IDENTIFICATION OF TRIARYLMETHANE, PHTHALOCYANINE AND XANTHENE IN A MIXTURE OF DYES BY ELECTRON ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY
In the work, the qualitative composition and differentiation of 43 samples of ballpoint pen pastes of different colors was investigated (blue-violet – 29 samples, pink-violet – 3 samples, blue – 3 samples, black – 5 samples, green – 1 sample and red –2 samples) by the method of electronic absorption...
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| Дата: | 2023 |
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V.I.Vernadsky Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry
2023
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Репозитарії
Ukrainian Chemistry Journal| _version_ | 1871465960005697536 |
|---|---|
| author | Posilskyi, Oleg Artamonova, Ganna Trunova , Elena |
| author_facet | Posilskyi, Oleg Artamonova, Ganna Trunova , Elena |
| author_institution_txt_mv | [
{
"author": "Oleg Posilskyi",
"institution": "Kyiv Scientific Research Institute of Forensic Expertise of the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine, 6 St. The Brodsky family Street, 03057 Kyiv, Ukraine"
},
{
"author": "Ganna Artamonova",
"institution": "Kyiv Scientific Research Institute of Forensic Expertise of the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine, 6 St. The Brodsky family Street, 03057 Kyiv, Ukraine"
},
{
"author": "Elena Trunova ",
"institution": "V. I. Vernadskii Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of the Ukrainian National Academy of Sciences, Akad. Palladin Avenue 32\/34, Kyiv 03142, Ukraine"
}
] |
| author_sort | Posilskyi, Oleg |
| baseUrl_str | https://ucj.org.ua/index.php/journal/oai |
| collection | OJS |
| datestamp_date | 2026-07-22T08:23:52Z |
| description | In the work, the qualitative composition and differentiation of 43 samples of ballpoint pen pastes of different colors was investigated (blue-violet – 29 samples, pink-violet – 3 samples, blue – 3 samples, black – 5 samples, green – 1 sample and red –2 samples) by the method of electronic absorption spectroscopy. The results of the study showed that each paste can be distinguished by studying the nature of their absorption spectra, which arises due to the presence of different functional groups. It was established that most of the analyzed paste samples contain pigments based on triarylmethane, phthalocyanine, xanthene dyes or their mixture. Certain absorption maxima correspond to each type of dyes. The broad and most intense band at λ~590 nm, which was detected for all samples, corresponds to triarylmethane dyes. The band at λ~670 nm corresponds to phthalocyanine dyes. The presence of absorption bands in the green range (λ~520–560 nm) indicates the presence of xanthene dyes in the composition of the pastes. Using the method of photoluminescence spectroscopy upon excitation of IR luminescence in the green region of the spectrum (λ=530 nm) it is shown that 11 blue-violet, 5 black and one red pastes exhibit bright luminescence due to the presence of crystal violet and some other triarylmethane dyes in their composition. Weak luminescence was detected for three blue pastes. No luminescence response was observed for the other tested pastes, which is due to the presence of phthalocyanine dyes in these pastes, the absorption of which overlaps with the luminescence spectra of triarylmethane dyes. The obtained data can be used to create a reference base for identifying and differentiating the composition of ballpoint pen pastes of modern manufacturers and establishing their classification and identification differences.
  |
| doi_str_mv | 10.33609/2708-129X.89.07.2023.26-39 |
| first_indexed | 2025-09-24T17:43:52Z |
| format | Article |
| fulltext |
26 ISSN 2708-129X. Укр. хім. журн., 2023
UDK 543.422.3 + 535.343.32 –54.061: 547.97: 686.862.5 doi: 10.33609/2708-129X.89.07.2023.26-39
IDENTIFICATION OF TRIARYLMETHANE, PHTHALOCYANINE AND
XANTHENE IN A MIXTURE OF DYES BY ELECTRON ABSORPTION
SPECTROSCOPY.
Posilskyi O.О.1, Artamonova H.V.1*, Trunova O.К.2
1Kyiv Scientific Research Institute of Forensic Expertise of the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine,
6 St. The Brodsky family Street, 03057 Kyiv, Ukraine
2V.I.Vernadsky Institute of general and inorganic chemistry of the National Academy of Sciences
of Ukraine,
32/34 Academic Palladin ave., 03142 Kyiv, Ukraine
*e-mail: hanna1artamonova@gmail.com
In the work, the qualitative composition and differentiation of 43 samples of ballpoint pen
pastes of different colors was investigated (blue-violet – 29 samples, pink-violet – 3 samples,
blue – 3 samples, black – 5 samples, green – 1 sample and red –2 samples) by the method
of electronic absorption spectroscopy. The results of the study showed that each paste can
be distinguished by studying the nature of their absorption spectra, which arises due to the
presence of different functional groups. It was established that most of the analyzed paste
samples contain pigments based on triarylmethane, phthalocyanine, xanthene dyes or their
mixture. Certain absorption maxima correspond to each type of dyes. The broad and most
intense band at λ~590 nm, which was detected for all samples, corresponds to triarylmethane
dyes. The band at λ~670 nm corresponds to phthalocyanine dyes. The presence of absorption
bands in the green range (λ~520–560 nm) indicates the presence of xanthene dyes in the
composition of the pastes. Using the method of photoluminescence spectroscopy upon exci
tation of IR luminescence in the green region of the spectrum (λ=530 nm) it is shown that
11 blue-violet, 5 black and one red pastes exhibit bright luminescence due to the presence of
crystal violet and some other triarylmethane dyes in their composition. Weak luminescence
was detected for three blue pastes. No luminescence response was observed for the other tes
ted pastes, which is due to the presence of phthalocyanine dyes in these pastes, the absorption
of which overlaps with the luminescence spectra of triarylmethane dyes. The obtained data
can be used to create a reference base for identifying and differentiating the composition of
ballpoint pen pastes of modern manufacturers and establishing their classification and iden-
tification differences.
Keywords: dyes, UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy, absorption spectra of solutions, ball-
point pen paste.
27https://ucj.org.ua
Posilskyi O.О., Artamonova H.V., Trunova O.К. UCJ № 07 / Vol. 89
INTRODUCTION. The dynamics of the ex-
pansion of the stationery market and the vari-
ety of writing instruments increase the iden-
tification and diagnostic studies necessary for
forensic investigations of document materi-
als, especially when establishing their forgery.
Despite the growing trend towards electronic
communication, handwritten documents are
still widely used in financial, legal and personal
relationships. During the forensic investigation
of writing materials (especially when establish-
ing the forgery of documents), a common task
is to establish their family (group) affiliation.
Most of the entries in the documents are
made with ballpoint pens equipped with rods
with colored paste. The component composi-
tion of pastes is diverse and in many cases is a
commercial secret of the manufacturer, how-
ever, in industrial production, the composi-
tion of writing materials is quite standardized
(ballpoint pen pastes of the same brand have
the same chemical composition). Modern pen
pastes are complex multicomponent mixtures
consisting of various ingredients, most of which
are organic compounds – dyes (or pigments),
solvents, polymer resins, fatty acids, biocides,
surfactants, corrosion inhibitors, thinners,
emulsifiers, buffers and many other additives
designed to improve characteristics (consis
tency, viscosity, polymerization, drying, etc.)
[1–4]. Dyes in the composition of ballpoint
pen pastes are, as a rule, in a solvent based on
glycols or benzyl alcohol and make up to 50%
of the total composition of pastes. Chemical
analysis of ballpoint pen pastes can reveal use-
ful information about their composition (the
presence of organic and inorganic components),
which, in turn, allows their group classification,
differentiation, and also to establish the antiqui-
ty of the creation of documents [5–8].
The expansion of the market of writing devic-
es and the lack of reference data on their com-
position necessitates the creation of a data array
for the analysis and identification of samples of
ballpoint pen pastes. Therefore, today it is rele-
vant to conduct a study of ballpoint pen pastes
of modern manufacturers using the methods of
electronic absorption spectroscopy, which will
allow obtaining information about the compo-
sition of their dyes and establishing their classi-
fication and identification differences.
Depending on the type of solvent and its in-
teraction with the dye, dyes and/or pigments are
produced. It is known from literary sources [9,
10] that dyes are, as a rule, organic compounds
with conjugated aromatic structures that con-
tain chromophores and auxochromes (aromatic
systems, double bonds, bonds containing ni-
trogen, carbon atoms, oxygen or sulfur). In the
composition of pastes, either one main compo-
nent or a mixture of coloring substances can be
used. The distinction between dyes in ballpoint
pen pastes is considered based on the analysis
of absorption spectra. The value of absorption
coefficients is used to differentiate and identify
dyes, and deviations from the reference values
can allow us to evaluate the purity of the com-
pound and the presence of even impurities of
other dyes. Therefore, the method of UV–vis
absorption spectroscopy is widely used to diffe
rentiate and identify a certain class of dyes in the
study of ballpoint pen pastes. According to UV–
vis absorption spectroscopy, the dyes of ball-
point pen pastes can be classified into different
chemical classes, the most common of which
are: triarylmethane (blue-violet, black pastes;
λmax = 550–625 nm); phthalocyanine (blue-vio-
let, black, green pastes; λmax = 625–715 nm); azo
dyes (black, green pastes; λmax = 385–480 nm);
xanthene (red pastes, λmax = 540–560 nm); azine
dyes (black pastes, λmax = 550–580 nm) (Table 1)
[2, 9–13].
28 ISSN 2708-129X. Укр. хім. журн., 2023
IDENTIFICATION OF TRIARYLMETHANE, PHTHALOCYANINE AND XANTHENE IN A MIXTURE
OF DYES BY ELECTRON ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY.ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Table 1.
Classification and examples of dyes used in ballpoint pen pastes.
№ Dye class Structural fragments of
dyes Example
1. Arylmethane dyes (mainly triarylmethane)
are compounds in which hydrogen atoms are
replaced by aryl rings (for example, common
triarylmethane dyes are crystal violet, methyl
blue, malachite green). Triphenylmethane dyes
have relatively low light fastness and can de-
compose under the influence of light.
–N=N–,
aryl rings
Crystal Violet
1. Arylmethane dyes (mainly
triarylmethane) are compounds in which
hydrogen atoms are replaced by aryl rings
(for example, common triarylmethane dyes
are crystal violet, methyl blue, malachite
green). Triphenylmethane dyes have
relatively low light fastness and can
decompose under the influence of light.
–N=N–,
aryl rings
Crystal Violet
2. Phthalocyanine dyes contain a structure
based on tetrabenzoporphyrazine and form
stable complexes with transition metals (for
example, Copper Phthalocyanine, Solvent
Blue 64). Most blue ballpoint pen pastes
contain copper phthalocyanine.
Phthalocyanine compounds are some of the
dyes most resistant to the action of light and
temperature of pastes.
Tetrabenzoporphy-
razine Cu(II)
Copper Phthalocyanine
3. Azo dyes contain an azo bond –N=N–, a
benzene and naphthalene ring (for example,
Acid Orange 10, Solvent Black 47, Reactive
Red 180, etc.); azo dyes undergo
photodegradation rather quickly and form
isomers under the influence of temperature.
–N=N–,
benzene, naphthalene
structure
Acid Orange 10
4. Xanthene dyes contain a xanthene core.
These include fluorescein, eosins and
rhodamines. Xanthene dyes are usually
fluorescent (yellow to pink or bluish-red in
color). The light fastness of the
chromophoric system of xanthene dyes is
particularly low.
–N=N–,
aryl rings
Rhodamine B
5 Azine dyes based on nigrosine are acid dyes
belonging to the class of azines (pyridines)
or anilines (aminobenzene). They are used
mainly in the composition of black pastes
(for example, Acid Black).
Structure of the major
component of dye
nigrosin
Acid Black 2
The differentiation of specific dyes within their chemical class based on the results of
UV–vis absorption spectroscopy is in most cases complicated due to the low informativeness and
closeness of their spectra, however, it allows differentiation of pastes that have the same
qualitative, but different quantitative composition of dyes [16, 17]. It should also be noted that
the analysis of a specific dye in the strokes of ballpoint pen pastes in documents according to the
UV–vis absorption spectroscopy is quite problematic, since the influence on the records of
various factors (temperature, radiation, humidity, etc.) that can cause changes in the structure of
dyes and, accordingly, in their absorption spectra, is unknown [8].
The use of UV–vis absorption spectroscopy makes it possible both to study the
2. Phthalocyanine dyes contain a structure based
on tetrabenzoporphyrazine and form stable
complexes with transition metals (for exam-
ple, Copper Phthalocyanine, Solvent Blue 64).
Most blue ballpoint pen pastes contain copper
phthalocyanine. Phthalocyanine compounds
are some of the dyes most resistant to the ac-
tion of light and temperature of pastes.
Tetrabenzoporphy-ra-
zine Cu(II)
Copper Phthalocyanine
1. Arylmethane dyes (mainly
triarylmethane) are compounds in which
hydrogen atoms are replaced by aryl rings
(for example, common triarylmethane dyes
are crystal violet, methyl blue, malachite
green). Triphenylmethane dyes have
relatively low light fastness and can
decompose under the influence of light.
–N=N–,
aryl rings
Crystal Violet
2. Phthalocyanine dyes contain a structure
based on tetrabenzoporphyrazine and form
stable complexes with transition metals (for
example, Copper Phthalocyanine, Solvent
Blue 64). Most blue ballpoint pen pastes
contain copper phthalocyanine.
Phthalocyanine compounds are some of the
dyes most resistant to the action of light and
temperature of pastes.
Tetrabenzoporphy-
razine Cu(II)
Copper Phthalocyanine
3. Azo dyes contain an azo bond –N=N–, a
benzene and naphthalene ring (for example,
Acid Orange 10, Solvent Black 47, Reactive
Red 180, etc.); azo dyes undergo
photodegradation rather quickly and form
isomers under the influence of temperature.
–N=N–,
benzene, naphthalene
structure
Acid Orange 10
4. Xanthene dyes contain a xanthene core.
These include fluorescein, eosins and
rhodamines. Xanthene dyes are usually
fluorescent (yellow to pink or bluish-red in
color). The light fastness of the
chromophoric system of xanthene dyes is
particularly low.
–N=N–,
aryl rings
Rhodamine B
5 Azine dyes based on nigrosine are acid dyes
belonging to the class of azines (pyridines)
or anilines (aminobenzene). They are used
mainly in the composition of black pastes
(for example, Acid Black).
Structure of the major
component of dye
nigrosin
Acid Black 2
The differentiation of specific dyes within their chemical class based on the results of
UV–vis absorption spectroscopy is in most cases complicated due to the low informativeness and
closeness of their spectra, however, it allows differentiation of pastes that have the same
qualitative, but different quantitative composition of dyes [16, 17]. It should also be noted that
the analysis of a specific dye in the strokes of ballpoint pen pastes in documents according to the
UV–vis absorption spectroscopy is quite problematic, since the influence on the records of
various factors (temperature, radiation, humidity, etc.) that can cause changes in the structure of
dyes and, accordingly, in their absorption spectra, is unknown [8].
The use of UV–vis absorption spectroscopy makes it possible both to study the
3. Azo dyes contain an azo bond –N=N–, a ben-
zene and naphthalene ring (for example, Acid
Orange 10, Solvent Black 47, Reactive Red 180,
etc.); azo dyes undergo photodegradation rath-
er quickly and form isomers under the influ-
ence of temperature.
–N=N–,
benzene, naphthalene
structure
Acid Orange 10
1. Arylmethane dyes (mainly
triarylmethane) are compounds in which
hydrogen atoms are replaced by aryl rings
(for example, common triarylmethane dyes
are crystal violet, methyl blue, malachite
green). Triphenylmethane dyes have
relatively low light fastness and can
decompose under the influence of light.
–N=N–,
aryl rings
Crystal Violet
2. Phthalocyanine dyes contain a structure
based on tetrabenzoporphyrazine and form
stable complexes with transition metals (for
example, Copper Phthalocyanine, Solvent
Blue 64). Most blue ballpoint pen pastes
contain copper phthalocyanine.
Phthalocyanine compounds are some of the
dyes most resistant to the action of light and
temperature of pastes.
Tetrabenzoporphy-
razine Cu(II)
Copper Phthalocyanine
3. Azo dyes contain an azo bond –N=N–, a
benzene and naphthalene ring (for example,
Acid Orange 10, Solvent Black 47, Reactive
Red 180, etc.); azo dyes undergo
photodegradation rather quickly and form
isomers under the influence of temperature.
–N=N–,
benzene, naphthalene
structure
Acid Orange 10
4. Xanthene dyes contain a xanthene core.
These include fluorescein, eosins and
rhodamines. Xanthene dyes are usually
fluorescent (yellow to pink or bluish-red in
color). The light fastness of the
chromophoric system of xanthene dyes is
particularly low.
–N=N–,
aryl rings
Rhodamine B
5 Azine dyes based on nigrosine are acid dyes
belonging to the class of azines (pyridines)
or anilines (aminobenzene). They are used
mainly in the composition of black pastes
(for example, Acid Black).
Structure of the major
component of dye
nigrosin
Acid Black 2
The differentiation of specific dyes within their chemical class based on the results of
UV–vis absorption spectroscopy is in most cases complicated due to the low informativeness and
closeness of their spectra, however, it allows differentiation of pastes that have the same
qualitative, but different quantitative composition of dyes [16, 17]. It should also be noted that
the analysis of a specific dye in the strokes of ballpoint pen pastes in documents according to the
UV–vis absorption spectroscopy is quite problematic, since the influence on the records of
various factors (temperature, radiation, humidity, etc.) that can cause changes in the structure of
dyes and, accordingly, in their absorption spectra, is unknown [8].
The use of UV–vis absorption spectroscopy makes it possible both to study the
4. Xanthene dyes contain a xanthene core. These
include fluorescein, eosins and rhodamines.
Xanthene dyes are usually fluorescent (yellow
to pink or bluish-red in color). The light fast-
ness of the chromophoric system of xanthene
dyes is particularly low.
–N=N–,
aryl rings
Rhodamine B
1. Arylmethane dyes (mainly
triarylmethane) are compounds in which
hydrogen atoms are replaced by aryl rings
(for example, common triarylmethane dyes
are crystal violet, methyl blue, malachite
green). Triphenylmethane dyes have
relatively low light fastness and can
decompose under the influence of light.
–N=N–,
aryl rings
Crystal Violet
2. Phthalocyanine dyes contain a structure
based on tetrabenzoporphyrazine and form
stable complexes with transition metals (for
example, Copper Phthalocyanine, Solvent
Blue 64). Most blue ballpoint pen pastes
contain copper phthalocyanine.
Phthalocyanine compounds are some of the
dyes most resistant to the action of light and
temperature of pastes.
Tetrabenzoporphy-
razine Cu(II)
Copper Phthalocyanine
3. Azo dyes contain an azo bond –N=N–, a
benzene and naphthalene ring (for example,
Acid Orange 10, Solvent Black 47, Reactive
Red 180, etc.); azo dyes undergo
photodegradation rather quickly and form
isomers under the influence of temperature.
–N=N–,
benzene, naphthalene
structure
Acid Orange 10
4. Xanthene dyes contain a xanthene core.
These include fluorescein, eosins and
rhodamines. Xanthene dyes are usually
fluorescent (yellow to pink or bluish-red in
color). The light fastness of the
chromophoric system of xanthene dyes is
particularly low.
–N=N–,
aryl rings
Rhodamine B
5 Azine dyes based on nigrosine are acid dyes
belonging to the class of azines (pyridines)
or anilines (aminobenzene). They are used
mainly in the composition of black pastes
(for example, Acid Black).
Structure of the major
component of dye
nigrosin
Acid Black 2
The differentiation of specific dyes within their chemical class based on the results of
UV–vis absorption spectroscopy is in most cases complicated due to the low informativeness and
closeness of their spectra, however, it allows differentiation of pastes that have the same
qualitative, but different quantitative composition of dyes [16, 17]. It should also be noted that
the analysis of a specific dye in the strokes of ballpoint pen pastes in documents according to the
UV–vis absorption spectroscopy is quite problematic, since the influence on the records of
various factors (temperature, radiation, humidity, etc.) that can cause changes in the structure of
dyes and, accordingly, in their absorption spectra, is unknown [8].
The use of UV–vis absorption spectroscopy makes it possible both to study the
5 Azine dyes based on nigrosine are acid dyes
belonging to the class of azines (pyridines) or
anilines (aminobenzene). They are used main-
ly in the composition of black pastes (for exam-
ple, Acid Black).
1. Arylmethane dyes (mainly
triarylmethane) are compounds in which
hydrogen atoms are replaced by aryl rings
(for example, common triarylmethane dyes
are crystal violet, methyl blue, malachite
green). Triphenylmethane dyes have
relatively low light fastness and can
decompose under the influence of light.
–N=N–,
aryl rings
Crystal Violet
2. Phthalocyanine dyes contain a structure
based on tetrabenzoporphyrazine and form
stable complexes with transition metals (for
example, Copper Phthalocyanine, Solvent
Blue 64). Most blue ballpoint pen pastes
contain copper phthalocyanine.
Phthalocyanine compounds are some of the
dyes most resistant to the action of light and
temperature of pastes.
Tetrabenzoporphy-
razine Cu(II)
Copper Phthalocyanine
3. Azo dyes contain an azo bond –N=N–, a
benzene and naphthalene ring (for example,
Acid Orange 10, Solvent Black 47, Reactive
Red 180, etc.); azo dyes undergo
photodegradation rather quickly and form
isomers under the influence of temperature.
–N=N–,
benzene, naphthalene
structure
Acid Orange 10
4. Xanthene dyes contain a xanthene core.
These include fluorescein, eosins and
rhodamines. Xanthene dyes are usually
fluorescent (yellow to pink or bluish-red in
color). The light fastness of the
chromophoric system of xanthene dyes is
particularly low.
–N=N–,
aryl rings
Rhodamine B
5 Azine dyes based on nigrosine are acid dyes
belonging to the class of azines (pyridines)
or anilines (aminobenzene). They are used
mainly in the composition of black pastes
(for example, Acid Black).
Structure of the major
component of dye
nigrosin
Acid Black 2
The differentiation of specific dyes within their chemical class based on the results of
UV–vis absorption spectroscopy is in most cases complicated due to the low informativeness and
closeness of their spectra, however, it allows differentiation of pastes that have the same
qualitative, but different quantitative composition of dyes [16, 17]. It should also be noted that
the analysis of a specific dye in the strokes of ballpoint pen pastes in documents according to the
UV–vis absorption spectroscopy is quite problematic, since the influence on the records of
various factors (temperature, radiation, humidity, etc.) that can cause changes in the structure of
dyes and, accordingly, in their absorption spectra, is unknown [8].
The use of UV–vis absorption spectroscopy makes it possible both to study the
Structure
of the major component
of dye nigrosin
Acid Black 2
1. Arylmethane dyes (mainly
triarylmethane) are compounds in which
hydrogen atoms are replaced by aryl rings
(for example, common triarylmethane dyes
are crystal violet, methyl blue, malachite
green). Triphenylmethane dyes have
relatively low light fastness and can
decompose under the influence of light.
–N=N–,
aryl rings
Crystal Violet
2. Phthalocyanine dyes contain a structure
based on tetrabenzoporphyrazine and form
stable complexes with transition metals (for
example, Copper Phthalocyanine, Solvent
Blue 64). Most blue ballpoint pen pastes
contain copper phthalocyanine.
Phthalocyanine compounds are some of the
dyes most resistant to the action of light and
temperature of pastes.
Tetrabenzoporphy-
razine Cu(II)
Copper Phthalocyanine
3. Azo dyes contain an azo bond –N=N–, a
benzene and naphthalene ring (for example,
Acid Orange 10, Solvent Black 47, Reactive
Red 180, etc.); azo dyes undergo
photodegradation rather quickly and form
isomers under the influence of temperature.
–N=N–,
benzene, naphthalene
structure
Acid Orange 10
4. Xanthene dyes contain a xanthene core.
These include fluorescein, eosins and
rhodamines. Xanthene dyes are usually
fluorescent (yellow to pink or bluish-red in
color). The light fastness of the
chromophoric system of xanthene dyes is
particularly low.
–N=N–,
aryl rings
Rhodamine B
5 Azine dyes based on nigrosine are acid dyes
belonging to the class of azines (pyridines)
or anilines (aminobenzene). They are used
mainly in the composition of black pastes
(for example, Acid Black).
Structure of the major
component of dye
nigrosin
Acid Black 2
The differentiation of specific dyes within their chemical class based on the results of
UV–vis absorption spectroscopy is in most cases complicated due to the low informativeness and
closeness of their spectra, however, it allows differentiation of pastes that have the same
qualitative, but different quantitative composition of dyes [16, 17]. It should also be noted that
the analysis of a specific dye in the strokes of ballpoint pen pastes in documents according to the
UV–vis absorption spectroscopy is quite problematic, since the influence on the records of
various factors (temperature, radiation, humidity, etc.) that can cause changes in the structure of
dyes and, accordingly, in their absorption spectra, is unknown [8].
The use of UV–vis absorption spectroscopy makes it possible both to study the
29https://ucj.org.ua
Posilskyi O.О., Artamonova H.V., Trunova O.К. UCJ № 07 / Vol. 89
The most common among synthetic dyes
are triarylmethane dyes due to their versatili-
ty and bright colors – from red/purple to blue/
green. The chromophoric system of this class
of dyes consists of three conjugated aromatic
rings linked to a central carbon atom, while
the exact color depends on the number and na-
ture of the auxochromic groups. For example,
methyl violet consists of a mixture of tetra-,
penta-, and hexa-N-methyl para rosaniline,
while crystal violet contains only N-hexame-
thyl pararosaniline. Methyl blue, also known
as Acid Blue 93, is characterized by three ben-
zenesulfonyl substituents on the amine groups,
which ensure its good solubility in water. It is
the presence of various chromophonic groups
(conjugated aromatic system and/or conju-
gated rings) in the dye molecule that allows
them to be recognized by analyzing absorp-
tion spectra by the intensity of the absorption
bands and the position of the maximum of the
absorption wave. [14, 15].
The differentiation of specific dyes with-
in their chemical class based on the results of
UV–vis absorption spectroscopy is in most
cases complicated due to the low informative-
ness and closeness of their spectra, however,
it allows differentiation of pastes that have
the same qualitative, but different quantitative
composition of dyes [16, 17]. It should also be
noted that the analysis of a specific dye in the
strokes of ballpoint pen pastes in documents
according to the UV–vis absorption spectro
scopy is quite problematic, since the influence
on the records of various factors (temperature,
radiation, humidity, etc.) that can cause chang-
es in the structure of dyes and, accordingly, in
their absorption spectra, is unknown [8].
The use of UV–vis absorption spectroscopy
makes it possible both to study the qualitative
composition of the pastes under investigation
and to establish the amount of each compo-
nent in their composition, which makes it pos-
sible to conduct identification studies of writ-
ing materials.
The purpose of this study is to generalize the
data of the analysis of strokes of ballpoint pen
pastes of different colors in documents by the
UV–vis absorption spectroscopy method. The
obtained data can be used to create a reference
base for the identification and differentiation
of the composition of ballpoint pen pastes of
modern manufacturers.
EXPERIMENT AND RESULTS DISCUS-
SION. For the analysis of modern writing ma-
terials, 43 samples of ballpoint pen pastes of
different colors were used: blue-violet (29),
blue (3), black (5), pink-violet (3), red (2),
green (1).
Research on the presence or absence of lu-
minescence of pastes in individual fragments
of document images according to the degree of
absorption or reflection of the IR range of the
spectrum was carried out using the spectral lu-
minescence magnifier «Regula 4177» (λ=870–
940 nm) upon excitation of IR luminescence in
the green region of the spectrum at λ= 530 nm.
The UV–vis absorption spectroscopy method
was used to determine the qualitative compo-
sition of the dyes of the samples of ballpoint
pen pastes under study. Using a scalpel, parts
of strokes of paste samples were cut from do
cuments together with paper fibers. Dimethyl-
formamide (DMF) was used as a solvent for ex-
tracting pastes (pH=6) due to its effectiveness
in dissolving most ballpoint pen inks. DMF
solutions with pH = 6 were obtained by adding
formic acid dropwise. pH was measured on a
Thermo Scientific Orion Star A111 Benchtop
Meter. The absorption spectra of extracts of
30 ISSN 2708-129X. Укр. хім. журн., 2023
IDENTIFICATION OF TRIARYLMETHANE, PHTHALOCYANINE AND XANTHENE IN A MIXTURE
OF DYES BY ELECTRON ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY.ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
strokes of samples 1–43 were recorded on a
Shimadzu 2600 spectrophotometer in the vi
sible region of the spectrum (250–750 nm) in
quartz cuvettes (l = 1 cm).
For research, all samples were divided into
6 groups depending on the color of the paste
(Table 2).
Table 2.
Spectral and luminescent properties of ballpoint pen paste samples.
№
sample
Presence
of fluorescence
λmax (nm),
visible area Primary dye class
Blue-violet pastes
1 + 597.5, shoulder ~ 550 Triarylmethane
2, 6 + 592, shoulder е ~ 550
3 + 595, shoulder ~ 550
4 + 593, shoulder ~ 550
5, 8, 11 + 590, shoulder ~ 550
7 + 592.5, shoulder ~ 550
9 + 590.5, shoulder ~ 550
10 + 589, shoulder ~ 550
12 – 595, 671, shoulder ~ 710 A mixture of triarylmethane and phthalocyanine
13 – 595, 670 nm, shoulder ~ 710
14 – 592, 671, shoulder ~ 710
15 – 592.5, 671, shoulder ~ 710
16 – 589.5, 670.5, shoulder ~ 710
17 – 590, 671, shoulder ~ 710
18 – 593, 671, shoulder ~ 710
19, 25 – 591.5, 670.5, shoulder ~ 710
20 – 591.5, 671, shoulder ~ 710
21, 28 – 591.5, 671.5, shoulder ~ 710
22 – 592.5, 670.5, shoulder ~ 710
23 – 593, 671, shoulder ~ 710
24 – 593.5, 671, shoulder ~ 710
26 – 593, 671.5, shoulder ~ 710
27 – 591.5, 671, shoulder ~ 710
29 – 596.5, 669, shoulder ~ 710
31https://ucj.org.ua
Posilskyi O.О., Artamonova H.V., Trunova O.К. UCJ № 07 / Vol. 89
Blue pastes
30 weak 595.5, 668.5 Phthalocyanine
31 weak 598.5, 669
32 weak 597.5, 670
Pastes are black
33 + 420, 595 Triarylmethane
34 + 421.5, 591
35 + 421, 589
36 + 587.5
37 + 421, 594.5
Pink-purple pastes
38 + 562, 670, shoulder ~ 520 A mixture of triarylmethane and xanthene
39 + 561.5, 671, shoulder~520
40 + 561.5, shoulder ~ 710
Red pastes
41 – 446.5, 536,
shoulder ~ 497
Xanthenic
42 + 444, 559, shoulder ~ 520
Green pastes
43 – 605, 671, shoulder ~ 445 A mixture of triarylmethane and phthalocyanine
Based on the results of research into the lu-
minescent properties of experimental samples
(Table 3), it was established that 11 blue-violet
pastes (samples 1–11), 5 black pastes (samples
33–37) and one red paste(sample 42) exhibit
quite bright luminescence, and 3 blue pastes
(samples 30–32) – a weak one. No luminescent
response was observed for other pastes (samp
les 12–29, 41, 43).
An interesting fact is that the samples of
blue-violet pastes behave differently in IR ra-
diation: sample 1 has luminescent activity, and
sample 12 does not. Obviously, this is due to
the different composition of the pastes. The IR
luminescence of sample 1 is provided by the
presence of crystal violet and some other tri-
arylmethane dyes in its composition. Sample
12 contains a phthalocyanine dye, which leads
to the quenching of the luminescence of the
sample due to the overlapping of the absorp-
tion of the phthalocyanine dye and the lumi-
nescence of triarylmethane dyes [18].
Table 2.
32 ISSN 2708-129X. Укр. хім. журн., 2023
IDENTIFICATION OF TRIARYLMETHANE, PHTHALOCYANINE AND XANTHENE IN A MIXTURE
OF DYES BY ELECTRON ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY.ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Table 3.
Examples of luminescence of selected samples of paste strokes.
№ sample The color of the
paste
Photo in white light Photo in IR rays
1
Blue-violet
12
Blue-violet
30 Blue
34 Вlack
41 Red
43 Green
The in Figures 1–3 show electronic absorption spectra of dye extracts of ballpoint pen
pastes in DMF. UV–vis absorption spectrа of blue-violet pastes have a similar appearance and
are characterized by the presence of pronounced maxima in the UV region at λmax ~ 365 nm and
in the visible region at λmax ~ 590 nm with a pronounced shoulder in the region of 550–600 nm.
The peak positions are typical of the class of triaryl-methane dyes, such as methyl violet and its
analogue crystal violet. Thus, the spectrum of standard methyl violet (95% purity), taken by us
under the same conditions, has λmax = 597 nm and a shoulder at 550 nm. It should be noted that
the spectrum of sample 3 has a slightly different shape, which differs from the rest of the pastes.
Upon microscopic examination of sample 3, it was established that the strokes of the blue-purple
paste contain clusters of black dye, that is, this paste is not a single-component one, but contains
a mixture of arylmethane dyes and/or azo dyes. In addition, the possibility that the storage
conditions of the document led to partial decomposition of the dye is not excluded.
In the UV–vis absorption spectrа of the pastes of samples 12–29 compared to samples 1–
11, the absorption maxima in the UV region have a hypsochromic shift of ~25 nm and, in
addition, another maximum appears in the visible region at λmax ~670 nm with a shoulder at
~710 nm The appearance of the last band is due to the presence of phthalocyanine and/or
Table 3.
Examples of luminescence of selected samples of paste strokes.
№ sample The color of the paste Photo in white light Photo in IR rays
1 Blue-violet
12 Blue-violet
30 Blue
34 Вlack
41 Red
43 Green
Table 3.
Examples of luminescence of selected samples of paste strokes.
№ sample The color of the
paste
Photo in white light Photo in IR rays
1
Blue-violet
12
Blue-violet
30 Blue
34 Вlack
41 Red
43 Green
The in Figures 1–3 show electronic absorption spectra of dye extracts of ballpoint pen
pastes in DMF. UV–vis absorption spectrа of blue-violet pastes have a similar appearance and
are characterized by the presence of pronounced maxima in the UV region at λmax ~ 365 nm and
in the visible region at λmax ~ 590 nm with a pronounced shoulder in the region of 550–600 nm.
The peak positions are typical of the class of triaryl-methane dyes, such as methyl violet and its
analogue crystal violet. Thus, the spectrum of standard methyl violet (95% purity), taken by us
under the same conditions, has λmax = 597 nm and a shoulder at 550 nm. It should be noted that
the spectrum of sample 3 has a slightly different shape, which differs from the rest of the pastes.
Upon microscopic examination of sample 3, it was established that the strokes of the blue-purple
paste contain clusters of black dye, that is, this paste is not a single-component one, but contains
a mixture of arylmethane dyes and/or azo dyes. In addition, the possibility that the storage
conditions of the document led to partial decomposition of the dye is not excluded.
In the UV–vis absorption spectrа of the pastes of samples 12–29 compared to samples 1–
11, the absorption maxima in the UV region have a hypsochromic shift of ~25 nm and, in
addition, another maximum appears in the visible region at λmax ~670 nm with a shoulder at
~710 nm The appearance of the last band is due to the presence of phthalocyanine and/or
The in Figures 1–3 show electronic absorp-
tion spectra of dye extracts of ballpoint pen
pastes in DMF. UV–vis absorption spectrа of
blue-violet pastes have a similar appearance
and are characterized by the presence of pro-
nounced maxima in the UV region at λmax ~
365 nm and in the visible region at λmax ~
590 nm with a pronounced shoulder in the
region of 550–600 nm. The peak positions are
typical of the class of triaryl-methane dyes,
such as methyl violet and its analogue crystal
violet. Thus, the spectrum of standard methyl
violet (95% purity), taken by us under the same
conditions, has λmax = 597 nm and a shoulder
33https://ucj.org.ua
Posilskyi O.О., Artamonova H.V., Trunova O.К. UCJ № 07 / Vol. 89
arylmethane dyes in the composition of the pastes. Thus, according to [19, 20], the characteristic
absorption spectrum of phthalocyanine dyes consists of a band in the region of 325–350 nm and
an intense peak at ~700 nm. However, slight differences in the position of the absorption
maxima and the uniform shape of the spectra of the studied samples of blue-violet pastes suggest
that they contain similar components of coloring substances that have a slight difference in
structure.
а
b
Fig. 1. UV-VIS spectra of extracts of blue-purple ballpoint pen strokes: samples 1–11 (a), samples 12–29
(b). The color of the absorption band corresponds to the sample number.
The blue pastes (samples 30–32) have two absorption bands in different ranges: a narrow
intense band with λmax ~ 350 nm and a less intense broad band split into 2 components (Q-band)
with λmax at 600 and 670 nm (Fig. 2 , a). The Q band is characteristic of the phthalocyanine
macrocycle and is responsible for the color of the dye. Its presence in the UV–vis absorption
spectrа is due to π–π* transitions in the cyclic aromatic system. In addition, in the absorption
range of the Q-band, changes in the spectrа can be associated with the presence of dimers of
phthalocyanines formed by the interaction of molecules through delocalized π-electrons and
hydrogen bonds [21].
The spectra of the samples of black ballpoint pen pastes (Fig. 2, b) in the visible region
have one broad structured band, the absorption maximum of which occurs in the range of 587.5
–595 nm with a higher energy shoulder at ~ 550 nm. The general form of the spectra and the
Fig. 1. UV-VIS spectra of extracts of blue-purple ballpoint pen strokes: samples 1–11 (a), samples
12–29 (b). The color of the absorption band corresponds to the sample number.
at 550 nm. It should be noted that the spec-
trum of sample 3 has a slightly different shape,
which differs from the rest of the pastes. Upon
microscopic examination of sample 3, it was
established that the strokes of the blue-purple
paste contain clusters of black dye, that is, this
paste is not a single-component one, but con-
tains a mixture of arylmethane dyes and/or azo
dyes. In addition, the possibility that the sto
rage conditions of the document led to partial
decomposition of the dye is not excluded.
In the UV–vis absorption spectrа of the
34 ISSN 2708-129X. Укр. хім. журн., 2023
IDENTIFICATION OF TRIARYLMETHANE, PHTHALOCYANINE AND XANTHENE IN A MIXTURE
OF DYES BY ELECTRON ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY.ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
pastes of samples 12–29 compared to sam-
ples 1–11, the absorption maxima in the UV
region have a hypsochromic shift of ~25 nm
and, in addition, another maximum appears
in the visible region at λmax ~670 nm with a
shoulder at ~710 nm The appearance of the last
band is due to the presence of phthalocyanine
and/or arylmethane dyes in the composition
of the pastes. Thus, according to [19, 20], the
characteristic absorption spectrum of phthalo-
cyanine dyes consists of a band in the region of
325–350 nm and an intense peak at ~700 nm.
However, slight differences in the position of
the absorption maxima and the uniform shape
of the spectra of the studied samples of blue-
violet pastes suggest that they contain similar
components of coloring substances that have a
slight difference in structure.
The blue pastes (samples 30–32) have two
absorption bands in different ranges: a nar-
row intense band with λmax ~ 350 nm and a
less intense broad band split into 2 compo-
nents (Q-band) with λmax at 600 and 670 nm
(Fig. 2, a). The Q band is characteristic of the
phthalocyanine macrocycle and is responsible
for the color of the dye. Its presence in the UV–
vis absorption spectrа is due to π–π* transi-
tions in the cyclic aromatic system. In addition,
in the absorption range of the Q-band, changes
in the spectrа can be associated with the pre
sence of dimers of phthalocyanines formed by
the interaction of molecules through delocal-
ized π-electrons and hydrogen bonds [21].
The spectra of the samples of black ball-
point pen pastes (Fig. 2, b) in the visible region
have one broad structured band, the absorp-
tion maximum of which occurs in the range of
587.5 –595 nm with a higher energy shoulder
at ~ 550 nm. The general form of the spectra
and the shape of the lines are similar to the
most studied triarylmethane dye – crystal vio
let [22]. It should be noted that for all studied
samples there is no significant difference in the
frequency of maximum absorption, but for
samples 33, 35 the intensity of absorption in-
creases significantly, which may be due to an
increase in the concentration of the dye in the
specified samples, or its aggregation.
The spectra of the samples of pink-violet
ballpoint pen pastes (Fig. 3, a) have absorption
bands exclusively in the visible region with
λmax at ~ 560 nm and a well-defined shoulder
at ~ 520 nm, although a peak at 670–67 nm
appears in samples 38 and 39 , the intensity
of which is almost 6 times lower than for the
560 nm band. Probably, the pink color of these
samples is due to the presence of xanthene dye
rhodamine B (λmax rhodamine = 556 nm [23])
in the composition of the pastes. The absorp-
tion bands in the range of 520–560 nm are
caused by n-n* transitions between lone elec-
tron pairs and n-bonded electrons of the ben-
zoid structure of rhodamine B with increas-
ing ring conjugation with the opening of the
five-membered lactone ring [23, 24]. A small
additional band at 670 nm can be identified
as a band belonging to a phthalocyanine com-
pound (probably Blue 38 dye) that gives the
pastes a purple tint. That is, the color of the
samples of pink-purple pastes is due to the
presence of a mixture of xanthene and phtha-
locyanine dyes in their composition.
In the UV-VIS spectra of the green paste,
the band in the region of 600–710 nm is split
into two components (λmaxІ = 605 nm, λmaxІІ =
671 nm) and has a small shoulder at 708 nm.
This indicates that the green paste contains
phthalocyanine dyes such as Copper Phthalo-
cyanine, Solvent Blue 64, as well as blue trial-
methane dyes (Crystal Violet, Methyl Blue).
35https://ucj.org.ua
Posilskyi O.О., Artamonova H.V., Trunova O.К. UCJ № 07 / Vol. 89
Low-intensity bands at ~ 450 nm are also
observed for all three samples (Table 1), which
is probably due to the presence of a yellow
component molecularly similar to tartrazine
in the composition of the pastes [25]. At the
same time, the combination of blue and yellow
dyes determines the green color of the paste of
sample 43.
shape of the lines are similar to the most studied triarylmethane dye – crystal violet [22]. It
should be noted that for all studied samples there is no significant difference in the frequency of
maximum absorption, but for samples 33, 35 the intensity of absorption increases significantly,
which may be due to an increase in the concentration of the dye in the specified samples, or its
aggregation.
а
b
Fig. 2. UV-VIS spectra of extracts of blue (a) and black (b) ballpoint pen strokes (samples 30–32 and 33–
37, respectively). The color of the absorption band corresponds to the sample number.
The spectra of the samples of pink-violet ballpoint pen pastes (Fig. 3, a) have absorption
bands exclusively in the visible region with λmax at ~ 560 nm and a well-defined shoulder at ~
520 nm, although a peak at 670–671 nm appears in samples 38 and 39 , the intensity of which is
almost 6 times lower than for the 560 nm band. Probably, the pink color of these samples is due
to the presence of xanthene dye rhodamine B (λmax rhodamine = 556 nm [23]) in the composition
of the pastes. The absorption bands in the range of 520–560 nm are caused by n-n* transitions
between lone electron pairs and n-bonded electrons of the benzoid structure of rhodamine B with
increasing ring conjugation with the opening of the five-membered lactone ring [23, 24]. A small
additional band at 670 nm can be identified as a band belonging to a phthalocyanine compound
Fig. 2. UV-VIS spectra of extracts of blue (a) and black (b) ballpoint pen strokes
(samples 30–32 and 33–37, respectively). The color of the absorption band corresponds
to the sample number.
36 ISSN 2708-129X. Укр. хім. журн., 2023
IDENTIFICATION OF TRIARYLMETHANE, PHTHALOCYANINE AND XANTHENE IN A MIXTURE
OF DYES BY ELECTRON ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY.ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Fig. 3. UV-VIS spectra of extracts of pink-purple (a), red and green (b) ballpoint pen strokes (samples
38–40 and 41–43, respectively). The color of the absorption band corresponds to the sample number.
(probably Blue 38 dye) that gives the pastes a purple tint. That is, the color of the samples of
pink-purple pastes is due to the presence of a mixture of xanthene and phthalocyanine dyes in
their composition.
а
b
Fig. 3. UV-VIS spectra of extracts of pink-purple (a), red and green (b) ballpoint pen strokes (samples
38–40 and 41–43, respectively). The color of the absorption band corresponds to the sample number.
In the UV-VIS spectra of the green paste, the band in the region of 600–710 nm is split
into two components (λmaxІ = 605 nm, λmaxІІ = 671 nm) and has a small shoulder at 708 nm. This
indicates that the green paste contains phthalocyanine dyes such as Copper Phthalocyanine,
Solvent Blue 64, as well as blue trialmethane dyes (Crystal Violet, Methyl Blue).
Low-intensity bands at ~ 450 nm are also observed for all three samples (Table 1), which
is probably due to the presence of a yellow component molecularly similar to tartrazine in the
composition of the pastes [25]. At the same time, the combination of blue and yellow dyes
determines the green color of the paste of sample 43.
CONCLUSIONS. Using the method of electronic absorption spectroscopy, the qualitative
composition and differentiation of 43 samples of ballpoint pen pastes of different colors was
CONCLUSIONS. Using the method of elec-
tronic absorption spectroscopy, the qualitative
composition and differentiation of 43 samples
of ballpoint pen pastes of different colors was
investigated. The UV-Vis characteristics of the
main paste dyes were determined. A compa
rison of the spectra showed that the main ab-
sorption maxima relate to different structural
and group affiliations of the dyes and depend
on their chemical characteristics. It has been
37https://ucj.org.ua
Posilskyi O.О., Artamonova H.V., Trunova O.К. UCJ № 07 / Vol. 89
proven that most of the analyzed pastes con-
tain dyes based on triarylmethane, phthalocy-
anine, xanthene dyes or their mixture. The ob-
tained data are useful for conducting research
on ballpoint pen pastes to identify classifica-
tion and identification differences and will be
included in the spectrum database of ballpoint
pen pastes for further diagnosis and identifica-
tion of pastes received for research.
AKNOWLEDGEMENT. The work was
carried out with the financial support of
the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine within
the scope of the research work of the Kyiv
Scientific Research Institute of Forensic
Expertise «Development of a metho
dology for determining changes in the
chemical composition of dyes over time
in the presence of crossing requisites».
ІДЕНТИФІКАЦІЯ ТРИАРИЛМЕТАНУ, ФТАЛО
ЦІАНІНУ ТА КСАНТЕНУ В СУМІШІ БАРВНИКІВ
МЕТОДОМ ЕЛЕКТРОННОЇ АБСОРБЦІЙНОЇ
СПЕКТРОСКОПІЇ
О. О. Посільський 1, Г. В. Артамонова 1*,
О. К. Трунова2
1Київський науково-дослідний інститут
судових експертиз,
вул. Сім’ї Бродських, 6, Київ 03057, Україна
2Інститут загальної та неорганічної хімії
ім. В. І. Вернадського НАН України,
просп. Академіка Палладіна, 32/34, Київ
03142, Україна
*e-mail: hanna1artamonova@gmail.com
У роботі досліджено якісний склад та
проведено диференціацію 43-х зразків паст
кулькових ручок різного кольору (синьо-
фіолетового – 29 зразків, рожево-фіолето
вого – 3 зразки, синього – 3 зразки, чорного –
5 зразків, зеленого – 1 зразок та червоного –
2 зразки) методом електронної спектроско-
пії поглинання. Результати дослідження
показали, що кожну пасту можна відрізни-
ти, вивчаючи характер спектрів їхнього по-
глинання, яка виникає через присутність
різних функціональних груп. Встановле-
но, що більшість проаналізованих зразків
паст містять у своєму складі пігменти на
основі триарилметанових, фталоціаніно-
вих, ксантенових барвників або їхні сумі-
ші. Кожному типу барвників відповідають
певні максимуми поглинання. Широка та
найбільш інтенсивна смуга – при λ~590 нм,
яку виявлено для всіх зразків, – відпові-
дає триарилметановим барвникам. Смуга
при λ~670 нм відповідає фталоціаніновим
барвникам. Наявність смуг поглинання у
зеленому діапазоні (λ~520–560 нм) свідчить
про наявність у складі паст ксантенових
барвників. Із використанням методу фото
люмінесцентної спектроскопії при збудже
нні ІЧ-люмінесценції в зеленій області
спектру (λ=530 нм) показано, що 11 синьо-
фіолетових, 5 чорних та одна червона пасти
проявляють яскраву люмінесценцію через
присутність в їхньому складі кристалічно-
го фіолетового та деяких інших триарилме-
танових барвників. У трьох пастах синього
кольору виявлено слабку люмінесценцію.
В інших досліджуваних пастах люмінес-
центного відгуку не спостерігали, що по
в’язано з наявністю в цих пастах фталоцiа
нiнових барвників, поглинання яких пе-
рекриваються зі спектрами люмінесценції
38 ISSN 2708-129X. Укр. хім. журн., 2023
IDENTIFICATION OF TRIARYLMETHANE, PHTHALOCYANINE AND XANTHENE IN A MIXTURE
OF DYES BY ELECTRON ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY.ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
триарилметанових барвників. Одержані
дані можна використати для створення до
відкової бази для ідентифікації і диферен
ціації складу паст кулькових ручок сучас-
них виробників та встановлення їхніх кла-
сифікаційних та ідентифікаційних відмін-
ностей.
Ключові слова: барвники, електронна
спектроскопія поглинання, спектри погли-
нання розчинів, паста кулькової ручки.
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Стаття надійшла 09.08.2023.
|
| id | oai:ojs2.1444248.nisspano.web.hosting-test.net:article-565 |
| institution | Ukrainian Chemistry Journal |
| keywords_txt_mv | keywords |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2026-07-23T01:10:20Z |
| publishDate | 2023 |
| publisher | V.I.Vernadsky Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry |
| record_format | ojs |
| resource_txt_mv | ucjorgua/8d/9f94338d3780a57072cf52f22cfab08d.pdf |
| spelling | oai:ojs2.1444248.nisspano.web.hosting-test.net:article-5652026-07-22T08:23:52Z IDENTIFICATION OF TRIARYLMETHANE, PHTHALOCYANINE AND XANTHENE IN A MIXTURE OF DYES BY ELECTRON ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY Posilskyi, Oleg Artamonova, Ganna Trunova , Elena dyes, UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy, absorption spectra of solutions, ballpoint pen paste. In the work, the qualitative composition and differentiation of 43 samples of ballpoint pen pastes of different colors was investigated (blue-violet – 29 samples, pink-violet – 3 samples, blue – 3 samples, black – 5 samples, green – 1 sample and red –2 samples) by the method of electronic absorption spectroscopy. The results of the study showed that each paste can be distinguished by studying the nature of their absorption spectra, which arises due to the presence of different functional groups. It was established that most of the analyzed paste samples contain pigments based on triarylmethane, phthalocyanine, xanthene dyes or their mixture. Certain absorption maxima correspond to each type of dyes. The broad and most intense band at λ~590 nm, which was detected for all samples, corresponds to triarylmethane dyes. The band at λ~670 nm corresponds to phthalocyanine dyes. The presence of absorption bands in the green range (λ~520–560 nm) indicates the presence of xanthene dyes in the composition of the pastes. Using the method of photoluminescence spectroscopy upon excitation of IR luminescence in the green region of the spectrum (λ=530 nm) it is shown that 11 blue-violet, 5 black and one red pastes exhibit bright luminescence due to the presence of crystal violet and some other triarylmethane dyes in their composition. Weak luminescence was detected for three blue pastes. No luminescence response was observed for the other tested pastes, which is due to the presence of phthalocyanine dyes in these pastes, the absorption of which overlaps with the luminescence spectra of triarylmethane dyes. The obtained data can be used to create a reference base for identifying and differentiating the composition of ballpoint pen pastes of modern manufacturers and establishing their classification and identification differences.   V.I.Vernadsky Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry 2023-08-25 Article Article Organic chemistry Органическая xимия Органічна xімія application/pdf https://ucj.org.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/565 10.33609/2708-129X.89.07.2023.26-39 Ukrainian Chemistry Journal; Vol. 89 No. 7 (2023): Ukrainian Chemistry Journal; 26-39 Украинский химический журнал; ##issue.vol## 89 ##issue.no## 7 (2023): Ukrainian Chemistry Journal; 26-39 Український хімічний журнал; Том 89 № 7 (2023): Ukrainian Chemistry Journal; 26-39 2708-129X 2708-1281 en https://ucj.org.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/565/289 Copyright (c) 2023 Oleg Posilskyi, Ganna Artamonova, Elena Trunova https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 |
| spellingShingle | Posilskyi, Oleg Artamonova, Ganna Trunova , Elena IDENTIFICATION OF TRIARYLMETHANE, PHTHALOCYANINE AND XANTHENE IN A MIXTURE OF DYES BY ELECTRON ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY |
| title | IDENTIFICATION OF TRIARYLMETHANE, PHTHALOCYANINE AND XANTHENE IN A MIXTURE OF DYES BY ELECTRON ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY |
| title_full | IDENTIFICATION OF TRIARYLMETHANE, PHTHALOCYANINE AND XANTHENE IN A MIXTURE OF DYES BY ELECTRON ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY |
| title_fullStr | IDENTIFICATION OF TRIARYLMETHANE, PHTHALOCYANINE AND XANTHENE IN A MIXTURE OF DYES BY ELECTRON ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY |
| title_full_unstemmed | IDENTIFICATION OF TRIARYLMETHANE, PHTHALOCYANINE AND XANTHENE IN A MIXTURE OF DYES BY ELECTRON ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY |
| title_short | IDENTIFICATION OF TRIARYLMETHANE, PHTHALOCYANINE AND XANTHENE IN A MIXTURE OF DYES BY ELECTRON ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY |
| title_sort | identification of triarylmethane, phthalocyanine and xanthene in a mixture of dyes by electron absorption spectroscopy |
| topic_facet | dyes UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy absorption spectra of solutions ballpoint pen paste. |
| url | https://ucj.org.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/565 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT posilskyioleg identificationoftriarylmethanephthalocyanineandxantheneinamixtureofdyesbyelectronabsorptionspectroscopy AT artamonovaganna identificationoftriarylmethanephthalocyanineandxantheneinamixtureofdyesbyelectronabsorptionspectroscopy AT trunovaelena identificationoftriarylmethanephthalocyanineandxantheneinamixtureofdyesbyelectronabsorptionspectroscopy |