Біометрична характеристика листків і плодів генотипів Cornus officinalis Siebold et Zucc. в Національному ботанічному саду ім. М.М. Гришка НАН України
In the context of global climate change, the current strategy of agroeconomics focuses on the introduction of unique plant species and the selection of new commercially important cultivars adapted to the dramatic weather changes. Cornus officinalis (Cornaceae) has Chinese origin, its reintroduction...
Збережено в:
| Дата: | 2020 |
|---|---|
| Автори: | , |
| Формат: | Стаття |
| Мова: | Англійська |
| Опубліковано: |
M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the NAS of Ukraine
2020
|
| Онлайн доступ: | https://www.plantintroduction.org/index.php/pi/article/view/1549 |
| Теги: |
Додати тег
Немає тегів, Будьте першим, хто поставить тег для цього запису!
|
| Назва журналу: | Plant Introduction |
| Завантажити файл: |  |
Репозитарії
Plant Introduction| _version_ | 1860145079632527360 |
|---|---|
| author | Klymenko, S.V. Ilyinska, A.P. |
| author_facet | Klymenko, S.V. Ilyinska, A.P. |
| author_sort | Klymenko, S.V. |
| baseUrl_str | https://www.plantintroduction.org/index.php/pi/oai |
| collection | OJS |
| datestamp_date | 2023-08-26T20:39:45Z |
| description | In the context of global climate change, the current strategy of agroeconomics focuses on the introduction of unique plant species and the selection of new commercially important cultivars adapted to the dramatic weather changes. Cornus officinalis (Cornaceae) has Chinese origin, its reintroduction at the M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine started in 1993.
The objectives of this research were: to investigate the biometric parameters of fruits and leaves of C. officinalis genotypes, C. officinalis × C. mas hybrid ‘Etude’ and genotype from the grafting C. officinalis on C. mas under cultivation in the M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, and to determine the degree of adaptation of C. officinalis to the climatic conditions of Ukraine (in particular, Right-Bank Forest Steppe) for selection of promising genotypes for further breeding work.
Material and methods. We used: a) 26-year-old maternal plant obtained from a two-year-old seedling in 1993 received from the nursery “Northwoods Wholesale Nursery” Mollala (Oregon, USA), where it was grown as an ornamental plant; b) seedlings of the maternal plant; c) cultivar Etude, which is an artificial hybrid from crossing C. officinalis × C. mas; and d) genotype obtained from grafting C. officinalis on C. mas. In our experiment, the maternal plant is indicated as G-01, while other plants – as G-02–G-08 genotypes. We determined the biometric parameters of the fruit (length, diameter, and weight), endocarp (length, diameter, and weight), pedicel (length and thickness), leaf blade (length, width, and the number of lateral veins) and petiole (length, width, and thickness). We examined the dynamics of fruit and endocarp formation during the season (genotypes G-01–G-03 and G-05) and compared the biometric characteristics of the fruit of genotypes G-01–G-05 from crops of two years, 2010 and 2018, which were most favorable in weather conditions. We have processed quantitative data in the PAST 2.10 software. The differences between the samples were estimated using the Tukey-Kramer test. The degree of variability was determined by the coefficient of variation. To assess the level of variability, we used the classification of Mamaev (1975).
Results. We have found that the largest fruits in 2010 were observed in the genotype G-01 and the smallest – in the genotype G-03. The coefficient of variation of the linear parameters of the fruit and endocarp was in the range 5.7–10.1 %; the level of variability was very low or low. The variability of fruit weight and endocarp was high; the coefficient of variation was from 7.0 up to 28.3 %. The amplitude of the linear parameters of the leaf was wide (coefficient of variation was from 9.8 to 31.0 %). The cultivar Etude differed from other C. officinalis genotypes in size and weight of (M = 1800 mg, max = 2400 mg) and a much wider amplitude of variation in the length (17.9–22.6 vs. 14.3–18.2 mm) of the fruit. The largest leaves were in the genotypes G-08 and G-01, and the smallest – in the genotype G-02. The cultivar Etude did not differ so much by the mean leaf morphometric indices and number of veins, but it demonstrated one of the broadest leaf blades (51.5 mm).
Conclusions. The data obtained in this study is important for the commercial use of C. officinalis and the cultivar Etude as food and medicinal plant, as well as for breeding in climatic conditions of Ukraine and analysis of hybridization features in the genus Cornus in general. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.46341/PI2020006 |
| first_indexed | 2025-07-17T12:53:37Z |
| format | Article |
| fulltext |
© The Authors. This content is provided under CC BY 4.0 license.
Plant Introduction, 85/86, 25–40 (2020)
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Biometric characteristics of fruits and leaves of Cornus officinalis Siebold
et Zucc. genotypes in the M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the
NAS of Ukraine
S.V. Klymenko *, A.P. Ilyinska **
M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Timiryazevska str., 1, 01014 Kyiv, Ukraine;
* cornusklymenko@gmail.com, ** ilynska@ukr.net
Received: 24.01.2020 | Accepted: 16.05.2020 | Published: 30.06.2020
Abstract
In the context of global climate change, the current strategy of agroeconomics focuses on the introduction
of unique plant species and the selection of new commercially important cultivars adapted to the dramatic
weather changes. Cornus officinalis (Cornaceae) has Chinese origin, its reintroduction at the M.M. Gryshko
National Botanical Garden, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine started in 1993.
The objectives of this research were: to investigate the biometric parameters of fruits and leaves of
C. officinalis genotypes, C. officinalis × C. mas hybrid ‘Etude’ and genotype from the grafting C. officinalis
on C. mas under cultivation in the M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden, National Academy of
Sciences of Ukraine, and to determine the degree of adaptation of C. officinalis to the climatic conditions
of Ukraine (in particular, Right-Bank Forest Steppe) for selection of promising genotypes for further
breeding work.
Material and methods. We used: a) 26-year-old maternal plant obtained from a two-year-old seedling
in 1993 received from the nursery “Northwoods Wholesale Nursery” Mollala (Oregon, USA), where it
was grown as an ornamental plant; b) seedlings of the maternal plant; c) cultivar Etude, which is an
artificial hybrid from crossing C. officinalis × C. mas; and d) genotype obtained from grafting C. officinalis
on C. mas. In our experiment, the maternal plant is indicated as G-01, while other plants – as G-02–G-08
genotypes. We determined the biometric parameters of the fruit (length, diameter, and weight),
endocarp (length, diameter, and weight), pedicel (length and thickness), leaf blade (length, width, and
the number of lateral veins) and petiole (length, width, and thickness). We examined the dynamics of
fruit and endocarp formation during the season (genotypes G-01–G-03 and G-05) and compared the
biometric characteristics of the fruit of genotypes G-01–G-05 from crops of two years, 2010 and 2018,
which were most favorable in weather conditions. We have processed quantitative data in the PAST
2.10 software. The differences between the samples were estimated using the Tukey-Kramer test. The
degree of variability was determined by the coefficient of variation. To assess the level of variability, we
used the classification of Mamaev (1975).
Results. We have found that the largest fruits in 2010 were observed in the genotype G-01 and the
smallest – in the genotype G-03. The coefficient of variation of the linear parameters of the fruit and
endocarp was in the range 5.7–10.1 %; the level of variability was very low or low. The variability of fruit
weight and endocarp was high; the coefficient of variation was from 7.0 up to 28.3 %. The amplitude of the
linear parameters of the leaf was wide (coefficient of variation was from 9.8 to 31.0 %). The cultivar Etude
differed from other C. officinalis genotypes in size and weight of (M = 1800 mg, max = 2400 mg) and a much
wider amplitude of variation in the length (17.9–22.6 vs. 14.3–18.2 mm) of the fruit. The largest leaves were
in the genotypes G-08 and G-01, and the smallest – in the genotype G-02. The cultivar Etude did not differ
so much by the mean leaf morphometric indices and number of veins, but it demonstrated one of the
broadest leaf blades (51.5 mm).
https://doi.org/10.46341/PI2020006
UDC 575.22:582.788.1:581.45+581.47(477:282.485)
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9110-0466
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9641-8097
26 Plant Introduction • 85/86
S.V. Klymenko, A.P. Ilyinska
Introduction
Modern climate change is related to rising
temperatures, increasing carbon dioxide
concentrations, the widespread melting
of snow and ice, and raising the world’s
ocean level (Schneider, 2004; Shindell,
2007; Ceccarelli et al., 2010). Droughts have
increased in Ukraine over the past 15 years,
both in intensity and frequency, that affected
yields. Further climate change may result in
increased temperature extremes, especially
in the southern part of Ukraine (Fileccia
et al., 2014). One of the ways of adaptation to
adverse climate changes is the minimization
of the risk of crop losses by the introduction
of new plant species and the selection of
new cultivars resistant to sudden weather
changes, heat shock and drought (Crossa et al.,
2017; Taunk et al., 2017; Ortiz, 2018). In this
aspect, Cornus L. species, the introduction,
and acclimatization of which have already
begun in the M.M. Gryshko National Botanical
Garden of the NAS of Ukraine (NBG) are very
promising (Klymenko et al., 2017a, b).
The genus Cornus includes nearly 60
species, distributed mainly in the northern
boreal and temperate regions, as well as in
the tropical and subtropical (rarely) mountains
of America, Eurasia, and Africa (Murrell &
Poindexter, 2016). This genus has always
attracted the attention of botanists and
breeders. The structure of inflorescences (Feng
et al., 2011; Zhang et al., 2013), morphology and
anatomy of fruits (Morozowska et al., 2013;
Woźnicka et al., 2015; Moradi et al., 2019) and
leaves (Klymenko & Klymenko, 2017), general
biological features (Weaver, 1976; Reed, 2004;
Prevéy, 2020) and reproductive biology
(Cornescu & Cosmulescu, 2017), systematics
(Wangerin, 1910; Hutchinson, 1942; Takhtajan,
1987), species composition in different regions
of Europe (Poyarkova, 1950, 1951; Klimenko,
2004), Asia (Xiang & Boufford, 2005) and North
America (Ferguson, 1966; Murrell & Poindexter,
2016), phylogenetic relationships (Murrell,
1993; Xiang et al., 2006; Yue et al., 2018), the
evolution of morphological characters (Eyde,
1988), peculiarities of evolution (Manchester,
2010; Atkinson, 2016; Stockey et al., 2016) and
biogeography (Xiang et al., 2006; Call et al.,
2015) were widely investigated. The family
Cornaceae Bercht. et J. Presl, including the
genus Cornus, is also the object of molecular
studies (Yu et al., 2017; Fu et al., 2017; Li et al.,
2020). Much attention has been recently paid
to the study of the chemical composition
and antioxidant activity (Kryvoruchko &
Kryvoruchko, 2018; Klymenko et al., 2019),
pharmacological (Hosseinpour-Jaghdani
et al., 2017; Huang et al., 2018) and medicinal
application (Dinda et al., 2016; Yue et al.,
2018; Czerwińska, & Melzig, 2018) of Cornus
species, as well as their commercial value
(Krośniak et al., 2010; Kazimierski et al., 2019).
Cornus species contribute to the diversity of
wild genotypes and serve as potential for the
breeding of the new varieties (Brindza et al.,
2007; Cornescu & Cosmulescu, 2017; Jaćimović
& Božović, 2017; Szot et al., 2019).
The genus Cornus is relatively uniform
in flower structure and leaf morphology,
but very heterogeneous in the structure of
inflorescences and morphology of bracts
and fruits (Murrell, 1993; Zhang et al., 2013;
Murrell & Poindexter, 2016). This fact results
in the delimitation of four to ten sections and
subgenera, which sometimes are considered
as separate genera (Wangerin, 1910; Poyarkova,
1951; Takhtajan, 1987).
Cornus s. str. comprises four species:
C. chinensis Wangerin (native to Central China),
C. sessilis Torr. ex Dur. (naturally growing in
the western part of North America (California
and Oregon), C. officinalis Siebold et Zucc.
(aboriginal to the north of Central and South-
Eastern China, where occurs in forested areas
at 400 to 1500 (2100) m altitude; also cultivated
in Japan and Korea) and C. mas L. (the natural
range includes Southern and partly Central
Europe to the Balkans, Asia Minor, and the
Caucasus). In Ukraine, C. mas grows naturally
Conclusions. The data obtained in this study is important for the commercial use of C. officinalis and the
cultivar Etude as food and medicinal plant, as well as for breeding in climatic conditions of Ukraine and
analysis of hybridization features in the genus Cornus in general.
Keywords: Cornus officinalis, hybrid, introduction, biometrics, fruit, leaf
Plant Introduction • 85/86 27
Biometrics of Cornus officinalis genotypes in the M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden
in the Crimea, as well as on the narrow
Transnistria strip from the western border
of Ivano-Frankivsk to the northern part of
the Odesa region. In addition to the Crimean
range, C. mas is distributed in mountain
forests and hillsides in Transcarpathia. One
such locality is in the vicinity of Botar village
and covers the area of about 30 hectares.
It is one of the largest natural populations of
C. mas not only in Ukraine but also in Europe
(Fodor, 1974). In some areas of Cherkasy and
Kirovograd regions, there are isolated natural
locations, and relict ‘cornelian cherry hills’
have been preserved along the Dnipro River
(Kleopov, 1990).
Cornus chinensis and C. sessilis are difficult
for cultivation and are almost not applied
in selection work (Weaver, 1976). However,
C. chinensis is used in Chinese folk medicine in
the same way as C. officinalis (Xiang & Boufford,
2005). C. mas is one of the most studied species
of the genus and, at the same time, one of the
most valuable fruiting representatives of the
Cornaceae family (Klymenko et al., 2017a, b,
2019). Its cultivated habitat covers almost
all Europe, partly North America and other
regions. C. mas is widely cultivated in private
farms in Austria, Italy, France, Poland, Czech
Republic, Slovakia, and especially in Bulgaria.
It has been used for hundreds of years as a
medicinal plant in Bulgaria, and many varieties
have already been created there (Klimenko,
2004; Klymenko et al., 2017a, b).
In Ukraine, cornelian cherry trees are
common in the private and farm gardens of
Zakarpattia, Ternopil, Vinnytsia, Cherkasy,
Zaporizhia, Khmelnytskyi, Poltava, and Kyiv
Oblasts and Crimea. The northern border of
the successful fruiting cornelian cherry passes
through Chernihiv – Hlukhiv. In Ukraine, the
cultivars of C. mas are widely introduced in
horticulture (Klimenko, 2004). In particular,
the most significant gene pool of cultivars
and forms of this species (30 cultivars and
about 100 forms) was collected at the NBG.
Hence, the most cornelian cherry assortment
in Ukraine consists of cultivars that originated
from NBG breeding.
Asian-originated species C. officinalis is
not widespread outside the natural range. In
Korea, and especially in Japan (locally called
sandzaki), medicinal cornel is cultivated for
edible fruits and as a medicinal plant (Cao
et al., 2016; Li et al., 2012). Since the 1870s, it
has also been cultivated, mostly in botanical
gardens, in Europe (Czerwińska & Melzig, 2018)
and North America (Ferguson, 1966; Xiang &
Boufford, 2005). It is interesting that in the
UK, C. officinalis is more frequently cultivated
as a garden plant than C. mas (Klymenko et al.,
2017a).
In China, C. officinalis has been grown
and widely used in traditional medicine for
thousands of years (Czerwińska & Melzig,
2018). And now, it is cultivated there as a
nationally protected medicinal plant thanks
to its medical and commercial importance
(Li et al., 2012). In Japan, plantings of seedlings
of wild and cultivated genotypes are used
to harvest medicinal raw materials. The
cultivation of plants beyond their natural
growth is of great importance. It is based
on the individual variability of these plants.
Therefore, valuable forms were selected from
nature and transferred to the culture. The
diversity of the chosen forms is explained
by the fact that the plantations in amateur
gardening are mostly represented by seedling-
derived material, which is heterozygous.
Taking into account that cornelian cherries
are cross-pollinated plants, the seeds of the
original forms usually do not preserve in such
collections.
Pharmacological studies showed that
vegetative raw materials of C. officinalis
have neuroprotective, anti-diabetic, anti-
inflammatory, antioxidant, and cardiovascular
effects. The biochemical composition and
medicinal properties of C. officinalis fruits have
been extensively studied, especially in Japan,
Korea (Krośniak et al., 2010; Kryvoruchko
& Kryvoruchko 2018) and China (Cao et al.,
2016; Ji et al., 2019). There was almost no
breeding work for this species. Only in China
explorations on the phenotypic and genetic
diversity of local cultivars and wild genotypes
are conducting (Li et al., 2012). Before the
1990s, the collection, evaluation, conservation,
and use of C. officinalis germplasm had a
high scientific priority. The Laboratory of
Development of Endangered Chinese Raw
Narcotic Resources (North-Western China) has
now collected 73 samples of nine germplasm
types. Morphology and phytochemistry
confirmed the differences among these
germplasm types (Li et al., 2012), and, hence,
are promising tools for their investigation.
For Ukraine, C. officinalis is a new and
28 Plant Introduction • 85/86
S.V. Klymenko, A.P. Ilyinska
promising food and medicinal plant. It is
cultivated only in the botanical gardens, in
particular in the O.V. Fomin Botanical Garden
of Taras Shevchenko National University of
Kyiv. The introduction of C. officinalis in the
NBG is closely related to the establishment of
the collection of Cornaceae at the Dendrology
Department, considering the possibility
of its comprehensive application (i.e., as
fruiting, medicinal, ornamental and timber
plants). C. officinalis was a part of the first
batch of Cornus species, the mass planting of
which began in early 1949. Unfortunately, in
subsequent years, this collection, including
C. officinalis, died due to an incorrectly
selected planting place and lack of irrigation (at
the early stages it is essential), which caused
insufficient winter hardiness and, finally,
death of plants. Later, in 1993, C. officinalis
was successfully reintroduced at the NBG.
Since then, comprehensive and intensive
introductory, biological and ecological
studies of this species are carrying out at the
Department of Acclimatization of Fruit Plants.
The morpho-biological features of
C. officinalis and C. mas are similar, with
differences in leaves and fruits. The fruits are
similar in shape and color. However, fruits of
C. officinalis are smaller but remain on the
plant for a long time after full ripening. The
leaves of C. officinalis are glossy, dark green,
rounded, or rounded ovate with elongated-
pointed and often twisted apex, wedge-shaped
base, and tufts of brown hairs in the corners of
the largest lateral veins. In C. mas, leaves are
bluish-green, oval, or elliptical with a gradually
pointed apex and a rounded or wedge-shaped
base and tufts of colorless hairs in the corners
of the largest lateral veins.
The NBG is currently breeding this species
to use the results of spontaneous intraspecific
variation in the selection of the most promising
forms. The work is focused on obtaining the
interspecific hybrids of C. officinalis × C. mas
that produce large long-maturing fruits.
In particular, at the NBG, C. officinalis plants
were artificially pollinated with C. mas pollen
(a mixture of pollen of ‘Lukyanovsky’ and
‘Olena’ cultivars) and thus obtained a cultivar
Etude.
For the mass vegetative propagation
of cultivars of cornelian cherry, different
species of the Cornaceae family were tested
as rootstocks. The best compatibility for
vegetative propagation has been found
in C. mas and C. officinalis. Ideal growth
of grafted components of both C. mas on
C. officinalis and C. officinalis on C. mas
(85–90 %) was observed, which is explained
by their close phylogenetic affinity. Other
Cornaceae species (C. kousa Bürger ex Miq,
C. florida L., C. nuttallii Audubon, Swida spp.)
were found incompatible with C. mas and
C. officinalis.
At the NBG, C. officinalis plants and
cultivar Etude bloom profusely and produce
fruits. They are undemanding to cultivation
conditions, grow successfully on various soils
(from acidic to alkaline), and are characterized
by high winter resistance. These plants are
also highly decorative (Klymenko et al., 2017a).
The introduction experiment on the
acclimatization of C. officinalis in Ukraine
continues. Present work aimed: a) to
investigate the biometric parameters of
fruits and leaves of C. officinalis genotypes,
C. officinalis × C. mas (cv. ‘Etude’) and genotype
from the grafting C. officinalis on C. mas under
cultivation in NBG; and b) to determine the
degree of adaptation of C. officinalis to the
local climatic conditions (in particular, Right-
Bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine) and selection
of promising genotypes for future breeding
work.
Material and methods
Biological material
For the study we used: a) 26-year-old
maternal plant obtained from a two-year-old
seedling received in 1993 from the nursery
“Northwoods Wholesale Nursery” Mollala
(Oregon, USA), where it was grown as an
ornamental plant; b) seedlings of the mother
plant; c) cultivar Etude, which is an artificial
hybrid from crossing C. officinalis × C. mas;
and d) genotype obtained from grafting
C. officinalis on C. mas. In our experiment, the
maternal plant is indicated as G-01, while other
plants as G-02–G-08 genotypes respectively
(Table 1).
Biometric analysis
The following quantitative traits were used to
test selected genotypes: length, diameter, and
weight of the fruit and endocarp; length and
Plant Introduction • 85/86 29
Biometrics of Cornus officinalis genotypes in the M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden
width of pedicel; length, width, and a number
of lateral veins of the leaf blade; length, width,
and thickness of the petiole. We examined
the dynamics of fruit and endocarp formation
during the season (for genotypes G-01–G-03
and G-05) and compared the biometric
characteristics of the fruit of genotypes
G-01–G-05 from crops of two years, 2010
and 2018, which were the most favorable
in weather-climatic conditions for fruiting
plants. The morphometric parameters of the
leaf were examined in the same genotypes
with the exception of G-04.
Statistical analysis
We have processed quantitative data using
the free data processing software PAST 2.10
(Hammer et al. 2001). We used the main
descriptors to characterize all the samples:
the arithmetic mean and its error (M ± m),
the minimum and maximum values (min-
max), and the coefficient of variation (CV, %).
The differences between the samples were
estimated using the Tukey-Kramer test. The
degree of variability was determined by the
coefficient of variation. To assess the level
of variability, we used the classification of
Mamaev (1975).
Results and discussion
Fruit biometric parameters
Genotypes of C. officinalis (Table 2; Fig. 1).
In 2010, the average length of fruits varied
from 13.8 to 16.5 mm, and diameter from 7.7
to 10.5 mm. The average length of endocarp
was 12.2–13.5 mm, and average diameter –
4.6–5.4 mm. The average length of pedicels
was 7.7–10.2 mm, and average width – 0.2–
0.6 mm. During October 2010, in G-01–G-03
genotypes, the mean value of fruit size and
endocarp increased by increasing the number
of large fruits. At the end of the autumn season
of 2010 (03.11.2010), the largest fruits were
in the maternal plant (genotype G-01), and
significantly smallest – in the genotype G-03.
Under favorable weather conditions, fruits of
G-01, G-02, G-03, and G-04 genotypes were
even larger, and the amplitude of traits shifted
toward higher values (Table 2). The linear
Genotype Origin
Dates of measurements
fruit leaf
G-01 C. officinalis maternal plant obtained in 1993 from the
Northwoods Wholesale Nursery Mollala nursery
28.09.2010
21.10.2010
03.11.2010
01.11.2018
07.10.2010
G-02 C. officinalis seedling of the maternal plant obtained in 2002 at
the NBG
21.10.2010
03.11.2010
01.11.2018
07.10.2010
G-03 C. officinalis seedling of the maternal plant obtained in 2002 at
the NBG
21.10.2010
03.11.2010
01.11.2018
07.10.2010
G-04 C. officinalis seedling of the maternal plant obtained in 2002 at
the NBG
01.11.2018 not analyzed
G-05 C. officinalis × C. mas hybrid (cv. ‘Etude’) obtained in 2000 at the
NBG
28.09.2010
11.10.2010
21.10.2010
03.11.2010
01.11.2018
07.10.2010
G-06 C. officinalis seedling of the maternal plant obtained in 2002 at
the NBG
not analyzed 07.10.2010
G-07 C. officinalis seedling of the maternal plant obtained in 2002 at
the NBG
not analyzed 07.10.2010
G-08 the plant from the grafting C. officinalis on C. mas obtained in
2000 at the NBG
not analyzed 07.10.2010
Table 1. The list of investigated genotypes.
30 Plant Introduction • 85/86
S.V. Klymenko, A.P. Ilyinska
Parameters
Fruit Endocarp Pedicel
length,
mm
diameter,
mm
weight,
mg
length,
mm
diameter,
mm
weight,
mg
length,
mm
width,
mm
Cornus officinalis maternal plant (G-01)
28.09.2010
M ± m 15.9 ± 0.13b 9.2 ± 0.09b 900 ± 20c 13.3 ± 0.08b 4.7 ± 0.04a 200 ± 2a 10.3 ± 0.22b 0.5 ± 0.008a
min–max 14.6–17.5 7.4–10.2 600–1100 12.2–15.0 4.1–6.0 200–300 6.7–13.1 0.3–0.6
CV, % 4.2 5.9 11.9 4.5 6.2 7.0 15.0 13.2
21.10.2010
M ± m 15.7 ± 0.09b 9.3 ± 0.07b 1000 ± 20b 12.7 ± 0.12ab 4.6 ± 0.04a 200 ± 8b 11.1 ± 0.21a 0.3 ± 0.007b
min–max 14.0–17.1 8.3–0.4 700–1200 10.8–14.2 4.1–5.7 100–300 8.3–14.6 0.2–0.4
CV, % 4.3 5.4 12.2 6.5 6.8 27.9 13.7 17.1
03.11.2010
M ± m 15.8 ± 0.12b 8.9 ± 0.10ab 1000 ± 20b 13.5 ± 0.10b 4.6 ± 0.03a 200 ± 7a 11.6 ± 0.17a 0.3 ± 0.100ab
min–max 14.0–17.8 7.5–11.7 700–1200 11.7–15.5 4.0–5.2 200–400 8.3–14.5 0.1–0.4
CV, % 5.3 7.1 11.8 5.1 5.1 21.8 11.1 22.8
01.11.2018
M ± m 16.5 ± 0.22a 10.1 ± 0.22a 1200 ± 20a n. a. n. a. n. a. n. a. n. a.
min–max 8.1–18.5 9.1–12.1 1000–1700 n. a. n. a. n. a. n. a. n. a.
CV, % 9.4 5.7 13.8 n. a. n. a. n. a. n. a. n. a.
seedlings of the maternal plant (G-02)
11.10.2010
M ± m 15.5 ± 0.12ab 9.6 ± 0.08b 1000 ± 6ab 12.6 ± 0.09b 4.5 ± 0.04b 200 ± 6a 10.0 ± 0.25b 0.4 ± 0.008ab
min–max 13–17.5 8.5–10.9 700–1300 10.6–14.1 4.0–5.6 100–120 4.5–13.3 0.3–0.6
CV, % 5.5 6.1 14.0 5.2 6.3 22.4 18.0 13.7
21.10.2010
M ± m 13.8 ± 0.13c 7.7 ± 0.11c 600 ± 19c 12.3 ± 0.23ab 200 ± 7a 9.7 ± 0.19ab 0.2 ± 0.010ab
min–max 12.5–15.3 5.9–8.4 400–800 10.3–14.4 100–200 7.6–11.9 0.2–0.4
CV, % 4.8 7.4 15.4 9.2 20.3 9.8 21.0
03.11.2010
M ± m 14.5 ± 0.15c 8.4 ± 0.16ab 700 ± 20cd 12.2 ± 0.10ab 4.5 ± 0.04ab 200 ± 4b 9.1±0.22ab 0.3 ± 0.020a
min–max 13.5–16.9 7.6–11.5 500–1100 11.6–13.7 4.1–4.9 100–200 6.1–10.6 0.2–0.3
CV, % 5.1 9.5 16.1 4.3 4.1 10.2 12.0 19.6
01.11.2018
M ± m 16.2 ± 0.10ab 9.9 ± 0.08b 1200 ± 10b n. a. n. a. n. a. n. a. n. a.
min–max 14.8–17.4 8.4–10.9 1000–1500 n. a. n. a. n. a. n. a. n. a.
CV, % 4.4 5.7 8.4 n. a. n. a. n. a. n. a. n. a.
seedlings of the maternal plant (G-03)
21.10.2010
M ± m 15.3 ± 0.22ab 10.5 ± 0.14b 1300 ± 40b 12.3 ± 0.14a 5.4 ± 0.06a 200 ± 8b 13.0 ± 0.34a 0.5 ± 0.016b
min–max 11.6–17.3 9.1–11.7 900–1800 10.5–13.9 4.5–5.8 200–300 10.1–16.8 0.4–0.7
CV, % 7.2 6.5 16.1 5.8 5.6 19.5 13.1 16.6
Table 2. Biometric parameters of the fruits of investigated Cornus officinalis genotypes.
Note: means followed by different letters are different at P < 0.05; each value represents the mean of
three independent experiments (± SD); min – minimum values; max – maximum values; CV, % – coefficient
of variation; n. a. – not analyzed.
Plant Introduction • 85/86 31
Biometrics of Cornus officinalis genotypes in the M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden
Parameters
Fruit Endocarp Pedicel
length,
mm
diameter,
mm
weight,
mg
length,
mm
diameter,
mm
weight,
mg
length,
mm
width,
mm
seedlings of the maternal plant (G-03)
03.11.2010
M ± m 15.1 ± 0.17c 10.2 ± 0.20b 1200 ± 50ab 12.2 ± 0.15a 5.3 ± 0.06b 300 ± 10a 12.7 ± 0.17ab 0.6 ± 0.020a
min–max 13.9–17.2 7.5–13.3 600–1600 11.1–14.2 4.4–5.8 200–300 10.6–14.1 0.4–0.7
CV, % 5.6 10.1 20.4 6.1 6.0 19.2 6.9 16.7
01.11.2018
M ± m 16.3 ± 0.09a 9.9 ± 0.07ab 1200 ± 20a n. a. n. a. n. a. n. a. n. a.
min–max 14.7–17.7 8.8–10.8 1000–1500 n. a. n. a. n. a. n. a. n. a.
CV, % 4.1 4.7 9.4 n. a. n. a. n. a. n. a. n. a.
03.11.2010
M ± m 16.7 ± 0.19a 10.1 ± 0.09a 1200 ± 30ab 13.8 ± 0.15a 5.2 ± 0.05a 300 ± 4a 9.3 ± 0.17a 0.2 ± 0.010b
min–max 14.7–18.1 8.7–10.7 1000–1600 12.5–15.0 4.7–5.6 300–400 7.2–11.0 0.2–0.3
CV, % 5.7 4.6 12.3 5.5 4.3 6.6 9.1 20.3
seedlings of the maternal plant (G-04)
01.11.2018
M ± m 16.7 ± 0.11a 10.2 ± 0.06a 1200 ± 20a n. a. n. a. n. a. n. a. n. a.
min–max 14.9–18.9 9.1–11.3 1100–1600 n. a. n. a. n. a. n. a. n. a.
CV, % 4.5 4.4 8.9 n. a. n. a. n. a. n. a. n. a.
cultivar Etude (G-05)
28.09.2010
M ± m 15.6 ± 014ab 11.2 ± 0.11a 1300 ± 30b 12.4 ± 0.12a 5.4 ± 0.06a 200 ± 7b 12.4 ± 0.38b 0.6 ± 0.01a
min–max 14.4–17.0 10.0–12.3 1100–1600 11.0–13.5 4.9–6.0 200–300 8.7–15.8 0.4–0.7
CV, % 4.4 4.8 10.7 4.9 5.6 17.3 15.1 11.4
11.10.2010
M ± m 16.0 ± 0.15b 11.3 ± 0.11a 1400 ± 30b 12.1 ± 0.10a 5.3 ± 0.05a 200 ± 6c 14.0 ± 0.59a 0.6 ± 0.01a
min–max 14.3–18.2 10.3–12.5 1000–1700 11.1–13.1 4.4–5.8 200–300 11.5–32.0 0.5–0.8
CV, % 5.3 5.1 12.3 4.8 5.3 16.7 24.4 12.5
21.10.2010
M ± m 16.8 ± 0.15a 10.0 ± 0.09a 1200 ± 20a 13.7 ± 0.20a 5.0 ± 0.07b 200 ± 10b 9.0 ± 0.20b 0.3 ± 0.020a
min–max 15.4–18.2 9.0–11.2 1000–1500 10.8–15.1 4.5–5.7 100–200 7.0–11.0 0.1–0.4
CV, % 4.5 4.5 10.3 7.3 6.9 28.3 11.2 28.6
03.11.2010
M ± m 16.7 ± 0.19a 10.1 ± 0.09a 1200 ± 30ab 13.8 ± 0.15a 5.2 ± 0.05a 300 ± 4a 9.3 ± 0.17a 0.2 ± 0.010b
min–max 14.7–18.1 8.7–10.7 1000–1600 12.5–15.0 4.7–5.6 300–400 7.2–11.0 0.2–0.3
CV, % 5.7 4.6 12.3 5.5 4.3 6.6 9.1 20.3
01.11.2018
M ± m 19.9 ± 0.15a 11.1 ± 0.08a 1800 ± 30a n. a. n. a. n. a. n. a. n. a.
min–max 17.9–22.6 9.4–12.4 1500–2400 n. a. n. a. n. a. n. a. n. a.
CV, % 5.4 5.1 12.8 n. a. n. a. n. a. n. a. n. a.
Table 2. Continued.
Note: means followed by different letters are different at P < 0.05; each value represents the mean of
three independent experiments (± SD); min – minimum values; max – maximum values; CV, % – coefficient
of variation; n. a. – not analyzed.
32 Plant Introduction • 85/86
S.V. Klymenko, A.P. Ilyinska
dimensions of the fruit and endocarp were
stable. Their coefficient of variation (CV)
in most genotypes did not exceed 7 %,
which corresponds to a very low level of
variability. Rarely CV varied from 7.1 % to
10.1 %. The average values of fruit weight and
endocarp of the C. officinalis genotypes were
600–1000 and 200–300 mg, respectively.
The amplitude of variation in fruit weight in
2010 was 400–1800 mg, and in 2018 it shifted
toward larger values, but the magnitude
of variation was smaller, 1000–1700 mg.
Endocarp weight varied within 100–400 mg.
The lowest weight, 200 mg, was fixed for the
genotype G-02. In 2010 (03.11.10), CV for the
fruit weight was 11.8–20.1 % (mean variability),
and in 2018 (01.11.18), it decreased significantly
to 8.4–9.4 % (low variability). The smallest
variation was observed in fruit weight, while
endocarp weight was characterized by a
high level of variability with a CV reaching
7.0–27.9 %.
The cultivar Etude, within average values
of the size and weight of its fruits, was almost
indistinguishable from maternal plant and
seedlings of C. officinalis (Table 2). However,
the fruits of ‘Etude’ in 2018 were much larger
(length reached 19.9 mm, and diameter –
11.1 mm) than those of the maternal plant and
seedlings. The cultivar Etude significantly
differed by increased variation in fetal length
(17.9–22.6 vs. 14.3–18.2 mm), but was almost
stable by fruit diameter (Table 2). The mean
weight of the fruit was 1800 mg; the minimum
and maximum values shifted toward higher
values. The level of variability in fruit size
was very low (the highest CV = 5.75 %). The
maximum value of the coefficient of variation
of fruit mass in 2010 was 12.3 %, in 2018 –
12.8 %, hence, the level of variability was
intermediate. Statistical indicators, including
the coefficient of variation, size, and weight
of the endocarp, were similar to those of the
C. officinalis genotypes. The mean length of the
BA C
D
E
Figure 1. The leaves of Cornus mas (A, C) and C. officinalis (B, D),
and the fruits and endocarp of cultivar Etude (E). Arrows on
C – colorless hairs on the abaxial surface of C. mas leaf. Arrows
on D – brown hairs on the abaxial surface of C. officinalis leaf.
Plant Introduction • 85/86 33
Biometrics of Cornus officinalis genotypes in the M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden
pedicels in the cultivar Etude varied from 12.4
to 14.0 mm, while in genotypes of C. officinalis
– from 9.0 to 11.6 mm. The pedicels of ‘Etude’
were slightly thicker.
Biometric parameters of leaves
Genotypes of C. officinalis (Table 3, Fig. 1). The
largest leaf blades had the genotypes G-08
and G-01, and the smallest – the genotype
G-02. Genotype G-02 had the smallest
span of variation in linear dimensions of
leaf length and width, 25.3 and 19.7 mm,
respectively. Corresponding leaf indices of
other C. officinalis genotypes varied within
38.6–49.9 and 26.1–43.1 mm, respectively.
The width of the leaf varied more than the
length (ranges were 7.2–13.5, and 9.8–18.9 mm,
respectively). The mean values of the number
of veins were 12.9–14.0 pieces per one leaf, and
the min-max values in the studied genotypes
were 10–18 pieces. The longest petioles had
the leaves of genotype G-08, and the shortest
– the leaves of genotype G-02. The level of
variation in length was low or intermediate.
The coefficient of variation was in the range
of 10.3–18.1%. Comparing to the length, the
width and thickness of the petiole were more
variable, and CV reached 26.7 and 31.0 %,
respectively.
Cultivar Etude (Table 3, Fig. 1). The
mean, minimum and maximum values and
CV of leaf blade size and petiole did not
differ significantly from respective values
of C. officinalis genotypes. However, the
variation of the width was much larger (with
registered 51.5 mm), whereas G-01 has only
35.4 mm, and G-07 – only 43.1 mm. The
number of veins on the leaf blade of ‘Etude’
also did not go beyond the amplitude of
variation designated for other genotypes.
Leaves of C. officinalis and cultivar Etude
were found relatively more variable in size,
with a low or intermediate level of variation.
The leaves of genotype G-08 had the highest
length and width and low CV. The genotype
G-05 was characterized by medium-sized
leaf blades and petioles with low or medium
variability, compared to other C. officinalis
genotypes.
As a result of the study, the biometric
parameters of the fruits, endocarp, and
pedicel were established in four genotypes
of C. officinalis and the cultivar Etude, and
leaf blade and petiole – in six genotypes of
C. officinalis and the cultivar Etude (Tables
2 & 3).
It is known that for the selection of
promising cultivars of fruiting plants, a
complex of indicators is applying. In particular,
fruit parameters play a crucial role in the
selection process. However, leaves, which in
the process of photosynthesis, ensure the
existence of the plant and accumulation of
nutrients in the fruits, are also important.
Quantitative traits are especially convenient
to control the condition of plants at all stages
of introduction and breeding – from initial
testing to variety testing, naturalization, and
‘complete’ acclimatization.
At the NBG, investigations of biometric
characteristics of fruits and leaves of non-
traditional species of fruiting, medicinal,
ornamental, and other commercially important
plants are conducting. These investigations are
mostly aimed at the evaluation of prospective
ways of cultivation of the new plant varieties in
conditions of temperate continental climate of
the Right-Bank Forest Steppe (Klymenko et al.,
2017a, b, c; Rakhmetov, 2018). In particular,
statistical indicators of variability have been
an integral part of bioecological research of
C. mas and its numerous cultivars and forms,
including those created at the NBG (Klimenko,
2004; Klymenko et al., 2019). Morphometric
characteristics of the fruit were examined in
different genotypes of Ziziphus jujuba Mill.
(Grygorieva et al., 2014), Elaeagnus multiflora
Thunb. (Grygorieva et al., 2018a), Mespilus
germanica L. (Grygorieva et al., 2018b),
Diospyros virginiana L. (Grygorieva et al., 2017),
Cydonia oblonga Mill. (Monka et al., 2014), as
well as in Persica Mill. taxa (Holubkova, 2017).
The obtained biometric data showed that the
fruits of the studied C. officinalis genotypes and
the cultivar Etude have no notable variability.
In most cases, the coefficient of variation
corresponded to a very low or low level of
variation (Mamaev, 1975). The most variable
sign was endocarp weight (Table 3). Hence,
we attribute endocarp weight to the category
of selectively important traits required for
the selection of new forms of C. officinalis.
Genotypes of C. officinalis and cultivar Etude
have responded favorably to weather and
climate conditions in 2018. According to
the open archive of meteorological station
No. 33345 (Igor Sikorsky Kyiv International
34 Plant Introduction • 85/86
S.V. Klymenko, A.P. Ilyinska
Parameters
Leaf blade Petiole
length,
mm
width,
mm
number of
lateral veins
length,
mm
width,
mm
thickness,
mm
Cornus officinalis maternal plant (G-01)
M ± m 112.8 ± 1.62a 68.6 ± 1.01b 13.9 ± 0.28a 11.4 ± 0.30a 1.5 ± 0.06c 1.3 ± 0.06b
min–max 89.0–132.9 49.3–84.7 11–17 7.0–17.2 0.9–2.2 0.7–2.0
CV, % 10.1 10.4 14.5 18.3 26.7 31.0
seedling of the maternal plant (G-02)
M ± m 85.0 ± 13.7ab 46.7 ± 1.21ab 13.4 ± 0.18ab 10.1 ± 0.15b 1.6 ± 0.04b 1.4 ± 0.04b
min–max 69.6–108.2 33.6–76.7 10–16 7.9–12.2 1.1–2.2 1.0–2.0
CV, % 11.4 18.3 9.3 10.3 17.5 17.4
seedling of the maternal plant (G-03)
M ± m 96.0 ± 1.36b 54.4 ± 0.84ab 12.9 ± 0.25c 10.1 ± 0.22b 1.6 ± 0.22b 1.4 ± 0.03b
min–max 73.5–118.2 45.1–71.2 10–18 7.6–14.2 1.2–2.0 1.0–2.0
CV, % 10.0 10.9 14.0 15.5 11.3 13.9
cultivar Etude (G-05)
M ± m 98.1 ± 1.28b 57.4 ± 1.26b 14.3 ± 0.22a 9.6 ± 0.12ab 1.7 ± 0.03b 1.5 ± 0.03a
min–max 81.2–116.4 43.8–95.3 11–18 7.8–12.4 1.2–2.1 1.1–1.9
CV, % 9.3 15.5 11.0 8.9 13.5 12.6
seedling of the maternal plant (G-06)
M ± m 81.6 ± 1.56ab 45.8 ± 1.15ab 13.9 ± 0.16a 9.4 ± 0.17ab 1.4 ± 0.03c 1.1 ± 0.03ab
min–max 53.8–103.7 23.0–61.1 12–17 7.1–12.8 0.9–1.9 0.8–2.0
CV, % 13.5 17.8 8.3 13.0 16.7 19.6
seedling of the maternal plant (G-07)
M ± m 117.1 ± 1.22a 75.2 ± 1.3a 13.6 ± 0.18ab 10.2 ± 0.26b 2.1 ± 0.04a 2.0 ± 0.04a
min–max 97.8–140.2 59.5–888 12–17 7.0–15.7 1.8–2.9 1.6–2.6
CV, % 7.4 10.6 9.4 18.1 13.2 12.3
grafting C. officinalis on C. mas (G-08)
M ± m 76.9 ± 0.78c 45.7 ± 0.63c 14.0 ± 0.17a 7.8 ± 0.12c 1.3 ± 0.02cd 1.2 ± 0.02ab
min–max 63.7–89.0 39.7–59.4 12–18 6.4–10.1 0.9–1.8 0.9–1.6
CV, % 7.2 9.8 8.7 10.8 13.1 14.1
Table 3. Biometric parameters of the leaves of investigated Cornus officinalis genotypes and cultivar Etude.
Note: means followed by different letters are different at P < 0.05. Each value represents the mean of
three independent experiments (± SD); min – minimum values; max – maximum values; CV, % – coefficient
of variation.
Airport (Zhuliany), Kyiv), 2018 was marked
by the optimum of precipitations in
May and August and significantly higher
monthly rainfalls in June. This indicates that
C. officinalis genotypes respond very well to
moisture. These indicators are important for
the development of agricultural measures for
the cultivation of C. officinalis in Ukraine.
There is still very little information on
the biometric indices of C. officinalis fruits
and leaves. This is probably because the
introduction and breeding of this species
are not widespread so much. The data about
the size and weight of the fruit of nine types
of germplasm, selected from 73 naturally-
occurring growth specimens in North-
Plant Introduction • 85/86 35
Biometrics of Cornus officinalis genotypes in the M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden
Western China (collection of the Laboratory
of Development of Endangered Chinese Raw
Narcotic Resources) were reported (Li et al.,
2012). The comparison shows that the limits of
variation of the mean fruit size in Chinese and
Kyiv genotypes are quite similar. The smallest
size of the fruit is practically the same, and
the maximum is larger in Chinese genotypes.
In particular, the maximum length of the
mature fruit in the G-04 was 16.7 mm, and in
the two Chinese genotypes – 19.1 mm. The
same tendency has been observed for fruit
weight. According to the Flora of China (Xiang
& Boufford, 2005), the fruits of C. officinalis
wild individuals may reach 12–18 mm long and
5–6 mm in diameter. The length of the fruits of
investigated genotypes is within the reported
range of variability for the wild species. Still,
in most cases, it is closer to the upper limit
of variation. However, the diameter of the
investigated fruits is almost twice higher in
comparison with wild species. Consequently,
the fruits of the introduced plants, both
Chinese and Kyiv, vary more in diameter than
in length. The fruits of the cultivar Etude,
which we examined, exceeded those of all nine
Chinese germplasm types by the size (e.g.,
length 19.9 mm vs. 19.1 mm, respectively) and
weight (1.8 mg vs. 1.6 mg, respectively). This
indicates the prospect of further breeding
work with ‘Etude’ in order to produce large-
fruited forms with long-fading after ripening
fruits.
The variability in leaf quantitative traits
is resulted from both their plasticity and
genotype variation, and thus reflects the
relationship between plant and climate
(Royer et al., 2008). Our current research
has confirmed this statement. We found that
the quantitative parameters of leaves of the
studied C. officinalis genotypes demonstrate
higher variation comparing to the fruits. The
biometric indices of the leaves, as well as the
fruits, in the studied genotypes were closer
(or beyond) to their variation in the wild
species reported by Xiang & Boufford (2005).
This fact, again, indicates that the genotypes
of C. officinalis introduced into the NBG
were sufficiently adapted to the temperate
continental climate of the Right-Bank Forest
Steppe of Ukraine. The leaves of cultivar Etude
were almost indistinguishable from the leaves
of C. officinalis genotypes. There was also no
significant change in the number of largest
lateral veins of the leaf because the wild
individuals of C. officinalis and C. mas are quite
similar in this respect. The leaves of C. mas
are characterized by 6–10 (12) lateral veins
(Poyarkova, 1951; Murrell & Poindexter, 2016),
and the leavevs of C. officinalis – by 12–14 veins
(Xiang & Boufford, 2005). Interesting was the
nature of inheritance of other morphological
features of the leaf blade by cultivar Etude.
The shape of the leaf, especially its apex
(gradually narrowed) and color (colorless, not
brown) of trichomes in the cultivar Etude, are
similar to C. mas. However, the number of
lateral veins in ‘Etude’ is closer to the maternal
species, C. officinalis. Thus, the cultivar Etude
is characterized by the combined inheritance
of leaf features.
Hybridization between Cornus taxa is still
a poorly investigated phenomenon. Having
nearly 60 species (Xiang & Boufford, 2005;
Murrell & Poindexter, 2016), this genus includes
only a few known species producing hybrids.
Both in natural conditions and botanical
gardens, C. florida, C. kousa, and C. nuttallii
from the subgenus Kraniopsis Raf. (Molnar,
2018) can hybridize with each other. Some
natural hybrids were also described between
C. racemosa Lam. and C. rugosa Lam. (Wagner,
1990). Prospective natural hybrids were also
reported between C. mas and C. officinalis
(Morozowska et al., 2013) and between
C. controversa Hemsl. and C. alternifolia L. f.
(Gawrońska et al., 2019). Thus, the data we
have obtained about the cultivar Etude
is important not only for clarifying the
characteristics of industrial use, but also to
investigate the peculiarities of hybridization
and to characterize the inheritance of traits in
the genus Cornus in general.
Conclusions
The value of biometric parameters of fruits and
leaves in the adaptation strategy of C. officinalis
plants and its hybrid under the conditions of
introduction were evaluated. Important and
indifferent signs for breeding work to obtain
promising productive varieties for industrial
cultivation were determined. Among the
cultivated at the NBG, the cultivar Etude and
genotypes G-03 and G-04 of C. officinalis
were the most noteworthy. Cultivar Etude is
promising for large-fruited forms with fruits
36 Plant Introduction • 85/86
S.V. Klymenko, A.P. Ilyinska
that do not fade long after ripening. The data
obtained indicate the strong potential of
C. officinalis for commercial use in Ukraine.
The results of this study are also important for
the investigation of hybridization in the genus
Cornus. Biometric characteristics of the fruit,
endocarp, and leaf were found determining
the degree of adaptation of C. officinalis to
the current climate conditions of Ukraine
(in particular, the Right-Bank Forest Steppe)
and essential for further breeding work.
References
Atkinson, B. A., Stockey, R. A., & Rothwell, G. W.
(2016). Cretaceous origin of dogwoods: an
anatomically preserved Cornus (Cornaceae) fruit
from the Campanian of Vancouver Island. PeerJ,
4, e2808. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2808
Brindza, P., Brindza, J., Tóth, D., Klimenko, S. V.,
& Grigorieva, O. (2007). Slovakian cornelian
cherry (Cornus mas L.): Potential for cultivation.
In Proceedings of the XXVII International Horticultural
Congress – IHC2006: II International Symposium
on Plant Genetic Resources of Horticultural Crops.
Acta Horticulturae, 760, 433–437. https://doi.
org/10.17660/actahortic.2007.760.59
Call, A., Sun, Y.-X., Yu, Y., Pearman, P. B.,
Thomas, D. T., Trigiano, R. N., Carbone I., &
Xiang, Q.-Y. J. (2015). Genetic structure and post-
glacial expansion of Cornus florida L. (Cornaceae):
integrative evidence from phylogeography,
population demographic history, and species
distribution modeling. Journal of Systematics
and Evolution, 54(2), 136–151. https://doi.
org/10.1111/jse.12171
Cao, B., Bai, C., Zhang, L., Li, G., & Mao, M. (2016).
Modeling habitat distribution of Cornus officinalis
with Maxent modeling and fuzzy logics in China.
Journal of Plant Ecology, 9(6), 742–751. https://doi.
org/10.1093/jpe/rtw009
Ceccarelli, S., Grando, S., Maatougui, M.,
Michael, M., Slash, M., Haghparast, R.,
Rahmanian, M., Taheri, A., Al-Yassin A.,
Benbelkacem, A., Labdi, M., Mimoun, H., &
Nachit, M. (2010). Plant breeding and climate
changes. The Journal of Agricultural Science,
148(6), 627–637. https://doi.org/10.1017/
s0021859610000651
Cornescu, F. C., & Cosmulescu, S. N. (2017).
Morphological and biochemical characteristics
of fruits of different cornelian cherry (Cornus
mas L.) genotypes from spontaneous flora.
Notulae Scientia Biologicae, 9(4), 577–581. https://
doi.org/10.15835/nsb9410161
Crossa, J., Pérez-Rodríguez, P., Cuevas, J.,
Montesinos-López, O., Jarquín, D.,
de los Campos, G., Burgueño, J., González-
Camacho. J. M., Pérez-Elizalde, S., Beyene, Y.,
Dreisigacker, S. Singh, R., Zhang X., Gowda, M.,
Roorkiwal, M., Jarquín, D., Rutkoski, J., &
Varshney R. K. (2017). Genomic selection in plant
breeding: Methods, models, and perspectives.
Trends in Plant Science, 22(11), 961–975. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2017.08.011
Czerwińska, M. E., & Melzig, M. F. (2018). Cornus
mas and Cornus officinalis – coincidences and
differences of two medicinal plants traditionally
used. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 9(894), 1–28.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.00894
Dinda, B., Kyriakopoulos, A. M., Dinda, S.,
Zoumpourlis, V., Thomaidis, N. S., Velegraki, A.,
Markopoulos, C., & Dinda, M. (2016). Cornus
mas L. (cornelian cherry), an important
European and Asian traditional food and
medicine: Ethnomedicine, phytochemistry and
pharmacology for its commercial utilization
in drug industry. Journal of Ethnopharmacology,
193, 670–690. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
jep.2016.09.042
Eyde, R. H. (1988). Comprehending Cornus: Puzzles
and progress in the systematics of the dogwood.
The Botanical Review (Lancaster), 54(3), 233–351.
https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02868985
Feng, C. M., Xiang, Q. Y., & Franks, R. G. (2011).
Phylogeny-based developmental analyses
illuminate evolution of inflorescence
architectures in dogwoods (Cornus s.l.,
Cornaceae). New Phytologist, 191(3), 850–
869. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-
8137.2011.03716.x
Ferguson, I. K. (1966). The Cornaceae of the
southeastern United States. Journal of the Arnold
Arboretum, 47(2), 106–116.
Fileccia, T., Guadagni, M., Hovhera, V., & Bernoux, M.
(2014). Ukraine – Soil fertility to strengthen climate
resilience: Preliminary assessment of the potential
benefits of conservation agriculture: Main report
(English). Washington, DC: World Bank Group.
Retrieved from http://documents.worldbank.
org/curated/en/755621468319486733/Main-
report
Fodor, S. S. (1974). Flora of Transcarpathia. Kyiv:
Vyscha Shkola. (In Ukrainian).
Fu, C. N., Li, H. T., Milne, R., Zhang, T., Ma, P. F.,
Yang, J., Li, D. Z., & Gao, L. M. (2017). Comparative
analyses of plastid genomes from fourteen
Cornales species: inferences for phylogenetic
relationships and genome evolution. BMC
Genomics, 1(1), 956. https://doi.org/10.1186/
s12864-017-4319-9
https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2808
https://doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2007.760.59
https://doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2007.760.59
https://doi.org/10.1111/jse.12171
https://doi.org/10.1111/jse.12171
https://doi.org/10.1093/jpe/rtw009
https://doi.org/10.1093/jpe/rtw009
https://doi.org/10.1017/s0021859610000651
https://doi.org/10.1017/s0021859610000651
https://doi.org/10.15835/nsb9410161
https://doi.org/10.15835/nsb9410161
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2017.08.011
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2017.08.011
https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.00894
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2016.09.042
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2016.09.042
https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02868985
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03716.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03716.x
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/755621468319486733/Main-report
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/755621468319486733/Main-report
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/755621468319486733/Main-report
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-017-4319-9
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-017-4319-9
Plant Introduction • 85/86 37
Biometrics of Cornus officinalis genotypes in the M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden
Gawrońska, B., Morozowska, M., Nuc, K.,
Kosiński, P., & Słomski, R. (2019). What nature
separated, and human joined together: About
a spontaneous hybridization between two
allopatric dogwood species (Cornus controversa
and C. alternifolia). PLOS One, 14(12), e0226985.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0226985
Grygorieva, O., Abrahamová, V., Karnatovská, M.,
Bleha, R., & Brindza, J. (2014). Morphological
characteristic of fruit, drupes and seeds
genotypes of Ziziphus jujuba Mill. Potravinarstvo:
Slovak Journal of Food Sciences, 8(1), 306–314.
https://doi.org/10.5219/414
Grygorieva, O., Klymenko, S., Ilinska, A.,
& Brindza, J. (2018a). Variation of fruits
morphometric parameters of Elaeagnus multiflora
Thunb. germplasm collection. Potravinárstvo:
Slovak Journal of Food Sciences, 12(1), 527–532.
https://doi.org/10.5219/922
Grygorieva, O., Klymenko, S., Vergun, O.,
Hudz, N., Nikolaieva, N., Schubertová, Z.,
Palamarchuk, O., & Brindza, J. (2017).
Morphological characteristics and determination
of volatile organic compounds of Diospyros
virginiana L. genotypes fruits. Potravinarstvo:
Slovak Journal of Food Sciences, 11(1), 612–622.
https://doi.org/10.5219/808
Grygorieva, O., Klymenko, S., Vinogradova, Y.,
Vergun, O., & Brindza, J. (2018b). Variation
in morphometric traits of fruits of Mespilus
germanica L. Potravinarstvo: Slovak Journal of
Food Sciences, 12(1), 782–788. https://doi.
org/10.5219/999
Hammer, Ø., Harper, D. A. T., & Ryan, P. D. (2001).
PAST: Paleontological statistics software package
for education and data analysis. Palaeontologia
Electronica, 4(1), 01. Retrieved from http://palaeo-
electronica.org/2001_1/past/issue1_01.htm
Holubkova, I. M. (2017). Morphological features
of Persica species and varieties in the Forest-
Steppe of Ukraine. Plant Varieties Studying and
Protection, 13(1), 64–70. (In Ukrainian). https://
doi.org/10.21498/2518-1017.13.1.2017.97307
Hosseinpour-Jaghdani, F., Shomali, T., Gholipour-
Shahraki, S., Rahimi-Madiseh, M., & Rafieian-
Kopaei, M. (2017). Cornus mas: A review on
traditional uses and pharmacological properties.
Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine,
14(3), 20160137. https://doi.org/10.1515/jcim-
2016-0137
Huang, J., Zhang, Y., Dong, L., Gao, Q., Yin, L.,
Quan, H., Chen, R., Fu, X., & Lin, D. (2018).
Ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, and
pharmacology of Cornus officinalis Sieb. et Zucc.
Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 213, 280–301.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2017.11.010
Hutchinson, J. (1942). Neglected generic characters
in the family Cornaceae. Annals of Botany, 6(21),
83–93. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.
aob.a088402
Jaćimović, V., & Božović, Ð. (2017). Evaluation
of cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.) varieties
and selections under the conditions of Gornje
Polimlje region. Voćarstvo, 51(199/200), 81–86.
Ji, L. L., Wang, X., Li, J. J., Zhong, X. J., Zhang, B., Juan, J.,
& Shang, X. Y. (2019). New iridoid derivatives
from the fruits of Cornus officinalis and their
neuroprotective activities. Molecules, 24(3), 625.
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24030625
Kazimierski, M., Regula, J., & Molska, M. (2019).
Cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.) – characteristics,
nutritional and pro-health properties. Acta
Scientiarum Polonorum Technologia Alimentaria,
18(1), 5–12. https://doi.org/10.17306/j.afs.0628
Kleopov, Y. D. (1990). Analysis of the flora of the
broadleaved forests in the European part of the USSR.
Kyiv: Naukova Dumka. (In Russian)
Klimenko, S. (2004). The cornelian cherry (Cornus
mas L.): Collection, preservation, and utilization of
genetic resources. Journal of Fruit and Ornamental
Plant Research, 12, 93–98.
Klymenko, S., & Klymenko, O. (2017). Leaf anatomy
of the members of Cornaceae family in conditions
of the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Annals of the
Romanian Society for Cell Biology, 21(2), 28–39.
Klymenko, S., Grygorieva, O., & Brindza, J.
(2017a). Less known species of fruit crops. Slovak
University of Agriculture in Nitra. https://doi.
org/10.15414/2017.fe-9788055217659
Klymenko, S., Grygorieva, O., & Onyshuk, L.
(2017b). Biological bases of seed and vegetative
reproduction of cornelian cherry (Cornus
mas L.) in nature and culture. Agrobiodiversity for
Improving Nutrition, Health and Quality, 1, 233–
248. http://dx.doi.org/10.15414/agrobiodiversi
ty.2017.2585-8246.233-248
Klymenko, S., Grygorieva, O., Vasiuk, E., &
Skrуpchenko, N. (2017c). Bioecological and
morphological features, adaptive selection of
species Castanea sativa Mill., Cornus officinalis Sieb.
et Zucc., Pseudocydonia sinensis C.K. Schneid.,
Ziziphus jujuba Mill., Viburnum opulus L., Crataegus
spp. In D. B. Rakhmetov (Ed.), Adaptation of
introduced plants in Ukraine (pp. 221–311). Kyiv:
Phytosotsiocenter. (In Ukrainian)
Klymenko, S., Kucharska, A. Z., Sokół-Łętowska, A.,
& Piórecki, N. (2019). Antioxidant activities and
phenolic compounds in fruits of cultivars of
cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.). Agrobiodiversity for
Improving Nutrition, Health and Life Quality, 3, 484–
499. Retrieved from https://agrobiodiversity.
uniag.sk/scientificpapers/article/view/306
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0226985
https://doi.org/10.5219/414
https://doi.org/10.5219/922
https://doi.org/10.5219/808
https://doi.org/10.5219/999
https://doi.org/10.5219/999
http://palaeo-electronica.org/2001_1/past/issue1_01.htm
http://palaeo-electronica.org/2001_1/past/issue1_01.htm
https://doi.org/10.21498/2518-1017.13.1.2017.97307
https://doi.org/10.21498/2518-1017.13.1.2017.97307
https://doi.org/10.1515/jcim-2016-0137
https://doi.org/10.1515/jcim-2016-0137
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2017.11.010
https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a088402
https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a088402
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24030625
https://doi.org/10.17306/j.afs.0628
https://doi.org/10.15414/2017.fe-9788055217659
https://doi.org/10.15414/2017.fe-9788055217659
http://dx.doi.org/10.15414/agrobiodiversity.2017.2585-8246.233-248
http://dx.doi.org/10.15414/agrobiodiversity.2017.2585-8246.233-248
https://agrobiodiversity.uniag.sk/scientificpapers/article/view/306
https://agrobiodiversity.uniag.sk/scientificpapers/article/view/306
38 Plant Introduction • 85/86
S.V. Klymenko, A.P. Ilyinska
Krośniak, M., Gąstoł, M., Szałkowski, M.,
Zagrodzki, P., & Derwisz, M. (2010). Cornelian
cherry (Cornus mas L.) juices as a source of
minerals in human diet. Journal of Toxicology and
Environmental Health, Part A, 73(17–18), 1155–1158.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15287394.2010.491408
Kryvoruchko, O. V., & Kryvoruchko E. V. (2018).
Phenolic compounds of Cornus mas and
Cornus officinalis. Ukrainian Biopharmaceutical
Journal, 1(54), 42–45. (In Ukrainian). https://doi.
org/10.24959/ubphj.18.151
Li, G. S., Zhang, L. J., & Bai, C. K. (2012). Chinese
Cornus officinalis: TGenetic resources, genetic
diversity and core collection. Genetic Resources
and Crop Evolution, 59(8), 1659–1671. https://doi.
org/10.1007/s10722-011-9789-z
Li, X., Ma, Q., Zhou, H., Yang, Y., Li, H., & Wang J.
(2020). Characterization of the complete
chloroplast genome of Cornus bretschneideri
(Cornaceae). Mitochondrial DNA, Part B, 5(1), 543–
544. https://doi.org/10.1080/23802359.2019.17
10281
Mamaev, S. A. (1975). The main principles of the
methodology for the study of intraspecific
variability of woody plants. In Individual and
ecological-geographical variability of plants
(pp. 3–14). Sverdlovsk: Ural Worker. (In Russian)
Manchester, S. R., Xiang, X. P., & Xiang, Q. Y. (2010).
Fruits of cornelian cherries (Cornaceae: Cornus
subg. Cornus) in the Paleocene and Eocene of
the Northern Hemisphere. International Journal
of Plant Sciences, 171(8), 882–891. https://doi.
org/10.1086/655771
Molnar, T. J. (2018). Breeding powdery mildew
resistant dogwoods and more at Rutgers
University. International Plant Propagators’
Society. Combined Proceedings of Annual Meetings,
68, 385–395.
Monka, A., Grygorieva, O., Chlebo, P., & Brindza, J.
(2014). Morphological and antioxidant
characteristics of quince (Cydonia oblonga Mill.)
and chinese quince fruit (Pseudocydonia
sinensis Schneid.). Potravinarstvo: Slovak Journal
of Food Sciences, 8(1), 333–340. https://doi.
org/10.5219/415
Moradi, Y., Khadivi, A., & Salehi-Arjmand, H.
(2019). Morphological and pomological
characterizations of cornelian cherry (Cornus
mas L.) to select the superior accessions.
Scientia Horticulturae, 249, 208–218. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.scienta.2019.01.039
Morozowska, M., Gawronska, B., & Woznicka, A.
(2013). Morphological, anatomical and genetic
differentiation of Cornus mas, Cornus officinalis
and their interspecific hybrid. Dendrobiology, 70,
45–57. https://doi.org/10.12657/denbio.070.005
Murrell, Z. E. (1993). Phylogenetic relationships in
Cornus (Cornaceae). Systematic Botany, 18(3), 469–
495. https://doi.org/10.2307/2419420
Murrell, Z. E., & Poindexter, D. B. (2016).
Cornaceae Berchtold & J. Presl. In Flora of
North America Editorial Committee (Eds.)
Flora of North America North of Mexico, Vol. 12:
Magnoliophyta: Vitaceae to Garryaceae. New
York and Oxford. Retrieved from http://
www.ef loras.org/f lorataxon.aspx?f lora_
id=1&taxon_id=10219
Ortiz, R. (2018). Role of plant breeding to
sustain food security under climate change.
In S. S. Yadav, R. J. Redden, J. L. Hatfield, A.
W. Ebert, & D. Hunter (Eds.), Food Security and
Climate Change (pp. 145–158). John Wiley & Sons
Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119180661.
ch8
Poyarkova, A. I. (1950). To the question of
systematic relations within the Linnaeus genus
Cornus L. In B. K. Schischkin (Ed.), Botanical
materials of the Herbarium of V.L. Komarov
Botanical Institute of the AS USSR, XII (pp. 164–180).
Moscow & Leningrad: Publishing House of the
AS of USSR. (In Russian)
Poyarkova, A. I. (1951). Cornaceae Link. In:
B. K. Schischkin (Ed.), Flora of the USSR, Vol. 17
(pp. 315–348). Moscow & Leningrad: Publishing
House of the AS USSR. (In Russian)
Prevéy, J. S. (2020). Climate change: Flowering
time may be shifting in surprising ways. Current
Biology, 30(3), 112–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
cub.2019.12.009
Rakhmetov, D. (2018). Non-traditional plant
species for bioenergetics. Nitra: Slovak
University of Agriculture in Nitra. https://doi.
org/10.15414/2018.fe-9788055218557
Reed, S. M. (2004). Self-incompatibility in Cornus
florida. HortScience, 39(2), 335–338. https://doi.
org/10.21273/HORTSCI.39.2.335
Royer, D. L., McElwain, J. C., Adams, J. M., &
Wilf, P. (2008). Sensitivity of leaf size and
shape to climate within Acer rubrum and
Quercus kelloggii. New Phytologist, 179(3),
808–817. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-
8137.2008.02496.x
Schneider, S. H. (2004). Abrupt non-linear climate
change, irreversibility and surprise. Global
Environmental Change, 14(3), 245–258. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2004.04.008
Shindell, D. (2007). Estimating the potential for
twenty-first century sudden climate change.
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A:
Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences,
365(1860), 2675–2694. https://doi.org/10.1098/
rsta.2007.2088
https://doi.org/10.1080/15287394.2010.491408
https://doi.org/10.24959/ubphj.18.151
https://doi.org/10.24959/ubphj.18.151
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-011-9789-z
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-011-9789-z
https://doi.org/10.1080/23802359.2019.1710281
https://doi.org/10.1080/23802359.2019.1710281
https://doi.org/10.1086/655771
https://doi.org/10.1086/655771
https://doi.org/10.5219/415
https://doi.org/10.5219/415
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2019.01.039
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2019.01.039
https://doi.org/10.12657/denbio.070.005
https://doi.org/10.2307/2419420
http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=10219
http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=10219
http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=10219
https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119180661.ch8
https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119180661.ch8
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2019.12.009
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2019.12.009
https://doi.org/10.15414/2018.fe-9788055218557
https://doi.org/10.15414/2018.fe-9788055218557
https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.39.2.335
https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.39.2.335
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02496.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02496.x
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2004.04.008
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2004.04.008
https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2007.2088
https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2007.2088
Plant Introduction • 85/86 39
Biometrics of Cornus officinalis genotypes in the M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden
Біометрична характеристика листків і плодів генотипів Cornus officinalis Siebold
et Zucc. в Національному ботанічному саду ім. М.М. Гришка НАН України
С.В. Клименко *, А.П. Ільїнська **
Національний ботанічний сад імені М.М. Гришка НАН України, вул. Тімірязєвська, 1, м. Київ, 01014,
Україна; * cornusklymenko@gmail.com, ** ilynska@ukr.net
У контексті глобальних змін клімату сучасна стратегія агроекономіки передбачає інтродукцію
нетрадиційних видів рослин і селекцію нових економічно перспективних сортів, пристосованих
до різкої зміни погодних умов. Китайський за походженням Cornus officinalis (Cornaceae) є новим у
такому аспекті для України; його реінтродукцію розпочато у Національному ботанічному саду імені
М.М. Гришка НАН України в 1993 р.
Мета цього дослідження – визначити біометричні параметри плодів та листків генотипів C. officinalis,
гібриду C. officinalis × C. mas (сорт Етюд) та генотипу одержаного від щеплення C. officinalis на C. mas
Stockey, R. A., Nishida, H., & Atkinson, B. A.
(2016). Anatomically preserved fossil cornalean
fruits from the Upper Cretaceous of Hokkaido:
Eydeia hokkaidoensis gen. et sp. nov. American
Journal of Botany, 103(9), 1642–1656. https://doi.
org/10.3732/ajb.1600151
Szot, I., Lipa, T., & Sosnowska, B. (2019). Evaluation of
yield and fruit quality of several ecotypes of cornelian
cherry (Cornus mas L.) in polish condiotions. Acta
Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus, 18(6), 139–
148. https://doi.org/10.24326/asphc.2019.6.14
Takhtajan, A. L. (1987). The system of magnoliophytes.
Moscow: Nauka. (In Russian)
Taunk, J., Rani, A., Singh, R., Yadav, N. R., & Yadav, R. C.
(2019). Genomic strategies for improving abiotic
stress tolerance in crop plants. In V. Rajpal, D. Sehgal,
A. Kumar, S. Raina (Eds.), Genetic enhancement of
crops for tolerance to abiotic stress: Mechanisms and
approaches. Vol. I (pp. 205–230). Springer. https://doi.
org/10.1007/978-3-319-91956-0_9
Wagner, W. H. (1990). A natural hybrid of gray
dogwood, Cornus racemosa, and round-leaved
dogwood, C. rugosa, from Michigan. The Michigan
Botanist, 29(4), 131–137.
Wangerin, W. (1910). Cornaceae. In: A. Engler (Ed.),
Das Pflanzenreich, Ser. IV, Fam. 229 (Heft 41). Leipzig:
W. Engelmann.
Weaver, R. E. (1976). The cornelian cherries.
Arnoldia, 36(2), 50–56.
Woźnicka, A., Melosik, I., & Morozowska, M.
(2015). Quantitative and qualitative differences
in morphological traits of endocarps revealed
between Cornus L. species. Plant Systematics
and Evolution, 301(1), 291–308. https://doi.
org/10.1007/s00606-014-1073-1
Xiang, J. Q.-Y., & Boufford, D. E. (2005). Cornaceae.
In Z. Y. Wu, & P. H. Raven (Eds.), Flora of China,
Vol. 14 (Apiaceae through Ericaceae) (pp. 206–221).
Beijing: Science Press and St. Louis: Missouri
Botanical Garden Press.
Xiang, Q. Y. J., Thomas, D. T., Zhang, W.,
Manchester, S. R., & Murrell, Z. (2006).
Species level phylogeny of the genus
Cornus (Cornaceae) based on molecular
and morphological evidence – implications
for taxonomy and Tertiary intercontinental
migration. Taxon, 55(1), 9–30. https://doi.
org/10.2307/25065525
Yu, Y., Xiang, Q. Y., Manos, P. S., Soltis, D. E.,
Soltis, P. S., Song, B. H., Cheng, S. F., Liu, X., &
Wong, G. (2017). Whole-genome duplication
and molecular evolution in Cornus L. (Cornaceae)
– insights from transcriptome sequences. PLOS
One, 12, e0171361. https://doi.org/10.1371/
journal.pone.0171361
Yue, X., Li, X., Chen, X., Ashraf, M. A., Liu, Z., Bi, H.,
Zheng, D., Zhao, Y., & Peng, W. (2018). Molecules
and functions of Cornus officinalis bark volatiles.
Emirates Journal of Food & Agriculture, 30(10),
828–838. https://doi.org/10.9755/ejfa.2018.v30.
i10.1826
Zhang, J., Franks, R. G., Liu, X., Kang, M., Keebler, J. E.,
Schaff, J. E., Huang, H. W., & Xiang, Q. Y. J.
(2013). De novo sequencing, characterization,
and comparison of inflorescence transcriptomes
of Cornus canadensis and C. florida (Cornaceae).
PLOS One, 8, e82674. https://doi.org/10.1371/
journal.pone.0082674
https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1600151
https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1600151
https://doi.org/10.24326/asphc.2019.6.14
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91956-0_9
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91956-0_9
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-014-1073-1
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-014-1073-1
https://doi.org/10.2307/25065525
https://doi.org/10.2307/25065525
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0171361
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0171361
https://doi.org/10.9755/ejfa.2018.v30.i10.1826
https://doi.org/10.9755/ejfa.2018.v30.i10.1826
40 Plant Introduction • 85/86
S.V. Klymenko, A.P. Ilyinska
за умов культивування в Національному ботанічному саду імені M.M. Гришка НАН України, для
з’ясування ступеня адаптованості виду до сучасного клімату України (зокрема, Правобережного
Лісостепу) і відбору перспективних генотипів для селекційної роботи.
Матеріали і методи. У дослідженні було використано 26-річну материнську рослину, отриману
дворічним саджанцем у 1993 році з розплідника “Northwoods Wholesale Nursery” (м. Молалла,
Орегон, США), де рослини цього виду вирощували як декоративні; сорт Етюд – гібрид від
схрещування C. officinalis × C. mas; генотип від щеплення C. officinalis на C. mas. У нашому дослідженні
материнську рослину позначено як G-01, а решту генотипів як G-02–G-08. Для цих рослин було
вивчено біометричні параметри плоду (довжина, діаметр і маса), ендокарпу (довжина, діаметр
і маса), квітконіжки (довжина і товщина), пластинки листка (довжина, ширина і кількість бічних
жилок) і черешка (довжина, ширина і товщина). Також було досліджено динаміку формування плоду
та ендокарпу протягом сезону (генотипи G-01–G-03 і G-05) та порівняно біометричні характеристики
плодів генотипів G-01–G-05 урожаю за два роки, 2010 та 2018. Ці роки було обрано, оскільки вони
вирізнялися дуже сприятливими для плодових рослин погодними умовами. Кількісні результати
було опрацьовано методами варіаційної статистики, з використанням безкоштовного програмного
забезпечення для наукового аналізу даних PAST 2.10. Мінливість показників було визначено за
допомогою коефіцієнта варіації. Різницю між зразками оцінено за допомогою тесту Тукі-Крамера, а
рівень мінливості – відповідно до класифікації Мамаєва (1975).
Результати. Було визначено біометричні параметри плода: довжина 13,8–19,9 мм, діаметр 7,7–
11,2 мм, маса 600–1800 мг; ендокарпу: довжина 12,1–13,8 мм, діаметр 4,5–5,4 мм, маса 200–300 мг;
квітконіжка: довжина 9,0–14,0 мм, товщина 0,2–0,6 мм; листової пластинки: довжина 73,5–117,1 мм,
ширина 73,5–75,2 мм, кількість бічних жилок 12,9–14,3; черешка: довжина 9,4–11,4 мм, ширина
1,3–2,1 мм, товщина 1,1–2,0 мм. У 2010 році найбільші плоди мав генотип G-01, а найменші – G-03.
Коефіцієнт варіювання лінійних параметрів плода та ендокарпу становив 5,7–10,1 %, що відповідає
дуже низькому або низькому рівню мінливості. Варіювання маси плодів та ендокарпа було більшим;
діапазон коефіцієнта варіювання від 7,0 до 28,3 %. Амплітуда лінійних параметрів листка широка.
Найбільші листки мали генотипи G-08 та G-01, найменші – генотип G-02. Сорт Етюд відрізнявся від
генотипів C. officinalis розміром та масою плодів врожаю 2018 року (М = 1800 мг, max = 2400 мг) та
значно ширшою амплітудою варіювання їхньої довжини (17,9–22,6 проти 14,3–18,2 мм). Сорт Етюд
за середніми морфометричними показниками листка та за кількістю жилок, у цілому, не відрізнявся
від досліджених генотипів C. officinalis, але ширина листкової пластинки була значно більшою і
становила 51,5 мм проти 35,4 мм (G-01) і 43,1 мм (G-07).
Висновки. Отримані дані важливі для комерційного використання C. officinalis та сорту Етюд як
харчових і лікарських рослин, а також для подальшої селекції сортів в погодно-кліматичних умовах
України і аналізу особливостей гібридизації у роді Cornus.
Ключові слова: Cornus officinalis, гібрид, інтродукція, біометричні показники, плід, листок
|
| id | oai:ojs2.plantintroduction.org:article-1549 |
| institution | Plant Introduction |
| keywords_txt_mv | keywords |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-07-17T12:53:37Z |
| publishDate | 2020 |
| publisher | M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the NAS of Ukraine |
| record_format | ojs |
| resource_txt_mv | wwwplantintroductionorg/a0/664d9e26c574c4c4a9e7e45bd2a0dba0.pdf |
| spelling | oai:ojs2.plantintroduction.org:article-15492023-08-26T20:39:45Z Biometric characteristics of fruits and leaves of Cornus officinalis Siebold et Zucc. genotypes in the M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the NAS of Ukraine Біометрична характеристика листків і плодів генотипів Cornus officinalis Siebold et Zucc. в Національному ботанічному саду ім. М.М. Гришка НАН України Klymenko, S.V. Ilyinska, A.P. In the context of global climate change, the current strategy of agroeconomics focuses on the introduction of unique plant species and the selection of new commercially important cultivars adapted to the dramatic weather changes. Cornus officinalis (Cornaceae) has Chinese origin, its reintroduction at the M.M.&nbsp;Gryshko National Botanical Garden, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine started in 1993. The objectives of this research were: to investigate the biometric parameters of fruits and leaves of C.&nbsp;officinalis genotypes, C. officinalis × C. mas hybrid ‘Etude’ and genotype from the grafting C. officinalis on C.&nbsp;mas under cultivation in the M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, and to determine the degree of adaptation of C. officinalis to the climatic conditions of Ukraine (in particular, Right-Bank Forest Steppe) for selection of promising genotypes for further breeding work. Material and methods. We used: a) 26-year-old maternal plant obtained from a two-year-old seedling in 1993 received from the nursery “Northwoods Wholesale Nursery” Mollala (Oregon, USA), where it was grown as an ornamental plant; b) seedlings of the maternal plant; c) cultivar Etude, which is an artificial hybrid from crossing C. officinalis × C. mas; and d) genotype obtained from grafting C.&nbsp;officinalis on C.&nbsp;mas. In our experiment, the maternal plant is indicated as G-01, while other plants – as G-02–G-08 genotypes. We determined the biometric parameters of the fruit (length, diameter, and weight), endocarp (length, diameter, and weight), pedicel (length and thickness), leaf blade (length, width, and the number of lateral veins) and petiole (length, width, and thickness). We examined the dynamics of fruit and endocarp formation during the season (genotypes G-01–G-03 and G-05) and compared the biometric characteristics of the fruit of genotypes G-01–G-05 from crops of two years, 2010 and 2018, which were most favorable in weather conditions. We have processed quantitative data in the PAST 2.10 software. The differences between the samples were estimated using the Tukey-Kramer test. The degree of variability was determined by the coefficient of variation. To assess the level of variability, we used the classification of Mamaev (1975). Results. We have found that the largest fruits in 2010 were observed in the genotype G-01 and the smallest – in the genotype G-03. The coefficient of variation of the linear parameters of the fruit and endocarp was in the range 5.7–10.1 %; the level of variability was very low or low. The variability of fruit weight and endocarp was high; the coefficient of variation was from 7.0 up to 28.3 %. The amplitude of the linear parameters of the leaf was wide (coefficient of variation was from 9.8 to 31.0 %). The cultivar Etude differed from other C. officinalis genotypes in size and weight of (M = 1800 mg, max = 2400&nbsp;mg) and a much wider amplitude of variation in the length (17.9–22.6 vs. 14.3–18.2&nbsp;mm) of the fruit. The largest leaves were in the genotypes G-08 and G-01, and the smallest – in the genotype G-02. The cultivar Etude did not differ so much by the mean leaf morphometric indices and number of veins, but it demonstrated one of the broadest leaf blades (51.5&nbsp;mm). Conclusions. The data obtained in this study is important for the commercial use of C. officinalis and the cultivar Etude as food and medicinal plant, as well as for breeding in climatic conditions of Ukraine and analysis of hybridization features in the genus Cornus in general. У контексті глобальних змін клімату сучасна стратегія агроекономіки передбачає інтродукцію нетрадиційних видів рослин і селекцію нових економічно перспективних сортів, пристосованих до різкої зміни погодних умов. Китайський за походженням Cornus officinalis (Cornaceae) є новим у такому аспекті для України; його реінтродукцію розпочато у Національному ботанічному саду імені М.М.&nbsp;Гришка НАН України в 1993 р. Мета цього дослідження – визначити біометричні параметри плодів та листків генотипів C.&nbsp;officinalis, гібриду C. officinalis × C. mas (сорт Етюд) та генотипу одержаного від щеплення C. officinalis на C.&nbsp;mas за умов культивування в Національному ботанічному саду імені M.M. Гришка НАН України, для з’ясування ступеня адаптованості виду до сучасного клімату України (зокрема, Правобережного Лісостепу) і відбору перспективних генотипів для селекційної роботи. Матеріали і методи. У дослідженні було використано 26-річну материнську рослину, отриману дворічним саджанцем у 1993 році з розплідника “Northwoods Wholesale Nursery” (м.&nbsp;Молалла, Орегон, США), де рослини цього виду вирощували як декоративні; сорт Етюд – гібрид від схрещування C.&nbsp;officinalis × C. mas; генотип від щеплення C.&nbsp;officinalis на C.&nbsp;mas. У нашому дослідженні материнську рослину позначено як G-01, а решту генотипів як G-02–G-08. Для цих рослин було вивчено біометричні параметри плоду (довжина, діаметр і маса), ендокарпу (довжина, діаметр і маса), квітконіжки (довжина і товщина), пластинки листка (довжина, ширина і кількість бічних жилок) і черешка (довжина, ширина і товщина). Також було досліджено динаміку формування плоду та ендокарпу протягом сезону (генотипи G-01–G-03 і G-05) та порівняно біометричні характеристики плодів генотипів G-01–G-05 урожаю за два роки, 2010 та 2018. Ці роки було обрано, оскільки вони вирізнялися дуже сприятливими для плодових рослин погодними умовами. Кількісні результати було опрацьовано методами варіаційної статистики, з використанням безкоштовного програмного забезпечення для наукового аналізу даних PAST 2.10. Мінливість показників було визначено за допомогою коефіцієнта варіації. Різницю між зразками оцінено за допомогою тесту Тукі-Крамера, а рівень мінливості – відповідно до класифікації Мамаєва (1975). Результати. Було визначено біометричні параметри плода: довжина 13,8–19,9&nbsp;мм, діаметр 7,7–11,2&nbsp;мм, маса 600–1800&nbsp;мг; ендокарпу: довжина 12,1–13,8&nbsp;мм, діаметр 4,5–5,4&nbsp;мм, маса 200–300&nbsp;мг; квітконіжка: довжина 9,0–14,0&nbsp;мм, товщина 0,2–0,6&nbsp;мм; листової пластинки: довжина 73,5–117,1&nbsp;мм, ширина 73,5–75,2&nbsp;мм, кількість бічних жилок 12,9–14,3; черешка: довжина 9,4–11,4&nbsp;мм, ширина 1,3–2,1&nbsp;мм, товщина 1,1–2,0&nbsp;мм. У 2010 році найбільші плоди мав генотип G-01, а найменші – G-03. Коефіцієнт варіювання лінійних параметрів плода та ендокарпу становив 5,7–10,1 %, що відповідає дуже низькому або низькому рівню мінливості. Варіювання маси плодів та ендокарпа було більшим; діапазон коефіцієнта варіювання від 7,0 до 28,3 %. Амплітуда лінійних параметрів листка широка. Найбільші листки мали генотипи G-08 та G-01, найменші – генотип G-02. Сорт Етюд відрізнявся від генотипів C. officinalis розміром та масою плодів врожаю 2018 року (М = 1800&nbsp;мг, max = 2400&nbsp;мг) та значно ширшою амплітудою варіювання їхньої довжини (17,9–22,6 проти 14,3–18,2&nbsp;мм). Сорт Етюд за середніми морфометричними показниками листка та за кількістю жилок, у цілому, не відрізнявся від досліджених генотипів C.&nbsp;officinalis, але ширина листкової пластинки була значно більшою і становила 51,5&nbsp;мм проти 35,4&nbsp;мм (G-01) і 43,1&nbsp;мм (G-07). Висновки. Отримані дані важливі для комерційного використання C. officinalis та сорту Етюд як харчових і лікарських рослин, а також для подальшої селекції сортів в погодно-кліматичних умовах України і аналізу особливостей гібридизації у роді Cornus. M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the NAS of Ukraine 2020-06-30 Article Article application/pdf https://www.plantintroduction.org/index.php/pi/article/view/1549 10.46341/PI2020006 Plant Introduction; No 85/86 (2020); 25-40 Інтродукція Рослин; № 85/86 (2020); 25-40 2663-290X 1605-6574 10.46341/PI85-86 en https://www.plantintroduction.org/index.php/pi/article/view/1549/1484 Copyright (c) 2020 S.V. Klymenko, A.P. Ilyinska http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 |
| spellingShingle | Klymenko, S.V. Ilyinska, A.P. Біометрична характеристика листків і плодів генотипів Cornus officinalis Siebold et Zucc. в Національному ботанічному саду ім. М.М. Гришка НАН України |
| title | Біометрична характеристика листків і плодів генотипів Cornus officinalis Siebold et Zucc. в Національному ботанічному саду ім. М.М. Гришка НАН України |
| title_alt | Biometric characteristics of fruits and leaves of Cornus officinalis Siebold et Zucc. genotypes in the M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the NAS of Ukraine |
| title_full | Біометрична характеристика листків і плодів генотипів Cornus officinalis Siebold et Zucc. в Національному ботанічному саду ім. М.М. Гришка НАН України |
| title_fullStr | Біометрична характеристика листків і плодів генотипів Cornus officinalis Siebold et Zucc. в Національному ботанічному саду ім. М.М. Гришка НАН України |
| title_full_unstemmed | Біометрична характеристика листків і плодів генотипів Cornus officinalis Siebold et Zucc. в Національному ботанічному саду ім. М.М. Гришка НАН України |
| title_short | Біометрична характеристика листків і плодів генотипів Cornus officinalis Siebold et Zucc. в Національному ботанічному саду ім. М.М. Гришка НАН України |
| title_sort | біометрична характеристика листків і плодів генотипів cornus officinalis siebold et zucc. в національному ботанічному саду ім. м.м. гришка нан україни |
| url | https://www.plantintroduction.org/index.php/pi/article/view/1549 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT klymenkosv biometriccharacteristicsoffruitsandleavesofcornusofficinalissieboldetzuccgenotypesinthemmgryshkonationalbotanicalgardenofthenasofukraine AT ilyinskaap biometriccharacteristicsoffruitsandleavesofcornusofficinalissieboldetzuccgenotypesinthemmgryshkonationalbotanicalgardenofthenasofukraine AT klymenkosv bíometričnaharakteristikalistkívíplodívgenotipívcornusofficinalissieboldetzuccvnacíonalʹnomubotaníčnomusaduímmmgriškananukraíni AT ilyinskaap bíometričnaharakteristikalistkívíplodívgenotipívcornusofficinalissieboldetzuccvnacíonalʹnomubotaníčnomusaduímmmgriškananukraíni |