Морфологічні особливості плодів рідкісних видів Iris halophila Pall., I. pumila L., I. hungarica Waldst. et Kit. (Iridaceae Juss.) в умовах інтродукції у лучно-степовому культурфітоценозі
The objective of this study was to analyze the morphological structure and to reveal common and distinguishing features of the fruit in rare steppe species Iris halophila, I. pumila and I. hungarica introduced in conditions of meadow-steppe cultural phytocenosis in the M.M. Gryshko National Botanica...
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| Дата: | 2020 |
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M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the NAS of Ukraine
2020
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Plant Introduction| _version_ | 1860145078685663232 |
|---|---|
| author | Gritsenko, V.V. |
| author_facet | Gritsenko, V.V. |
| author_sort | Gritsenko, V.V. |
| baseUrl_str | https://www.plantintroduction.org/index.php/pi/oai |
| collection | OJS |
| datestamp_date | 2023-08-26T20:39:45Z |
| description | The objective of this study was to analyze the morphological structure and to reveal common and distinguishing features of the fruit in rare steppe species Iris halophila, I. pumila and I. hungarica introduced in conditions of meadow-steppe cultural phytocenosis in the M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (NBG).
Material and methods. Fruits of I. halophila, I. pumila and I. hungarica were collected on the botanical-geographical plot “Steppes of Ukraine” of NBG during 2015–2019. Fruit parameters were measured using a regular ruler. Morphological terms are provided, according to Artyushenko & Fedorov (1986). Colors were determined by Bondartsev’s (1954) scale.
Results. In all analyzed species, the fruit is a trimeric and trilocular loculicidal capsule with multi-seeded locules. This capsule is erect, straight, leathery, glabrous, opening by dehiscence from top to bottom along the dorsal veins of carpels. The morphological peculiarities of the fruits, which may be additional diagnostic characters of these species, are established. In particular, in I. halophila capsule is cylindrical, with the upper part elongated into the apical spout (long, thin, bent to the side). The surface of I. halophila capsule is smooth, matte, six-ribbed. Ribs are located on both sides along each of the dorsal veins (i.e., along the dehiscence stria). The dehiscence is complete with diverging upper parts of the valves that remain connected just at the base. The capsule of I. pumila is ellipsoidal, with the upper part also elongated into the apical spout (short, thick, awl-shaped). The surface of I. pumila capsule is wrinkled, without ribs. Commissural (septal) suture and dorsal veins are protruding. The capsule dehisces completely by three slits, but the valves remain connected in the apical part and at the base. The capsule of I. hungarica is oblong-ellipsoidal, without apical spout. The surface is veined, grumous, with six grooves above the commissural sutures and dorsal veins, without ribs. The capsule of I. hungarica opens only partly toward the peduncle, leaving the lower part indehiscent. The upper parts of the valves diverge, while the lower part of the capsule remains unopened.
Conclusions. It was found that the shape of the capsule, in particular structure of its upper part, presence of ribs, and apical spout, as well as the surface features together with peculiarities of dehiscence, are constant parameters and can be used as diagnostic characters to distinguish these species. The size and color of the capsules, as well as the number of seeds per capsule of I. halophila, I. pumila and I. hungarica varied, which should be analyzed precisely in future. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.46341/PI2020007 |
| first_indexed | 2025-07-17T12:53:35Z |
| format | Article |
| fulltext |
Plant Introduction, 85/86, 85–92 (2020)
© The Authors. This content is provided under CC BY 4.0 license.
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Morphological peculiarities of fruits of the rare species Iris halophila Pall,
I. pumila L. and I. hungarica Waldst. et Kit. (Iridaceae Juss.) in the conditions
of introduction in the meadow-steppe cultural phytocenosis
V.V. Gritsenko
M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Timiryazevska str. 1, 01014 Kyiv, Ukraine;
gritsenkoviktoria@gmail.com
Received: 27.01.2020 | Accepted: 23.05.2020 | Published: 30.06.2020
Abstract
The objective of this study was to analyze the morphological structure and to reveal common and
distinguishing features of the fruit in rare steppe species Iris halophila, I. pumila and I. hungarica introduced
in conditions of meadow-steppe cultural phytocenosis in the M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden,
National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (NBG).
Material and methods. Fruits of I. halophila, I. pumila and I. hungarica were collected on the botanical-
geographical plot “Steppes of Ukraine” of NBG during 2015–2019. Fruit parameters were measured using
a regular ruler. Morphological terms are provided, according to Artyushenko & Fedorov (1986). Colors
were determined by Bondartsev’s (1954) scale.
Results. In all analyzed species, the fruit is a trimeric and trilocular loculicidal capsule with multi-seeded
locules. This capsule is erect, straight, leathery, glabrous, opening by dehiscence from top to bottom
along the dorsal veins of carpels. The morphological peculiarities of the fruits, which may be additional
diagnostic characters of these species, are established. In particular, in I. halophila capsule is cylindrical,
with the upper part elongated into the apical spout (long, thin, bent to the side). The surface of I. halophila
capsule is smooth, matte, six-ribbed. Ribs are located on both sides along each of the dorsal veins (i.e.,
along the dehiscence stria). The dehiscence is complete with diverging upper parts of the valves that
remain connected just at the base. The capsule of I. pumila is ellipsoidal, with the upper part also elongated
into the apical spout (short, thick, awl-shaped). The surface of I. pumila capsule is wrinkled, without ribs.
Commissural (septal) suture and dorsal veins are protruding. The capsule dehisces completely by three
slits, but the valves remain connected in the apical part and at the base. The capsule of I. hungarica is
oblong-ellipsoidal, without apical spout. The surface is veined, grumous, with six grooves above the
commissural sutures and dorsal veins, without ribs. The capsule of I. hungarica opens only partly toward
the peduncle, leaving the lower part indehiscent. The upper parts of the valves diverge, while the lower
part of the capsule remains unopened.
Conclusions. It was found that the shape of the capsule, in particular structure of its upper part, presence
of ribs, and apical spout, as well as the surface features together with peculiarities of dehiscence, are
constant parameters and can be used as diagnostic characters to distinguish these species. The size and
color of the capsules, as well as the number of seeds per capsule of I. halophila, I. pumila and I. hungarica
varied, which should be analyzed precisely in future.
Keywords: Iris, fruit, loculicidal capsule, diagnostic features, rare steppe plants, capsule dehiscence
https://doi.org/10.46341/PI2020007
UDC 581.47:582.579.2(477-25)
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1783-6977
86 Plant Introduction • 85/86
V.V. Gritsenko
Introduction
Representatives of the genus Iris L.
(Iridaceae Juss.) are ornamental herbaceous
plants characterized by significant species
diversity and grow in many botanical gardens
and arboretums in Ukraine (Mashkovska,
2015; Gritsenko, 2018). Iris halophila Pall.,
I. pumila L., and I. hungarica Waldst. et Kit.
are rare steppe species protected at regional
level in different areas of Ukraine (Andrienko
& Peregrym, 2012). I. halophila belongs to the
subgenus Xyridion (Tausch) Fourr., I. pumila
and I. hungarica – to the subgenus Iris. Fruits
of these species were partly investigated
by Fomin & Bordzilovsky (1950). So far,
Dykes (1913) investigated principal ways of
fruit dehiscence in the genus Iris. Later
Rodionenko (1961) investigated the relation of
the fruit dehiscence to the phylogeny of main
systematic groups in the genus.
The peculiarities of fruits and seeds in
some other Iris species were also sporadically
investigated (Abramova & Kryukova, 2013;
Skrypec & Odintsova, 2015; Minjal & Boldyrev,
2016; Biryukova et al., 2018). Minjal & Boldyrev
(2017) also successfully applied the features of
seeds in the development of the identification
keys of Iris species.
Shvets (2006) was engaged in the study of
biological peculiarities and fruit morphology
of 14 Iris species (including I. halophila,
I. pumila L., and I. hungarica) in connection
with the introduction in the condition of
the National Arboretum Sofiyivka located in
Right-Bank part of the Forest-Steppe zone
of Ukraine. The plants studied by Shvets
were grown with the application of weeding
and irrigation technologies. While in our
study, plants were grown in the composition
of meadow-steppe cultural phytocenosis,
which is characterized by considerable
phytodiversity (Gritsenko, 2017a). In our case,
the conditions of Iris introduction were close
to the natural, and were characterized by
strong competition with other plant species,
without additional weeding and watering.
In total, four rare steppe species of the
genus Iris (I. halophila, I. pumila, I. hungarica,
and I. graminea L.) are introduced on botanical-
geographical plot “Steppes of Ukraine” of the
M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden,
National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
(NBG). I. pumila and I. hungarica exist here
within natural ranges, while I. halophila and
I. graminea – outside.
In the previous studies, I examined the
sozological characteristics, historical aspects
of the introduction, the number, and the
condition of the populations of the introduced
species of the genus Iris (Gritsenko, 2005,
2012, 2019b). In recent years, the success of
the introduction of rare Iris species in the
meadow-steppe cultural phytocenosis has
been evaluated, and preliminary analysis of
the fruit morphology was provided (Gritsenko,
2017b, 2019a).
Mature and dry Iris fruits are little visible
among the grasses and often overlooked.
Moreover, the identification of dry fruits of
Iris species is challenging, especially taking
into account incomplete descriptions for
the plants introduced in the conditions of
meadow-steppe. There is a strong practical
need to distinguish the fruits of Iris species
by morphological peculiarities for purposes
of introduction. Hence, my objective was to
analyze the morphological structure of the
fruits of I. halophila, I. pumila, and I. hungarica
and to reveal common and distinguishing
morphological features, which can be used
for identification of these plants in meadow-
steppe cultural phytocenoses.
Material and methods
The studies were conducted in 2015–2019 at
the botanical-geographical plot “Steppes of
Ukraine” of the NBG. Fruiting was observed
in all four Iris species. I. halophila, I. pumila,
and I. hungarica formed well-developed fruits
that were included in the current investigation
(Fig. 1 A–C). However, I. graminea produced
only undeveloped fruits, which stoped or
lingered in their growth and development,
and dried out prematurely. Therefore fruits of
I. graminea were excluded from the analysis.
To evaluate the morphological features
of the fruits, 30 samples of each species
were collected and investigated under ×2.0
optical lens. Fruit diameters were measured
in the middle part before dehiscence. All
parameters were measured using a regular
ruler and, hence, rounded with a precision of
1 mm. Tables represent the arithmetic means
calculated following Lakin (1990). Deviations
of the author’s original data from the data
Plant Introduction • 85/86 87
Morphology of Iris halophila, I. pumila, and I. hungarica fruits in the cultural phytocenosis
published in the literature were calculated
by following formulae: Dev = 100 – y × 100 / x,
where x – author’s data, y – literature data.
Morphological terms are given accordingly
to Artyushenko & Fedorov (1986). Colors
were determined and named following the
Bondartsev’s (1954) scale, which the best
reflects the natural colors of the fruits. Plant
names are provided according to The Plant List
(2020). Species were determined according to
the Prokudin (1987).
All photos were captured by the author
using a Canon Power Shot SD 4000 IS Digital
ELPH camera.
Results
Common features of Iris halophila, I. pumila,
and I. hungarica capsules
Genus Iris is characterized by a syncarpous
capsule composed of three fused carpels
(Fig. 1). In the place of fused edges of carpels
is formed a commissural (septal) suture. Along
a midrib of each carpel, a carinal or dorsal
groove is formed.
Investigated capsules are straight and
erect, epigynous, three-membered, trimeric,
trilocular with numerous anatropic ovules per
each locule. The pericarp is coriaceous with a
glabrous surface.
Capsules were dehiscing longitudinally
along the carinal grooves (i.e., along the dorsal
vein of each carpel) in the direction from top
to bottom, and therefore are belonging to the
loculicidal type.
Morphological peculiarities of Iris halophila
capsules
Size: capsules are 3.5–4.8 cm long, 1.6–1.8 cm
in diameter (Fig. 2 A–D). Shape: cylindrical
(Fig. 1 A; Fig. 2 A, B). After opening, they become
wineglass-shape (Fig. 2 C, D). The upper part of
the capsule: elongated into a long apical spout
(0.6–1.0 cm), which is thin, slightly bent to the
side (Fig. 2 A). Surface: smooth, with veins,
matte (Fig. 2 A–D). As the capsule matures, a
slight whitish plaque is observed. The capsule
has six sharp and well-expressed ribs located
along both sides of dorsal grooves (Fig. 2 A–B).
Peduncle: 3.0–4.8 cm long, almost as long as
the capsule.
Dehiscence: complete (Fig. 2 C) or almost
complete (Fig. 2 D). As the capsule matures and
opens, the upper parts of the valves diverge
and bend, but near the base, the valves remain
connected (Fig. 2 D).
Color: unripe capsules have a color of dark-
green grass; colors of ribs are lighter – of green
grass. The color of ripe capsules differs in
different parts: along the commissural sutures,
BA C
Figure 1. Unripe fruits of Iris halophila (A), I. pumila (B), and I. hungarica (C). Scale = 1 cm.
88 Plant Introduction • 85/86
V.V. Gritsenko
they are lighter – dark-sandy, and closer to the
ribs, they become darker – pale-brown. The
color of the ribs is even more intense – a dirty-
brown-purple. In the autumn, the capsules
become of dark-chestnut color; a whitish
plaque on the valves becomes more noticeable
(Fig. 2 D). According to Shvets (2006) the color
of I. halophila fruits is brown.
Fruiting: regular, annual. The capsules
ripe in late August. Over time they become
darker (Fig. 2 D) and remain in the meadow-
steppe cultural phytocenosis for a long time
(with seed residues), without collapsing until
November. Generally, 2–3 capsules are formed
on the generative shoot. There are 40–60
seeds developing per capsule.
Morphological peculiarities of Iris pumila
capsules
Size: capsules are 2.5–4.0 cm long, 1.5–1.7 cm in
diameter (Fig. 3 A, B, D). According to Fomin
& Bordzilovsky (1950), capsule length is higher,
4.0–6.0 cm. Shape: ellipsoidal; the length of
BA C D
Figure 2. Morphological peculiarities of Iris halophila capsules: A – apical spout (1), commissural suture (2),
ribs (3); B – carinal groove (1) and ribs (2); C – degree, and direction of the dehiscence (arrow); D – upper
parts of the valves (1) and fruit base (2).
BA C D
Figure 3. Morphological peculiarities of Iris pumila capsules: A – apical spout (1), commissural suture (2),
edges of a dehisced carinal groove (3); B – degree and direction of the dehisce (arrow); C – dehiscence of
the capsule by slits; D – valves edges along the slits (1), fruit base (2).
Plant Introduction • 85/86 89
Morphology of Iris halophila, I. pumila, and I. hungarica fruits in the cultural phytocenosis
Figure 4. Morphological peculiarities of Iris hungarica capsules: A – upper part of the capsule (1), carinal
groove (2), and commissural suture (3); B, C – degree, and direction of the dehiscence (arrow); D – upper
(1) and lower (2) parts of the valves, and fruit base (3).
BA C D
the valves exceeds the width in 1.5–2 times.
The shape of unripe and almost ripe capsules
is indistinctly trihedral (Fig. 1 B; Fig. 3 C). After
opening and exsiccation, the capsules become
slightly deformed (Fig. 3 A, B, D). The upper
part of the capsule: elongated into the apical
spout, which is short (0.4–0.5 cm), thick, awl-
shaped (Fig. 3 A). Surface: wrinkled, wrinkles
oriented from the commissural suture (Fig. 3 A)
obliquely upwards to the carinal suture
(Fig. 3 A). All sutures are well pronounced,
protruding (Fig. 3 A–D). The capsule surface is
without ribs. Peduncle: very short (0.2–0.3 cm;
Fig. 1 B; Fig. 3 C).
Dehiscence: complete (Fig. 3). Capsule
dehisces by three slits (Fig. 3 C), which
gradually open. The edges of the valves along
the slits diverge and invert outwards (Fig. 3 D).
Valves of the capsule remain connected at the
apex and at the base (Fig. 3 D).
Color: unripe capsules are color of green
grass; the color of the sutures is more intense
– like dark-green grass. When capsules
mature, their color varies from yellow-green
to yellow-brown. According to Shvets (2006),
the color of I. pumila fruits is almost black.
Fruiting: irregular, every few years. The
capsules ripe in late July and are quickly
destroyed. A single capsule is formed on the
generative shoot just near the level of the soil
surface. There are 35–45 seeds per capsule.
In the Bashkortostan Republic, the number of
seeds per fruit in I. pumila in natural conditions
can vary from 10 to 42, and in the conditions
of introduction – from 26 to 52 (Abramova &
Kryukova, 2013).
Morphological peculiarities of Iris hungarica
capsules
Size: capsules are 3.5–5.2 cm long, 1.4–1.8 cm in
diameter (Fig. 4 A–D). Shape: oblong-ellipsoidal
(Fig. 1 C; Fig. 4 A–C). When opened, the capsules
can take the shape of a wineglass (Fig. 4 D).
The upper part of the capsule: without apical
spout (Fig. 4 A); in shape, resembles a truncated
cone (Fig. 4 B). Surface: veined; veins clearly
expressed, branched. As the capsules mature,
the surface becomes grumous. The surface
has six shallow longitudinal grooves above
the carinal grooves and commissural sutures
(Fig. 4 A). The capsule surface is without ribs.
Peduncle: short (0.6–1.1 cm).
Dehiscence: capsule dehisces to half
(Fig. 4 B) or a little more (Fig. 4 C). When the
capsule opens, the upper parts of the valves
diverge (Fig. 4 D), but lower parts of the
valves remain connected in almost 1/3 of the
capsule’s length (Fig. 4 D).
Color: unripe capsules have a color of green
grass. When capsules mature, their color
varies from lighter (yellow-brown) to darker
(pale-brown). According to Shvets (2006), the
color of I. hungarica fruits is light-reddish.
Fruiting: regular, every year. Fruits ripe in
August. Usually, 1–2 capsules are formed on
90 Plant Introduction • 85/86
V.V. Gritsenko
each generative shoot. There are 45–55 seeds
per every single capsule.
Exceptional cases
Exceptional cases of the morphological
structure of Iris capsules were observed.
During the studies, we observed one-time
cases of bicarpelar dimeric (bilocular) capsules
in I. halophila and I. hungarica. However,
the overall shape and other morphological
peculiarities in such mutated fruits were still
similar to regular ones.
Discussion
In the conditions of introduction in the
meadow-steppe cultural phytocenosis
reconstructed at the NBG experimental
plot, the indices of the sizes of capsules
I. halophila, I. pumila, and I. hungarica, as
well as the number of seeds per capsule were
compatible to those reported before, but with
a significantly lower level of deviation (Tables 1
& 2). The variations of these indicators in
Ukraine were in the range from –16.15 % to
+16.67 % (Table 1), while in other regions of the
temperate zone of Eurasia, they ranged from
–46.67 % to +35.00 %. We also found that our
observations differed from colors reported for
I. halophila, I. pumila, and I. hungarica by Shvets
(2006). Thus, the size and color of the capsules,
as well as the number of seeds per capsule in
I. halophila, I. pumila, and I. hungarica capsules
differed, what may depend on environmental
conditions, geographical location or other
factors, which were not revealed during this
research. From the other side, general shape
of capsule, the shape of its upper part, surface
structure, as well as degree and dehiscence
type seem to be stable parameters that can be
applied for distinguishing these three species.
However, for the final conclusion, more
investigations within different habitats and
with a higher number of samples are required.
Conclusions
The common and distinguishing
morphological parameters of the capsules of
I. halophila, I. pumila, and I. hungarica were
revealed. The shape of the upper part of the
capsule, presence of apical spout, the surface
of the capsule, and peculiarities of dehiscence
seem to be constant parameters and can be
applied as additional diagnostic criteria of
these species. Size and color of the capsule
and the number of seeds per capsule varied
for I. halophila, I. pumila, and I. hungarica, and
should be analyzed precisely in future.
References
Abramova L. M., & Kryukova, A. V. (2013). Rare
Iris pumila L. species seed productivity in nature
and in the introduction. Bulletin of Orenburg State
University, 10(159), 156–159. (In Russian)
Andrienko, T. L., & Peregrym, M. M. (2012). Official
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Species
Capsule length,
cm
D
ev
ia
tio
n,
% Capsule diameter,
cm
D
ev
ia
tio
n,
% Number of seeds per
capsule
D
ev
ia
tio
n,
%
Original
data
Reported
data
Original
data
Reported
data
Original
data
Reported
data
I. halophila 4.00 3.54 +11.50 1.70 1.75 –2.94 47 40 +14.89
I. pumila 3.90 4.53 –16.15 1.50 1.25 +16.67 40 43 –7.50
I. hungarica 4.80 5.52 –15.00 1.60 1.65 –3.12 50 49 +2.00
Table 1. Comparison of the morphological parameters of capsules in Iris halophila, I. pumila, and I. hungarica
introduced in Ukraine (original data with those reported by Shvets, 2006).
Plant Introduction • 85/86 91
Morphology of Iris halophila, I. pumila, and I. hungarica fruits in the cultural phytocenosis
Species
Capsule length,
cm
D
ev
ia
tio
n,
% Capsule diameter,
cm
D
ev
ia
tio
n,
% Number of seeds per
capsule
D
ev
ia
tio
n,
%
Original
data
Reported
data
Original
data
Reported
data
Original
data
Reported
data
I. halophila 4.00 5.14 –25.00 1.70 1.86 –9.41 47 53 –12.77
I. pumila 3.90 5.25 –34.62 1.50 2.00 –33.33 40 26 +35.00
5.30 –35.90 2.20 –46.67 39 +2.50
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92 Plant Introduction • 85/86
V.V. Gritsenko
Морфологічні особливості плодів рідкісних видів Iris halophila Pall., I. pumila L.,
I. hungarica Waldst. et Kit. (Iridaceae Juss.) в умовах інтродукції у лучно-степовому
культурфітоценозі
В.В. Гриценко
Національний ботанічний сад імені М.М. Гришка НАН України, вул. Тімірязєвська, 1, м. Київ, 01014,
Україна; gritsenkoviktoria@gmail.com
Мета –проаналізувати морфологічну будову плодів рідкісних степових видів Iris halophila, I. pumila
та I. hungarica в умовах інтродукції в лучно-степовому культурфітоценозі; встановити морфологічні
параметри спільні для плодів I. halophila, I. pumila, I. hungarica, а також виявити морфологічні
особливості плодів, які можуть бути додатковими діагностичними ознаками цих видів.
Матеріал та методи. Дослідження проводили у 2015–2019 рр. Матеріалом слугували плоди
I. halophila, I. pumila та I. hungarica, зібрані у Національному ботанічному саду імені М.М. Гришка НАН
України на ботаніко-географічній ділянці “Степи України”. Морфологічні терміни наведено згідно з
З.Т. Артюшенко та О.О. Федоровим.
Результати. У всіх досліджених видів плід – локуліцидна, тричленна, тримірна, тригнізда,
багатонасінна, прямостояча, пряма, шкіряста, гола, розкривна зверху вниз по стулкам вздовж
дорзальних жилок плодолистків коробочка. Однак, було виявлено морфологічні особливості
плодів, які можуть бути додатковими діагностичними ознаками цих видів. Зокрема, коробочки
I. halophila циліндричні. Верхня частина коробочки видовжена в апікальний носик (довгий, тонкий,
відігнутий у бік). Поверхня гладка, матова, шести-ребриста. Ребра попарно зближені по обидва боки
від дорзальних жилок. Коробочка розкривна повністю. Верхні частини стулок розходяться, при
основі стулки з’єднані. Коробочки I. pumila еліпсоїдальні. Верхня частина коробочки видовжена в
апікальний носик (короткий, товстий, шиловидний). Поверхня зморшкувата, без ребер. Комісуральні
(септальні) шви та дорзальні жилки виступаючі. Коробочка розкривна повністю. Розкривається
трьома щілинами; стулки коробочки з’єднані в апікальній частині та при основі. Коробочки
I. hungarica продовгувато-еліпсоїдальні. Верхня частина коробочки без апікального носика. Поверхня
жилкувата, горбиста, з шістьма борозенками вздовж дорзальних жилок плодолистків і септальних
перегородок, без ребер. Коробочка розкривна до половини. Верхні частини стулок розходяться, у
нижній частині коробочки та при основі стулки залишаються сполучені.
Висновки. Встановлено, що морфологічні особливості форми, верхньої частини коробочок,
апікального носика (або його відсутність), поверхні коробочок, особливості швів, розташування
ребер (або їх відсутність), а також ступінь та особливості розкриття коробочок є константними
параметрами і можуть використовуватись, як додаткові діагностичні ознаки I. halophila, I. pumila та
I. hungarica. З’ясовано, що розміри і колір коробочок, а також кількість насінини в коробочках цих
видів відрізняються, що потребує детальнішого вивчення.
Ключові слова: Iris, плід, локуліцидна коробочка, діагностичні ознаки, рідкісні степові рослини, розкривання коробочки
Rodionenko, G. I. (1961). Genus Iris – Iris L.: Questions
of morphology, biology, evolution and systematics.
Moscow – Leningrad: Publishing House of the
Academy of Sciences of the USSR. (In Russian)
Shvets, T. A. (2006). Biological peculiarities of the
species of the genus Iris L. in connection with the
introduction in condition of the Right Bank partially
of the Forest-Steppe Zone of Ukraine (Candidate
dissertation). Kyiv. (In Ukrainian)
Skrypec, C. I., & Odintsova, A. V. (2015). Fruit and
seed morphology in Iris sibirica L. and Gladiolus
imbricatus L. in relation with the modes of
dissemination. Biological systems, 7(1), 93–96.
(In Ukrainian)
The Plant List. (2020). Retrieved from http://www.
theplantlist.org/
http://www.theplantlist.org/
http://www.theplantlist.org/
|
| id | oai:ojs2.plantintroduction.org:article-1544 |
| institution | Plant Introduction |
| keywords_txt_mv | keywords |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-07-17T12:53:35Z |
| publishDate | 2020 |
| publisher | M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the NAS of Ukraine |
| record_format | ojs |
| resource_txt_mv | wwwplantintroductionorg/01/01203b7ceab5700d51e8eb5bcc708501.pdf |
| spelling | oai:ojs2.plantintroduction.org:article-15442023-08-26T20:39:45Z Morphological peculiarities of fruits of the rare species Iris halophila Pall, I. pumila L. and I. hungarica Waldst. et Kit. (Iridaceae Juss.) in the conditions of introduction in the meadow-steppe cultural phytocenosis Морфологічні особливості плодів рідкісних видів Iris halophila Pall., I. pumila L., I. hungarica Waldst. et Kit. (Iridaceae Juss.) в умовах інтродукції у лучно-степовому культурфітоценозі Gritsenko, V.V. The objective of this study was to analyze the morphological structure and to reveal common and distinguishing features of the fruit in rare steppe species Iris halophila, I. pumila and I. hungarica introduced in conditions of meadow-steppe cultural phytocenosis in the M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (NBG). Material and methods. Fruits of I. halophila, I. pumila and I. hungarica were collected on the botanical-geographical plot “Steppes of Ukraine” of NBG during 2015–2019. Fruit parameters were measured using a regular ruler. Morphological terms are provided, according to Artyushenko & Fedorov (1986). Colors were determined by Bondartsev’s (1954) scale. Results. In all analyzed species, the fruit is a trimeric and trilocular loculicidal capsule with multi-seeded locules. This capsule is erect, straight, leathery, glabrous, opening by dehiscence from top to bottom along the dorsal veins of carpels. The morphological peculiarities of the fruits, which may be additional diagnostic characters of these species, are established. In particular, in I. halophila capsule is cylindrical, with the upper part elongated into the apical spout (long, thin, bent to the side). The surface of I. halophila capsule is smooth, matte, six-ribbed. Ribs are located on both sides along each of the dorsal veins (i.e., along the dehiscence stria). The dehiscence is complete with diverging upper parts of the valves that remain connected just at the base. The capsule of I. pumila is ellipsoidal, with the upper part also elongated into the apical spout (short, thick, awl-shaped). The surface of I. pumila capsule is wrinkled, without ribs. Commissural (septal) suture and dorsal veins are protruding. The capsule dehisces completely by three slits, but the valves remain connected in the apical part and at the base. The capsule of I. hungarica is oblong-ellipsoidal, without apical spout. The surface is veined, grumous, with six grooves above the commissural sutures and dorsal veins, without ribs. The capsule of I. hungarica opens only partly toward the peduncle, leaving the lower part indehiscent. The upper parts of the valves diverge, while the lower part of the capsule remains unopened. Conclusions. It was found that the shape of the capsule, in particular structure of its upper part, presence of ribs, and apical spout, as well as the surface features together with peculiarities of dehiscence, are constant parameters and can be used as diagnostic characters to distinguish these species. The size and color of the capsules, as well as the number of seeds per capsule of I. halophila, I. pumila and I. hungarica varied, which should be analyzed precisely in future. Мета –проаналізувати морфологічну будову плодів рідкісних степових видів Iris halophila, I. pumila та I. hungarica в умовах інтродукції в лучно-степовому культурфітоценозі; встановити морфологічні параметри спільні для плодів I. halophila, I. pumila, I. hungarica, а також виявити морфологічні особливості плодів, які можуть бути додатковими діагностичними ознаками цих видів. Матеріал та методи. Дослідження проводили у 2015–2019 рр. Матеріалом слугували плоди I. halophila, I. pumila та I. hungarica, зібрані у Національному ботанічному саду імені М.М. Гришка НАН України на ботаніко-географічній ділянці “Степи України”. Морфологічні терміни наведено згідно з З.Т. Артюшенко та О.О. Федоровим. Результати. У всіх досліджених видів плід – локуліцидна, тричленна, тримірна, тригнізда, багатонасінна, прямостояча, пряма, шкіряста, гола, розкривна зверху вниз по стулкам вздовж дорзальних жилок плодолистків коробочка. Однак, було виявлено морфологічні особливості плодів, які можуть бути додатковими діагностичними ознаками цих видів. Зокрема, коробочки I. halophila циліндричні. Верхня частина коробочки видовжена в апікальний носик (довгий, тонкий, відігнутий у бік). Поверхня гладка, матова, шести-ребриста. Ребра попарно зближені по обидва боки від дорзальних жилок. Коробочка розкривна повністю. Верхні частини стулок розходяться, при основі стулки з’єднані. Коробочки I. pumila еліпсоїдальні. Верхня частина коробочки видовжена в апікальний носик (короткий, товстий, шиловидний). Поверхня зморшкувата, без ребер. Комісуральні (септальні) шви та дорзальні жилки виступаючі. Коробочка розкривна повністю. Розкривається трьома щілинами; стулки коробочки з’єднані в апікальній частині та при основі. Коробочки I. hungarica продовгувато-еліпсоїдальні. Верхня частина коробочки без апікального носика. Поверхня жилкувата, горбиста, з шістьма борозенками вздовж дорзальних жилок плодолистків і септальних перегородок, без ребер. Коробочка розкривна до половини. Верхні частини стулок розходяться, у нижній частині коробочки та при основі стулки залишаються сполучені. Висновки. Встановлено, що морфологічні особливості форми, верхньої частини коробочок, апікального носика (або його відсутність), поверхні коробочок, особливості швів, розташування ребер (або їх відсутність), а також ступінь та особливості розкриття коробочок є константними параметрами і можуть використовуватись, як додаткові діагностичні ознаки I. halophila, I. pumila та I. hungarica. З’ясовано, що розміри і колір коробочок, а також кількість насінини в коробочках цих видів відрізняються, що потребує детальнішого вивчення. M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the NAS of Ukraine 2020-06-30 Article Article application/pdf https://www.plantintroduction.org/index.php/pi/article/view/1544 10.46341/PI2020007 Plant Introduction; No 85/86 (2020); 85-92 Інтродукція Рослин; № 85/86 (2020); 85-92 2663-290X 1605-6574 10.46341/PI85-86 en https://www.plantintroduction.org/index.php/pi/article/view/1544/1489 Copyright (c) 2020 V.V. Gritsenko http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 |
| spellingShingle | Gritsenko, V.V. Морфологічні особливості плодів рідкісних видів Iris halophila Pall., I. pumila L., I. hungarica Waldst. et Kit. (Iridaceae Juss.) в умовах інтродукції у лучно-степовому культурфітоценозі |
| title | Морфологічні особливості плодів рідкісних видів Iris halophila Pall., I. pumila L., I. hungarica Waldst. et Kit. (Iridaceae Juss.) в умовах інтродукції у лучно-степовому культурфітоценозі |
| title_alt | Morphological peculiarities of fruits of the rare species Iris halophila Pall, I. pumila L. and I. hungarica Waldst. et Kit. (Iridaceae Juss.) in the conditions of introduction in the meadow-steppe cultural phytocenosis |
| title_full | Морфологічні особливості плодів рідкісних видів Iris halophila Pall., I. pumila L., I. hungarica Waldst. et Kit. (Iridaceae Juss.) в умовах інтродукції у лучно-степовому культурфітоценозі |
| title_fullStr | Морфологічні особливості плодів рідкісних видів Iris halophila Pall., I. pumila L., I. hungarica Waldst. et Kit. (Iridaceae Juss.) в умовах інтродукції у лучно-степовому культурфітоценозі |
| title_full_unstemmed | Морфологічні особливості плодів рідкісних видів Iris halophila Pall., I. pumila L., I. hungarica Waldst. et Kit. (Iridaceae Juss.) в умовах інтродукції у лучно-степовому культурфітоценозі |
| title_short | Морфологічні особливості плодів рідкісних видів Iris halophila Pall., I. pumila L., I. hungarica Waldst. et Kit. (Iridaceae Juss.) в умовах інтродукції у лучно-степовому культурфітоценозі |
| title_sort | морфологічні особливості плодів рідкісних видів iris halophila pall., i. pumila l., i. hungarica waldst. et kit. (iridaceae juss.) в умовах інтродукції у лучно-степовому культурфітоценозі |
| url | https://www.plantintroduction.org/index.php/pi/article/view/1544 |
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