STUDY OF THE PERFORMANCE OF PLANAR ANTENNA ARRAYS AS A FUNCTION OF THEIR TOPOLOGY AND THE PROPERTIES OF THEIR STRUCTURAL MATERIALS
The rapid development of unmanned aerial vehicles and the extension of their range of application increase requirements for radar systems, in particular in terms of detecting small-sized targets with a low effective scattering area in a complex interfering environment. One of the promising engineeri...
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Technical Mechanics| _version_ | 1861590260514816000 |
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| author | HRYMALIUK, І. V. |
| author_facet | HRYMALIUK, І. V. |
| author_sort | HRYMALIUK, І. V. |
| baseUrl_str | https://journal-itm.dp.ua/ojs/index.php/ITM_j1/oai |
| collection | OJS |
| datestamp_date | 2026-04-04T20:10:29Z |
| description | The rapid development of unmanned aerial vehicles and the extension of their range of application increase requirements for radar systems, in particular in terms of detecting small-sized targets with a low effective scattering area in a complex interfering environment. One of the promising engineering solutions for such systems is the use of planar antenna arrays, which provide electronic control of the radiation pattern, a high scanning speed, and design scalability.
The goal of this work is to assess the effect of the number of radiating elements, the relative dielectric constant, and the physical thickness of the dielectric substrate on the electrodynamic characteristics and radiation parameters of planar antenna arrays. The study analyzes the radiation patterns, the gain, the energy potential, and the operating frequency band at different numbers of array elements.
The work is based on numerical simulation in the CST Studio Suite environment using the finite integral method. Use is made of the parameterization of the emitter dimensions for resonance correction and the linear extrapolation method for estimating the characteristics of many-element arrays.
The work investigates the electrodynamic characteristics of planar antenna arrays built on the basis of rectangular microstrip radiating elements with a corporate feed system. A 2×2 subarray was chosen as the basic element, which was subsequently scaled to 4×4 and 8×8 element configurations. Particular attention is paid to the effect of the dielectric substrate parameters, in particular its relative permittivity and physical thickness, on the radiation characteristics of the array.
It is shown that the use of the Rogers 5880 dielectric substrate of standard thickness provides an optimal balance between radio technical characteristics, mechanical rigidity, and manufacturability. A stable trend is found to gain increase and main lobe narrowing with array scaling and to frequency-band extension in many-element arrays.  
The scientific novelty lies in a comprehensive justification of the choice of geometric parameters of the substrate and the number of array elements, which is based on a balance between industrial manufacturing standards and the resolution required for detecting targets with a small effective scattering area.
The obtained data allow one to design effective radar systems for small-sized object tracking. The use of a standard substrate thickness (1.575 mm) significantly simplifies the industrial process of antenna system production and reduces its cost.
REFERENCES
1. Rojhani N, Shaker G. Comprehensive review: effectiveness of MIMO and beamforming technologies in detecting low RCS UAVs. Remote Sens. 2024. V. 16. No. 6. 1016.https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16061016
2. Seidaliyeva U. , Ilipbayeva L., Taissariyeva K., Smailov N., Matson E. T. Radar-Based Drone Detection Technologies. Encyclopedia.pub. 9 pp. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/53402
3. Xu Z., Zhou Z., Wu D., Xu X., Fellow Y. Z. CKM-enabled joint spatial-doppler domain clutter suppression for low-altitude UAV ISAC. Journal of Latex Class Files. 2021. V. 14. No. 8. 13pp.
4. Liu Q., Song M., Yu J., Liang P., Wang T., Zeng C., Zhang Z., Gao Y., Liu L. A circular fitting clutter suppression algorithm based on ISAC for low altitude UAVs. Sensors. 2025. V. 25. No. 20. 6285.https://doi.org/10.3390/s25206285
5. Ghofur M.J.U., Riyanto E. AI-driven adaptive radar systems for real-time target tracking in urban environments. Journal of Technology Informatics and Engineering (JTIE). 2025. V. 4. No. 1. Pp. 135-155. https://doi.org/10.51903/jtie.v4i1.289
6. Fontanesi G., Guerra A., Guidi F., V'asquez-Peralvo J. A., Shlezinger N., Zanella A., Lagunas E., Chatzinotas S., Dardari D., Djuri'c P. M. A deep-NN beamforming approach for dual function radar-communication THz UAV. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology. 2025. Iss. 1. Pp. 746 - 760.https://doi.org/10.1109/TVT.2024.3453194
7. Costanzo S., Buonanno G. Distributed phased-array radars exploiting collaborative beamforming and diversity techniques for remote sensing applications. IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation. 2025. V. 6. No.3. Pp. 864-878. https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2025.3552517
8. Norrud H. Antenna design of a radar phased array using drone swarms. Lund University publications. Thesis, printed in Sweden. January 20, 2025. 61 pp. https://lup.lub.lu.se/student-papers/record/9183205/file/9183212.pdf (Last accessed on January 20, 2026).
9. Ghattas N., Ghuniem A. M., Abdelsalam A. A., Magdy A. Planar antenna arrays beamforming using various optimization algorithms. IEEE Access. 2023. Р. 68486-68500. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10173536 (Last accessed on December 13, 2025).https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3292792
10. Hou L., Jin L., Huang K., Xiao S., Lou Y., Chen Y. Beamspace spatial smoothing MUSIC DOA estimation method using dynamic metasurface antenna. Entropy. 2025. V. 27. No. 4. 335.https://doi.org/10.3390/e27040335
11. Warnick K. F., Spencer J. C. Phased array radar systems for small unmanned aerial vehicles. Google patents. United States. Patent No: US 10, 317, 518 B2. Jun. 11, 2019. https://patents.google.com/patent/US10317518B2/en (Last accessed on December 20, 2025).
12. Jin K., Han S.-S., Baek D., Lee H. L. Small drone detection using hybrid beamforming 24 GHz fully integrated CMOS radar. Drones. 2025. V. 9. No. 7. 453.https://doi.org/10.3390/drones9070453
13. Lee C. U., Noh G., Ahn B. K., Yu J.-W., Lee H. L. Tilted-beam switched array antenna for UAV mounted radar applications with 360 coverage. Electronics. 2019. V. 8. No. 11. 1240.https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics8111240
14. Parveez Shariff B. G., Mane P. R., Kumar P., ALI T., Alsath M. G. N. Planar MIMO antenna for mmwave applications: Evolution, present status & future scope. Heliyon. 2023. V. 9. No. 2. e13362.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13362
15. Choi B., Oh D., Kim S., Chong J.-W., Li Y.-C. Long-range drone detection of 24 G FMCW radar with E-plane sectoral horn array. Sensors. 2018. V. 18. No. 12. 4171.https://doi.org/10.3390/s18124171
16. Jung J.-I., Yang J.-R. 5.8-GHz Patch antenna with an enhanced defected ground structure for size reduction and increased bandwidth. Journal of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science. 2022. V. 22. No. 3. Рp. 245-25. https://doi.org/10.26866/jees.2022.3.r.83
17. Laabadli A.-A., Mejdoub Y., Elamri A., Tarbouch M. Design of a miniaturized patch antenna for 2.45/5.8 GHz applications. International Journal of Advances in Applied Sciences. 2025. V. 14. No. 1. Рp. 101-110. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijaas.v14.i1.pp101-110 |
| first_indexed | 2026-04-05T01:00:18Z |
| format | Article |
| id | oai:ojs2.journal-itm.dp.ua:article-178 |
| institution | Technical Mechanics |
| keywords_txt_mv | keywords |
| last_indexed | 2026-04-05T01:00:18Z |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| publisher | текст 3 |
| record_format | ojs |
| spelling | oai:ojs2.journal-itm.dp.ua:article-1782026-04-04T20:10:29Z STUDY OF THE PERFORMANCE OF PLANAR ANTENNA ARRAYS AS A FUNCTION OF THEIR TOPOLOGY AND THE PROPERTIES OF THEIR STRUCTURAL MATERIALS HRYMALIUK, І. V. planar antenna array, radiation pattern, reflection coefficient. The rapid development of unmanned aerial vehicles and the extension of their range of application increase requirements for radar systems, in particular in terms of detecting small-sized targets with a low effective scattering area in a complex interfering environment. One of the promising engineering solutions for such systems is the use of planar antenna arrays, which provide electronic control of the radiation pattern, a high scanning speed, and design scalability. The goal of this work is to assess the effect of the number of radiating elements, the relative dielectric constant, and the physical thickness of the dielectric substrate on the electrodynamic characteristics and radiation parameters of planar antenna arrays. The study analyzes the radiation patterns, the gain, the energy potential, and the operating frequency band at different numbers of array elements. The work is based on numerical simulation in the CST Studio Suite environment using the finite integral method. Use is made of the parameterization of the emitter dimensions for resonance correction and the linear extrapolation method for estimating the characteristics of many-element arrays. The work investigates the electrodynamic characteristics of planar antenna arrays built on the basis of rectangular microstrip radiating elements with a corporate feed system. A 2×2 subarray was chosen as the basic element, which was subsequently scaled to 4×4 and 8×8 element configurations. Particular attention is paid to the effect of the dielectric substrate parameters, in particular its relative permittivity and physical thickness, on the radiation characteristics of the array. It is shown that the use of the Rogers 5880 dielectric substrate of standard thickness provides an optimal balance between radio technical characteristics, mechanical rigidity, and manufacturability. A stable trend is found to gain increase and main lobe narrowing with array scaling and to frequency-band extension in many-element arrays.   The scientific novelty lies in a comprehensive justification of the choice of geometric parameters of the substrate and the number of array elements, which is based on a balance between industrial manufacturing standards and the resolution required for detecting targets with a small effective scattering area. The obtained data allow one to design effective radar systems for small-sized object tracking. The use of a standard substrate thickness (1.575 mm) significantly simplifies the industrial process of antenna system production and reduces its cost. REFERENCES 1. Rojhani N, Shaker G. Comprehensive review: effectiveness of MIMO and beamforming technologies in detecting low RCS UAVs. Remote Sens. 2024. V. 16. No. 6. 1016.https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16061016 2. Seidaliyeva U. , Ilipbayeva L., Taissariyeva K., Smailov N., Matson E. T. Radar-Based Drone Detection Technologies. Encyclopedia.pub. 9 pp. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/53402 3. Xu Z., Zhou Z., Wu D., Xu X., Fellow Y. Z. CKM-enabled joint spatial-doppler domain clutter suppression for low-altitude UAV ISAC. Journal of Latex Class Files. 2021. V. 14. No. 8. 13pp. 4. Liu Q., Song M., Yu J., Liang P., Wang T., Zeng C., Zhang Z., Gao Y., Liu L. A circular fitting clutter suppression algorithm based on ISAC for low altitude UAVs. Sensors. 2025. V. 25. No. 20. 6285.https://doi.org/10.3390/s25206285 5. Ghofur M.J.U., Riyanto E. AI-driven adaptive radar systems for real-time target tracking in urban environments. Journal of Technology Informatics and Engineering (JTIE). 2025. V. 4. No. 1. Pp. 135-155. https://doi.org/10.51903/jtie.v4i1.289 6. Fontanesi G., Guerra A., Guidi F., V'asquez-Peralvo J. A., Shlezinger N., Zanella A., Lagunas E., Chatzinotas S., Dardari D., Djuri'c P. M. A deep-NN beamforming approach for dual function radar-communication THz UAV. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology. 2025. Iss. 1. Pp. 746 - 760.https://doi.org/10.1109/TVT.2024.3453194 7. Costanzo S., Buonanno G. Distributed phased-array radars exploiting collaborative beamforming and diversity techniques for remote sensing applications. IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation. 2025. V. 6. No.3. Pp. 864-878. https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2025.3552517 8. Norrud H. Antenna design of a radar phased array using drone swarms. Lund University publications. Thesis, printed in Sweden. January 20, 2025. 61 pp. https://lup.lub.lu.se/student-papers/record/9183205/file/9183212.pdf (Last accessed on January 20, 2026). 9. Ghattas N., Ghuniem A. M., Abdelsalam A. A., Magdy A. Planar antenna arrays beamforming using various optimization algorithms. IEEE Access. 2023. Р. 68486-68500. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10173536 (Last accessed on December 13, 2025).https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3292792 10. Hou L., Jin L., Huang K., Xiao S., Lou Y., Chen Y. Beamspace spatial smoothing MUSIC DOA estimation method using dynamic metasurface antenna. Entropy. 2025. V. 27. No. 4. 335.https://doi.org/10.3390/e27040335 11. Warnick K. F., Spencer J. C. Phased array radar systems for small unmanned aerial vehicles. Google patents. United States. Patent No: US 10, 317, 518 B2. Jun. 11, 2019. https://patents.google.com/patent/US10317518B2/en (Last accessed on December 20, 2025). 12. Jin K., Han S.-S., Baek D., Lee H. L. Small drone detection using hybrid beamforming 24 GHz fully integrated CMOS radar. Drones. 2025. V. 9. No. 7. 453.https://doi.org/10.3390/drones9070453 13. Lee C. U., Noh G., Ahn B. K., Yu J.-W., Lee H. L. Tilted-beam switched array antenna for UAV mounted radar applications with 360 coverage. Electronics. 2019. V. 8. No. 11. 1240.https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics8111240 14. Parveez Shariff B. G., Mane P. R., Kumar P., ALI T., Alsath M. G. N. Planar MIMO antenna for mmwave applications: Evolution, present status & future scope. Heliyon. 2023. V. 9. No. 2. e13362.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13362 15. Choi B., Oh D., Kim S., Chong J.-W., Li Y.-C. Long-range drone detection of 24 G FMCW radar with E-plane sectoral horn array. Sensors. 2018. V. 18. No. 12. 4171.https://doi.org/10.3390/s18124171 16. Jung J.-I., Yang J.-R. 5.8-GHz Patch antenna with an enhanced defected ground structure for size reduction and increased bandwidth. Journal of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science. 2022. V. 22. No. 3. Рp. 245-25. https://doi.org/10.26866/jees.2022.3.r.83 17. Laabadli A.-A., Mejdoub Y., Elamri A., Tarbouch M. Design of a miniaturized patch antenna for 2.45/5.8 GHz applications. International Journal of Advances in Applied Sciences. 2025. V. 14. No. 1. Рp. 101-110. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijaas.v14.i1.pp101-110 текст 3 2026-03-31 Article Article https://journal-itm.dp.ua/ojs/index.php/ITM_j1/article/view/178 Technical Mechanics; No. 1 (2026): Technical Mechanics; 123-136 Институт технической механики Национальной академии наук Украины и Государственного космического агентства Украины; № 1 (2026): Technical Mechanics; 123-136 ТЕХНІЧНА МЕХАНІКА; № 1 (2026): ТЕХНІЧНА МЕХАНІКА; 123-136 Copyright (c) 2026 Technical Mechanics |
| spellingShingle | HRYMALIUK, І. V. STUDY OF THE PERFORMANCE OF PLANAR ANTENNA ARRAYS AS A FUNCTION OF THEIR TOPOLOGY AND THE PROPERTIES OF THEIR STRUCTURAL MATERIALS |
| title | STUDY OF THE PERFORMANCE OF PLANAR ANTENNA ARRAYS AS A FUNCTION OF THEIR TOPOLOGY AND THE PROPERTIES OF THEIR STRUCTURAL MATERIALS |
| title_full | STUDY OF THE PERFORMANCE OF PLANAR ANTENNA ARRAYS AS A FUNCTION OF THEIR TOPOLOGY AND THE PROPERTIES OF THEIR STRUCTURAL MATERIALS |
| title_fullStr | STUDY OF THE PERFORMANCE OF PLANAR ANTENNA ARRAYS AS A FUNCTION OF THEIR TOPOLOGY AND THE PROPERTIES OF THEIR STRUCTURAL MATERIALS |
| title_full_unstemmed | STUDY OF THE PERFORMANCE OF PLANAR ANTENNA ARRAYS AS A FUNCTION OF THEIR TOPOLOGY AND THE PROPERTIES OF THEIR STRUCTURAL MATERIALS |
| title_short | STUDY OF THE PERFORMANCE OF PLANAR ANTENNA ARRAYS AS A FUNCTION OF THEIR TOPOLOGY AND THE PROPERTIES OF THEIR STRUCTURAL MATERIALS |
| title_sort | study of the performance of planar antenna arrays as a function of their topology and the properties of their structural materials |
| topic_facet | planar antenna array radiation pattern reflection coefficient. |
| url | https://journal-itm.dp.ua/ojs/index.php/ITM_j1/article/view/178 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT hrymaliukív studyoftheperformanceofplanarantennaarraysasafunctionoftheirtopologyandthepropertiesoftheirstructuralmaterials |