 𝑓𝑓1(𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ≥ 0 , (8)
𝑇⃗𝑇 (𝑎𝑎) ≥ 1.
It is a formal description of the effect of temperature on the increase in the entropy of the system
and testifies the low informativeness of the Boltzmann H-theorem [17] without taking into
account the direction of components' movement of the system and its ability to create of certain
internal structures [10]. To describe these phenomena, concepts of the degradation and self-
organization are used. They based on the possibility of normalizing chaos with the S-theorem [8,
9]. In many cases, the degree of the chaos of the ecological system does not provide an answer
about its state (degradation or self-organization). Because the capability to live in ecological
systems does not base on the thermal equilibrium. It bases on the ability to fluctuate near a state
with a certain degree of chaos. Therefore, the degree of chaos is a necessary factor, but not
sufficient [8–12, 18]. In this case, it proposes to use additional parameters, namely the direction
of movement and the type of movement The paper [8] presents rather interesting calculations of
the degree of chaos in water under turbulent and laminar flow conditions. Calculations indicate
the appearance of the new structures of water (Bernall – Fowler cells) in the turbulent flow [19].
Such structures significantly decrease the entropy in turbulent flow relatively to laminar flow. It
means, that turbulence is a factor that forms new structures in the "continuous media' and
decreases the full entropy of system. Why? If the laminar flow is selected as a level of physical
chaos, the role of effective Hamiltonian plays the middle kinetic energy of the laminar flow.
for the Boltzmann
equation transforms to:
However, when changing the control parameter of the system, this function is not
preserved in most cases [9, 12]. Therefore, to use the entropy difference ΔS = S0-S1 to estimate
the degree of the chaos at the system, it is necessary to replace the functions f0, S0 with
normalized or renormalized functions [8, 9]. Consider a simple two-component system in which
the state of complete physical chaos coincides with the equilibrium state (in the thermodynamics
of ecological systems, this state considered as the death of such a system). Then in a two-
component system (temperature and concentration of CO2 (vapor pressure)) renormalization is
carried out exclusively by changing the temperature:
∫ 𝐻𝐻𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑓𝑓0
⃗⃗⃗⃗ (𝑋𝑋, 𝑎𝑎 = 𝑎𝑎0)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫𝐻𝐻𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑓𝑓1(𝑋𝑋, 𝑎𝑎 = 𝑎𝑎1)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑. (5)
In the case of the correct choice of equilibrium, 𝑇⃗𝑇 (𝑎𝑎) ≥ 𝑇𝑇, that is, to maintain states in
which a = a0, the system needs additional heat. When using the Gibbs distribution for the
renormalized function 𝑓𝑓0⃗⃗ ⃗ for the Boltzmann equation transforms to:
𝑓𝑓0
⃗⃗⃗⃗ (𝑥𝑥) = 𝑒𝑒𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝐹𝐹𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒(𝑇⃗⃗𝑇 )−𝐻𝐻𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒(𝑥𝑥)
𝑘𝑘𝑇⃗⃗𝑇 (6)
the Boltzmann – Gibbs – Shannon entropy equation [8, 9] already includes two renormalizable
functions ie this state is non-equilibrium:
𝑆𝑆0⃗⃗⃗⃗ = −∫𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 (𝑓𝑓0
⃗⃗⃗⃗ (𝑋𝑋))𝑓𝑓0
⃗⃗⃗⃗ (𝑋𝑋)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑. (7)
As the number of variable parameters increases, the deviation from this state should
increase, but only under conditions if Heff is constant. It is the case when dynamic instability and
exponential trajectory divergence under conditions of uncontrolled external influences allow
trajectories to mix in phase space. It means the formation of the conditions for a "continuous
medium". Such media is the background for aligning parameters at infinitesimal scales. So, ΔS
will be defined as:
𝑆𝑆0⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑆𝑆1 = −∫ (𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑓𝑓1(𝑥𝑥)
𝑓⃗⃗𝑓 0
) 𝑓𝑓1(𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ≥ 0 , (8)
𝑇⃗𝑇 (𝑎𝑎) ≥ 1.
It is a formal description of the effect of temperature on the increase in the entropy of the system
and testifies the low informativeness of the Boltzmann H-theorem [17] without taking into
account the direction of components' movement of the system and its ability to create of certain
internal structures [10]. To describe these phenomena, concepts of the degradation and self-
organization are used. They based on the possibility of normalizing chaos with the S-theorem [8,
9]. In many cases, the degree of the chaos of the ecological system does not provide an answer
about its state (degradation or self-organization). Because the capability to live in ecological
systems does not base on the thermal equilibrium. It bases on the ability to fluctuate near a state
with a certain degree of chaos. Therefore, the degree of chaos is a necessary factor, but not
sufficient [8–12, 18]. In this case, it proposes to use additional parameters, namely the direction
of movement and the type of movement The paper [8] presents rather interesting calculations of
the degree of chaos in water under turbulent and laminar flow conditions. Calculations indicate
the appearance of the new structures of water (Bernall – Fowler cells) in the turbulent flow [19].
Such structures significantly decrease the entropy in turbulent flow relatively to laminar flow. It
means, that turbulence is a factor that forms new structures in the "continuous media' and
decreases the full entropy of system. Why? If the laminar flow is selected as a level of physical
chaos, the role of effective Hamiltonian plays the middle kinetic energy of the laminar flow.
(6)
the Boltzmann – Gibbs – Shannon entropy
equation [8, 9] already includes two renorma
lizable functions ie this state is non-equilib
rium:
However, when changing the control parameter of the system, this function is not
preserved in most cases [9, 12]. Therefore, to use the entropy difference ΔS = S0-S1 to estimate
the degree of the chaos at the system, it is necessary to replace the functions f0, S0 with
normalized or renormalized functions [8, 9]. Consider a simple two-component system in which
the state of complete physical chaos coincides with the equilibrium state (in the thermodynamics
of ecological systems, this state considered as the death of such a system). Then in a two-
component system (temperature and concentration of CO2 (vapor pressure)) renormalization is
carried out exclusively by changing the temperature:
∫ 𝐻𝐻𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑓𝑓0
⃗⃗⃗⃗ (𝑋𝑋, 𝑎𝑎 = 𝑎𝑎0)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫𝐻𝐻𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑓𝑓1(𝑋𝑋, 𝑎𝑎 = 𝑎𝑎1)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑. (5)
In the case of the correct choice of equilibrium, 𝑇⃗𝑇 (𝑎𝑎) ≥ 𝑇𝑇, that is, to maintain states in
which a = a0, the system needs additional heat. When using the Gibbs distribution for the
renormalized function 𝑓𝑓0⃗⃗ ⃗ for the Boltzmann equation transforms to:
𝑓𝑓0
⃗⃗⃗⃗ (𝑥𝑥) = 𝑒𝑒𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝐹𝐹𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒(𝑇⃗⃗𝑇 )−𝐻𝐻𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒(𝑥𝑥)
𝑘𝑘𝑇⃗⃗𝑇 (6)
the Boltzmann – Gibbs – Shannon entropy equation [8, 9] already includes two renormalizable
functions ie this state is non-equilibrium:
𝑆𝑆0⃗⃗⃗⃗ = −∫𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 (𝑓𝑓0
⃗⃗⃗⃗ (𝑋𝑋))𝑓𝑓0
⃗⃗⃗⃗ (𝑋𝑋)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑. (7)
As the number of variable parameters increases, the deviation from this state should
increase, but only under conditions if Heff is constant. It is the case when dynamic instability and
exponential trajectory divergence under conditions of uncontrolled external influences allow
trajectories to mix in phase space. It means the formation of the conditions for a "continuous
medium". Such media is the background for aligning parameters at infinitesimal scales. So, ΔS
will be defined as:
𝑆𝑆0⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑆𝑆1 = −∫ (𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑓𝑓1(𝑥𝑥)
𝑓⃗⃗𝑓 0
) 𝑓𝑓1(𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ≥ 0 , (8)
𝑇⃗𝑇 (𝑎𝑎) ≥ 1.
It is a formal description of the effect of temperature on the increase in the entropy of the system
and testifies the low informativeness of the Boltzmann H-theorem [17] without taking into
account the direction of components' movement of the system and its ability to create of certain
internal structures [10]. To describe these phenomena, concepts of the degradation and self-
organization are used. They based on the possibility of normalizing chaos with the S-theorem [8,
9]. In many cases, the degree of the chaos of the ecological system does not provide an answer
about its state (degradation or self-organization). Because the capability to live in ecological
systems does not base on the thermal equilibrium. It bases on the ability to fluctuate near a state
with a certain degree of chaos. Therefore, the degree of chaos is a necessary factor, but not
sufficient [8–12, 18]. In this case, it proposes to use additional parameters, namely the direction
of movement and the type of movement The paper [8] presents rather interesting calculations of
the degree of chaos in water under turbulent and laminar flow conditions. Calculations indicate
the appearance of the new structures of water (Bernall – Fowler cells) in the turbulent flow [19].
Such structures significantly decrease the entropy in turbulent flow relatively to laminar flow. It
means, that turbulence is a factor that forms new structures in the "continuous media' and
decreases the full entropy of system. Why? If the laminar flow is selected as a level of physical
chaos, the role of effective Hamiltonian plays the middle kinetic energy of the laminar flow.
(7)
As the number of variable parameters in
creases, the deviation from this state should
increase, but only under conditions if Heff is
constant. It is the case when dynamic instabil
ity and exponential trajectory divergence un
der conditions of uncontrolled external influ
ences allow trajectories to mix in phase space.
It means the formation of the conditions for a
"continuous medium". Such media is the back
ground for aligning parameters at infinitesimal
scales. So, ΔS will be defined as:
However, when changing the control parameter of the system, this function is not
preserved in most cases [9, 12]. Therefore, to use the entropy difference ΔS = S0-S1 to estimate
the degree of the chaos at the system, it is necessary to replace the functions f0, S0 with
normalized or renormalized functions [8, 9]. Consider a simple two-component system in which
the state of complete physical chaos coincides with the equilibrium state (in the thermodynamics
of ecological systems, this state considered as the death of such a system). Then in a two-
component system (temperature and concentration of CO2 (vapor pressure)) renormalization is
carried out exclusively by changing the temperature:
∫ 𝐻𝐻𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑓𝑓0
⃗⃗⃗⃗ (𝑋𝑋, 𝑎𝑎 = 𝑎𝑎0)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫𝐻𝐻𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑓𝑓1(𝑋𝑋, 𝑎𝑎 = 𝑎𝑎1)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑. (5)
In the case of the correct choice of equilibrium, 𝑇⃗𝑇 (𝑎𝑎) ≥ 𝑇𝑇, that is, to maintain states in
which a = a0, the system needs additional heat. When using the Gibbs distribution for the
renormalized function 𝑓𝑓0⃗⃗ ⃗ for the Boltzmann equation transforms to:
𝑓𝑓0
⃗⃗⃗⃗ (𝑥𝑥) = 𝑒𝑒𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝐹𝐹𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒(𝑇⃗⃗𝑇 )−𝐻𝐻𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒(𝑥𝑥)
𝑘𝑘𝑇⃗⃗𝑇 (6)
the Boltzmann – Gibbs – Shannon entropy equation [8, 9] already includes two renormalizable
functions ie this state is non-equilibrium:
𝑆𝑆0⃗⃗⃗⃗ = −∫𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 (𝑓𝑓0
⃗⃗⃗⃗ (𝑋𝑋))𝑓𝑓0
⃗⃗⃗⃗ (𝑋𝑋)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑. (7)
As the number of variable parameters increases, the deviation from this state should
increase, but only under conditions if Heff is constant. It is the case when dynamic instability and
exponential trajectory divergence under conditions of uncontrolled external influences allow
trajectories to mix in phase space. It means the formation of the conditions for a "continuous
medium". Such media is the background for aligning parameters at infinitesimal scales. So, ΔS
will be defined as:
𝑆𝑆0⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑆𝑆1 = −∫ (𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑓𝑓1(𝑥𝑥)
𝑓⃗⃗𝑓 0
) 𝑓𝑓1(𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ≥ 0 , (8)
𝑇⃗𝑇 (𝑎𝑎) ≥ 1.
It is a formal description of the effect of temperature on the increase in the entropy of the system
and testifies the low informativeness of the Boltzmann H-theorem [17] without taking into
account the direction of components' movement of the system and its ability to create of certain
internal structures [10]. To describe these phenomena, concepts of the degradation and self-
organization are used. They based on the possibility of normalizing chaos with the S-theorem [8,
9]. In many cases, the degree of the chaos of the ecological system does not provide an answer
about its state (degradation or self-organization). Because the capability to live in ecological
systems does not base on the thermal equilibrium. It bases on the ability to fluctuate near a state
with a certain degree of chaos. Therefore, the degree of chaos is a necessary factor, but not
sufficient [8–12, 18]. In this case, it proposes to use additional parameters, namely the direction
of movement and the type of movement The paper [8] presents rather interesting calculations of
the degree of chaos in water under turbulent and laminar flow conditions. Calculations indicate
the appearance of the new structures of water (Bernall – Fowler cells) in the turbulent flow [19].
Such structures significantly decrease the entropy in turbulent flow relatively to laminar flow. It
means, that turbulence is a factor that forms new structures in the "continuous media' and
decreases the full entropy of system. Why? If the laminar flow is selected as a level of physical
chaos, the role of effective Hamiltonian plays the middle kinetic energy of the laminar flow.
(8)
It is a formal description of the effect of tem
perature on the increase in the entropy of the
system and testifies the low informativeness of
the Boltzmann H-theorem [17] without tak
ing into account the direction of components'
movement of the system and its ability to create
of certain internal structures [10]. To describe
these phenomena, concepts of the degradation
and self-organization are used. They based on
the possibility of normalizing chaos with the
S-theorem [8, 9]. In many cases, the degree
of the chaos of the ecological system does not
provide an answer about its state (degradation
or self-organization). Because the capability
to live in ecological systems does not base on
the thermal equilibrium. It bases on the abi
lity to fluctuate near a state with a certain de
gree of chaos. Therefore, the degree of chaos
is a necessary factor, but not sufficient [8–12,
18]. In this case, it proposes to use additional
parameters, namely the direction of move
ment and the type of movement The paper [8]
presents rather interesting calculations of the
degree of chaos in water under turbulent and
56 ISSN 2708-129X. Укр. хім. журн., 2022
WHAT IS NEGATIVE ENTROPY AND HOW DOES IT AFFECT THE SUSTAINABILITY OF REGIONS DURING THE WARFARE.PHISICAL CHEMISTRY
laminar flow conditions. Calculations indicate
the appearance of the new structures of water
(Bernall – Fowler cells) in the turbulent flow
[19]. Such structures significantly decrease the
entropy in turbulent flow relatively to laminar
flow. It means, that turbulence is a factor that
forms new structures in the "continuous me
dia' and decreases the full entropy of system.
Why? If the laminar flow is selected as a level
of physical chaos, the role of effective Hamil
tonian plays the middle kinetic energy of the
laminar flow. According to Boltzmann law, to
fulfilling the equilibrium between kinetic ener
gies of laminar and turbulence flows, the lami
nar flow must be "heated", i.o. that flow needs
an energy dotation.
According to Boltzmann law, to fulfilling the equilibrium between kinetic energies of laminar
and turbulence flows, the laminar flow must be "heated", i.o. that flow needs an energy dotation.
𝑘𝑘𝐵𝐵𝑇𝑇𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = 𝑘𝑘𝐵𝐵𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 +
𝑚𝑚
3 〈(𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿)
2〉 ≫ 𝑘𝑘𝐵𝐵𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 . (9)
In this case, the temperature difference determined as a sum of squared diagonals of the
Reynolds stress tensor. However, the Reynolds stresses have collective degrees of freedom, and
part of the laminar flow is replaced by collective degrees of freedom in the transition to
turbulent:
𝑇𝑇(𝑆𝑆𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 − 𝑆𝑆𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡)
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
2 〈(𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿)2〉 ≥ 0. (10)
So, by increasing the degree of the turbulence system loses entropy and changes the degree of
chaos.
From another hand, changing the properties of one "continuous media" forms the new
"continuous media" with lower entropy as in the nonequilibrium second genus phase
transformation. It means that such a system generates gradients of energy and mass transfers (fig.
1). In this case, we can't use only thermodynamics parameters due to the formation of kinetics
components. That is why, for saving the thermodynamics conditions, it is necessary to change
the gradients into tensors for a linear multicomponent algebraic object in a vector space of finite
dimension.
Taking into account the presence of the sum of squared diagonals of the Reynolds stress
tensor, in this case, there may generate a new system of coordinates that can have counter
tensors. The presence of such tensor, according to Einstein's rule, increases the distance of
impact. From another hand, the counter tensor in equation 8, should reduce entropy to the side of
the zero value (fig.1 a). So, the system loses chaos and moves to the side of an equilibrium state.
Fig.1. Scheme of turbulent flows іmpact after burning on the formation of entropy decrease
gradients for ecological system.
.
(9)
In this case, the temperature difference de
termined as a sum of squared diagonals of the
Reynolds stress tensor. However, the Reynolds
stresses have collective degrees of freedom,
and part of the laminar flow is replaced by col
lective degrees of freedom in the transition to
turbulent:
According to Boltzmann law, to fulfilling the equilibrium between kinetic energies of laminar
and turbulence flows, the laminar flow must be "heated", i.o. that flow needs an energy dotation.
𝑘𝑘𝐵𝐵𝑇𝑇𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = 𝑘𝑘𝐵𝐵𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 +
𝑚𝑚
3 〈(𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿)
2〉 ≫ 𝑘𝑘𝐵𝐵𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 . (9)
In this case, the temperature difference determined as a sum of squared diagonals of the
Reynolds stress tensor. However, the Reynolds stresses have collective degrees of freedom, and
part of the laminar flow is replaced by collective degrees of freedom in the transition to
turbulent:
𝑇𝑇(𝑆𝑆𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 − 𝑆𝑆𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡)
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
2 〈(𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿)2〉 ≥ 0. (10)
So, by increasing the degree of the turbulence system loses entropy and changes the degree of
chaos.
From another hand, changing the properties of one "continuous media" forms the new
"continuous media" with lower entropy as in the nonequilibrium second genus phase
transformation. It means that such a system generates gradients of energy and mass transfers (fig.
1). In this case, we can't use only thermodynamics parameters due to the formation of kinetics
components. That is why, for saving the thermodynamics conditions, it is necessary to change
the gradients into tensors for a linear multicomponent algebraic object in a vector space of finite
dimension.
Taking into account the presence of the sum of squared diagonals of the Reynolds stress
tensor, in this case, there may generate a new system of coordinates that can have counter
tensors. The presence of such tensor, according to Einstein's rule, increases the distance of
impact. From another hand, the counter tensor in equation 8, should reduce entropy to the side of
the zero value (fig.1 a). So, the system loses chaos and moves to the side of an equilibrium state.
Fig.1. Scheme of turbulent flows іmpact after burning on the formation of entropy decrease
gradients for ecological system.
(10)
So, by increasing the degree of the turbu
lence system loses entropy and changes the de
gree of chaos.
From another hand, changing the proper
ties of one "continuous media" forms the new
"continuous media" with lower entropy as in the
nonequilibrium second genus phase transfor
mation. It means that such a system generates
gradients of energy and mass transfers (fig. 1).
In this case, we can't use only thermodynam
ics parameters due to the formation of kine
tics components. That is why, for saving the
thermodynamics conditions, it is necessary to
change the gradients into tensors for a linear
multicomponent algebraic object in a vector
space of finite dimension.
Fig.1. Scheme of turbulent flows іmpact after burning on the formation of entropy decrease gradients
for ecological system.
57https://ucj.org.ua
K.D. Pershina UCJ № 2 / Vol. 88
Taking into account the presence of the sum
of squared diagonals of the Reynolds stress ten
sor, in this case, there may generate a new sys
tem of coordinates that can have counter ten
sors. The presence of such tensor, according to
Einstein's rule, increases the distance of impact.
From another hand, the counter tensor in equa
tion 8, should reduce entropy to the side of the
zero value (fig.1 a). So, the system loses chaos
and moves to the side of an equilibrium state.
At the same time, increasing the distance of
impact raises the probability of the formation
zone with low entropy located outside the re
gion where there were turbulent phenomena.
Thus, the presence of only one territory with
direct fluxes of chemical compounds (in our
case – carbon dioxide) leads to environmental
consequences, which form a region with mi
nimal entropy ( the region without the capabi
lity to recover by itself). So, the level of entropy
loss is the factor assigning the level of destroy
the ecological system.
THE MODEL OF THE REGION DURING
AND AFTER WARFARE. Now let's look at the
sustainable state model of any region (fig. 2).
This state is formed by the equiprobable over
lap of the three components (ecology, econo
my, and social sector) [20]. Such overlap can
take place only in the case of the spherical sym
metry of these components. In this case, a cer
tain area is formed with a uniform overlap of
these states (Table1, fig. 2, a).Violation of such
symmetry in the basic ecological system leads
to the destruction of the model of sustainable
development in the region with warfare. And
also sharply increases the likelihood of viola
tion of the such development in neighboring
regions (fig. 2, b).
Fig. 2. Scheme of changing the model of sustainable state of the region under warfare, taking into ac
count two and four factors of influence.
58 ISSN 2708-129X. Укр. хім. журн., 2022
WHAT IS NEGATIVE ENTROPY AND HOW DOES IT AFFECT THE SUSTAINABILITY OF REGIONS DURING THE WARFARE.PHISICAL CHEMISTRY
What happens to the environmental com
ponent of such a system in the presence of
only fires due to hostilities. It leads to the loss
of spherical symmetry of the ecological base
and the appearance of areas with low entro
py All this leads to a loss of the possibility of
forming any stable zone (Fig. 2, b). With in
creasing the number of factors (such as nit
rogen compounds or other toxic chemicals),
there is a high probability of additional zones
with even lower entropy values formation.
In this case, another "steady-state" area is
formed. And this region has no the own abil
ity to function (fig. 2, c). Moreover, with the
increase in the number of influencing factors,
especially in large areas, the probability of loss
and narrowing of regions with a stable state
in neighboring regions increases sharply. All
these factors make it impossible to implement
the model of sustainable development not
only in regions with war but also in neighbor
ing regions.
CONCLUSIONS. The physical sense of the
“negentropy” as the direction of spontaneous
transformation in the ecological system is dis
cribed. Using the changing of entropy (ΔS)
as a measure of chaos was shown that level of
entropy decreasing correlated with the level of
the ecological system destruction. By imple
mentation of the Reynolds stress tensor and
collective degrees of freedom, the model of de
creasing entropy in turbulence flow was pro
posed. The phenomenological model for the
description impact of warfare on the sustaina
bility of regions was received using the change
of entropy after burning plants and soils. The
destruction of the region's sustainable deve
lopment was described use the spherical sym
metry of the components in the sustainable
development model and its violation.
ЩО ТАКЕ НЕГАТИВНА ЕНТРОПІЯ І ЯК ВОНА
ВПЛИВАЄ НА СТІЙКІСТЬ РЕГІОНІВ
ПІД ЧАС ВІЙНИ.
К. Д. Першина1
1Інститут загальної та неорганічної хімії
ім. В. І. Вернадського НАН України, просп.
Акад. Палладіна, 32/34, Київ 03142, Україна
e-mail: Pershina@ionc.kiev.ua
Вплив війни в одному регіоні на інші ре
гіони було показано за допомогою базових
фундаментальних законів термодинаміки
та тенденцій зниження ентропії. Фізичний
зміст негентропії на основі хімічної термо
динаміки було описано як напрям спонтан
ного перетворення в екологічній системі.
Використовуючи як основний параметр
величину зміни ентропії за неконтрольо
ваної дії на знищення рослин і ґрунтів,
отримано рівняння та феноменологічна
модель для опису впливу бойових дій на
екологічну частину регіону. Відповідно до
цієї моделі система, в якій немає рослин і
всі ґрунти зруйновано, вже переходить у
стан, коли неможливо реалізувати реак
ції окислення ΔH <0 і реакції фотосинтезу
ΔS <O. Така система без зовнішніх додатко
вих факторів не може існувати. Наявність
зони з турбулентними потоками дуже під
вищує схильність утворення станів із мен
шою ентропією, ніж ентропія в критично
му стані. При збільшенні кількості факто
рів (наприклад, виділення сполук азоту або
інших токсичних хімічних речовин) існує
висока ймовірність появи додаткових зон
зі ще нижчими значеннями ентропії. Збіль
шується ще одна «постійна» зона з відсут
59https://ucj.org.ua
K.D. Pershina UCJ № 2 / Vol. 88
ністю можливості власного функціонуван
ня. Формування цієї зони буде розташову
ватися за межами регіону, де відбувалися
турбулентні явища за рахунок утворення
спрямованих потоків речовин. Зі збільшен
ням кількості факторів впливу, особливо
на великих територіях, різко зростає ймо
вірність звуження та повної втрати стабіль
ного стану територій у сусідніх регіонах.
Ключові слова: негентропія, війна, стій
кість, термодинаміка, відкрита система, до
вкілля.
REFERENCES
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60 ISSN 2708-129X. Укр. хім. журн., 2022
WHAT IS NEGATIVE ENTROPY AND HOW DOES IT AFFECT THE SUSTAINABILITY OF REGIONS DURING THE WARFARE.PHISICAL CHEMISTRY
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Стаття надійшла 14.03.2022
|
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| institution | Ukrainian Chemistry Journal |
| keywords_txt_mv | keywords |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2026-07-23T01:08:04Z |
| publishDate | 2022 |
| publisher | V.I.Vernadsky Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry |
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| resource_txt_mv | ucjorgua/0b/6d8ba63cbfa45ce4798c52a36dc68c0b.pdf |
| spelling | oai:ojs2.1444248.nisspano.web.hosting-test.net:article-4262026-07-22T08:23:49Z WHAT IS NEGATIVE ENTROPY AND HOW DOES IT AFFECT THE SUSTAINABILITY OF REGIONS DURING THE WARFARE Pershina, Katherine negentropy, warfare, sustainability, thermodynamics, open system, environment The impact of warfare in one region on other regions is shown using the base fundamental thermodynamics laws and trends of decreasing entropy. The physical sense of the negentropy is described use of the principles of chemical thermodynamics. A phenomenological model for the description impact of warfare on the ecological part of the region is proposed. According to this model, a system without plants, with destroyed soils, can't be alive without external factors. Based on thermodynamic differences between turbulent and laminar flows, the capability of the zones formation with an absence of the ability to any own functioning outside zone with military actions is shown. With the rising number of influencing factors, especially in large areas, the probability of narrowing and loss of zones with a stable state as in the region with military action but in neighboring regions increases. V.I.Vernadsky Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry 2022-04-28 Article Article Physical chemistry Физическая xимия Фізична xімія application/pdf https://ucj.org.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/426 10.33609/2708-129X.88.03.2022.48-60 Ukrainian Chemistry Journal; Vol. 88 No. 3 (2022): Ukrainian Chemistry Journal; 48-60 Украинский химический журнал; ##issue.vol## 88 ##issue.no## 3 (2022): Ukrainian Chemistry Journal; 48-60 Український хімічний журнал; Том 88 № 3 (2022): Український хімічний журнал; 48-60 2708-129X 2708-1281 en https://ucj.org.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/426/220 Copyright (c) 2022 Katherine Pershina https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 |
| spellingShingle | Pershina, Katherine WHAT IS NEGATIVE ENTROPY AND HOW DOES IT AFFECT THE SUSTAINABILITY OF REGIONS DURING THE WARFARE |
| title | WHAT IS NEGATIVE ENTROPY AND HOW DOES IT AFFECT THE SUSTAINABILITY OF REGIONS DURING THE WARFARE |
| title_full | WHAT IS NEGATIVE ENTROPY AND HOW DOES IT AFFECT THE SUSTAINABILITY OF REGIONS DURING THE WARFARE |
| title_fullStr | WHAT IS NEGATIVE ENTROPY AND HOW DOES IT AFFECT THE SUSTAINABILITY OF REGIONS DURING THE WARFARE |
| title_full_unstemmed | WHAT IS NEGATIVE ENTROPY AND HOW DOES IT AFFECT THE SUSTAINABILITY OF REGIONS DURING THE WARFARE |
| title_short | WHAT IS NEGATIVE ENTROPY AND HOW DOES IT AFFECT THE SUSTAINABILITY OF REGIONS DURING THE WARFARE |
| title_sort | what is negative entropy and how does it affect the sustainability of regions during the warfare |
| topic_facet | negentropy warfare sustainability thermodynamics open system environment |
| url | https://ucj.org.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/426 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT pershinakatherine whatisnegativeentropyandhowdoesitaffectthesustainabilityofregionsduringthewarfare |