Вплив електромагнітного поля Wi-Fi систем та експериментального приладу M4 на процеси росту, розвитку та фотосинтез пшениці
The objective of this study was to assess the effects of the electromagnetic field of a Wi-Fi system and the experimental gadget M4 developed by SAS “IRDT” (France) on wheat seed germination, growth and photosynthetic activity of juvenile plants. Material and methods. The test-plants were grown unde...
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M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the NAS of Ukraine
2020
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Plant Introduction| _version_ | 1860145079583244288 |
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| author | Roche, J. Didyk, N.P. Ivanytska, B.O. Zaimenko, N.V. Chudovska, O.O. |
| author_facet | Roche, J. Didyk, N.P. Ivanytska, B.O. Zaimenko, N.V. Chudovska, O.O. |
| author_sort | Roche, J. |
| baseUrl_str | https://www.plantintroduction.org/index.php/pi/oai |
| collection | OJS |
| datestamp_date | 2023-08-26T20:39:45Z |
| description | The objective of this study was to assess the effects of the electromagnetic field of a Wi-Fi system and the experimental gadget M4 developed by SAS “IRDT” (France) on wheat seed germination, growth and photosynthetic activity of juvenile plants.
Material and methods. The test-plants were grown under controlled conditions of light, temperature and humidity for eight days in a pot experiment modeling the following treatments: (1) without the electromagnetic field of Wi-Fi systems (control); (2) at a distance of 30 cm from the operating Wi-Fi router; (3) at a distance of 30 cm from operating Wi-Fi router and the experimental gadget M4.
The test plant development and vitality were assessed using indices of seed germination, growth rates (shoot height, root length, number of lateral roots, shoot and root dry weights), photosynthetic pigment content in leaves, and the number of chloroplasts per a mesophyll cell in foliar tissues.
Results. It was found that the electromagnetic field of the Wi-Fi router initially stimulated, but then suppressed the germination of seeds, reduced the growth of shoots and roots, the content of photosynthetic pigments and genesis of the chloroplasts in the mesophyll tissues in leaves of juvenile wheat plants.
The root length was the most sensitive morphometric parameter to the electromagnetic field of the Wi-Fi router. The use of the gadget M4 completely compensated the negative impact of the Wi-Fi router on the seed germination, shoots growth, and partially compensated for the suppression of root growth, the genesis of the chloroplasts, chlorophyll a and b content in wheat leaves.
Conclusion. The attenuation effect of gadget M4 against the damaging effect of electromagnetic fields of anthropogenic origin is promising, and further investigations are required to observe the effects in the long term, from sowing to maturity, including the next generation of seeds. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.46341/PI2020008 |
| first_indexed | 2025-07-17T12:53:35Z |
| format | Article |
| fulltext |
© The Authors. This content is provided under CC BY 4.0 license.
Plant Introduction, 85/86, 15–24 (2020)
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Effects of the electromagnetic field of Wi-Fi systems and experimental
gadget M4 on growth, development and photosynthesis of wheat
Introduction
During the evolution processes, the biosphere
has been influenced by electromagnetic fields
caused by natural sources. The industrialization
has added a number of factors amplifying
the existing natural electromagnetic
radiation. Presently electromagnetic fields of
anthropogenic origin significantly exceed the
natural background and have so far become a
dangerous environmental factor (Zadoya, 2014).
The World Health Organization (WHO)
identified electromagnetic fields as a
biologically active factor affecting living
J. Roche 1, N.P. Didyk 2*, B.O. Ivanytska 2, N.V. Zaimenko 2, O.O. Chudovska 2
1 SAS “IRDT”, rue Simon Perrot 8, 28700 Denonville, France
2 M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Timiryazyevska str. 1, 01014 Kyiv, Ukraine;
* nataliya_didyk@ukr.net
Received: 05.02.2020 | Accepted: 16.03.2020 | Published: 30.06.2020
Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess the effects of the electromagnetic field of a Wi-Fi system and
the experimental gadget M4 developed by SAS “IRDT” (France) on wheat seed germination, growth and
photosynthetic activity of juvenile plants.
Material and methods. The test-plants were grown under controlled conditions of light, temperature
and humidity for eight days in a pot experiment modeling the following treatments: (1) without the
electromagnetic field of Wi-Fi systems (control); (2) at a distance of 30 cm from the operating Wi-Fi router;
(3) at a distance of 30 cm from operating Wi-Fi router and the experimental gadget M4.
The test plant development and vitality were assessed using indices of seed germination, growth rates
(shoot height, root length, number of lateral roots, shoot and root dry weights), photosynthetic pigment
content in leaves, and the number of chloroplasts per a mesophyll cell in foliar tissues.
Results. It was found that the electromagnetic field of the Wi-Fi router initially stimulated, but then
suppressed the germination of seeds, reduced the growth of shoots and roots, the content of photosynthetic
pigments and genesis of the chloroplasts in the mesophyll tissues in leaves of juvenile wheat plants.
The root length was the most sensitive morphometric parameter to the electromagnetic field of the
Wi-Fi router. The use of the gadget M4 completely compensated the negative impact of the Wi-Fi router
on the seed germination, shoots growth, and partially compensated for the suppression of root growth,
the genesis of the chloroplasts, chlorophyll a and b content in wheat leaves.
Conclusion. The attenuation effect of gadget M4 against the damaging effect of electromagnetic fields of
anthropogenic origin is promising, and further investigations are required to observe the effects in the
long term, from sowing to maturity, including the next generation of seeds.
Keywords: Triticum aestivum, radio-frequency electromagnetic fields, Wi-Fi router, gadget M4, plant growth, plant development,
photosynthetic pigments, chloroplastogenesis
https://doi.org/10.46341/PI2020008
UDC 581.143.28:537.868
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8969-2239
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2379-1223
16 Plant Introduction • 85/86
J. Roche, N.P. Didyk, B.O. Ivanytska, N.V. Zaimenko, O.O. Chudovska
organisms at the stage of formation and
development. In 1995 WHO has introduced the
official term “global electromagnetic pollution”
and included the problem of electromagnetic
pollution in the list of priority problems of
humanity, as the degree of pollution increases
10–15 times every decade (Zadoya, 2014; Moroz
& Chemerys, 2017). Today, anthropogenic
electromagnetic pollution of the Earth
exceeds the natural level 200,000-fold. The
results of the assessment of the present-day
electromagnetic pollution of an industrial city
showed that the former corresponds to the
level of the electromagnetic storm (Moroz
& Chemerys, 2017; Kostoff et al., 2020). An
essential role in the general anthropogenic
electromagnetic pollution of the indoor
environment is played by household devices
that are widely used by man.
Wi-Fi electromagnetic radiation at
3–5 GHz is in widespread use worldwide.
The use of Wi-Fi technology has become
increasingly common in many places
throughout the community, including
schools, parks, restaurants, shopping, and
entertainment complexes. Through the use
of this technology, electronic devices are
connected to a computer network wirelessly
using radiofrequency electromagnetic fields
(RF-EMF). Wi-Fi is a type of wireless local
area network which operates in unlicensed
regions of the RF spectrum in the 2.45 and
5 GHz bands. The technology was designed to
be used up to a few tens of meters between a
device and an access point. Over these short
distances, Wi-Fi devices only use low output
power, typically limited to 2 W or less.
Presently research focus on the influence of
industrial sources of electromagnetic radiation,
but the sources of such radiation in the
environment are given insufficient attention.
The pervasive use of wireless communication
devices in each aspect of everyday life increases
the need for assessing the effect of RF-EMF
of household appliances on living organisms
(Kostoff et al., 2020).
Until now, there is no clear assessment of the
impact of Wi-Fi on biological systems. On the
one hand, it is known that the wavelength
of the Wi-Fi signal corresponds to the relic
cosmic microwave background radiation.
However, the energy density of the relic cosmic
radiation of 0.25 eV/cm3 is much lower than
the corresponding value near the Wi-Fi router
(100 mW/cm2, equal to 36 · 109 eV/ cm3 – see
Castellina et al. (2012)). Therefore the latter can
be harmful to living organisms.
The mechanisms of the biological effects
of RF-EMF are not elucidated yet. Several
hypotheses explain the influence of RF-EMF on
biological systems. They are mainly reduced to
the induction of currents in the tissues and
the direct effect of the field on the membrane
structures. It is believed that the exposure to
RF-EMF modifies the rate of diffusion through
biological membranes, the orientation, and
conformation of macromolecules, and the
state of the electronic structure of free
radicals, pH, electrical conductivity, and
redox potential of solutions (Vasileva et al.,
2008; Vian et al., 2016). It was also reported
that electromagnetic radiation could induce
oxidative injury through increasing nitric
oxide levels and inhibiting antioxidant defense
mechanisms (Atasoy et al., 2013), as well as
increased chromosomal aberrations (Kumar
et al., 2020). RF-EMF was shown to be more
bioactive in causing DNA damage in Drosophila
melanogaster as compared with the other
types of human-made EMFs (Panagopoulos,
2019). The mechanisms of biological activity
of the RF-EMF are mainly nonspecific and are
associated with the changes in the functioning
of the organism’s regulatory systems (Vian
et al., 2016).
While the vast majority of studies have
focused on animals and humans because of
health concerns, higher plants have been
provided with much less attention. However,
plants constitute an outstanding model
to study biological effects of EMFs: due to
immobility, they keep a constant orientation
in the EMFs, and a high ratio of surface area
to volume optimizes their interaction with
the environmental factors (Vian et al., 2016).
Published results prove that EMF of even
small amplitudes evokes multiple responses
in plants. Notably, it was shown that at the
distance of 5 cm from the Wi-Fi router, its EMF
inhibited the germination of seeds and the
growth of seedlings of watercress (Lepidium
sativum L.) (Blinova et al., 2015). In other
studies, it was shown that RF-EMF (900–
1800 MHz) inhibited the growth of seedlings
of soybeans (Halgamuge et al., 2015), and five
bean species (Chen & Chen, 2014). A connection
between unusual (generally unilateral) tree
damage and exposure to RF-EMF from mobile
Plant Introduction • 85/86 17
Effects of the Wi-Fi and experimental gadget M4 on wheat
phone masts was shown by long-term (2006–
2015) field monitoring study performed in the
cities of Bamberg and Hallstadt in Germany
(Waldmann-Selsam et al., 2016).
Despite the growing attention of plant
physiologists to the effects of RF-EMF on
plant growth and development, there is still
no unequivocal assessment of the effect of this
factor on plant organisms. Assumptions about
the possible mechanisms of these effects are
also unclear and contradictory.
The objective of our studies was to evaluate
the effect of RF-EMF of the Wi-Fi systems and
an experimental gadget M4 (developed by SAS
“IRDT”, France) on seed germination, growth
and photosynthetic activity of juvenile plants
of wheat.
Material and methods
As a test-plant, we used seeds of Triticum
aestivum L. ‘Smuglianka’, which is characterized
by uniform quick germination and seedling
growth. Our preliminary test showed high
sensitivity of this cultivar to RF-EMF. The
good potential of indices of the growth rate of
wheat seedlings for phytoindication of harmful
impacts of EMF was also demonstrated by
other authors (Afzal & Mansoor, 2012; Moroz &
Chemerys, 2017). As a source of Wi-Fi radiation,
we used router TP-Link AC1200 (TP-Link
Technologies Co., LTD, PRC). The device emits
radio waves in two frequency bands – 2.4 and
5 GHz, which were applied simultaneously.
Two series of experiments were conducted
at the same time. The first one was without
Wi-Fi radiation (shielded from the possible
remote RF-EMF sources in the basement
room of the laboratory at the allelopathy
department of the M.M. Gryshko National
Botanical Garden). The second one was
in the presence of remote (10–15 m away
from the experimental site) Wi-Fi radiation
(laboratory building of the department of
chemosystematics and bioindication of the
M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden).
Seeds of the test plants were surface
sterilized with 1 % sodium hypochlorite and
sown (8 seeds per a pot) into the 200 ml plastic
pots filled with sterilized (at a temperature of
100 °C) and 2-mm sieved sand. The test-plants
were grown under controlled conditions of
light intensity of 3500 lux, the temperature
of 26–28 °C, and soil moisture of 50–60 %.
Each of two mentioned series included three
experiments, lasting eight days, in which
they simulated the following: (1) the absence
of electromagnetic RF-EMF of Wi-Fi router;
(2) within 30 cm of an operating Wi-Fi router;
(3) within 30 cm of an operating Wi-Fi router
and an experimental gadget M4. The gadget
was located between the Wi-Fi router and
test-plants.
The dynamics of the test-plants development
and their vitality were assessed using the
following indices: seed germination (number of
seeds germinated on 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 days
after sowing). The shoot height was measured
daily after the emergence of seedlings and until
the end of the experiment. At the end of the
experiment, on the eighth day after sowing, the
morphometric parameters of growth (shoot
height, root length number of lateral roots, dry
weight of shoots and roots) were evaluated.
Also, the content of photosynthetic pigments
in leaves and the number of chloroplasts
per a mesophyll cell in juvenile plants were
determined. The photosynthetic pigments
(chlorophylls a and b, and carotenoids) were
extracted from freshly collected leaves with
dimethylsulfoxide. The quantitative content
was determined spectrophotometrically
by the method of Hiscox et al. (1979),
spectrophotometer Specord 200 (Analytik Jena,
2003). Counting of the number of chloroplasts
per mesophyll cell was conducted using the
technique described in Mokronosov (1978).
Fresh leaves were macerated with 5M HCl and
colored with “Astra Blau” (Merck) colorant. The
measurements of the chloroplast counts were
conducted using software of light illuminated
microscope Zeiss with installed photo camera
Canon at ×400 magnification.
Statistical analysis and visualization of the
results of the studies were performed using
analysis of variance with the help of StatSoft
Statistica 10.0 software and MS Excel 2007.
Results and discussion
All tested EMFs (including EMF of Wi-Fi router
with gadget M4) significantly influenced seed
germination, shoot and root growth, the
genesis of the chloroplasts and biosynthesis
of photosynthetic pigments (chlorophylls a, b,
and carotenoids) in the leaves of wheat
18 Plant Introduction • 85/86
J. Roche, N.P. Didyk, B.O. Ivanytska, N.V. Zaimenko, O.O. Chudovska
seedlings. However, the results of two series
of experiments revealed the lack of a strong
effect of additional remote Wi-Fi on the tested
plants.
During the first days of seeds development,
EMF of the Wi-Fi router somewhat accelerated
the germination (Fig. 1). However, at the end of
the experiment, the seeds exposed to EMF of
the Wi-Fi router had a 27 % lower germination
index compared to control (at the absence of
Wi-Fi router and gadget M4). The application
of the gadget M4 not only compensated the
negative impact of the EMF of the Wi-Fi router
on the germination of wheat seeds but also
stimulated the germination rate by 7 % as
compared to the control.
Many studies report modifications of plant
growth and development after exposure
to high-frequency electromagnetic field
(HF-EMF) (Vian et al. 2016). Seed exposure
to HF-EMFs generally results in a reduced
germination rate (Blinova et al., 2015; Vian
et al., 2016), while in other cases germination
is unaffected (Sharma & Parihar, 2014) or even
stimulated (Jinapang et al., 2010; Mildažienė
et al., 2019). The results of our studies
confirmed the sensitivity of wheat seeds to
HF-EMF and the suitability of this test-plant
for phytoindication of EMF.
The EMF of the Wi-Fi router inhibited the
growth of wheat coleoptiles at the beginning
of observations. However, from the sixth day
Figure 1. The effects of EMFs of Wi-Fi router and gadget M4 on the wheat seed germination rate (weighted
averages): A – without remote Wi-Fi, B – remote Wi-Fi present. Vertical bars – the least significant
difference (LSD).
Figure 2. The effects of EMFs of Wi-Fi router and gadget M4 on shoot elongation of wheat seedlings
(weighted averages): A – without remote Wi-Fi, B – remote Wi-Fi present. Vertical bars – the least significant
difference (LSD).
BA
A B
Plant Introduction • 85/86 19
Effects of the Wi-Fi and experimental gadget M4 on wheat
until the end of the observations, the effect
of the EMF of the Wi-Fi router on the shoot
elongation was stimulative (Fig. 2).
In the presence of the gadget M4 the shoot
elongation in wheat seedlings was stimulated
as compared to control throughout the
observation period. At the initial stage of the
wheat seedlings development (this stage is
most sensitive to the effects of environmental
stressors), the biological effects of gadget M4
were the greatest and reached up to 220 %
stimulation as compared to the treatment with
Wi-Fi router only. At the end of the experiment,
the stimulative effect of M4 gadget was by
11–22 % (compared to the “Wi-Fi router only”
treatment) and 30 % compared to the control.
Out of the tested morphometric traits, the
root length was the most affected by EMFs.
EMF of the Wi-Fi router inhibited the root
growth by 20 % and the lateral root formation
by 5 % (Fig. 3). While EMF of the gadget M4
stimulated the shoot elongation by 8 %
compared to the control and by 11 % compared
to the “Wi-Fi router only” treatment and also
partially compensated the harmful effects of
EMF of the Wi-Fi router on the root growth.
The EMF of the Wi-Fi router suppressed
biomass accumulation by shoots and roots
of juvenile wheat plants by 9 % and 34 %,
respectively (Fig. 4). In the presence of M4
gadget, the inhibiting effect of the EMF of the
Wi-Fi router was almost wholly compensated.
The inhibiting effect of HF-EMF on the
growth of higher plants was shown in several
studies. Singh et al. (2012) showed that
rhizogenesis (root number and length) was
severely affected in mung bean after exposure
to cell phone radiation, possibly through the
activation of several stress-related enzymes
(peroxidases and polyphenol oxidases). Akbal
et al. (2012) showed that root growth was
reduced by almost 60 % in Lens culinaris Medik.
seeds exposed in the dormant state to 1800 MHz
EMF radiation. Concomitantly, these authors
reported an increase in ROS-related enzymes,
lipid peroxidation, and proline accumulation,
with all of these responses being characteristics
of plant responses to stressful conditions.
Kumar et al. (2020) demonstrated inhibition of
root length in onion (Allium cepa L.) after 4 h
exposure to 900 and 1800 MHz. The authors
accentuated clastogenic effects and increased
mitotic index and chromosomal aberrations of
the tested EMFs.
The inhibiting effect of HF-EMF of Wi-Fi
systems on Lepidium sativum seedlings growth
was shown by Blinova et al. (2015). In the study
conducted by Tkalec et al. (2005) the growth of
duckweed (Lemna minor L.) exposed for 14 h to
the electromagnetic field of 400 and 1900 MHz
significantly decreased in comparison with the
control. Inhibition of the growth of epicotyl
and hypocotyl of soybean seedlings exposed
in a transverse electromagnetic field of mobile
phone pulsed radiation or continuous wave
radiation at 900 MHz with 41 V·m-1 amplitude
was shown by Halgamuge et al. (2015). Such
inhibition significantly depend on the strength
and amplitude modulation of the applied
electromagnetic field (Tkalec et al., 2005;
Figure 3. The effects of EMF of Wi-Fi router and gadget M4 on the shoot height, root length, and the
number of lateral roots in juvenile wheat plants (weighted averages): A – without remote Wi-Fi, B – remote
Wi-Fi present. 1 – without Wi-Fi router, 2 – Wi-Fi router, 3 – Wi-Fi router + gadget M4. Vertical bars – LSD.
A B
20 Plant Introduction • 85/86
J. Roche, N.P. Didyk, B.O. Ivanytska, N.V. Zaimenko, O.O. Chudovska
Halgamuge et al., 2015). The 24 h exposure
to cell phone electromagnetic field radiation
(EMR) with the frequency of 1805–1850 MHz
and mean power density of 0.4809 mW/ cm2
significantly reduced the height and fresh
weight of mung beans, hyacinth bean and
mologa bean seedlings (Chen & Chen, 2014).
Some authors explain these growth reductions
by decreased photosynthetic potential
(Răcuciu et al., 2015). In particular, it was
found that exposure of maize (Zea mays L.)
seeds to 1 GHz electromagnetic field inside
a transverse electromagnetic cell for 1–8
hours led to inhibition of photo-assimilatory
pigments level in 12-day seedlings grown from
exposed seeds (Răcuciu et al., 2015). Kumar
et al. (2015) showed a 13 % decrease in total
chlorophyll content after 4 h exposure of
maize seedlings to 1800 MHz (332 mW·m−2).
These modifications may be related to
abnormal photosynthetic activity, which relies
on many parameters, including chlorophylls’
and carotenoids’ content.
Photosynthesis is the primary metabolic
process that provides the formation of plant
biomass. The performance of photosynthesis
depends on the content of photosynthetic
pigments, their composition, and the ratio
Figure 4. The effects of EMFs of Wi-Fi router and gadget M4 on the dry weights of shoots and roots of
juvenile wheat plants: A – without remote Wi-Fi, B – remote Wi-Fi present. 1 – without Wi-Fi router, 2 – Wi-Fi
router, 3 – Wi-Fi router + gadget M4. Vertical bars – LSD.
A B
Figure 5. The effects of EMFs of Wi-Fi router and gadget M4 on the content of photosynthetic pigments
in the leaves of juvenile wheat plants (weighted averages): A – without remote Wi-Fi, B – remote Wi-Fi
present. 1 – without Wi-Fi router, 2 – Wi-Fi router, 3 – Wi-Fi router + gadget M4. Vertical bars – LSD.
A B
Plant Introduction • 85/86 21
Effects of the Wi-Fi and experimental gadget M4 on wheat
(Kumar et al., 2015). In our studies, the content
of chlorophyll a was the most tolerant to EMF
of the Wi-Fi router and decreased by 9 % only.
In comparison, the content of chlorophyll b
and carotenoids decreased by 17 and 18 %,
respectively (Fig. 5).
In the presence of gadget M4 the content
of chlorophylls a and b increased as compared
to the treatment with Wi-Fi router only.
Meanwhile, the content of carotenoids did not
significantly change when exposed to the EMF
of the M4 gadget. The observed stimulation of
the chlorophylls’ a and b content testified to
the adaptation of biosynthetic pathways in
the direction of increasing their resistance to
EMF by the tested gadget M4.
Carotenoids and chlorophyll b are
pigments that play a significant role in the
protection of photosynthetic systems against
photooxidative processes. They are efficient
antioxidants scavenging singlet molecular
oxygen and peroxyl radicals (McElroy &
Kopsell, 2009). Therefore, the content of
chlorophyll b and carotenoids is sensitive
to the influence of abiotic and biotic stress
factors, and the ratio of these pigments to
the content of chlorophyll a is a marker of the
plant stress.
The inhibiting effect of EMFs on plants is
often explained with the damage of protective
antioxidant systems (Tkalec et al., 2005; 2007;
Vian et al., 2016). In particular, Tkalec et al. (2007)
showed that exposure for 2 h to EMFs of 400
and 900 MHz induced oxidative stress as well
as unspecific stress responses (enhanced lipid
peroxidation and H2O2 content accompanied
by diminished antioxidative enzymes activity)
in Lemna minor. The observed effects markedly
depended on the field frequencies applied
as well as on other exposure parameters like
strength, modulation, and exposure time
(Tkalec et al., 2007).
In our study, photosynthetic pigment
content inhibition caused by EMF of the
Wi-Fi router was related to the reduction of
chloroplastogenesis. EMR of the Wi-Fi router
reduced 21–25 % of the number of chloroplasts
in the mesophyll cells of leaf tissues in wheat
juvenile plants (Table 1; Fig. 6).
The negative impact of the EMR of the
Wi-Fi router is mainly due to its nonspecific
destructive effect on the cell membrane
structure, including influence on the
chloroplasts. The use of the gadget M4 partially
Assessment With remote
Wi-Fi
Without
remote Wi-Fi
Without Wi-Fi 45 48
Wi-Fi 34 38
Wi-Fi+gadget M4 41 43
F 3.9 3.7
P 0.0 0.0
LSD 0.7 0.9
Table 1. The effects of EMFs of Wi-Fi router and
gadget M4 on the mean number of chloroplasts per
a mesophyll cell in foliar tissues of juvenile wheat
plants. F – Fisher’s criterion, P – significance level.
compensated the inhibiting effect of EMF of
the Wi-Fi router on the genesis of chloroplasts
in mesophyll cells of juvenile wheat plants.
The results of this study confirmed the
opinion of other authors (Tkalec et al., 2005;
2007; Vian et al., 2016) that the suppressive
effect of EMF of Wi-Fi systems on the growth
and development of higher plants may be
related to their inhibition of the activity of
antioxidant systems and photosynthetic
activity, including synthesis of photosynthetic
pigment and genesis of chloroplasts. The use
of the experimental gadget M4 protects these
physiological processes, which leads to the
restoration of healthy growth and development
of plants.
The attenuation effect of gadget M4 against
the damaging effect of EMFs of anthropogenic
origin is promising, and further investigations
are required to observe the effects in the long
term, from sowing to maturity, including the
next generation of plants.
Conclusions
As a result of our studies, the sensitivity
of physiological processes of growth and
development, photosynthetic activity of
wheat seedling to EMF of the Wi-Fi router, and
experimental gadget M4 were determined.
The root length index was found to be the
most sensitive to the EMF of the tested
devices. Significant destructive effect of the
EMF of the Wi-Fi router on photosynthetic
pigment complex (especially on the content
of chlorophyll b and carotenoids) and
chloroplastogenesis have been described.
22 Plant Introduction • 85/86
J. Roche, N.P. Didyk, B.O. Ivanytska, N.V. Zaimenko, O.O. Chudovska
The application of the experimental
gadget M4 protected the mentioned above
physiological processes, which led to the
restoration of healthy growth and development
of wheat at seedling and juvenile phase. Further
investigation of the protective effect of the
experimental gadget M4 against the damaging
effect of EMF is promising.
The results of our studies confirmed
the good potential of indices of wheat seed
germination and growth of roots of seedlings
and juvenile plants for the phytoindication of
EMF influence.
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Вплив електромагнітного поля Wi-Fi систем та експериментального приладу M4
на процеси росту, розвитку та фотосинтез пшениці
Ж. Рош 1, Н.П. Дідик 2*, Б.О. Іваницька 2, Н.В. Заіменко 2, O.О. Чудовська 2
1 SAS “IRDT”, вул. Сімона Перрота, 8, Денонвіль, 28700, Франція
2 Національний ботанічний сад імені М.М. Гришка Національної академії наук України, вул.
Тімірязєвська, 1, Київ, 01014, Україна; * nataliya_didyk@ukr.net
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24 Plant Introduction • 85/86
J. Roche, N.P. Didyk, B.O. Ivanytska, N.V. Zaimenko, O.O. Chudovska
Мета – оцінити вплив електромагнітного поля Wi-Fi систем та експериментального приладу M4
(розробленого компанією SAS “IRDT”, Франція) на проростання насіння, ріст та фотосинтетичну
активність ювенільних рослин пшениці.
Матеріал та методи. Рослини вирощували за контрольованих умов освітлення, температури
та вологості протягом восьми діб у вегетаційному досліді, який моделював наступні умови:
(1) відсутність електромагнітного поля Wi-Fi систем (контроль); (2) на відстані 30 см від працюючого
Wi-Fi роутера; (3) на відстані 30 см від працюючих Wi-Fi роутера та приладу М4.
Розвиток тест-рослин та їхній життєвий стан оцінювали за схожістю насіння, показниками росту
(висота надземної частини, довжина коренів, кількістю бічних коренів, маса сухої речовини надземної
та підземної частин), вмістом фотосинтетичних пігментів у листках та кількістю хлоропластів на
клітину мезофілу у тканинах листків.
Результати. Встановлено, що електромагнітне поле Wi-Fi роутера спочатку прискорювало, але
потім пригнічувало проростання насіння, знижувало приріст надземних частин та коренів, вміст
фотосинтетичних пігментів та кількість хлоропластів у клітинах мезофілу листків ювенільних рослин
пшениці.
Довжина кореня була найчутливішим морфометричним показником до впливу електромагнітного
поля Wi-Fi роутера. Застосування приладу М4 повністю компенсувало негативний вплив Wi-Fi
роутера на схожість насіння, приріст надземної частини та частково компенсувало пригнічення
приросту коренів, хлоропластогенезу, а також вмісту хлорофілів a та b у листках пшениці.
Висновки. Захисна дія приладу М4 щодо електромагнітних полів антропогенного походження
є перспективною для подальших досліджень наслідків більш тривалого впливу – від посіву до
дозрівання, включаючи наступні покоління тест-рослин.
Ключові слова: Triticum aestivum, радіочастотні електромагнітні поля, Wi-Fi роутер, пристрій М4, ріст рослин, розвиток рослин,
фотосинтетичні пігменти, хлоропластогенез
|
| id | oai:ojs2.plantintroduction.org:article-1546 |
| institution | Plant Introduction |
| keywords_txt_mv | keywords |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-07-17T12:53:35Z |
| publishDate | 2020 |
| publisher | M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the NAS of Ukraine |
| record_format | ojs |
| resource_txt_mv | wwwplantintroductionorg/9a/b76d33492420cf09c617be5473f24b9a.pdf |
| spelling | oai:ojs2.plantintroduction.org:article-15462023-08-26T20:39:45Z Effects of the electromagnetic field of Wi-Fi systems and experimental gadget M4 on growth, development and photosynthesis of wheat Вплив електромагнітного поля Wi-Fi систем та експериментального приладу M4 на процеси росту, розвитку та фотосинтез пшениці Roche, J. Didyk, N.P. Ivanytska, B.O. Zaimenko, N.V. Chudovska, O.O. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of the electromagnetic field of a Wi-Fi system and the experimental gadget M4 developed by SAS “IRDT” (France) on wheat seed germination, growth and photosynthetic activity of juvenile plants. Material and methods. The test-plants were grown under controlled conditions of light, temperature and humidity for eight days in a pot experiment modeling the following treatments: (1) without the electromagnetic field of Wi-Fi systems (control); (2) at a distance of 30 cm from the operating Wi-Fi router; (3) at a distance of 30 cm from operating Wi-Fi router and the experimental gadget M4. The test plant development and vitality were assessed using indices of seed germination, growth rates (shoot height, root length, number of lateral roots, shoot and root dry weights), photosynthetic pigment content in leaves, and the number of chloroplasts per a mesophyll cell in foliar tissues. Results. It was found that the electromagnetic field of the Wi-Fi router initially stimulated, but then suppressed the germination of seeds, reduced the growth of shoots and roots, the content of photosynthetic pigments and genesis of the chloroplasts in the mesophyll tissues in leaves of juvenile wheat plants. The root length was the most sensitive morphometric parameter to the electromagnetic field of the Wi-Fi router. The use of the gadget M4 completely compensated the negative impact of the Wi-Fi router on the seed germination, shoots growth, and partially compensated for the suppression of root growth, the genesis of the chloroplasts, chlorophyll a and b content in wheat leaves. Conclusion. The attenuation effect of gadget M4 against the damaging effect of electromagnetic fields of anthropogenic origin is promising, and further investigations are required to observe the effects in the long term, from sowing to maturity, including the next generation of seeds. Мета – оцінити вплив електромагнітного поля Wi-Fi систем та експериментального приладу M4 (розробленого компанією SAS “IRDT”, Франція) на проростання насіння, ріст та фотосинтетичну активність ювенільних рослин пшениці. Матеріал та методи. Рослини вирощували за контрольованих умов освітлення, температури та вологості протягом восьми діб у вегетаційному досліді, який моделював наступні умови: (1) відсутність електромагнітного поля Wi-Fi систем (контроль); (2) на відстані 30 см від працюючого Wi-Fi роутера; (3) на відстані 30 см від працюючих Wi-Fi роутера та приладу М4. Розвиток тест-рослин та їхній життєвий стан оцінювали за схожістю насіння, показниками росту (висота надземної частини, довжина коренів, кількістю бічних коренів, маса сухої речовини надземної та підземної частин), вмістом фотосинтетичних пігментів у листках та кількістю хлоропластів на клітину мезофілу у тканинах листків. Результати. Встановлено, що електромагнітне поле Wi-Fi роутера спочатку прискорювало, але потім пригнічувало проростання насіння, знижувало приріст надземних частин та коренів, вміст фотосинтетичних пігментів та кількість хлоропластів у клітинах мезофілу листків ювенільних рослин пшениці. Довжина кореня була найчутливішим морфометричним показником до впливу електромагнітного поля Wi-Fi роутера. Застосування приладу М4 повністю компенсувало негативний вплив Wi-Fi роутера на схожість насіння, приріст надземної частини та частково компенсувало пригнічення приросту коренів, хлоропластогенезу, а також вмісту хлорофілів a та b у листках пшениці. Висновки. Захисна дія приладу М4 щодо електромагнітних полів антропогенного походження є перспективною для подальших досліджень наслідків більш тривалого впливу – від посіву до дозрівання, включаючи наступні покоління тест-рослин. M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the NAS of Ukraine 2020-06-30 Article Article application/pdf https://www.plantintroduction.org/index.php/pi/article/view/1546 10.46341/PI2020008 Plant Introduction; No 85/86 (2020); 15-24 Інтродукція Рослин; № 85/86 (2020); 15-24 2663-290X 1605-6574 10.46341/PI85-86 en https://www.plantintroduction.org/index.php/pi/article/view/1546/1483 Copyright (c) 2020 J. Roche, N.P. Didyk, B.O. Ivanytska, N.V. Zaimenko, O.O. Chudovska http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 |
| spellingShingle | Roche, J. Didyk, N.P. Ivanytska, B.O. Zaimenko, N.V. Chudovska, O.O. Вплив електромагнітного поля Wi-Fi систем та експериментального приладу M4 на процеси росту, розвитку та фотосинтез пшениці |
| title | Вплив електромагнітного поля Wi-Fi систем та експериментального приладу M4 на процеси росту, розвитку та фотосинтез пшениці |
| title_alt | Effects of the electromagnetic field of Wi-Fi systems and experimental gadget M4 on growth, development and photosynthesis of wheat |
| title_full | Вплив електромагнітного поля Wi-Fi систем та експериментального приладу M4 на процеси росту, розвитку та фотосинтез пшениці |
| title_fullStr | Вплив електромагнітного поля Wi-Fi систем та експериментального приладу M4 на процеси росту, розвитку та фотосинтез пшениці |
| title_full_unstemmed | Вплив електромагнітного поля Wi-Fi систем та експериментального приладу M4 на процеси росту, розвитку та фотосинтез пшениці |
| title_short | Вплив електромагнітного поля Wi-Fi систем та експериментального приладу M4 на процеси росту, розвитку та фотосинтез пшениці |
| title_sort | вплив електромагнітного поля wi-fi систем та експериментального приладу m4 на процеси росту, розвитку та фотосинтез пшениці |
| url | https://www.plantintroduction.org/index.php/pi/article/view/1546 |
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