Коротке повідомлення щодо поточного статусу й охорони таксонів темнокорих беріз в Україні та пропоновані зміни до наступного видання Червоної книги України
Recently in Ukraine, there were many discussions about proposed changes to the next edition of the Red Book of Ukraine. Kingdom Plantae. In this short communication, we clarify one particular aspect within the discussions concerning the proposition to exclude dark-barked birch Betula obscura from th...
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Plant Introduction| _version_ | 1860145090927788032 |
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| author | Tarieiev, Andrii Olshanskyi, Igor |
| author_facet | Tarieiev, Andrii Olshanskyi, Igor |
| author_sort | Tarieiev, Andrii |
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| description | Recently in Ukraine, there were many discussions about proposed changes to the next edition of the Red Book of Ukraine. Kingdom Plantae. In this short communication, we clarify one particular aspect within the discussions concerning the proposition to exclude dark-barked birch Betula obscura from the next edition of the Red Book of Ukraine. It is argued by the new research data obtained and published during last years, and which provide evidence that there is no reason to treat B. obscura as a separate species because it represents only one of at least two different dark-barked birch forms of two widely distributed birch species in Ukraine (B. pendula f. obscura and B. pubescens f. sibakademica), respectively. Therefore, the proposition to exclude B. obscura from the next edition of the Red Book of Ukraine is reasonable since it is aimed to protect plants on the species level only. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.46341/PI2020034 |
| first_indexed | 2025-07-17T12:53:44Z |
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Plant Introduction, 87/88, 104–107 (2020)
SHORT COMMUNICATION
Short notice concerning the current conservation status of dark-barked
birch taxa and the proposed changes to the next edition of the Red
Book of Ukraine
The taxonomy of so-called dark-barked
birches in Europe is challenging, and there
were many changes, controversies, and
discussions regarding their taxonomic status.
Meanwhile, clarification of their taxonomic
status is important not only for taxonomy itself
but also for correct conservation measures.
Therefore, below we provide a brief overview
of new data supporting the proposed changes
in their taxonomy.
The first dark-barked birch was observed
by Kotula in Poland and later described by
Fiek as a separate species Betula obscura
Kotula ex Fiek (Fiek, 1888). There is no type
specimen for this species (Jentys-Szaferowa,
1959), but according to the initial description,
it is morphologically similar to B. pendula
Roth. Based on this similarity, Olšavská (2006)
proposed to treat this birch as B. pendula
var. obscura (A. Kotula ex Fiek) Olšavská.
Another dark-barked species
B. sibakademica Baranov that is close to
B. pubescens Ehrh. was described by Baranov
(1924) nearby Omsk. In the Flora of USSR
(Kuzeneva, 1936) it was proposed to lower
its taxonomic rank down to the level of
the variety B. pubescens var. sibakademica
(Baranov) Kuzeneva. Although Skvortsov
(1986) suggested that such birch may occur in
the territory of Ukraine, there was no strict
evidence of that until recently, when such an
occurrence was proved (Tarieiev et al., 2019).
In 1927, the third dark-barked birch
B. atrata Domin was described in Czech
Republik (Domin, 1927). The protologue for
this species is confusing in many aspects, and
Andrii Tarieiev 1, *, Igor Olshanskyi 2
1 Department of Forest Genetics and Forest Tree Breeding, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen,
Germany; * Andrii.Tarieiev@forst.uni-goettingen.de
2 M.G. Kholodny Institute of Botany, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Tereshchenkivska str. 2, 01004 Kyiv, Ukraine
Received: 22.10.2020 | Accepted: 23.11.2020 | Published: 30.12.2020
Abstract
Recently in Ukraine, there were many discussions about proposed changes to the next edition of the
Red Book of Ukraine. Kingdom Plantae. In this short communication, we clarify one particular aspect
within the discussions concerning the proposition to exclude dark-barked birch Betula obscura from the
next edition of the Red Book of Ukraine. It is argued by the new research data obtained and published
during last years, and which provide evidence that there is no reason to treat B. obscura as a separate
species because it represents only one of at least two different dark-barked birch forms of two widely
distributed birch species in Ukraine (B. pendula f. obscura and B. pubescens f. sibakademica), respectively.
Therefore, the proposition to exclude B. obscura from the next edition of the Red Book of Ukraine is
reasonable since it is aimed to protect plants on the species level only.
Keywords: Betulaceae, Betula obscura, dark-barked birches, Red Book of Ukraine, nature conservation
https://doi.org/10.46341/PI2020034
UDC 582.632
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1123-7746
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8615-7054
Plant Introduction • 87/88 105
Conservation status of dark-barked birch taxa in the Red Book of Ukraine
the type specimen likely represents a mix of
two different birch species. Later this taxon
was mainly treated as a synonym of B. obscura
(Hejtmánek, 1956; Walters, 1993; Tzvelev,
2004). However, it was also considered as
B. pubescens by Dostál (1948). There is a
need for additional research to solve this
ambiguity.
In 1964, Zaverukha described the new
species B. kotulae Zaverucha as similar to
B. pendula and simultaneously proposed
to treat B. obscura as one that is close to
B. pubescens (Zaverukha, 1964; Zaverukha et al.,
1986). However, such a description contradicts
the original description in Fiek’s protologue.
Finally, findings of dark-barked trees of
B. ×aurata Borkh. (B. pendula × B. pubescens)
were reported in the Ruhr basin in Germany
(Gausmann & Loos, 2014).
To resolve this controversy briefly
mentioned above, we have done our own
investigation based on herbarium material and
data morphology, distribution, occurrence,
and sequences of both internal transcribed
spacers ITS1 and ITS2, which were analyzed
in samples collected from the living trees in
Ukraine (Tarieiev et al., 2019). ITS1 and ITS2
are molecular-genetic markers commonly
used in plant phylogeny (Mai & Coleman, 1997;
Coleman, 2000, 2003, 2007, 2009; Wolf et al.,
2013). The research included a corresponding
type specimen of B. kotulae (KW 006426;
for the whole list of birch types kept in KW
see Olshanskyi et al., 2016) and authentic
material of B. sibakademica (LE 01041129 and
LE 01041130). For more detailed information
on these samples, see Tarieiev et al. (2019).
As a result of the study, we identified the
occurrence of two dark-barked birch taxa in
Ukraine and proposed to treat them as forms
B. pendula f. obscura (Kotula ex Fiek) Tarieiev
and B. pubescens f. sibakademica (Baranov)
Tarieiev in accordance with the current
definitions of infraspecific taxa (Christensen,
1987; Cronquist, 1988; Hamilton & Reichard,
1992). The decision was based on several types
of data and facts that came from literature
analysis and a series of personal observations:
• there are no differences in ITS
sequences between white- and dark-barked
birches;
• dark-barked birches occur only as
single individuals or small groups but never
form stable populations;
• they occur only within the ranges of
B. pendula and B. pubescens, respectively;
• the color of birch bark (in particular,
for silver and downy birches, but also other
species) is a variable trait with a whole range
of intermediate colors from pure white to
completely dark. This variation could be
observed by the naked eye in many places
across Europe.
In the current edition of the Red Book of
Ukraine, dark-barked birches (Kagalo, 2009)
are considered as B. obscura А. Kotula (incl.
В. kotulae Zaverucha; B. pendula Roth subsp.
obscura (A. Kotula) Á. Löve, B. verrucosa Ehrh.
subsp. obscura (A. Kotula) Á. Löve et D. Löve).
At present, such consideration is outdated
since it does not reflect at least two significant
findings in the current research:
• there is no evidence to treat these
birches as separate species;
• B. pubescens f. sibakademica is not
considered for conservation at all, although
it occurs much more rarely than B. pendula
f. obscura.
These taxonomic changes should be
considered regarding the protection status of
these dark birches since, according to the Law
of Ukraine on the Red Book of Ukraine (2017),
the Red Book of Ukraine is a legal document
dedicated to protecting separate species only
(Art. 2–4), and not designed to protect the taxa
of any other levels. That is why lowering the
taxonomic rank should automatically lead to
the exclusion of such taxon from the Red Book
of Ukraine. There is no scientific evidence to
treat these birches as separate species since
they have only one distinctive character – the
color of their bark.
That is why the proposition to exclude
B. obscura from the Red Book of Ukraine made
by the National Commission for the Red Book
of Ukraine is entirely reasonable.
Final suggestions on prospective protection
measures for dark-barked birches in Ukraine
after exclusion from the Red Book of Ukraine
Taxa below the species level could also be
protected. However, a different strategy
should be used compared to the existing
one. In particular, birches with the rare
occurrence and unusual color of bark still
could be protected on the local level as local
botanical nature monuments according to
106 Plant Introduction • 87/88
A. Tarieiev, I. Olshanskyi
the Law of Ukraine on the nature-sanctuary
fund of Ukraine (2020). Another mechanism
of protection will be possible after the
consolidation of Ukrainian nature protection
legislation with the EU Habitat Directive
(Council Directive, 1992).
Conclusions
The proposition to exclude dark-barked
birch from the Red Book of Ukraine. Kingdom
Plantae is well-justified because there is
no evidence that they are separate species.
Moreover, there is strong evidence that they
represent dark bark forms of not endangered
birch species. The current edition contains
outdated data that should be fixed in the next
one. Based on all the facts mentioned above, B.
obscura should be excluded from the Red Book
of Ukraine.
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Plant Introduction • 87/88 107
Conservation status of dark-barked birch taxa in the Red Book of Ukraine
Коротке повідомлення щодо поточного статусу й охорони таксонів темнокорих
беріз в Україні та пропоновані зміни до наступного видання Червоної книги
України
Андрій Тарєєв 1, *, Ігор Ольшанський 2
1 Відділ лісової генетики та схрещування лісових дерев, Ґеттінґенський університет ім. Георга
Августа, Бюсґенвег, 2, Ґеттінґен, 37077, Німеччина; * Andrii.Tarieiev@forst.uni-goettingen.de
2 Інститут ботаніки ім. М.Г. Холодного НАН України, вул. Терещенківська, 2, Київ, 01004, Україна
Нещодавно в Україні відбулося чимало дискусій щодо запропонованих змін до нового видання
Червоної книги України. Рослинний світ. Це коротке повідомлення має на меті прояснити один
із аспектів у межах дискусій щодо пропозиції вилучити березу темну (Betula obscura) з наступного
видання Червоної книги України. Аргументом для вилучення, зокрема, є нові дані, отримані та
опубліковані впродовж останніх років, і в яких наведено докази того, що немає підстав вважати
B. obscura окремими видом, оскільки вона представляє одну з як мінімум двох різних темнокорих
форм двох поширеніших в Україні видів беріз (B. pendula f. obscura та B. pubescens f. sibakademica).
Тому пропозиція виключити B. obscura з наступного видання Червоної книги України в контексті
сучасного законодавства є слушною, оскільки остання призначена винятково для охорони таксонів
видового рангу.
Ключові слова: Betulaceae, Betula obscura, темнокорі берези, Червона книга України, охорона природи
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https://doi.org/10.15407/ukrbotj73.04.401
https://doi.org/10.15407/ukrbotj73.04.401
https://doi.org/10.1093/botlinnean/boz031
https://doi.org/10.1093/botlinnean/boz031
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0066726
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0066726
|
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| institution | Plant Introduction |
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| last_indexed | 2025-07-17T12:53:44Z |
| publishDate | 2020 |
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| resource_txt_mv | wwwplantintroductionorg/7e/9fb81ef86fe30510c0d5c1e52683a27e.pdf |
| spelling | oai:ojs2.plantintroduction.org:article-15682023-08-26T20:39:33Z Short notice concerning the current conservation status of dark-barked birch taxa and the proposed changes to the next edition of the Red Book of Ukraine Коротке повідомлення щодо поточного статусу й охорони таксонів темнокорих беріз в Україні та пропоновані зміни до наступного видання Червоної книги України Tarieiev, Andrii Olshanskyi, Igor Recently in Ukraine, there were many discussions about proposed changes to the next edition of the Red Book of Ukraine. Kingdom Plantae. In this short communication, we clarify one particular aspect within the discussions concerning the proposition to exclude dark-barked birch Betula obscura from the next edition of the Red Book of Ukraine. It is argued by the new research data obtained and published during last years, and which provide evidence that there is no reason to treat B. obscura as a separate species because it represents only one of at least two different dark-barked birch forms of two widely distributed birch species in Ukraine (B. pendula f. obscura and B. pubescens f. sibakademica), respectively. Therefore, the proposition to exclude B. obscura from the next edition of the Red Book of Ukraine is reasonable since it is aimed to protect plants on the species level only. Нещодавно в Україні відбулося чимало дискусій щодо запропонованих змін до нового видання Червоної книги України. Рослинний світ. Це коротке повідомлення має на меті прояснити один із аспектів у межах дискусій щодо пропозиції вилучити березу темну (Betula obscura) з наступного видання Червоної книги України. Аргументом для вилучення, зокрема, є нові дані, отримані та опубліковані впродовж останніх років, і в яких наведено докази того, що немає підстав вважати B. obscura окремими видом, оскільки вона представляє одну з як мінімум двох різних темнокорих форм двох поширеніших в Україні видів беріз (B. pendula f. obscura та B. pubescens f. sibakademica). Тому пропозиція виключити B. obscura з наступного видання Червоної книги України в контексті сучасного законодавства є слушною, оскільки остання призначена винятково для охорони таксонів видового рангу. M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the NAS of Ukraine 2020-12-30 Article Article application/pdf https://www.plantintroduction.org/index.php/pi/article/view/1568 10.46341/PI2020034 Plant Introduction; No 87/88 (2020); 104-107 Інтродукція Рослин; № 87/88 (2020); 104-107 2663-290X 1605-6574 10.46341/PI87-88 en https://www.plantintroduction.org/index.php/pi/article/view/1568/1504 Copyright (c) 2020 Andrii Tarieiev, Igor Olshanskyi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 |
| spellingShingle | Tarieiev, Andrii Olshanskyi, Igor Коротке повідомлення щодо поточного статусу й охорони таксонів темнокорих беріз в Україні та пропоновані зміни до наступного видання Червоної книги України |
| title | Коротке повідомлення щодо поточного статусу й охорони таксонів темнокорих беріз в Україні та пропоновані зміни до наступного видання Червоної книги України |
| title_alt | Short notice concerning the current conservation status of dark-barked birch taxa and the proposed changes to the next edition of the Red Book of Ukraine |
| title_full | Коротке повідомлення щодо поточного статусу й охорони таксонів темнокорих беріз в Україні та пропоновані зміни до наступного видання Червоної книги України |
| title_fullStr | Коротке повідомлення щодо поточного статусу й охорони таксонів темнокорих беріз в Україні та пропоновані зміни до наступного видання Червоної книги України |
| title_full_unstemmed | Коротке повідомлення щодо поточного статусу й охорони таксонів темнокорих беріз в Україні та пропоновані зміни до наступного видання Червоної книги України |
| title_short | Коротке повідомлення щодо поточного статусу й охорони таксонів темнокорих беріз в Україні та пропоновані зміни до наступного видання Червоної книги України |
| title_sort | коротке повідомлення щодо поточного статусу й охорони таксонів темнокорих беріз в україні та пропоновані зміни до наступного видання червоної книги україни |
| url | https://www.plantintroduction.org/index.php/pi/article/view/1568 |
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