Прогнозування коренетвірної здатності стеблових живців яблуні за показниками сезонного росту пагонів
The study involved seven species and cultivars of ornamental apple trees including Malus × floribunda, M. halliana, M. niedzwetzkyana, M. × purpurea, M. × purpurea ‘Ola’, M. × purpurea ‘Royalty’, and M. × purpurea ‘Selkirk’. The average value of increment, average length, and duration o...
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M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the NAS of Ukraine
2021
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Plant Introduction| _version_ | 1860145107256213504 |
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| author | Konopelko, Alla |
| author_facet | Konopelko, Alla |
| author_sort | Konopelko, Alla |
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| datestamp_date | 2023-08-26T20:39:20Z |
| description | The study involved seven species and cultivars of ornamental apple trees including Malus × floribunda, M. halliana, M. niedzwetzkyana, M. × purpurea, M. × purpurea ‘Ola’, M. × purpurea ‘Royalty’, and M. × purpurea ‘Selkirk’. The average value of increment, average length, and duration of shoots’ growth were determined to characterize the seasonal growth of Malus shoots. The percentages of rooted cuttings, callus formation without roots, and unviable cuttings were registered for each investigated taxon. Statistical analysis was performed in Microsoft Excel 2007 following Zaitsev (1990), and Atramentova & Utevskaya (2014).The total duration of shoots growth of the studied species and varieties ranged from 72 (M. × purpurea ‘Ola’) to 118 days (M. niedzwetzkyana); annual shoots reached a length from 213.75 mm (M. × purpurea) to 448.75 mm (M. niedzwetzkyana); the average increment of shoots ranged from 3.90 mm (M. × purpurea ‘Ola’) to 14.70 mm (M. floribunda).The rooting ability of Malus stem cuttings was limited to a reasonably short period of cutting procedure and depended on the application of biologically active substances, their concentrations, and complexes. The highest rooting rate (33.33 %) was observed in M. × purpurea ‘Ola’ after the treatment of its cuttings by 0.6 % indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) at the end of June. A slightly lower rooting rate (20.00 %) was observed in M. halliana cuttings treated by 0.4 % IBA and M. × purpurea ‘Selkirk’ cuttings treated by Podkorzen AB aqua at the end of June. Finally, 7.69 % of M. × floribunda cuttings were rooted with Podkorzen AB aqua at the beginning of July.The prediction of the rooting ability of Malus stem cuttings was confirmed by a strong negative correlation between the percentage of rooted cuttings and the duration of shoots’ growth (r = –0.88). Hence, the percentage of rooted cuttings increases with decreasing duration of shoots growth, depending on the genotype. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.46341/PI2021004 |
| first_indexed | 2025-07-17T12:53:55Z |
| format | Article |
| fulltext |
Plant Introduction, 89/90, 101–109 (2021)
© The Authors. This content is provided under CC BY 4.0 license.
RESEARCH ARTICLE
The prognostication of the rooting ability of apple stem cuttings by indices
of seasonal growth of shoots
Alla Konopelko
National Dendrological Park Sofyivka, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyivska str. 12а, 20300 Uman, Cherkasy region,
Ukraine; konopelko_alla@ukr.net
Received: 05.05.2021 | Accepted: 30.05.2021 | Published online: 16.06.2021
Abstract
The study involved seven species and cultivars of ornamental apple trees including Malus × floribunda,
M. halliana, M. niedzwetzkyana, M. × purpurea, M. × purpurea ‘Ola’, M. × purpurea ‘Royalty’, and M. × purpurea
‘Selkirk’. The average value of increment, average length, and duration of shoots’ growth were determined
to characterize the seasonal growth of Malus shoots. The percentages of rooted cuttings, callus formation
without roots, and unviable cuttings were registered for each investigated taxon. Statistical analysis was
performed in Microsoft Excel 2007 following Zaitsev (1990), and Atramentova & Utevskaya (2014).
The total duration of shoots growth of the studied species and varieties ranged from 72 (M. × purpurea
‘Ola’) to 118 days (M. niedzwetzkyana); annual shoots reached a length from 213.75 mm (M. × purpurea) to
448.75 mm (M. niedzwetzkyana); the average increment of shoots ranged from 3.90 mm (M. × purpurea ‘Ola’)
to 14.70 mm (M. floribunda).
The rooting ability of Malus stem cuttings was limited to a reasonably short period of cutting procedure
and depended on the application of biologically active substances, their concentrations, and complexes.
The highest rooting rate (33.33 %) was observed in M. × purpurea ‘Ola’ after the treatment of its cuttings by
0.6 % indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) at the end of June. A slightly lower rooting rate (20.00 %) was observed in
M. halliana cuttings treated by 0.4 % IBA and M. × purpurea ‘Selkirk’ cuttings treated by Podkorzen AB aqua
at the end of June. Finally, 7.69 % of M. × floribunda cuttings were rooted with Podkorzen AB aqua at the
beginning of July.
The prediction of the rooting ability of Malus stem cuttings was confirmed by a strong negative correlation
between the percentage of rooted cuttings and the duration of shoots’ growth (r = –0.88). Hence, the
percentage of rooted cuttings increases with decreasing duration of shoots growth, depending on the
genotype.
Keywords: Malus, ornamental apple, propagation, adventitious roots, duration of shoots’ growth, correlation
https://doi.org/10.46341/PI2021004
UDC 58.08 : 582.734.3 : [581.165.712 : 581.143.5 : 581.144.2 + 581.543 : 581.14 : 581.44]
Authors’ contributions: The investigation was realized entirely, and the article was prepared entirely by A. Konopelko.
Funding: This investigation was partly conducted within the framework of the target program “Fundamental principles of forecasting
and prevention of the negative impact of the climate change on the biotic systems of Ukraine” of the Department of General Biology
of the NAS of Ukraine, on the topic “Factors of specificity of adaptation processes in propagated in vitro fruit and ornamental woody
plants” (state registration number 0117U000459).
Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interests.
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5214-6170
102 Plant Introduction • 89/90
A. Konopelko
Introduction
Representatives of the genus Malus Mill. are
prospective but uncommon in culture as
ornamental plants. For their comprehensive
introduction into production and landscaping,
it is necessary to develop new technologies
and adapt already known methods of their
reproduction to local requirements.
In the natural conditions, apple plants
mostly reproduce by seeds and only some
species can form root suckers (Konopelko,
2020). At the same time, the genetic
non-identity of seedlings caused by the
rearrangement of chromosomes and individual
genes in germ cells was observed during seed
reproduction (Opalko & Opalko, 2019). Due to
allogamy, successful sex reproduction of these
plants can be ensured only by cross-pollination
of at least 50–250 individuals of the same
genotype, which is possible only in the case of
sufficiently dense monospecific populations
without admixture of other taxa of this genus
(Opalko et al., 2004; Konopelko, 2020). That
is why vegetative propagation (mainly by
budding and grafting; rarely – by cuttings
and microclonal reproduction) is preferred to
preserve maternal traits of these plants in the
conditions of introduction (Konopelko, 2020).
Propagation by stem cuttings is one of
the methods of asexual propagation based
on the natural ability of plants to regenerate
and to produce adventitious roots from the
shoot tissues (Ivanova, 1982; Bilyk, 1993;
de Klerk et al., 1999; Hartmann et al., 2010).
Cutting provides genetically homogeneous,
anatomically and physiologically integral
plants, the advantage of which is the ability
to restore the aboveground system in case
of damage or death (Polikarpova, 1990).
Reproduction by cuttings allows avoiding
rootstock suckering, crooks in the trunk, and
graft incompatibility compared to traditional
methods of budding and grafting (Hartmann
et al., 2010).
The success of adventitious rooting depends
on the physiological condition of the whole
plant and its particular shoots, which change
during the growing season (Bilyk, 1993). Besides
this, it also depends on the environmental
microclimatic conditions (such as humidity,
air and substrate temperature, and light), the
mechanical and chemical composition of the
substrate, aeration, chemical composition
of water. All these factors affect the cuttings
simultaneously and jointly, determining the
formation of meristematic cells in the basal
part of the cuttings and photosynthetic
activity of their leaves (Ermakov, 1981).
Malus belongs to the group of hardly
rooting plants, and the low rooting rate of
its cuttings is a biological problem (Ermakov,
1981). Investigations of the biology of mother
plants, endogenous and exogenous factors
of the shoots growth, and development of
different rooting protocols allow segregating
those genotypes that are potentially promising
for propagation by cuttings (Polikarpova, 1990).
Taking into account the high labor costs and
general energy efficiency, it is necessary to
develop the effective methods of prediction of
the rooting ability, which would allow avoiding
potentially ineffective cases (Opalko, 2003).
The attempts to explain the different
rhizogenesis ability of plants depending on
their life form, phylogeny or taxonomy were
unsuccessful because among all these groups
occur plants with different rooting rate
(Bakhtaulova, 2020). The plants of the same
genus and even closely related infraspecific
taxa can demonstrate different success
in formation of adventitious roots (Zhou
et al., 1992).
The formation of root rudiments in
dicotyledonous woody plants occurs
in the stem’s bark from the rays of the
parenchyma. Many researchers pointed the
correlation between the degrees of bark
parenchymatization and rooting ability
of stem cuttings (Bakhtaulova, 2020). In
particular, Doud & Carlson (1977) observed a
negative correlation between the percentage
of cuttings’ sclerification and the rooting
success in Malus rootstocks (Amissah et al.,
2008). Similarly, the correlation between
the rupture in the sclerenchymatous ring
and the rooting ability was also confirmed
for Quercus bicolor Wild. and Q. macrocarpa
Michx. cuttings (Amissah et al., 2008). The
authors consider the sclerenchymatous
ring as a physical barrier to cell expansion
and proliferation, which is required to form
root primordia. However, despite the similar
sclerification, there was the higher rooting in
the cuttings grown in greenhouse. During the
study of the anatomical structure of Malus
sieversii (Ledeb.) M. Roem., Bakhtaulova et al.
(2015) found that the average percentage of
Plant Introduction • 89/90 103
The prognostication of the rooting ability of apple stem cuttings
medullar double-row rays (15.0 %) was close to
the rooting rate of cuttings (12.0 %). However,
application of semi-woody shoots and treat by
50 mg/l indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) allowed to
increase the rooting rate in the same species
to 46.7 % (Bakhtaulova, 2020). Hence, the shoot
anatomy can serve as a basis for development
of rooting protocols, but it is also necessary to
consider other anatomical and physiological
indicators ensuring rooting success.
There is a well-known method of evaluation
of the quality of cuttings by starch content,
which is determined by color reaction with
iodine or Lugol’s solution resulting in a dark
blue color (Aleinikov & Mineev, 2015). The lignin
content can be a criterion for the diagnosis
of cuttings readiness; sufficiently developed
xylem is stained with a phloroglucinol solution
in a deep red color. For example, negative
correlation between formation of adventitious
roots and the lignification rate of shoots was
found in the cuttings of different Prunus L.
species (Polikarpova & Pilyugina, 1991).
The content of nutrients in annual shoots
(cuttings) is considered as an objective
assessment of the biological state of the
plant, determining its ability for rooting
(Besschetnova et al., 2017). High protein
and nitrogen content, and low content of
carbohydrates inhibit the growth of root
primordia, while the excess of nitrogen
provoke the cuttings rot (Polikarpova, 1990).
Seasonal growth of the shoots as a part of
general plant development, is a genetically
determined process reflected in its anatomical
and physiological changes (Hansen, 1971;
Schweingruber & Börner, 2018; Cubas, 2020).
Recent molecular studies showed that plant
rejuvenation in the way of manipulation on
microRNA could improve the rooting rate (Yu
et al., 2015; Aung et al., 2017; Ye et al., 2020). The
ability to form adventitious roots decreases
during the ontogenesis and is mediated by
microRNA miR156, which supports juvenile
traits by inhibiting the group of transcription
factors SPL26 (Xu et al., 2017). Overexpression
of miR156 increases the root regeneration
ability (Aung et al., 2017). Although the detailed
mechanism of this effect on adventitious
rooting is still unclear, it has been found that
the apple rootstocks under the influence of
IBA have a higher expression of miR156.
Summarizing, the potential for adventitious
rooting is a complex phenomenon related
to anatomical, physiological and genetic
parameters and affected by numerous
exogenous factors.
Material and methods
Seven Malus genotypes (M. × floribunda
Siebold ex Van Houtte, M. halliana
Koehne, M. niedzwetzkyana Dieck ex
Koehne, M. × purpurea (E. Barbier) Rehder,
M. × purpurea ‘Ola’, M. × purpurea ‘Royalty’,
and M. × purpurea ‘Selkirk’) grafted on the
M9 rootstock, and growing in the V.V. Mitina
introductory-experimental plot at the National
Dendrological Park Sofiyivka of the NAS of
Ukraine were used for this investigation.
In the database Plants of the World Online
(POWO, 2021) M. niedzwetzkyana is indicated
as a synonym of M. domestica (Suckow) Borkh.
However, in the World Flora Online (WFO,
2021) it is listed as an independent species.
Taking into account such inconsistency, here
we consider M. niedzwetzkyana independently
following the World Flora Online.
Stem cuttings with two-three internodes,
10–15 cm long, were harvested from the
shoots of current year in four periods: (1) at
the beginning of June; (2) at the middle
of June; (3) at the end of June; (4) at the
beginning of July.
The ability to adventitious rooting was
investigated in five experiment variants:
(1) control; (2) the lower part of the cuttings
was treated with 0.2 % w/w IBA in talc; (3) the
lower part of the cuttings was treated with
0.4 % w/w IBA in talc; (4) the lower part of
the cuttings was treated with 0.6 % w/w IBA
in talc; (5) the lower part of the cuttings was
treated with stimulator Podkorzen AB aqua,
which contains cultures of live bacteria and
humic components (0.2 % of 1-naphthylacetic
acid, 0.1 % of IBA, and 0.1 % of ethanoic acid).
Certain quantitative traits (including
the average increment of the shoot; the
average length of the shoot, and duration
of the increment period) were selected to
characterize the seasonal growth and state
of Malus shoots. The seasonal dynamics of
shoots’ growth was defined for each taxon by
measuring ten annual shoots every three-four
days with a ruler (with an accuracy of 1 mm)
according to recommendations of Molchanov
& Smirnov (1967). The daily increment was
104 Plant Introduction • 89/90
A. Konopelko
calculated and compared for different
genotypes accordingly.
The following quantitative indices
were used to characterize the success of
adventitious rooting of stem cuttings: the
percentage of rooted cuttings, the percentage
of callus formation without roots, and the
percentage of unviable cuttings. These
indices were analyzed separately for each
investigated taxon following described above
five variants of treatment and four periods of
the experiment. Hence, each sample consisted
of 15–25 cuttings depending on the genotype
and variant of the experiment. Cuttings
of M. niedzwetzkyana, M. × purpurea, and
M. × purpurea ‘Royalty’ did not produce roots
in our experiment. Therefore, for the statistical
analysis we took the maximum percentages
of callusogenesis and the corresponding
percentages of unviable cuttings of these taxa.
To determine the relationships between
the indicators of seasonal shoot growth and
the success of rooting of the stem cuttings,
the paired correlation coefficients were
calculated. A regression analysis was realized
to establish a quantitative relationship
between indicators characterized by a strong
correlation. Statistical analysis was realized
in Microsoft Excel 2007 software package
following Zaitsev (1990) and Atramentova &
Utevskaya (2014).
Results and discussion
The seasonal growth of shoots
The shoots started the growth at the
beginning (M. × floribunda, M. × purpurea, and
M. × purpurea ‘Ola’) or middle (M. halliana,
M. niedzwetzkyana, M. × purpurea ‘Royalty’,
and M. × purpurea ‘Selkirk’) of April. It lasted
until the middle (M. × purpurea ‘Ola’ and
M. × purpurea ‘Selkirk’) or end (M. halliana and
M. niedzwetzkyana) of June, or was extended
up to the beginning of July (M. × floribunda,
M. × purpurea, and M. × purpurea ‘Royalty’),
depending on the genotype. The first flush
of shoots growth lasted 68–92 days, with the
maximum increment in the middle and end of
May (3.26–6.24 mm) and the average length of
newly formed annual shoots from 281.00 mm
to 473.33 mm. Growth of shoots was observed
for all investigated genotypes excepting
M. × purpurea ‘Ola’. It started mainly at the
beginning of June (M. × floribunda, M. halliana,
M. niedzwetzkyana, M. × purpurea, and
M. × purpurea ‘Selkirk’). Sometimes it began
within the middle June (M. × purpurea ‘Royalty’).
Shoots growth ended at the beginning of July
(M. × floribunda, M. halliana, M. × purpurea,
and M. × purpurea ‘Selkirk’), end of July
(M. × purpurea ‘Royalty’), or at the beginning
of August (M. niedzwetzkyana). The second
flush of shoots growth was characterized by
1.5 times higher average increments (2.97–
9.50 mm), but 1.4 times shorter average length
of shoots (127.50–323.20 mm). It ended two
times faster compared to the first flush and
lasted only 31–62 days.
The average duration of total shoot
growth was 94.71 days (Table 1). The most
extended growing period was observed for
M. niedzwetzkyana (118 days), while the least
extended – for M. × purpurea ‘Ola’ (72 days).
The average growth value was 8.68 mm.
The most significant average shoot growth
was observed in M. floribunda (14.70 mm),
while the smallest – in M. × purpurea ‘Ola’
(3.90 mm). Long-term annual shoots of the
studied taxa on average reached 318.05 mm.
The annual shoots of M. niedzwetzkyana were
the longest (448.75 mm), and annual shoots of
M. × purpurea – the shortest (213.75 mm).
The rooting ability of stem cuttings
The optimal time for cutting of ornamental
apple trees was limited to a reasonably
short period and coincided with the phase
of attenuation or end of shoot growth at the
first flush. According to our experiment, the
end of June was the best time to take cuttings
from M. halliana, M. × purpurea ‘Ola’, and
M. × purpurea ‘Selkirk’. For M. × floribunda it
was the beginning of July. At this time, the
shoots were most sensitive to stimulants’
action. However, different genotypes
reacted differently to the same biologically
active components and to their different
concentrations.
For M. halliana, the highest percentage
(20.00 %) of rooted cuttings was recorded
after treatment by 0.4 % IBA. The best
rhizogenesis in M. × purpurea ‘Ola’ was
achieved after application of 0.6 % IBA – as a
result, 33.33 % of cuttings were rooted. The
use of Podkorzen AB aqua resulted in 20.00 %
rhizogenesis in M. × purpurea ‘Selkirk’ and
Plant Introduction • 89/90 105
The prognostication of the rooting ability of apple stem cuttings
Taxon Growth start /
end date
Growth
duration, days
Daily increment of shoots, mm The average length
of shoots, mmmin–max М
The first flush of shoots’ growth
M. × floribunda 05.04 / 03.07 90 0.55–11.67 5.20 473.33
M. halliana 13.04 / 26.06 75 1.11–10.56 5.03 363.33
M. niedzwetzkyana 11.04 / 23.06 74 1.25–12.13 6.24 462.50
M.×purpurea 06.04 / 06.07 92 0.00–8.84 3.26 300.00
M.×purpurea ‘Ola’ 06.04 / 16.06 72 0.88–11.68 3.90 281.00
M.×purpurea ‘Royalty’ 14.04 / 03.07 80 0.00–7.84 3.53 324.33
M.×purpurea ‘Selkirk’ 13.04 / 19.06 68 1.00–9.18 5.52 375.00
M ± m n. a. 78.71 ± 3.41 n. a. 4.67 ± 0.42 368.50 ± 28.53
min–max n. a. 68–92 n. a. 3.26–6.24 281–473.33
CV, % n. a. 11.61 n. a. 6.45 20.49
The second flush of shoots’ growth
M. × floribunda 03.06 / 06.07 34 2.66–16.00 9.50 323.20
M. halliana 10.06 / 10.07 31 1.25–13.34 7.00 224.00
M. niedzwetzkyana 10.06 / 06.08 62 0.41–27.11 7.18 435.00
M.×purpurea 10.06 / 10.07 31 0.13–8.34 2.97 127.50
M.×purpurea ‘Royalty’ 10.06 / 27.07 48 0.57–10.36 5.00 240.00
M.×purpurea ‘Selkirk’ 06.06 / 10.07 35 0.63–13.00 6.93 242.50
M ± m n. a. 40.17 ± 12.42 n. a. 6.43 ± 2.22 265.37 ± 42.43
min–max n. a. 31–62 n. a. 2.97–9.50 127.50–435.00
CV, % n. a. 30.91 n. a. 34.48 39.16
Total seasonal growth
M. × floribunda 05.04 / 06.07 94 3.21–13.84 14.70 398.27
M. halliana 13.04 / 10.07 89 2.36–11.95 12.03 293.67
M. niedzwetzkyana 11.04 / 06.08 118 1.66–19.62 13.42 448.75
M.×purpurea 06.04 / 10.07 96 0.07–8.59 6.23 213.75
M.×purpurea ‘Ola’ 06.04 / 16.06 72 0.88–11.68 3.90 281.00
M.×purpurea ‘Royalty’ 14.04 / 27.07 105 0.29-9.10 4.27 282.17
M.×purpurea ‘Selkirk’ 13.04 /10.07 89 0.82–11.09 6.27 308.75
M ± m n. a. 94.71 ± 14.33 n. a. 8.68 ± 4.55 318.05 ± 29.98
min–max n. a. 72–118 n. a. 3.90–14.70 213.75–448.75
CV, % n. a. 15.13 n. a. 52.43 24.94
Table 1. Shoot growth characteristics of investigated Malus taxa.
Note. M ± m – the arithmetic mean and its error; min – minimum values; max – maximum values;
CV, % – coefficient of variation; n. a. — not analyzed.
7.69 % rhizogenesis in M. × floribunda. Cuttings
of M. niedzwetzkyana, M. × purpurea, and
M. × purpurea ‘Royalty’ did not produce roots
in our experiment (Table 2).
Correlation and regression analysis
Pairwise correlation coefficients were
calculated between the percentage of rooted
cuttings, percentage of the callus formation
without roots, and the percentage of unviable
106 Plant Introduction • 89/90
A. Konopelko
cuttings on one hand and the average value
of increments, the average length of shoots,
and the duration of shoots’ growth on
other hand. This allowed determining the
linkage between the rooting in the studied
genotypes and the peculiarities of seasonal
growth of their shoots. As a result, a strong
negative correlation between the percentage
of rooted cuttings and the duration of
shoot growth in the studied genotypes was
revealed (Table 3).
The regression analysis allowed to predict
(calculate) the rooting success of the stem
cuttings of investigated Malus genotypes
according to a specific value of the growth
duration of shoots (Fig. 1). As the duration
of shoot growth decreases, the percentage
of rooting will increase. However, since the
percentage of rooted cuttings depends on a
combination of endogenous and exogenous
factors, the obtained value (y) should be
considered only as a relative indicator of
potential rooting ability (i.e., describing
homogeneous group of plants under
specific growing conditions). It should not
be equated with the percentage of rooted
cuttings.
Conclusions
The study of seasonal shoot growth
can be considered a tool to predict the
rooting ability of the stem cuttings in the
genus Malus. It was confirmed by a strong
negative correlation between the duration
of shoot growth and the percentage of
rooted cuttings, and the linear regression
equation (y = –1.055 x + 108.93) predicting
that genotypes with a shorter duration
of shoot growth will be characterized by
the higher rooting ability. This prediction
method can serve for choosing the best
rooting Malus taxa and removing the
inefficient variants.
References
Aleinikov, А. F., & Mineev, V. V. (2015). Method
of diagnostics of softwood cuttings of sea-
buckthorn for prediction of their rooting ability.
Achievements of science and technology of AIC, 29(9),
77–79. (In Russian)Ta
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.
Plant Introduction • 89/90 107
The prognostication of the rooting ability of apple stem cuttings
Figure 1. Relationship between rooted cuttings and duration of shoots growth in investigated Malus taxa.
Indicators of seasonal growth of shoots
Correlation coefficients
Rooted cuttings Callus formation Unviable cuttings
The average increment –0.27 –0.36 0.38
The average length of shoot –0.21 0.13 –0.01
Duration of shoot growth –0.88 –0.28 0.56
Table 3. Correlation between indicators of seasonal growth of shoots and rotting success of cuttings in
investigated Malus taxa.
Amissah, J. N., Paolillo, D. J., & Bassuk, N. (2008).
Adventitious root formation in stem cuttings
of Quercus bicolor and Quercus macrocarpa
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108 Plant Introduction • 89/90
A. Konopelko
Прогнозування коренетвірної здатності стеблових живців яблуні за
показниками сезонного росту пагонів
Алла Конопелько
Національний дендрологічний парк “Софіївка” НАН України, вул. Київська, 12а, Умань, Черкаська
обл., 20300, Україна; konopelko_alla@ukr.net
До дослідження були залучені сім видів та сортів декоративної яблуні, включаючи Malus × floribunda,
M. halliana, M. niedzwetzkyana, M. × purpurea, M. × purpurea ‘Ola’, M. × purpurea ‘Royalty’ та M. × purpurea
‘Selkirk’. Для характеристики сезонного росту пагонів визначали середнє значення приросту,
середню довжину і тривалість росту пагонів. Після живцювання визначали відсоток укорінених
живців, відсоток живців з калюсом без коренів, а також відсоток нежиттєздатних живців окремо для
кожного таксону. Статистичний аналіз проводили за методикою Зайцева (1990) та Атраментової і
Утєвської (2014) за допомогою пакету програм Microsoft Excel 2007.
Hansen, P. (1971). 14C-studies on apple trees.
VII. The early seasonal growth in leaves,
flowers and shoots as dependent upon
current photosynthates and existing reserves.
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Hartmann, D. E. Kester, F. T. Davies & L. Robert.
Hartmann and Kester’s plant propagation. Principles
and practices. 8th edition. (pp. 774–839). Pearson
Ivanova, Z. Y. (1982). Biological bases and methods
of vegetative propagation of woody plants by stem
cuttings. Naukova Dumka. (In Russian).
Konopelko, A. V. (2020). Peculiarities of the
reproductive biology of the genus Malus Mill.
Journal of Native and Alien Plant Studies. 16, 96–111.
(In Ukrainian). https://doi.org/10.37555/2707-
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Molchanov, A. A., & Smirnov, V. V. (1967).
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Moiseychenko, N. V. (2004). Selection of fruit and
vegetable crops. Naukoviy Svit. (In Ukrainian)
Opalko, A. I., & Opalko, O. A. (2019, February 25–
27). Ex situ conservation strategy of woody plants
depending on the features of their reproductive
biology. In Proceedings of the international conferece
“Plant conservation strategies of the botanic gardens
and arboreta” (pp. 240–241). (In Ukrainian)
Opalko, О. А. (2003). Regenerative ability of cultivars,
hybrid seedlings, clonal rootstocks and decorative
forms of apple-trees in view of their economic
properties. [PhD Dissertation, The Uman State
Agrarian Academy]. (In Ukrainian).
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(In Russian)
Polikarpova, F. Y., & Pilyugina, V. V. (1991).
Growing planting material by green cuttings.
Rosagropromizdat. (In Russian)
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stem: a microscopic aspect. Springer. https://doi.
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ex Koehne. http://www.worldfloraonline.org/
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Han, Z. (2017). High miR156 expression is required
for auxin-induced adventitious root formation via
MxSPL26 independent of PINs and ARFs in Malus
xiaojinensis. Frontiers in plant science, 8, Article 1059.
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of miR156 in rejuvenation in Arabidopsis thaliana.
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The role of miR156/SPLs modules in Arabidopsis
lateral root development. The Plant Journal, 83(4),
673–685. https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.12919
Zaitsev, G. N. (1990). Mathematics in experimental
botany. Nauka. (In Russian)
Zhou, J., Wu, H., & Collet, G. F. (1992). Histological
study of initiation and development in vitro
of adventitious roots in minicuttings of apple
rootstocks of M 26 and EMLA 9. Physiologia
Plantarum, 84(3), 433–440. https://doi.
org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1992.tb04687.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1971.tb01475.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1971.tb01475.x
https://doi.org/10.37555/2707-3114.16.2020.219823
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https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73524-5
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73524-5
http://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0001012027
http://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0001012027
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.01059
https://doi.org/10.1111/jipb.12855
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https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1992.tb04687.x
Plant Introduction • 89/90 109
The prognostication of the rooting ability of apple stem cuttings
З’ясовано, що загальна тривалість росту пагонів досліджуваних видів та сортів становила від 72
(M. × purpurea ‘Ola’) до 118 діб (M. niedzwetzkyana); однорічні пагони після завершення росту були
завдовжки від 213,75 мм (M.× purpurea) до 448,75 мм (M. niedzwetzkyana); а середній приріст пагонів
складав від 3,90 мм (M. × purpurea ‘Ola’) до 14,70 мм (M. floribunda).
Коренетвірна здатність стеблових живців яблунь була обмежена досить короткими термінами
проведення живцювання та визначалася застосуванням біологічно активних речовин, їх
концентрацій та комплексів. Максимальний відсоток укорінення (33,33 %) був отриманий для
M. × purpurea ‘Ola’ після обробки живців 0,6 % індоліл-3-масляною кислотою (ІМК) в третій декаді
червня. Дещо нижчі показники вкорінення живців (20,00 %) спостерігали для M. halliana після
застосування 0,4 % ІМК та для M. × purpurea ‘Selkirk’ після застосування Podkorzen AB aqua в третій
декаді червня. Найменших показників вкорінення живців (7,69 %) було досягнуто для M. floribunda
після використання Podkorzen AB aqua при живцюванні в першій декаді липня.
Перспектива прогнозування коренетвірної здатності стеблових живців підтверджується сильним
зворотним кореляційним зв’язком між відсотком укорінених живців та тривалістю росту пагонів
(r = –0,88). Відсоток укорінених живців збільшується зі зменшенням тривалості росту пагонів,
залежно від генотипу.
Ключові слова: Malus, декоративна яблуня, розмноження, адвентивні корені, тривалість росту пагонів, кореляція
|
| id | oai:ojs2.plantintroduction.org:article-1586 |
| institution | Plant Introduction |
| keywords_txt_mv | keywords |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-07-17T12:53:55Z |
| publishDate | 2021 |
| publisher | M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the NAS of Ukraine |
| record_format | ojs |
| resource_txt_mv | wwwplantintroductionorg/74/de3ebae0071e0f93ceba1ea95cdf6b74.pdf |
| spelling | oai:ojs2.plantintroduction.org:article-15862023-08-26T20:39:20Z The prognostication of the rooting ability of apple stem cuttings by indices of seasonal growth of shoots Прогнозування коренетвірної здатності стеблових живців яблуні за показниками сезонного росту пагонів Konopelko, Alla The study involved seven species and cultivars of ornamental apple trees including Malus × floribunda, M. halliana, M. niedzwetzkyana, M. × purpurea, M. × purpurea ‘Ola’, M. × purpurea ‘Royalty’, and M. × purpurea ‘Selkirk’. The average value of increment, average length, and duration of shoots’ growth were determined to characterize the seasonal growth of Malus shoots. The percentages of rooted cuttings, callus formation without roots, and unviable cuttings were registered for each investigated taxon. Statistical analysis was performed in Microsoft Excel 2007 following Zaitsev (1990), and Atramentova & Utevskaya (2014).The total duration of shoots growth of the studied species and varieties ranged from 72 (M. × purpurea ‘Ola’) to 118 days (M. niedzwetzkyana); annual shoots reached a length from 213.75 mm (M. × purpurea) to 448.75 mm (M. niedzwetzkyana); the average increment of shoots ranged from 3.90 mm (M. × purpurea ‘Ola’) to 14.70 mm (M. floribunda).The rooting ability of Malus stem cuttings was limited to a reasonably short period of cutting procedure and depended on the application of biologically active substances, their concentrations, and complexes. The highest rooting rate (33.33 %) was observed in M. × purpurea ‘Ola’ after the treatment of its cuttings by 0.6 % indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) at the end of June. A slightly lower rooting rate (20.00 %) was observed in M. halliana cuttings treated by 0.4 % IBA and M. × purpurea ‘Selkirk’ cuttings treated by Podkorzen AB aqua at the end of June. Finally, 7.69 % of M. × floribunda cuttings were rooted with Podkorzen AB aqua at the beginning of July.The prediction of the rooting ability of Malus stem cuttings was confirmed by a strong negative correlation between the percentage of rooted cuttings and the duration of shoots’ growth (r = –0.88). Hence, the percentage of rooted cuttings increases with decreasing duration of shoots growth, depending on the genotype. До дослідження були залучені сім видів та сортів декоративної яблуні, включаючи Malus × floribunda, M. halliana, M. niedzwetzkyana, M. × purpurea, M. × purpurea ‘Ola’, M. × purpurea ‘Royalty’ та M. × purpurea ‘Selkirk’. Для характеристики сезонного росту пагонів визначали середнє значення приросту, середню довжину і тривалість росту пагонів. Після живцювання визначали відсоток укорінених живців, відсоток живців з калюсом без коренів, а також відсоток нежиттєздатних живців окремо для кожного таксону. Статистичний аналіз проводили за методикою Зайцева (1990) та Атраментової і Утєвської (2014) за допомогою пакету програм Microsoft Excel 2007.З’ясовано, що загальна тривалість росту пагонів досліджуваних видів та сортів становила від 72 (M. × purpurea ‘Ola’) до 118 діб (M. niedzwetzkyana); однорічні пагони після завершення росту були завдовжки від 213,75 мм (M.× purpurea) до 448,75 мм (M. niedzwetzkyana); а середній приріст пагонів складав від 3,90 мм (M. × purpurea ‘Ola’) до 14,70 мм (M. floribunda).Коренетвірна здатність стеблових живців яблунь була обмежена досить короткими термінами проведення живцювання та визначалася застосуванням біологічно активних речовин, їх концентрацій та комплексів. Максимальний відсоток укорінення (33,33 %) був отриманий для M. × purpurea ‘Ola’ після обробки живців 0,6 % індоліл-3-масляною кислотою (ІМК) в третій декаді червня. Дещо нижчі показники вкорінення живців (20,00 %) спостерігали для M. halliana після застосування 0,4 % ІМК та для M. × purpurea ‘Selkirk’ після застосування Podkorzen AB aqua в третій декаді червня. Найменших показників вкорінення живців (7,69 %) було досягнуто для M. floribunda після використання Podkorzen AB aqua при живцюванні в першій декаді липня.Перспектива прогнозування коренетвірної здатності стеблових живців підтверджується сильним зворотним кореляційним зв’язком між відсотком укорінених живців та тривалістю росту пагонів (r = –0,88). Відсоток укорінених живців збільшується зі зменшенням тривалості росту пагонів, залежно від генотипу. M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the NAS of Ukraine 2021-06-16 Article Article application/pdf https://www.plantintroduction.org/index.php/pi/article/view/1586 10.46341/PI2021004 Plant Introduction; No 89/90 (2021); 101-109 Інтродукція Рослин; № 89/90 (2021); 101-109 2663-290X 1605-6574 10.46341/PI89-90 en https://www.plantintroduction.org/index.php/pi/article/view/1586/1514 Copyright (c) 2021 Alla Konopelko http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 |
| spellingShingle | Konopelko, Alla Прогнозування коренетвірної здатності стеблових живців яблуні за показниками сезонного росту пагонів |
| title | Прогнозування коренетвірної здатності стеблових живців яблуні за показниками сезонного росту пагонів |
| title_alt | The prognostication of the rooting ability of apple stem cuttings by indices of seasonal growth of shoots |
| title_full | Прогнозування коренетвірної здатності стеблових живців яблуні за показниками сезонного росту пагонів |
| title_fullStr | Прогнозування коренетвірної здатності стеблових живців яблуні за показниками сезонного росту пагонів |
| title_full_unstemmed | Прогнозування коренетвірної здатності стеблових живців яблуні за показниками сезонного росту пагонів |
| title_short | Прогнозування коренетвірної здатності стеблових живців яблуні за показниками сезонного росту пагонів |
| title_sort | прогнозування коренетвірної здатності стеблових живців яблуні за показниками сезонного росту пагонів |
| url | https://www.plantintroduction.org/index.php/pi/article/view/1586 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT konopelkoalla theprognosticationoftherootingabilityofapplestemcuttingsbyindicesofseasonalgrowthofshoots AT konopelkoalla prognozuvannâkorenetvírnoízdatnostísteblovihživcívâblunízapokaznikamisezonnogorostupagonív AT konopelkoalla prognosticationoftherootingabilityofapplestemcuttingsbyindicesofseasonalgrowthofshoots |