Флористична характеристика деяких синантропних рослинних угруповань низовини Кобулеті (Аджарія, Грузія)
The materials of the field research of synanthropic vegetation in the territory of the Kobuleti in the 2016–2020 years are provided. In particular, 134 taxa belonging to 49 families and 97 genera were revealed in the three different plant communities (Cryptomerietum japonicae, Eucalyptetum-viminali-...
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2021
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Plant Introduction| _version_ | 1860145112633311232 |
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| author | Mikeladze, Irakli Gvarishvili, Nani Sharabidze, Aleksandre Shainidze, Gogita |
| author_facet | Mikeladze, Irakli Gvarishvili, Nani Sharabidze, Aleksandre Shainidze, Gogita |
| author_sort | Mikeladze, Irakli |
| baseUrl_str | https://www.plantintroduction.org/index.php/pi/oai |
| collection | OJS |
| datestamp_date | 2023-08-26T20:39:08Z |
| description | The materials of the field research of synanthropic vegetation in the territory of the Kobuleti in the 2016–2020 years are provided. In particular, 134 taxa belonging to 49 families and 97 genera were revealed in the three different plant communities (Cryptomerietum japonicae, Eucalyptetum-viminali-globulo-cinerei, and Cinnamomo glanduliferae-Cryptomerietum japonicae) in the Kobuleti lowland. The community Cryptomerietum japonicae comprises 66 taxa, 33 of which are native, and 33 have an alien origin. Woody plants in Cryptomerietum japonicae are represented by 15 taxa. The community Eucalyptetum-viminali-globulo-cinerei comprises 91 taxa, 36 of which are native and 55 are alien. Woody plants in Eucalyptetum-viminali-globulo-cinerei are represented with 17 taxa, while the rest 74 taxa are herbaceous. In Cinnamomo glanduliferae-Cryptomerietum japonicae there are discovered 49 plant taxa, including 25 native and 24 aliens. In this community, 16 taxa are represented by woody plants and 33 taxa – by herbaceous ones.Therefore, in the investigated region, 60 taxa (44.77 %) were found to be native and 74 taxa (55.23 %) alien. Among aliens, 31 taxa have East Asian origin, 16 taxa are from the Mediterranean, 13 taxa originated from Europe, ten taxa originated from North American, and four – originated from Australia.Despite cuttings and artificial planting of alien representatives, some indigenous woody species (i.e., Corylus avellana, Frangula alnus, Vaccinium arctostaphylos, Smilax excelsa, Quercus hartwissiana, Carpinus caucasica, Castanea sativa, and Hedera colchica) still occur in this territory. Both native and alien taxa participate in the formation of the described landscape structure. Successional events have started in the Kolkheti Lowland in ancient times. It is a long-term process, which is still ongoing, as our observations confirmed it. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.46341/PI2021007 |
| first_indexed | 2025-07-17T12:53:57Z |
| format | Article |
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© The Authors. This content is provided under CC BY 4.0 license.
Plant Introduction, 91/92, 10–23 (2021)
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Floristic characteristics of some synanthropic plant communities of the
Kobuleti lowland (Adjara, Georgia)
Irakli Mikeladze 1, *, Nani Gvarishvili 2, Aleksandre Sharabidze 2, Gogita Shainidze 2
1 Institute of Phytopathology and Biodiversity, Batumi Shota Rustaveli State University, 6200 Kobuleti, Georgia;
* irakli.mikeladze@bsu.edu.ge
2 Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Health Care, Batumi Shota Rustaveli State University, 6010 Batumi, Georgia
Received: 02.07.2021 | Accepted: 24.09.2021 | Published online: 05.10.2021
Abstract
The materials of the field research of synanthropic vegetation in the territory of the Kobuleti in the 2016–
2020 years are provided. In particular, 134 taxa belonging to 49 families and 97 genera were revealed in
the three different plant communities (Cryptomerietum japonicae, Eucalyptetum-viminali-globulo-cinerei, and
Cinnamomo glanduliferae-Cryptomerietum japonicae) in the Kobuleti lowland. The community Cryptomerietum
japonicae comprises 66 taxa, 33 of which are native, and 33 have an alien origin. Woody plants in
Cryptomerietum japonicae are represented by 15 taxa. The community Eucalyptetum-viminali-globulo-cinerei
comprises 91 taxa, 36 of which are native and 55 are alien. Woody plants in Eucalyptetum-viminali-globulo-
cinerei are represented with 17 taxa, while the rest 74 taxa are herbaceous. In Cinnamomo glanduliferae-
Cryptomerietum japonicae there are discovered 49 plant taxa, including 25 native and 24 aliens. In this
community, 16 taxa are represented by woody plants and 33 taxa – by herbaceous ones.
Therefore, in the investigated region, 60 taxa (44.77 %) were found to be native and 74 taxa (55.23 %) alien.
Among aliens, 31 taxa have East Asian origin, 16 taxa are from the Mediterranean, 13 taxa originated from
Europe, ten taxa originated from North American, and four – originated from Australia.
Despite cuttings and artificial planting of alien representatives, some indigenous woody species (i.e., Corylus
avellana, Frangula alnus, Vaccinium arctostaphylos, Smilax excelsa, Quercus hartwissiana, Carpinus caucasica,
Castanea sativa, and Hedera colchica) still occur in this territory. Both native and alien taxa participate in the
formation of the described landscape structure. Successional events have started in the Kolkheti Lowland
in ancient times. It is a long-term process, which is still ongoing, as our observations confirmed it.
Keywords: synanthropic vegetation, native flora, alien flora, invasion, Adjara, Georgia
https://doi.org/10.46341/PI2021007
UDC 581.552
Authors’ contributions: All four authors participated in expeditions and field studies. Irakli Mikeladze & Nani Gvarishvili performed
plant descriptions, species identification, and detection of plant communities. Aleksandre Sharabidze took plant samples, prepared
herbarium vouchers, and captured the photos. Gogita Shainidze worked on GIS and mapping. All authors discussed the results and
contributed to the final manuscript. Irakli Mikeladze is the corresponding author; he wrote the manuscript in consultation with all
four authors.
Funding: There has been no significant financial support for this work that could have influenced its outcome. The research was
funded by Batumi Shota Rustaveli State University.
Competing Interests: The authors declared no conflicts of interest associated with this publication.
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1200-6787
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7864-6181
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7257-8053
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7842-8459
Plant Introduction • 91/92 11
Floristic characteristics of some synanthropic plant communities of the Kobuleti lowland
Introduction
The transformation of the flora and vegetation
is one of the significant challenges in the
modern world related to human activity.
The human disruption impact on the
ecosystems promotes their response through
the secondary autogenic succession. Such
successions vary depending on specific
anthropogenic influence on ecosystem and
allow plant species with foreign origin invade
and inhabit local plant communities (Kornaś,
1990; Richardson & Pyšek, 2006; Fudali, 2009;
Opálková & Cimalová, 2012; Solomakha et al.,
2012; Ziaja & Wójcik, 2015; Mikeladze, 2015;
Kostryukova et al., 2017).
The influence of anthropogenic factors,
irrational use of natural sources, and careless
and abandoned agricultural lands have led
to a remarkable transformation of flora and
vegetation. Such transformation is reflected
in the invasion of alien plant species in the
disturbed habitats and syngeneic succession.
This is a result of anthropogenic-induced
invasion processes in the florogenesis that
oppressed indigenous species, in particular,
those ‘shelters’ (refugia) of which were
destroyed (Ginkul, 1936; Mazurenko &
Khokhriakov, 1972; Davitadze, 1980, 2001, 2002;
Richardson et al., 2000; Richardson & Pyšek,
2006; Simberloff, 2013).
Active phytoinvasion is also an actual
problem for the South Kolkhis (Adjara).
Investigation of the transformed vegetation
in the coastal Adjara lowland and foothills
considered the principal targets for
phytoinvasion in Kolkhis is highly relevant.
To predict and monitor local vegetation
transformations, it is essential to survey exiting
plant communities in terms of restorative
succession (consistent) change.
Material and methods
The research was carried in 2016–2020 in
the Kobuleti lowland. The study territory is
located in Georgia, in the floristic region of
the Western Georgia-Kolkheti Lowland (Fig. 1).
The object within the phytogeographical
division belongs to the ancient Mediterranean
and sub-Mediterranean regions (Gagnidze
& Davitadze, 2000). The humid subtropical
climate strongly determines local vegetation.
The average annual temperature is 13.5 °C. The
average temperature in January is 4.8 °C, and
in July – 22.4 °C. Absolute minimum is –14 °C,
and absolute maximum is +41 °C. The average
precipitation is 2500–3000 mm per year.
Autumn and winter are distinguished here by
abundance.
In total, three plant communities were
selected during the field expeditions using
the route method. GPS coordinates were
captured at the selected plots. Laboratory
analysis, identification, and herbarization were
carried at the the Institute of Phytopathology
and Biodiversity in Kobuleti, Batumi Shota
Rustaveli State University.
Both alien and native plants were
surveyedwithin the selected plant
communities. Different published sources
were applied for the plant identification,
including the identification manual of the
Adjara flora (Dmitrieva, 1960, 1967, 1990),
identification manuals of the Georgian flora
(Keckhoveli, 1971–1984; Kutateladze, 1985;
Gagnidze, 1987–2007; Gagnidze & Davitadze,
2000; Tarkhnishvili & Chaladze, 2013; Fischer
et al., 2018) and recent contributions to
the alien flora of Adjara (Davitadze, 2001,
2002; Kikodze et al., 2010; Sharabidze et al.,
2018; Mikeladze et al., 2019). The taxonomy
was verified following the online databases
POWO (2021).
The vegetation descriptions (relevés)
were made following the Braun-Blanquet
approach (Mueller-Dombois & Elenberg,
1925; Poore, 1955; Müller & Schmetterer,
1974; Minnesota Department of Natural
Resources, 2013). On the experimental
plots, the relevés were made with fixed
intervals. The constancy of all species was
calculated as a percentage overall and
separately for each relevé. Surveyed area
size varied depending on the plant cover. In
the case of tree plants, it was 400–500 m2,
while in case of mosses – 0.25–0.5 m2. The
projective cover was determined for each
plant species in all areas using the seven-
grade Braun-Blanquet scale: 5 – the species
has 75–100 % projective cover, 4 – 50–75 %,
3 – 25–50 %, 2 – 5–25 %, 1 – 1–5 %, + – < 5 %
(sporadic or few individuals occur), r – single
individual appears. The International Code
of Phytosociological Nomenclature (Weber
et al., 2000; Theurillat et al., 2020) and
Sorensen’s similarity index (Sørensen, 1948)
12 Plant Introduction • 91/92
I. Mikeladze, N. Gvarishvili, A. Sharabidze, G. Shainidze
were applied for the formal naming of the
investigated plant communities.
Results and discussion
In the immediate historical past, mixed
subtropical and mixed broadleaf forests with
the predominance of Castanea sativa Mill.,
Fagus orientalis Lipsky, Quercus hartvisiana
Stev., Tilia dasystyla Steven subsp. caucasica
(V. Engl.) Pigott, Pterocarya fraxinifolia (Poir.)
Spach, and Diospyros lotus L. were common
for Kolkhis Lowland. However, at the end
of the XIX century and the beginning of the
XX century, many drainage channels were
constructed, and mentioned plants were cut
down and replaced by artificial Eucalyptus,
Cryptomeria, and Cinamomum plantations.
Eucalyptus was introduced for cultivation in
swampy areas in coastal Adjara as a remedy
against swamps and malaria mosquitoes.
In particular, Eucalyptus globulus Labill. was
introduced in 1895, E. viminalis Labill. – in
1900, and E. cinerea F. Muell. ex Benth. – in
1912. Cryptomeria japonica was introduced
in coastal Adjara at the beginning of the
XX century. After that, it has undergone
complete acclimatization, and today these
plants actively bloom, produce fruits and self-
seedlings. Cinnamomum glanduliferum (Wall.)
Meisn. was introduced as an ornamental plant
in 1900.
At the end of the XX century, plantations
on the investigated territories were cut
down again due to different reasons. In these
degraded, empty, and abandoned areas,
competition between the native and alien
plant taxa started in certain plant groups,
characterized by lower stability.
Considering the formation history, three
formal plant communities were selected in
the Kobuleti lowland for the investigation
– Cryptomerietum japonicae, Eucalyptetum-
viminali-globulo-cinerei, and Cinnamomo
glanduliferae-Cryptomerietum japonicae.
3 1
2
Figure 1. The location of the research areas (plant communities): 1 – Cryptomerietum japonicae; 2 –
Eucalyptetum-viminali-globulo-cinerei; 3 – Cinnamomo glanduliferae-Cryptomerietum japonicae.
Plant Introduction • 91/92 13
Floristic characteristics of some synanthropic plant communities of the Kobuleti lowland
1. Cryptomerietum japonicae
The mentioned territory is located in the
Kobuleti lowland, at 17–29 m a.s.l., between
37T 733176 m E, 4633084 m N; 37T 733460 m E,
4633233 m, N; 37T 733557 m E, 4633070 m N.
Exposition is flatland with poorly developed
soil (Figs. 1 & 2).
Sixty-six plant taxa were observed in the
Cryptomeria japonica community, including 33
native and 33 aliens (Appendix). Woody plants
are represented here by 15 taxa.
The main tree layer of the community is
differentiated into sub-layers. The specimens
of Cryptomeria japonica that survived
deforestation dominate in the first sub-layer
and reach 20–25 m of height. The second
sub-layer is outlined with self-cropped
undergrowth specimens and root sprouts
located on the cut logs of Cryptomeria
japonica, Eucalyptus, and Cinamomum.
Smilax excelsa L., Lonicera japonica Thunb.,
and Hedera colchica (K. Koch) K. Koch stand
out among the vines, forming the second sub-
forest layer.
The third, herbaceous, layer is poorly
developed. The projective cover of grasses is
about 30–35 %. Among the leading species
here are Hydrocotyle ramiflora Maxim., Poa
annua L., Kummerowia striata (Thunb.)
Schindl., Trifolium diffusum Ehrh., Viola
prionantha Bunge, V. reichenbachiana Jord. ex
Boreau, Setaria faberi R.A.W. Herrm., Fragaria
vesca L., Euphorbia falcata L., E. peplus L.,
and E. stricta L. The fern Pteridium tauricum
V.I. Krecz. ex Grossh. (= Pteridium aquilinum
(L.) Kuhn) was also abundantly present here.
The soil surface is covered with different
mosses, including Calliergonella cuspidata
(Hedw.) Loeske, Odontoschisma denudatum
(Mart.) Dumort., and Polytrichum strictum
Menzies ex Brid.
Eight species (Cryptomeria japonica,
Frangula alnus Mill., Hedera colchica, Lespedeza
bicolor Turcz., Lonicera japonica, Hydrocotyle
ramiflora, H. vulgaris L., and Smilax excelsa)
are naturally renewed and engaged in the
formation of the basic layer of the given
plant community. The local flora elements
(i.e., Quercus hartwissiana Steven, Carpinus
caucasica Grossh. (= Carpinus betulus L.), and
Vaccinium arctostaphylos L.) are represented
by very few units due to shadowing created by
Figure 2. Cryptomerietum japonicae community.
14 Plant Introduction • 91/92
I. Mikeladze, N. Gvarishvili, A. Sharabidze, G. Shainidze
the main canopy on the one hand, and grazing
by livestock animals on the other. Similarly,
such alien species as Cinnamomum camphora
(L.) J. Presl and Ailanthus altissima (Mill.)
Swingle are poorly presented too.
The appearance of Carpinus caucasica,
Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn., Corylus avellana L.,
Hedera colchica, Frangula alnus, Smilax excelsa,
and Vaccinium arctostaphylos characterizing
the primary phytocoenoses, allows assuming
that participation of these and many other
native species will increase in the future.
2. Eucalyptetum-viminali-globulo-cinerei
The research area is flatland, within
9–18 m a.s.l. elevation, located between 37T
732624 m E, 4632886 m N; 37T 732849 m E,
4632974 m N; 37T 732687 m E, 4632801 m N;
37T 732882 m E, 4632843 m N. The inventory
revealed vegetation with a dominance of
Eucalyptus viminalis, E. globulus, and E. cinerea
(Figs. 1 & 3). Taxonomic composition of this
plant community differs from the community
with the predominance of the Cryptomeria
japonica.
According to the survey, there are 91 taxa
in this community, including 36 native and 55
alien. Woody plants are represented there by
17 taxa, while the rest 74 taxa are herbaceous
(Appendix).
The main vegetation layer of this community
is differentiated into two sub-layers. The
first sub-layer is formed by 20–30-meter-
high Eucalyptus cinerea, E. globulus, and
E. viminalis, which survived during the
cuttings and dominate. Cryptomeria japonica,
Eucalyptus cinerea, E. globulus, E. viminalis,
Cinnamomum glanduliferum, C. tenuifolium
(Makino) Sugim., Vernicia fordii (Hemsl.) Airy
Shaw, Frangula alnus Mill., and Acacia dealbata
Link are distributed in the second sub-layer.
Only a few specimens of the indigenous
species Castanea sativa are present there. The
canopy of the main layer is dense, and this
defines the specific composition and structure
of underlying vegetation.
The second layer is presented by vines
Smilax excelsa, Lonicera japonica, Hedera
colchica, and Persicaria perfoliata (L.) H. Gross.
In this community, herbaceous cover (the
third layer) is distributed quite unevenly. It is
Figure 3. Eucalyptetum-viminali-globulo-cinerei community.
Plant Introduction • 91/92 15
Floristic characteristics of some synanthropic plant communities of the Kobuleti lowland
developed in open places, where it makes
the high projective cover. Its composition
is colorful with numerous indigenous
and alien species. There occur Paspalum
thunbergia Kunth, P. distichum L., Persicaria
thunbergii (Siebold & Zucc.) H. Gross, Cyperus
esculentus L., C. longus L. subsp. longus,
C. longus subsp. badius (Desf.) Bonnier &
Layens, C. brevifolioides Thieret & Delahouss.,
Solidago virgaurea L., Ranunculus muricatus L.,
R. sceleratus L. and many other taxa.
The soil surface is more or less covered
with three species of mosses (Calliergonella
cuspidata, Odontoschisma denudatum, and
Polytrichum strictum) and the channels – with
Sphagnum cuspidatum Ehrh. ex Hoffm.
Species creating the main cover in
Eucalyptetum-viminali-globulo-cinerei
community have weak natural renewal
capacity. Their reproduction is mainly realized
through self-seeding and root sprouts.
3. Cinnamomo glanduliferae-Cryptomerietum
japonicae
The research area is flatland located at 13–
15 m a.s.l. elevation, between 37T 732694 m E,
4633007 m N; 37T 732742 m E, 4633241 m N;
37T 732976 m E, 4633108 m N. The vegetation
composition is not rich, with poorly developed
herbaceous cover (Figs. 1 & 4). On the research
plot, there are located drainage channels with
developed cover of Sphagnum palustre L.,
various Polygonum species, Microstegium
vimineum (Trin.) A. Camus, and Juncus
effusus L.
Forty-nine plant taxa were registered in
this community, including 25 native and 24
aliens. Among them, 16 taxa are represented
by woody plants and 33 taxa – by herbaceous
ones. In contrast to the mentioned above
communities, here we observed native
Rhododendron ponticum L. and invasive
Andropogon virginicus L. (Appendix).
This plant community is differentiated
into layers and sublayers. In the first layer,
the 20–30-meter trees of Eucalyptus cinerea
and E. viminalis form the first sub-layer.
The second sub-layer is outlined at 10–20 m
height and formed by Cryptomeria japonica
and Cinnamomum glanduliferum. The third
sub-layer is represented by the 4–8-meter-
Figure 4. Cinnamomo glanduliferae-Cryptomerietum japonicae community.
16 Plant Introduction • 91/92
I. Mikeladze, N. Gvarishvili, A. Sharabidze, G. Shainidze
high root sprouts of Cryptomeria japonica,
Cinnamomum glanduliferum, Alnus glutinosa,
and Eucalyptus sp.
The second, sub-forestal, layer is unevenly
developed, represented by shrubs of Corylus
avellana, Rhododendron ponticum, Frangula
alnus Mill. and other. Among the vines, here
we observed Smilax excelsa, Lonicera japonica,
and Hedera colchica.
Herbaceous cover (the third layer) is weakly
developed, with poor species composition due
to solid shadowing. Both indigenous and alien
species were observed here.
Like in the previous community, the soil
surface is more or less covered with mosses
Calliergonella cuspidata, Odontoschisma
denudatum, Polytrichum strictum, and
Sphagnum palustre. Ferns are poorly
represented by few units of Thelypteris
palustris Schott, Thelypteris limbosperma
(All.) H.P. Fuchs, and Pteridium tauricum
(= Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn), which
created unfordable groups.
The natural renewal of the trees creating
the main cover is weak, and reproduction is
realized chiefly through self-seeding and root
sprouts.
In total, 134 plant taxa distributed among 49
families and 97 genera were registered during
the investigation. The most represented
families by the taxa number are Asteraceae (19
taxa), Poaceae (15), Fabaceae (8), Polygonaceae
(7), Rosaceae (7), Cyperaceae (6), Lamiaceae
(5), Euphorbiaceae (5). Hence, these leading
families comprise 72 taxa, which represent
53.73 % of the total observed.
Therophytes have a dominant position
and are represented by 45 taxa (33.58 %). The
second place belongs to phanerophytes with
29 taxa (21.64 %). Cryptophytes include 27 taxa
(20.14 %), hemicryptophytes – 24 taxa (17.91 %),
and chamaephytes – nine taxa (6.71 %).
Among the explored taxa, 60 (44.77%) are
native and 74 (55.23 %) alien. Among the aliens,
31 taxa have East Asian, 16 – Mediterranean,
13 – European, ten – North American, and four
– Australian origin.
The presence of the number of alien
taxa that originated from East Asia is a
result of several factors, including similar
climatic conditions (i.e., high humidity and
precipitations, favorable temperatures during
the whole year, fertile soils, etc.). In addition,
it reflects the history of the introduction and
cultivation of mentioned taxa and associated
weeds. The species of the Mediterranean and
European origin are numerous too. This is also
partly determined by the phytogeographic
structure of the Adjara flora.
Among the investigated alien plants, three
taxa are archaeophytes, 16 – kenophytes,
35 – neophytes, and 20 – euneophytes
(invaded Adjara after 1950s). Among the
non-native plants, there are 22 taxa highly
expansive in seaside Adjara: Acacia dealbata,
Ailanthus altissima, Vernicia fordii, Ambrosia
artemisiifolia L., Artemisia vulgaris L.,
Commelina communis L., Symphyotrichum
graminifolium (Spreng.) G.L. Nesom.,
Cryptomeria japonica, Cyperus esculentus,
Potentilla indica (Andrews) Th. Wolf, Erigeron
annuus (L.) Desf, E. canadensis L., Cyperus
brevifolioides, Microstegium japonicum (Miq.)
Koidz., M. vimineum, Miscanthus sinensis
Andersson, Paspalum paspalodes Kunth,
Persicaria perfoliata, P. thunbergii, Brucea
javanica (L.) Merr., Spiraea japonica L. f., and
Sisyrinchium septentrionale E.P. Bicknell.
In the investigated communities, apophytes
are represented by 60 taxa. Their natural
distribution habitats vary. Among them, 26
taxa (43.33 %) represent the moist meadows,
so the study area corresponds to their natural
habitat. Other 16 taxa (26.66 %) originated
from forest habitats, 11 taxa (18.33 %) represent
the ecological group of lowland sandy beaches,
grasslands and shrub communities, and seven
more taxa (11.66 %) belong to the ruderal and
segetal ecological groups.
Conclusions
Described plant communities Cryptomerietum
japonicae, Eucalyptetum-viminali-globulo-
cinerei, and Cinnamomo glanduliferae-
Cryptomerietum japonicae differ by taxonomic
composition and number of native and alien
taxa. In total, 134 plant taxa belonging to 49
families and 97 genera were registered in the
research area. Among them, 60 (44.77 %) taxa
are native, and 74 (55.23 %) – are aliens.
Because of the disposition of Eucalyptus
leaves, in Eucalyptetum-viminali-globulo-
cinerei community, the shadow is lower. This
results in a higher number of taxa (36 native and
Plant Introduction • 91/92 17
Floristic characteristics of some synanthropic plant communities of the Kobuleti lowland
55 aliens). There are unfavorable conditions
for plants spread in two other communities;
hence their number is much lower (33 native
and 33 alien taxa in Cryptomerietum japonicae,
and 25 native and 22 alien taxa in Cinnamomo
glanduliferae-Cryptomerietum japonicae).
Despite cuttings and artificial planting of
alien representatives, some indigenous woody
species (i.e., Corylus avellana, Frangula alnus,
Vaccinium arctostaphylos, Smilax excelsa,
Quercus hartwissiana, Carpinus caucasica,
Castanea sativa, Hedera colchica, etc.) still
occur in this territory. Both native and alien
taxa participate in the formation of the
described landscape structure. In all three
communities, the Lonicera japonica wraps
trees and shrubs, significantly inhibiting
their development. Herbaceous vegetation
mainly developed under the trees canopy
and is induced by it. In glades, we observed
Miscanthus sinensis, which restricts the
penetration and growth of other competitors.
Successional events have started in the
Kolkheti Lowland in ancient times. It is a
long-term process, which is still ongoing,
as our observations confirmed it. Not only
woody plants take part in the creation of the
secondary communities in this region. Here
we also found secondary meadows and some
other secondary communities that will be
reported in further researches.
References
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Appendix. Taxonomic composition and projective cover in the studied plant communities. Taxa are
provided following POWO (2021) database, indicating some widely applied synonyms in the brackets after
the equals sign. Indices of the projective cover follow the seven-grade Braun-Blanquet scale (see Material
and Methods section for details).
Nr Taxon Family Origin
Indices of the projective cover
at the investigated areas
1 2 3
1 Acacia dealbata Link Fabaceae Australia 1
2 Acalypha australis L. Euphorbiaceae East Asia +
3 Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle Simaroubaceae East Asia 1
4 Aira elegans Willd. ex Roem. & Schult. Poaceae Mediterranean +
5 Alisma plantago-aquatica L. Alismataceae native +
6 Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. Betulaceae native 1 +
7 Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. Asteraceae North America 1 1 1
8 Andropogon virginicus L. Poaceae North America +
9 Artemisia vulgaris L. Asteraceae Mediterranean 1 1 1
10 Bellis perennis L. Asteraceae Atl. Europe +
11 Blechnum spicant (L.) Roth. Aspleniaceae native +
https://doi.org/10.2478/v10210-011-0023-6
https://doi.org/10.2478/v10210-011-0023-6
https://doi.org/10.2307/2257133
http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org
http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org
https://doi.org/10.1191%2F0309133306pp490pr
https://doi.org/10.1191%2F0309133306pp490pr
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1472-4642.2000.00083.x
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1472-4642.2000.00083.x
http://www.biodiversity-georgia.net/
http://www.biodiversity-georgia.net/
https://doi.org/10.1111/avsc.12491
https://doi.org/10.1111/avsc.12491
https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes/36984
https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes/36984
Plant Introduction • 91/92 19
Floristic characteristics of some synanthropic plant communities of the Kobuleti lowland
Nr Taxon Family Origin
Indices of the projective cover
at the investigated areas
1 2 3
12 Brucea javanica (L.) Merr. (= Rhus
javanica L.)
Simaroubaceae East Asia +
13 Calliergonella cuspidata (Hedw.)
Loeske
Hypnaceae native 2 2 2
14 Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. Brassicaceae native +
15 Cardamine hirsuta L. Brassicaceae Atl. Europe +
16 Carex remota L. Cyperaceae native +
17 Carex riparia Curt. Cyperaceae native +
18 Carpinus caucasica Grossh
(= Carpinus betulus L.)
Betulaceae native +
19 Castanea sativa Mill. Fagaceae native r
20 Centaurium tenuiflorum
(Hoffmanns. & Link) Fritsch
Gentianaceae native +
21 Cichorium intybus L. Asteraceae native +
22 Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J. Presl Lauraceae East Asia +
23 Cinnamomum glanduliferum
(Wall.) Meisn.
Lauraceae East Asia 1 1 3
24 Cinnamomum tenuifolium
(Makino) Sugim. (= Cinnamomum
japonicum Siebold ex Nakai)
Lauraceae East Asia + +
25 Commelina communis L. Commelinaceae East Asia 1 1
26 Corylus avellana L. Betulaceae native + r r
27 Crepis setosa Haller f. Asteraceae Mediterranean +
28 Cryptomeria japonica (Thunb. ex
L. f.) D. Don.
Cupressaceae East Asia 5 1 2
29 Cyperus brevifolioides Thieret &
Delahouss. (= Kyllinga gracillima
Miq.)
Cyperaceae East Asia +
30 Cyperus esculentus L. Cyperaceae Mediterranean +
31 Cyperus longus L. subsp. longus Cyperaceae native +
32 Cyperus longus L. subsp. badius
(Desf.) Bonnier & Layens
(= Cyperus badius Desf.)
Cyperaceae Mediterranean +
33 Daucus carota L. Apiaceae Atl. Europe r
34 Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. Asteraceae North America + + +
35 Erigeron bonariensis L. Asteraceae North America +
36 Erigeron canadensis L. Asteraceae North America + + +
37 Eucalyptus cinerea F. Muell. ex Benth. Myrtaceae Australia 2 3
38 Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Myrtaceae Australia 2 1
39 Eucalyptus viminalis Labill. Myrtaceae Australia 1 2 3
40 Euphorbia falcata L. Euphorbiaceae native +
41 Euphorbia peplus L. Euphorbiaceae Mediterranean +
Appendix. Continued.
20 Plant Introduction • 91/92
I. Mikeladze, N. Gvarishvili, A. Sharabidze, G. Shainidze
Nr Taxon Family Origin
Indices of the projective cover
at the investigated areas
1 2 3
42 Euphorbia stricta L. Euphorbiaceae Mediterranean +
43 Filago arvensis L. Asteraceae native +
44 Fragaria vesca L. Rosaceae native +
45 Frangula alnus Mill. Rhamnaceae native 1 + +
46 Galinsoga parviflora Cav. Asteraceae North America +
47 Galinsoga quadriradiata Ruiz &
Pav. (= Galinsoga ciliata (Raf.)
S.F. Blake)
Asteraceae North America +
48 Hedera colchica (K. Koch) K. Koch. Araliaceae native + +
49 Helichrysum luteoalbum (L.) Rchb.
(= Gnaphalium luteoalbum L.)
Asteraceae East Asia +
50 Hydrangea febrifuga (Lour.) Y.
De Smet & Granados (= Dichroa
febrifuga Lour.)
Hydrangeaceae East Asia +
51 Hydrocotyle ramiflora Maxim. Araliaceae East Asia 1 1 +
52 Hydrocotyle vulgaris L. Araliaceae Europe 2 1 +
53 Hypericum androsaemum L. Hypericaceae native +
54 Hypochaeris radicata L.
(= Hypochaeris radiata Falk.)
Asteraceae native +
55 Juncus effusus L. Juncaceae native 1 + +
56 Juncus tenuis Willd. Juncaceae native 1 +
57 Kummerowia striata (Thunb.)
Schindl. (= Lespedeza striata
(Thunb.) Hook. & Arn.)
Fabaceae East Asia 1 1
58 Lamium purpureum L. Lamiaceae Europe +
59 Leontodon hispidus L. Asteraceae native +
60 Lepidium campestre (L.) W.T. Aiton Brassicaceae Mediterranean +
61 Lespedeza bicolor Turcz. Fabaceae East Asia +
62 Leucojum aestivum L. Amaryllidaceae native +
63 Lobelia urens L. Campanulaceae Europe r
64 Logfia gallica (L.) Coss. & Germ.
(= Filago gallica L.)
Asteraceae Europe +
65 Lolium perenne L. Poaceae Europe +
66 Lolium rigidum Gaudin. Poaceae Mediterranean +
67 Lonicera japonica Thunb. Caprifoliaceae East Asia + + +
68 Lotus palustris Willd. Fabaceae Mediterranean +
69 Lysimachia japonica Thunb. Primulaceae East Asia +
70 Lythrum salicaria L. Lythraceae native +
71 Mentha aquatica L. Lamiaceae native +
72 Mentha pulegium L. Lamiaceae native +
Appendix. Continued.
Plant Introduction • 91/92 21
Floristic characteristics of some synanthropic plant communities of the Kobuleti lowland
Nr Taxon Family Origin
Indices of the projective cover
at the investigated areas
1 2 3
73 Microsteg vimineum (Trin.) A.
Camus (= Microstegium imberbe
(Nees ex Steud.) Tzvelev)
Poaceae East Asia 1 1 +
74 Microstegium japonicum (Miq.)
Koidz.
Poaceae East Asia 1 1
75 Miscanthus sinensis Andersson Poaceae East Asia 1 1 +
76 Myosotis scorpioides L. (= Myosotis
palustris (L.) Nathh.)
Boraginaceae native +
77 Nasturtium officinale (L) R. Br. Brassicaceae native +
78 Nymphaea candida C. Presl. Nymphaeaceae North America r
79 Odontoschisma denudatum (Nees)
Dumort.
Cephaloziaceae native 2 2 2
80 Osmunda regalis L. Osmundaceae native + r
81 Oxalis corniculata L. Oxalidaceae North America + +
82 Paspalum distichum L. (= Paspalum
paspalodes (Michx.) Scribn.)
Poaceae East Asia +
83 Paspalum thunbergii Kunth Poaceae East Asia +
84 Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton var.
crispa (Thunb.) H. Deane (= Perilla
nankinensis (Lour.) Decne.)
Lamiaceae East Asia +
85 Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Delarbre
(= Polygonum hydropiper L.)
Polygonaceae native + +
86 Persicaria maculosa Gray.
(= Polygonum persicaria L.)
Polygonaceae native +
87 Persicaria perfoliata (L.) H. Gross
(= Polygonum perfoliatum L.)
Polygonaceae East Asia + 1
88 Persicaria thunbergii (Siebold
& Zucc.) H. Gross (= Polygonum
thunbergii Siebold & Zucc.)
Polygonaceae East Asia 1 +
89 Plantago major L. Plantaginaceae native + + +
90 Poa annua L. Poaceae Europe 1 1 1
91 Poa compressa L. Poaceae Europe 1
92 Poa pratensis L. Poaceae native + 1
93 Polytrichum strictum Menzies
ex Brid.
Polytrichaceae native + + +
94 Potentilla indica (Andrews) Th.
Wolf (Duchesnea indica (Andrews)
Teschem.)
Rosaceae East Asia +
95 Prunella vulgaris L. Lamiaceae native + +
96 Pseudognaphalium affine (D. Don)
Anderb. (= Gnaphalium affine
D. Don.)
Asteraceae East Asia +
97 Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn
(= Pteridium tauricum V.I. Krecz.
ex Grossh.)
Dennstaedtiaceae native 1 1 1
Appendix. Continued.
22 Plant Introduction • 91/92
I. Mikeladze, N. Gvarishvili, A. Sharabidze, G. Shainidze
Nr Taxon Family Origin
Indices of the projective cover
at the investigated areas
1 2 3
98 Pteris cretica L. Pteridaceae native +
99 Quercus hartwissiana Steven. Fagaceae native +
100 Ranunculus muricatus L. Ranunculaceae Mediterranean +
101 Ranunculus sceleratus L. Ranunculaceae Europe +
102 Rhododendron luteum Sweet. Ericaceae native r r
103 Rhododendron ponticum L. Ericaceae native r
104 Rubus caesius L. Rosaceae native +
105 Rubus creticus Tourn. ex L.
(= Rubus sanguineus Friv.)
Rosaceae native + +
106 Rubus hirtus Waldst. & Kit. Rosaceae native + +
107 Rubus serpens Weihe ex Lej. &
Courtois
Rosaceae native +
108 Rumex acetosella L. Polygonaceae native +
109 Rumex acetosella L. subsp.
acetoselloides (Balansa) Den Nijs
(= Rumex acetoselloides Balansa)
Polygonaceae native +
110 Rumex pulcher L. Polygonaceae native +
111 Sambucus ebulus L. Adoxaceae native +
112 Senecio sylvaticus L. Asteraceae native +
113 Senecio vulgaris L. Asteraceae Europe + + +
114 Setaria faberi R.A.W. Herrm Poaceae Mediterranean + +
115 Setaria intermedia Roem. & Schult. Poaceae East Asia + +
116 Sisyrinchium septentrionale
E.P. Bicknell
Iridaceae North America +
117 Smilax excelsa L. Smilacaceae native 1 + +
118 Sphagnum cuspidatum Ehrh. ex
Hoffm.
Sphagnaceae native 1
119 Sphagnum palustre L. Sphagnaceae native +
120 Spiraea japonica L. f. Rosaceae East Asia 1 1 +
121 Sporobolus fertilis (Steud.) Clayton Poaceae East Asia +
122 Symphyotrichum graminifolium
(Spreng.) G.L. Nesom.
(= Conyzanthus graminifolius
(Spreng.) Tamamsch.)
Asteraceae Mediterranean +
123 Thelypteris limbosperma (All.)
H.P. Fuchs (= Thelypteris
oreopteris (Sw.) Sloss.)
Aspleniaceae native + +
124 Thelypteris palustris Schott. Aspleniaceae native +
125 Trifolium diffusum Ehrh. Fabaceae Mediterranean +
126 Trifolium echinatum Bieb. Fabaceae Mediterranean +
127 Typha angustifolia L. Typhaceae native +
Appendix. Continued.
Plant Introduction • 91/92 23
Floristic characteristics of some synanthropic plant communities of the Kobuleti lowland
Nr Taxon Family Origin
Indices of the projective cover
at the investigated areas
1 2 3
128 Vaccinium arctostaphylos L. Ericaceae native + r r
129 Verbascum blattaria L. Scrophulariaceae native +
130 Vernicia fordii (Hemsl.) Airy Shaw
(= Aleurites fordii Hemsl.)
Euphorbiaceae East Asia +
131 Vicia lathyroides L. Fabaceae Mediterranean +
132 Vicia sativa L. Fabaceae Europe +
133 Viola prionantha Bunge. Violaceae East Asia +
134 Viola reichenbachiana Jord. ex
Boreau.
Violaceae native + +
Appendix. Continued.
Флористична характеристика деяких синантропних рослинних угруповань
низовини Кобулеті (Аджарія, Грузія)
Іраклі Мікеладзе 1, *, Нані Гварішвілі 2, Александре Шарабідзе 2, Гогіта Шаінідзе 2
1 Інститут фітопатології та біорізноманіття, Батумський державний університет імені Шота Руставелі,
Кобулеті, 6200, Грузія; * irakli.mikeladze@bsu.edu.ge
2 Кафедра біології, Факультет природничих наук та охорони здоров’я, Батумський державний
університет імені Шота Руставелі, Батумі, 6010, Грузія
Представлено матеріали польових досліджень синантропної рослинності на території Кобулеті,
що здійснювалися протягом 2016–2020 років. Зокрема, на території низовини Кобулеті, в межах
трьох різних рослинних угруповань (Cryptomerietum japonicae, Eucalyptetum-viminali-globulo-cinerei та
Cinnamomo glanduliferae-Cryptomerietum japonicae) було виявлено 134 таксони, що належать до 49
родин і 97 родів. Рослинне угруповання Cryptomerietum japonicae налічує 66 таксонів, з-посеред яких
33 є місцевими, а інші 33 – адвентивними. Деревні рослини в угрупованні Cryptomerietum japonicae
представлені 15 таксонами. Рослинне угруповання Eucalyptetum-viminali-globulo-cinerei налічує 91
таксон, з-посеред яких 36 є місцевими і 55 мають адвентивне походження. Деревні рослини у
складі угруповання Eucalyptetum-viminali-globulo-cinerei представлені 17 таксонами, в той час як решта
74 таксони представляють трав’яні рослини. В угрупованні Cinnamomo glanduliferae-Cryptomerietum
japonicae виявлено 49 таксонів рослин, включаючи 25 місцевих і 24 адвентивних. При цьому, в
рослинному угрупованні Cinnamomo glanduliferae-Cryptomerietum japonicae 16 таксонів представлено
деревними рослинами і 33 таксони – трав’яними.
Таким чином, було виявлено, що на дослідженій території, 60 таксонів (44.77 %) є місцевими і 74
таксони (55.23 %) мають чужорідне походження. Серед адвентивних рослин, 31 таксон походить зі
Східної Азії, 16 таксонів походять з Середземномор’я, 13 таксонів походять з Європи, десять таксонів
походять з Північної Америки і чотири таксони – з Австралії.
Не зважаючи на вирубки та штучні насадження чужорідних представників, деякі з локальних деревних
видів (зокрема, Corylus avellana, Frangula alnus, Vaccinium arctostaphylos, Smilax excelsa, Quercus hartwissiana,
Carpinus caucasica, Castanea sativa, Hedera colchica) все ще представлені на дослідженій території. При
цьому, як місцеві, так і адвентивні види беруть участь у формуванні структури описаного ландшафту.
Сукцесійні зміни у долині Колхеті розпочалися ще у давні часи. Це довготривалий процес, який, як
показали наші дослідження, все ще триває.
Ключові слова: синантропна рослинність, природна флора, адвентивна флора, інвазія, Аджарія, Грузія
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| id | oai:ojs2.plantintroduction.org:article-1590 |
| institution | Plant Introduction |
| keywords_txt_mv | keywords |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-07-17T12:53:57Z |
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| spelling | oai:ojs2.plantintroduction.org:article-15902023-08-26T20:39:08Z Floristic characteristics of some synanthropic plant communities of the Kobuleti lowland (Adjara, Georgia) Флористична характеристика деяких синантропних рослинних угруповань низовини Кобулеті (Аджарія, Грузія) Mikeladze, Irakli Gvarishvili, Nani Sharabidze, Aleksandre Shainidze, Gogita The materials of the field research of synanthropic vegetation in the territory of the Kobuleti in the 2016–2020 years are provided. In particular, 134 taxa belonging to 49 families and 97 genera were revealed in the three different plant communities (Cryptomerietum japonicae, Eucalyptetum-viminali-globulo-cinerei, and Cinnamomo glanduliferae-Cryptomerietum japonicae) in the Kobuleti lowland. The community Cryptomerietum japonicae comprises 66 taxa, 33 of which are native, and 33 have an alien origin. Woody plants in Cryptomerietum japonicae are represented by 15 taxa. The community Eucalyptetum-viminali-globulo-cinerei comprises 91 taxa, 36 of which are native and 55 are alien. Woody plants in Eucalyptetum-viminali-globulo-cinerei are represented with 17 taxa, while the rest 74 taxa are herbaceous. In Cinnamomo glanduliferae-Cryptomerietum japonicae there are discovered 49 plant taxa, including 25 native and 24 aliens. In this community, 16 taxa are represented by woody plants and 33 taxa – by herbaceous ones.Therefore, in the investigated region, 60 taxa (44.77 %) were found to be native and 74 taxa (55.23 %) alien. Among aliens, 31 taxa have East Asian origin, 16 taxa are from the Mediterranean, 13 taxa originated from Europe, ten taxa originated from North American, and four – originated from Australia.Despite cuttings and artificial planting of alien representatives, some indigenous woody species (i.e., Corylus avellana, Frangula alnus, Vaccinium arctostaphylos, Smilax excelsa, Quercus hartwissiana, Carpinus caucasica, Castanea sativa, and Hedera colchica) still occur in this territory. Both native and alien taxa participate in the formation of the described landscape structure. Successional events have started in the Kolkheti Lowland in ancient times. It is a long-term process, which is still ongoing, as our observations confirmed it. Представлено матеріали польових досліджень синантропної рослинності на території Кобулеті, що здійснювалися протягом 2016–2020 років. Зокрема, на території низовини Кобулеті, в межах трьох різних рослинних угруповань (Cryptomerietum japonicae, Eucalyptetum-viminali-globulo-cinerei та Cinnamomo glanduliferae-Cryptomerietum japonicae) було виявлено 134 таксони, що належать до 49 родин і 97 родів. Рослинне угруповання Cryptomerietum japonicae налічує 66 таксонів, з-посеред яких 33 є місцевими, а інші 33 – адвентивними. Деревні рослини в угрупованні Cryptomerietum japonicae представлені 15 таксонами. Рослинне угруповання Eucalyptetum-viminali-globulo-cinerei налічує 91 таксон, з-посеред яких 36 є місцевими і 55 мають адвентивне походження. Деревні рослини у складі угруповання Eucalyptetum-viminali-globulo-cinerei представлені 17 таксонами, в той час як решта 74 таксони представляють трав’яні рослини. В угрупованні Cinnamomo glanduliferae-Cryptomerietum japonicae виявлено 49 таксонів рослин, включаючи 25 місцевих і 24 адвентивних. При цьому, в рослинному угрупованні Cinnamomo glanduliferae-Cryptomerietum japonicae 16 таксонів представлено деревними рослинами і 33 таксони – трав’яними.Таким чином, було виявлено, що на дослідженій території, 60 таксонів (44.77 %) є місцевими і 74 таксони (55.23 %) мають чужорідне походження. Серед адвентивних рослин, 31 таксон походить зі Східної Азії, 16 таксонів походять з Середземномор’я, 13 таксонів походять з Європи, десять таксонів походять з Північної Америки і чотири таксони – з Австралії.Не зважаючи на вирубки та штучні насадження чужорідних представників, деякі з локальних деревних видів (зокрема, Corylus avellana, Frangula alnus, Vaccinium arctostaphylos, Smilax excelsa, Quercus hartwissiana, Carpinus caucasica, Castanea sativa, Hedera colchica) все ще представлені на дослідженій території. При цьому, як місцеві, так і адвентивні види беруть участь у формуванні структури описаного ландшафту. Сукцесійні зміни у долині Колхеті розпочалися ще у давні часи. Це довготривалий процес, який, як показали наші дослідження, все ще триває. M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the NAS of Ukraine 2021-10-05 Article Article application/pdf https://www.plantintroduction.org/index.php/pi/article/view/1590 10.46341/PI2021007 Plant Introduction; No 91/92 (2021); 10-23 Інтродукція Рослин; № 91/92 (2021); 10-23 2663-290X 1605-6574 10.46341/PI91-92 en https://www.plantintroduction.org/index.php/pi/article/view/1590/1517 Copyright (c) 2021 Irakli Mikeladze, Nani Gvarishvili, Aleksandre Sharabidze, Gogita Shainidze http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 |
| spellingShingle | Mikeladze, Irakli Gvarishvili, Nani Sharabidze, Aleksandre Shainidze, Gogita Флористична характеристика деяких синантропних рослинних угруповань низовини Кобулеті (Аджарія, Грузія) |
| title | Флористична характеристика деяких синантропних рослинних угруповань низовини Кобулеті (Аджарія, Грузія) |
| title_alt | Floristic characteristics of some synanthropic plant communities of the Kobuleti lowland (Adjara, Georgia) |
| title_full | Флористична характеристика деяких синантропних рослинних угруповань низовини Кобулеті (Аджарія, Грузія) |
| title_fullStr | Флористична характеристика деяких синантропних рослинних угруповань низовини Кобулеті (Аджарія, Грузія) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Флористична характеристика деяких синантропних рослинних угруповань низовини Кобулеті (Аджарія, Грузія) |
| title_short | Флористична характеристика деяких синантропних рослинних угруповань низовини Кобулеті (Аджарія, Грузія) |
| title_sort | флористична характеристика деяких синантропних рослинних угруповань низовини кобулеті (аджарія, грузія) |
| url | https://www.plantintroduction.org/index.php/pi/article/view/1590 |
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