Порівняльна будова репродуктивних структур різних генотипів Phaseolus vulgaris, вирощених в однакових умовах м. Мерсін, Туреччина
The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) is a plant having hermaphroditic flowers, which are self-fertilizing. Common bean is a important commercial crop and one of Turkey’s most valuable grain legumes for human consumption. Genetic variation exists within and between bean populations. These variations...
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M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the NAS of Ukraine
2021
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Plant Introduction| _version_ | 1860145113628409856 |
|---|---|
| author | Tekdal, Dilek Shawuti Can, Shalima Küçükrecep, Aslı |
| author_facet | Tekdal, Dilek Shawuti Can, Shalima Küçükrecep, Aslı |
| author_sort | Tekdal, Dilek |
| baseUrl_str | https://www.plantintroduction.org/index.php/pi/oai |
| collection | OJS |
| datestamp_date | 2023-08-26T20:39:08Z |
| description | The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) is a plant having hermaphroditic flowers, which are self-fertilizing. Common bean is a important commercial crop and one of Turkey’s most valuable grain legumes for human consumption. Genetic variation exists within and between bean populations. These variations can have an impact on the plants morphology, including reproductive organs. Variations in size and length of reproductive organs may cause different cell numbers and various fertilization successes. In this study, the response of four determinate common bean genotypes (Akman, Bitlis 117, Göksun, and Karacaşehir) to reproductive organ structure was studied. Plants were grown at 21/16 °C (day/night) and 12 h photoperiod in a greenhouse in Mersin, Turkey. Besides focusing mainly on pollen development, fertilization success factors such as pod and seed set were also assessed. Pod and seed set were evaluated numerically for each genotype. For pollen morphology, flower buds of the equal growth stage of all four bean genotypes were collected, and these samples were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. The species have distinct morphological characteristics concerning pollen size, ornamentation patterns of the exine, and endoaperture type. It is also crucial to examine pollen dispersion in the pollinated flowers, as it may influence reproductive success. However, pollen wall architecture was similar in all genotypes tested. Despite general morphological similarity, differences in pollen viability and pod and seed number were observed. Although Akman genotype had the largest flowers, the Karacaşehir genotype was found to be the most productive one. The findings presented here can be helpful for researchers studying bean breeding and those investigating the morphological variation in different Phaseolus genotypes. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.46341/PI2021008 |
| first_indexed | 2025-07-17T12:53:57Z |
| format | Article |
| fulltext |
Plant Introduction, 91/92, 3–9 (2021)
© The Authors. This content is provided under CC BY 4.0 license.
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Comparison of reproductive organs structure in various genotypes of
Phaseolus vulgaris grown under the same conditions in Mersin, Turkey
Dilek Tekdal 1, *, Shalima Shawuti Can 2, Aslı Küçükrecep 3
1 Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Mersin University, 33110 Mersin, Turkey; * dilektekdal@mersin.edu.tr
2 Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34452 Istanbul, Turkey
3 Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Science, Mersin University, 33110 Mersin, Turkey
Received: 02.07.2021 | Accepted: 06.08.2021 | Published online: 25.08.2021
Abstract
The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) is a plant having hermaphroditic flowers, which are self-fertilizing.
Common bean is a important commercial crop and one of Turkey’s most valuable grain legumes for
human consumption. Genetic variation exists within and between bean populations. These variations
can have an impact on the plants morphology, including reproductive organs. Variations in size and
length of reproductive organs may cause different cell numbers and various fertilization successes. In
this study, the response of four determinate common bean genotypes (Akman, Bitlis 117, Göksun, and
Karacaşehir) to reproductive organ structure was studied. Plants were grown at 21/16 °C (day/night) and
12 h photoperiod in a greenhouse in Mersin, Turkey. Besides focusing mainly on pollen development,
fertilization success factors such as pod and seed set were also assessed. Pod and seed set were evaluated
numerically for each genotype. For pollen morphology, flower buds of the equal growth stage of all four
bean genotypes were collected, and these samples were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. The
species have distinct morphological characteristics concerning pollen size, ornamentation patterns of the
exine, and endoaperture type. It is also crucial to examine pollen dispersion in the pollinated flowers,
as it may influence reproductive success. However, pollen wall architecture was similar in all genotypes
tested. Despite general morphological similarity, differences in pollen viability and pod and seed number
were observed. Although Akman genotype had the largest flowers, the Karacaşehir genotype was found
to be the most productive one. The findings presented here can be helpful for researchers studying bean
breeding and those investigating the morphological variation in different Phaseolus genotypes.
Keywords: Phaseolus vulgaris, common bean, pollen, reproduction
https://doi.org/10.46341/PI2021008
UDC 581.46
Authors’ contributions: Conceived and designed the experiments: D. Tekdal. Performed the experiments: D. Tekdal, S. Shawuti
Can, and A. Küçükrecep. Supervised the study: D. Tekdal. Wrote the paper: D. Tekdal. Critically revised the manuscript: D. Tekdal,
S. Shawuti Can, and A. Küçükrecep.
Funding: This research was supported in part by Project No. 119O003 from the Scientific and Technological Research Council of
Turkey (TÜBİTAK).
Competing Interests: The authors declared no conflict of interest.
Introduction
Fabaceae Lindl. (Leguminosae Juss.) is one
the most prominent family of flowering
plants, consisting of 630 genera and about
20,000 species (Croser et al., 2006; da Luz
et al., 2013; Chase et al., 2016). It is the
world’s third-largest widely distributed
angiosperm family, second in agricultural
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4545-9005
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9118-8680
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4287-4008
4 Plant Introduction • 91/92
D. Tekdal, S. Shawuti Can, A. Küçükrecep
economic significance (da Luz et al., 2013).
Fabaceae is divided into six subfamilies:
Cercidoideae LPWG, Detarioideae Burmeist.,
Duparquetioideae LPWG, Dialioideae LPWG,
Papilionoideae DC., and Caesalpinioideae DC.
(Azani et al., 2017). Fabaceae, in general,
have floral features that lead to a wide range
of pollination mechanisms (Stirton, 1981).
Although the papilionaceous flowers have a
huge impact on pollen economy, the pollen
morphology and development has been
studied very little in this family.
Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)
belongs to the tribe Phaseoleae DC., one of
the Papilionoid clades (Croser et al., 2006). The
common bean is specific in its morphology,
root nodules, and pollination mechanism.
These are diploid (2n = 22), herbaceous,
autogamous annual plant, self-pollinating with
a limited percentage of out-crossing.
The present work compares the
morphology of certain reproductive structures
in four P. vulgaris genotypes. The main
goal of the study was to gain knowledge of
pollen architecture, which provides indirect
information about the breeding system. In
addition, it was also targeted to understand
the floral and reproductive biology of selected
P. vulgaris genotypes, which could optimize
their management and restoration.
Material and methods
Plant material
This research used seeds of four genotypes
of P. vulgaris (i.e., Akman, Bitlis 117, Göksun,
and Karacaşehir) (Fig. 1). The greenhouse
experiments were conducted in Mersin,
Turkey. Plants were grown individually in
plastic pots and watered keeping adequate
soil moisture. Plants were grown at the
temperature of 21/16 °C (day/night) with
roughly 150 μE m-2 s−1 light intensity, and
a 12 h photoperiod. The relative humidity
was preserved below 80 % by controlling
the air exchange. Each experiment was
performed in a fully randomized design
with triplicates.
Seed germination in all tested varieties
happened one week later, and plants have been
grown for two months to achieve the required
developmental stage of flower buds (Fig. 2).
After that, the flower buds were harvested for
further analysis.
SEM analysis
Flower buds were collected in May-June
2020. Anthers were dissected under a
stereomicroscope (Olympus SZ61, Japan) and
air-dried for scanning electron microscopy
(SEM). The anther of each genotype was
dried under a vacuum chamber for 48 h.
The samples were gold-coated before
being placed in the SEM vacuum chamber.
The surface topography of the pollen
grains and grain size distributions were
observed by SEM with an energy dispersive
x-ray spectrometer (EDS, FEG-SEM Leo
Supra 35, and Bruker XFlash). For stomata
observation, flowers were collected and
fixed in 70 % ethanol immediately at the
greenhouse, taken through a dehydration
series (70 % ethanol – 80 % ethanol – 96 %
ethanol – 96 % ethanol : acetone (1 : 1) –
acetone), and observed under SEM. Stomata
were observed and photographed for each
genotype.
Pollen viability, pollen fertility, and flower
morphology
To examine the morphology of the anthers,
flower buds were collected during the
blooming season. Three flowers from different
Figure 1. Seeds of investigated Phaseolus vulgaris genotypes.
Plant Introduction • 91/92 5
Reproductive organs structure in various genotypes of Phaseolus vulgaris
branches were examined for pollen fertility;
as a result – at least 150 pollen grains were
counted per each flower.
Pollen was collected from each genotype
during anthesis, distributed on a glass slide
with a drop of acetocarmine, and covered with
a coverslip. The pollen grains were observed
through a fluorescent microscope (Olympus
BX51, Japan) and subsequently classified as
fertile or infertile.
Fifty fruits were collected at the fruiting
stage from each plant to determine seed
production. A total number of fully formed
seeds and aborted ovules were counted. The
ratio of the number of seeds to the number
of ovules per pod (%) was calculated as an
indicator of reproductive efficiency.
The perianth color of each genotype was
determined during the visual examination of
the fresh material.
Results and discussion
Morphological observations
The appearance of Fabaceae flowers to the
insects is complex, with the main variations
between the genera and the species depending
on the wing characteristics (López et al., 1999).
In Mersin (Turkey) P. vulgaris usually blooms in
April and May. Its flowering lasts for about 20
days on an individual plant. The petals of these
plants are typically whitish, and less frequently,
they can be violet-purple (Fig. 3). Some petals
reflect UV radiation due to pigment variation
or presence of reflective hairs.
The most considerable floral lengths were
found in the genotypes Akman (13.0 mm)
and Göksun (14.0 mm), and the smallest ones
– in the genotypes Bitlis 117 (7.5 mm) and
Karacaşehir (4.5 mm). López et al. (1999) stated
that floral size is correlated directly with the
number of ovules. However, in our study,
Karacaşehir genotype having the shortest
BA DC
Figure 2. One-month-old Phaseolus vulgaris plants grown in the greenhouse: A – Akman; B – Bitlis 117;
C – Göksun; D – Karacaşehir.
BA DC
Figure 3. One-month-old Phaseolus vulgaris plants grown in the greenhouse: A – Akman; B – Bitlis 117;
C – Göksun; D – Karacaşehir.
6 Plant Introduction • 91/92
D. Tekdal, S. Shawuti Can, A. Küçükrecep
flower length was the most productive with
six ovules. Akman genotype was in second
place with five ovules. The least productive
genotypes were Bitlis 117 and Göksun with four
ovules per pod.
SEM analysis and anther morphology
The surface morphologies of each sample
obtained from SEM studies are illustrated in
Figs. 4–7. Anthers of the studied genotypes
are uniform. They have comparable epidermal
characteristics. Some stomata have been
detected on the dorsal end of the conjunctive.
There are staminal filaments, but they are
devoid of stomata. Pollen grains are medium-
sized, isopolar, circular, and polar-view. The
pollen grains’ exine is resistant to strong
chemicals, allowing long-term preservation
BA
D
C
E F
Figure 4. Generative structures of Akman genotype of Phaseolus vulgaris (SEM). A – hairs on the anther
surface (× 500); B – anther epidermis (× 1K); C – stomata on the bottom of the calyx (× 2K); D–F – pollen
grains at different magnifications (× 300, × 1K, and × 2K, respectively).
BA
D
C
E F
Figure 5. Generative structures of Bitlis 117 genotype of Phaseolus vulgaris (SEM). A – anther epidermis
(× 500); B – hairs on the anther surface (× 1K); C – stomata on the bottom of the calyx (× 2K); D–F – pollen
grains at different magnifications (× 300, × 1K, and × 2K, respectively).
Plant Introduction • 91/92 7
Reproductive organs structure in various genotypes of Phaseolus vulgaris
in an airless environment (Erdtman, 1969). At
the same time, male sterility is often caused
by irregular exine creation (Heslop-Harrison,
1972; Radice et al., 2008).
The anthers of some Fabaceae have tufts
of hairs that can aid pollen transmission to
pollinators or serve as a filter to keep pollen
grains apart from their stigmas (Schrire, 1989).
Phaseolus is considered a self-compatible
genus since out-crossing rates are meager
and depend on the season, pollinator density,
and genotype. Graham & Ranalli (1997)
demonstrated that P. vulgaris pollen could
fertilize the ovules of the same flower. In
our research, all four genotypes were able
to produce seeds successfully. Pollen grains
with light staining, abnormal morphology, and
decreased or nonexistent protoplasm were
BA
D
C
E F
Figure 6. Generative structures of Göksun genotype of Phaseolus vulgaris (SEM). A – anther epidermis
(× 500); B – hairs on the anther surface (× 1K); C – stomata on the bottom of the calyx (× 2K); D–F – pollen
grains at different magnifications (× 300, × 1K, and × 2K, respectively).
BA
D
C
E F
Figure 7. Generative structures of Karacaşehir genotype of Phaseolus vulgaris (SEM). A – anther epidermis
(× 500); B – hairs on the anther surface (× 1K); C – stomata on the bottom of the calyx (× 2K); D–F – pollen
grains at different magnifications (× 300, × 1K, and × 2K, respectively).
8 Plant Introduction • 91/92
D. Tekdal, S. Shawuti Can, A. Küçükrecep
deemed sterile, but those with complete cell
walls and intensely stained protoplasm were
considered fertile. High seed production in
all genotypes indicated that pollen was highly
fertile.
It was reported that pollen fertility
decreased under high temperatures and
pollen was more heat-sensitive than the
ovules (Nakano & Asada, 1981). During high-
temperature conditions, the tapetum, which
is the innermost layer of the anther, may
degenerate, and this may cause structural
abnormalities of microspores (Suzuki et al.,
2001). In our study, we investigated anther
tissues under optimum conditions. Therefore,
degenerated pollen grains were not observed.
Conclusions
Not so many surveys on anther structure
of members of the Papilionoid clade have
been available to date. No comprehensive
observations on the anther structure and
development of Akman, Bitlis 117, Göksun, and
Karacaşehir genotypes of P. vulgaris have been
performed to date. Here we present the results
of the first detailed study on the structure
of some generative organs of P. vulgaris. It
is suggested that anther wall structure may
affect pollen productivity and subsequently
on seed set. Findings on the structure of the
male organs of this species can be interesting
for further breeding and seed productivity
investigations.
Acknowledgements
This research was supported in part by
Project No. 119O003 from the Scientific and
Technological Research Council of Turkey
(TÜBİTAK).
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Clarke, H. J., Bayliss, K. L., Mallikarjuna, N.,
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Torrado, P., & Mendonça Filho, C. V. (2013).
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Special Protection Area (SPA) Pau-de-Fruta,
Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Anais da
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Plant Introduction • 91/92 9
Reproductive organs structure in various genotypes of Phaseolus vulgaris
Порівняльна будова репродуктивних структур різних генотипів Phaseolus
vulgaris, вирощених в однакових умовах м. Мерсін, Туреччина
Ділек Текдаль 1, *, Шаліма Шавуті Кан 2, Аслі Кючюкрецеп 3
1 Відділ біотехнології, факультет науки та літератури, Мерсинський університет, Мерсін, 33110,
Туречина; * dilektekdal@mersin.edu.tr
2 Відділ фізіології, факультет медицини, Істанбульський університет, Істанбул, 34452, Туречина
3 Відділ біотехнології, інститут науки, Мерсинський університет, Мерсін, 33110, Туречина
Квасоля звичайна (Phaseolus vulgaris) – це рослина з двостатевими квітками, які піддаються
самозапиленню. Це важлива комерційна культура, що є однією з найцінніших для спожитку серед
бобових Туреччини. При цьому, генетичні варіації спостерігаються як в межах так і між окремими
популяціями цих рослин. Ці варіації можуть впливати на будову органів рослин, включаючи
репродуктивні структури. Відповідно, різниця у формі і розмірі репродуктивних структур може
обумовлювати різний ступень якості запліднення. В цій праці представлено результати дослідження
морфології деяких репродуктивних структур чотирьох генотипів квасолі звичайної (Akman,
Bitlis 117, Göksun та Karacaşehir). Рослини вирощували при 21 / 16 °C (день / ніч) і 12-годинному
фотоперіоді у теплицях м. Мерсін, Туреччина. Основна увага була приділена морфології пилку,
однак деякі фактори, що визначають успішність запліднення (зокрема, будова бобів і набори
насінин) було проаналізовано також. Було полічено кількість бобів та насінини у кожному з них.
Для дослідження морфології пилку, було відібрано бутони усіх чотирьох генотипів однакового етапу
розвитку і проаналізовано з використанням сканувального електронного мікроскопу. Зазвичай
різні види відрізняються за розміром пилкових зерен, орнаментацією екзини і типом ендоапертури.
Також важливо звертати увагу на розподіл пилку у запилених квітках, адже це може впливати на
результативність запліднення. Однак, у всіх вивчених генотипів архітектура пилкової стінки була
значною мірою подібною. Не зважаючи на загальну морфологічну подібність, спостерігались
відмінності у життєздатності пилку, а також кількості бобів та насінин у досліджених генотипів. Хоча
у генотипу Akman були найбільші квітки, генотип Karacaşehir виявився найбільш продуктивним.
Отримані результати можуть бути корисними для дослідників, які вивчають розмноження бобових
та варіабельність генотипів квасолі.
Ключові слова: Phaseolus vulgaris, квасоля звичайна, пилок, відтворення
Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden. Vol. 29
(pp. 183–242). Missouri Botanical Garden Press.
Stirton, C. H. (1981). Petal sculpturing in papilionoid
legumes. In R. P. Polhimm RM (Ed.), Advances in
legume systematics (pp. 771–788). Royal Botanical
Gardens Kew.
Suzuki, K., Takeda, H., Tsukaguchi, T., & Egawa, Y.
(2001). Ultrastructural study on degeneration
of tapetum in anther of snap bean (Phaseolus
vulgaris L.) under heat stress. Sexual Plant
Reproduction, 13(6), 293–299. https://doi.
org/10.1007/s004970100071
https://doi.org/10.1007/s004970100071
https://doi.org/10.1007/s004970100071
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| spelling | oai:ojs2.plantintroduction.org:article-15912023-08-26T20:39:08Z Comparison of reproductive organs structure in various genotypes of Phaseolus vulgaris grown under the same conditions in Mersin, Turkey Порівняльна будова репродуктивних структур різних генотипів Phaseolus vulgaris, вирощених в однакових умовах м. Мерсін, Туреччина Tekdal, Dilek Shawuti Can, Shalima Küçükrecep, Aslı The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) is a plant having hermaphroditic flowers, which are self-fertilizing. Common bean is a important commercial crop and one of Turkey’s most valuable grain legumes for human consumption. Genetic variation exists within and between bean populations. These variations can have an impact on the plants morphology, including reproductive organs. Variations in size and length of reproductive organs may cause different cell numbers and various fertilization successes. In this study, the response of four determinate common bean genotypes (Akman, Bitlis 117, Göksun, and Karacaşehir) to reproductive organ structure was studied. Plants were grown at 21/16 °C (day/night) and 12 h photoperiod in a greenhouse in Mersin, Turkey. Besides focusing mainly on pollen development, fertilization success factors such as pod and seed set were also assessed. Pod and seed set were evaluated numerically for each genotype. For pollen morphology, flower buds of the equal growth stage of all four bean genotypes were collected, and these samples were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. The species have distinct morphological characteristics concerning pollen size, ornamentation patterns of the exine, and endoaperture type. It is also crucial to examine pollen dispersion in the pollinated flowers, as it may influence reproductive success. However, pollen wall architecture was similar in all genotypes tested. Despite general morphological similarity, differences in pollen viability and pod and seed number were observed. Although Akman genotype had the largest flowers, the Karacaşehir genotype was found to be the most productive one. The findings presented here can be helpful for researchers studying bean breeding and those investigating the morphological variation in different Phaseolus genotypes. Квасоля звичайна (Phaseolus vulgaris) – це рослина з двостатевими квітками, які піддаються самозапиленню. Це важлива комерційна культура, що є однією з найцінніших для спожитку серед бобових Туреччини. При цьому, генетичні варіації спостерігаються як в межах так і між окремими популяціями цих рослин. Ці варіації можуть впливати на будову органів рослин, включаючи репродуктивні структури. Відповідно, різниця у формі і розмірі репродуктивних структур може обумовлювати різний ступень якості запліднення. В цій праці представлено результати дослідження морфології деяких репродуктивних структур чотирьох генотипів квасолі звичайної (Akman, Bitlis 117, Göksun та Karacaşehir). Рослини вирощували при 21 / 16 °C (день / ніч) і 12-годинному фотоперіоді у теплицях м. Мерсін, Туреччина. Основна увага була приділена морфології пилку, однак деякі фактори, що визначають успішність запліднення (зокрема, будова бобів і набори насінин) було проаналізовано також. Було полічено кількість бобів та насінини у кожному з них. Для дослідження морфології пилку, було відібрано бутони усіх чотирьох генотипів однакового етапу розвитку і проаналізовано з використанням сканувального електронного мікроскопу. Зазвичай різні види відрізняються за розміром пилкових зерен, орнаментацією екзини і типом ендоапертури. Також важливо звертати увагу на розподіл пилку у запилених квітках, адже це може впливати на результативність запліднення. Однак, у всіх вивчених генотипів архітектура пилкової стінки була значною мірою подібною. Не зважаючи на загальну морфологічну подібність, спостерігались відмінності у життєздатності пилку, а також кількості бобів та насінин у досліджених генотипів. Хоча у генотипу Akman були найбільші квітки, генотип Karacaşehir виявився найбільш продуктивним. Отримані результати можуть бути корисними для дослідників, які вивчають розмноження бобових та варіабельність генотипів квасолі. M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the NAS of Ukraine 2021-08-25 Article Article application/pdf https://www.plantintroduction.org/index.php/pi/article/view/1591 10.46341/PI2021008 Plant Introduction; No 91/92 (2021); 3-9 Інтродукція Рослин; № 91/92 (2021); 3-9 2663-290X 1605-6574 10.46341/PI91-92 en https://www.plantintroduction.org/index.php/pi/article/view/1591/1516 Copyright (c) 2021 Dilek Tekdal, Shalima Shawuti Can, Aslı Küçükrecep http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 |
| spellingShingle | Tekdal, Dilek Shawuti Can, Shalima Küçükrecep, Aslı Порівняльна будова репродуктивних структур різних генотипів Phaseolus vulgaris, вирощених в однакових умовах м. Мерсін, Туреччина |
| title | Порівняльна будова репродуктивних структур різних генотипів Phaseolus vulgaris, вирощених в однакових умовах м. Мерсін, Туреччина |
| title_alt | Comparison of reproductive organs structure in various genotypes of Phaseolus vulgaris grown under the same conditions in Mersin, Turkey |
| title_full | Порівняльна будова репродуктивних структур різних генотипів Phaseolus vulgaris, вирощених в однакових умовах м. Мерсін, Туреччина |
| title_fullStr | Порівняльна будова репродуктивних структур різних генотипів Phaseolus vulgaris, вирощених в однакових умовах м. Мерсін, Туреччина |
| title_full_unstemmed | Порівняльна будова репродуктивних структур різних генотипів Phaseolus vulgaris, вирощених в однакових умовах м. Мерсін, Туреччина |
| title_short | Порівняльна будова репродуктивних структур різних генотипів Phaseolus vulgaris, вирощених в однакових умовах м. Мерсін, Туреччина |
| title_sort | порівняльна будова репродуктивних структур різних генотипів phaseolus vulgaris, вирощених в однакових умовах м. мерсін, туреччина |
| url | https://www.plantintroduction.org/index.php/pi/article/view/1591 |
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