Вплив строків посіву на врожайність стручків та деякі агротехнічні та якісні характеристики арахісу сотру ‘Halisbey’ типу ‘Virginia’ у середземноморському середовищі
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of different sowing dates on pod yield and some agronomic characteristics of the ‘Virginia’-type peanut cultivar ‘Halisbey’, and to determine the optimal sowing date in the Mediterranean region. This study was conducted in 2018 and 2019 at the...
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Plant Introduction| _version_ | 1860145125762531328 |
|---|---|
| author | Bakal, Halil Onat, Bihter Arioğlu, Halis Güllüoğlu, Leyla |
| author_facet | Bakal, Halil Onat, Bihter Arioğlu, Halis Güllüoğlu, Leyla |
| author_sort | Bakal, Halil |
| baseUrl_str | https://www.plantintroduction.org/index.php/pi/oai |
| collection | OJS |
| datestamp_date | 2023-08-26T20:38:56Z |
| description | The objective of this study was to determine the effect of different sowing dates on pod yield and some agronomic characteristics of the ‘Virginia’-type peanut cultivar ‘Halisbey’, and to determine the optimal sowing date in the Mediterranean region. This study was conducted in 2018 and 2019 at the Experimental Research Farm of Agricultural Faculty, Cukurova University in Adana, Turkey. The seeds were sown on seven dates: March 28, April 8, April 18, April 28, May 8, May 18 and May 28 each year. The experiment included a randomized complete block design with three replications. The plants were harvested 160 days after sowing, starting on September 8 every year. Pod number and pod weight per plant, 100 seeds weight, shelling percentage, oil and protein content, pod and kernel yield per hectare were investigated. As a result, pod number and weight per plant, 100 seeds weight, shelling percentage, pods and kernel yield values were found to be the highest at the experimental variant with May 8 sowing date. While the oil content decreased by delaying the sowing date, the protein content was increased. According to a two-year average, the highest pod yield (8136 kg ha-1) and kernel yield (5711 kg ha-1) were also obtained at the experimental variant with May 8 sowing date. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.46341/PI2022005 |
| first_indexed | 2025-07-17T12:54:04Z |
| format | Article |
| fulltext |
Plant Introduction, 93/94, 27–36 (2022)
© The Authors. This content is provided under CC BY 4.0 license.
RESEARCH ARTICLE
The effect of sowing dates on the pod yield and some agronomic and
quality characteristics of ‘Virginia’-type peanut variety ‘Halisbey’ in the
Mediterranean environment
Halil Bakal 1, *, Bihter Onat 2, ***, Halis Arioğlu 1, **, Leyla Güllüoğlu 2, ****
1 Cukurova University, Faculty of Agriculture, Field Crops Department, Çukurova Ünv. 492, 01250 Adana, Turkey;
* hbakal@cu.edu.tr; ** halis@cu.edu.tr
2 Cukurova University, Vocational School of Kozan, Şht. Şefik Uçak Sk., 01500 Kozan/Adana, Turkey; *** bzaimoglu@cu.edu.tr;
**** lgulluoglu@cu.edu.tr
Received: 16.02.2022 | Accepted: 02.04.2022 | Published online: 21.04.2022
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of different sowing dates on pod yield and some
agronomic characteristics of the ‘Virginia’-type peanut cultivar ‘Halisbey’, and to determine the optimal
sowing date in the Mediterranean region. This study was conducted in 2018 and 2019 at the Experimental
Research Farm of Agricultural Faculty, Cukurova University in Adana, Turkey. The seeds were sown on
seven dates: March 28, April 8, April 18, April 28, May 8, May 18 and May 28 each year. The experiment
included a randomized complete block design with three replications. The plants were harvested 160
days after sowing, starting on September 8 every year. Pod number and pod weight per plant, 100 seeds
weight, shelling percentage, oil and protein content, pod and kernel yield per hectare were investigated.
As a result, pod number and weight per plant, 100 seeds weight, shelling percentage, pods and kernel
yield values were found to be the highest at the experimental variant with May 8 sowing date. While the
oil content decreased by delaying the sowing date, the protein content was increased. According to a two-
year average, the highest pod yield (8136 kg ha-1) and kernel yield (5711 kg ha-1) were also obtained at the
experimental variant with May 8 sowing date.
Keywords: Arachis hypogaea, peanut, sowing date, pod yield, quality characteristics, agronomic characteristics
https://doi.org/10.46341/PI2022005
UDC 581.6:631
Authors’ contributions: H. Bakal and B. Onat were engaged in preparing and conducting the biochemical analyses, wrote the
methodological part of the research, implemented statistical processing of the experimental data, wrote the manuscript, and
formulated conclusions. L. Gulluoglu developed the research concept, and interpreted the results. H. Arioglu wrote the manuscript,
interpreted the results, and formulated conclusions.
Funding: This project was supported by Scientific Research Fond of the University of Cukurova (Project Nr. FBA-2018-10648).
Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Introduction
The peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an
important human food crop with high edible
protein and oil content. The annual peanut
production in the world is around 41.9 million
tons, and it contributed 7.3% of the total oil
seeds production in 2018 (FAOSTAT, 2022).
The peanut production in Turkey in 2018
reached 173,800 tons (FAOSTAT, 2022). Peanut
seeds are commonly utilized for vegetable oil
production and other products such as snacks,
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9645-9291
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0418-3345
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9596-7593
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4890-4186
28 Plant Introduction • 93/94
H. Bakal, B. Onat, H. Arioğlu, L. Güllüoğlu
groceries, peanut butter in many countries
(Caliskan et al., 2008).
The agronomic characteristics and pod
yield of peanuts vary depending on applied
cultivars and growing conditions. The growth
and yield of peanuts depend on several factors;
however, climate plays the crucial role. The oil
seed crops, particularly peanuts, are sensitive
to climatic parameters such as radiation and
temperature (Banik et al., 2009). Hence, the
role of solar radiation, temperature, humidity,
and rainfall is vital for peanuts. Caliskan et al.
(2008) indicated that complex, uncontrolled
environmental factors significantly influence
the growth and development of peanuts. The
yield components of peanuts are strongly
influenced by air temperature, and the high air
and soil temperature negatively affect the pod
yield. Peanut cultivars differ in their sensitivity
to high temperatures.
The Mediterranean climate has suitable
temperature regimes for the growth and
development of peanut plants. The peanut
production period in the Mediterranean
region (Turkey) varies between April and
November, depending on the planting
date as a primary and secondary crop. The
environmental factors that affect the growth
and development of peanut plants, especially
day and night temperature, are the most
influential for the pod yield and seed quality.
The growing period is also significant for
peanut production. Caliskan et al. (2008)
indicated that the Mediterranean climate
offers a long and suitable environment having
at least 160 days or 2400–2500 °C thermal
times for both primary and secondary crop
production of the peanut with acceptable yield
levels.
Banik et al. (2009) indicated that the
planting date plays an essential role in the
peanut yield. The variations of planting dates
may interact with differences in climatic
conditions, particularly temperature degree,
photoperiodicity, and relative humidity,
which affect the physiological processes by
performance and behavior of genotype. When
climatic conditions are not suitable for the
need of one of the yield components, it would
negatively affect entire seed yield. Williams
(2000) suggested that physiological processes
(i.e., the pod-filling period and the rate of pod
formation) are the best tools to explain the
variation in peanut yield.
In particular, Azab (1996) found out that
plant dry matter declined from 33.3 g plant-1 to
18.0 g plant-1 the planting date was delayed from
April to June. The yields of plant components
and their respective rates of flower, peg, and
pod numbers were significantly affected by
planting date in other experiments too (Kasai
et al., 1999). Naab et al. (2005) indicated that
early planting produced 20 % to 50 % greater
pod yield than late planting. Canavar & Kaynak
(2008) reported that the suitable planting date
was May 20 for Aydın (in the east of Turkey).
Caliskan et al. (2008) reported that the sowing
date significantly affected the number of pods
per plant, pod yield, shelling percentage, and
100 seeds weight in peanut. They obtained the
highest pod number when the sowing date
was on May 15. Shaban et al. (2009) reported
that planting peanuts on May 8 resulted in
the highest number of pods, weight of pods,
weight of seeds per plant, shelling percentage,
and pod and seed indices, compared to that
plants planted on March 27, April 17, May 8,
May 29, June 19, and July 10. Al-Ubaidi & Al-
Obidy (2011) indicated that the early sowing of
peanuts (April 1 and April 15) resulted in 23.3 %
higher oil content compared to later dates.
Bala et al. (2011) found that delaying peanut
sowing from mid-June to mid-July caused a
27.3 % decline in the number of formed pods
per plant.
Crop management practices such as variety
selection, time of sowing, and duration of
variety’s life cycle may influence peanut’s
growth, yield, and seed quality. Sowing
date is a vital production aspect that can
be manipulated to counter the adverse
environmental effects (Mozingo et al., 1991).
Determining the optimum planting date
for peanuts to achieve maximum yield and
grade has been a goal of many researchers.
The objective of this study was to assess the
effect of different sowing dates on pod yield
and some agronomic characteristics of the
‘Virginia’-type peanut cultivar ‘Halisbey’ and
determine the optimum sowing date in the
Mediterranean region.
Material and methods
Field experiments were conducted in 2018 and
2019 at the Experimental Farm of Agricultural
Faculty, Cukurova University (Adana, Southern
Plant Introduction • 93/94 29
The effect of sowing dates on the yield of Arachis hypogaea ‘Halisbey’
Turkey, 36 ° 59 ′ N, 35 ° 18 ′ E, 23 m a.s.l.).
In this research, a semi-spreading cultivar
A. hypogaea ‘Halisbey’ from the ‘Virginia’
market type was used as plant material. This
cultivar was registered by the Field Crops
Department of the Faculty of Agriculture,
Cukurova University in 2006. It is a medium
late cultivar with large seeds and high yielding.
The soil texture was clay loam. The soil tests
indicated a pH of 7.6 with high concentrations
of K2O and low concentrations of P2O5. The
soil’s organic matter and nitrogen content
were very low. The lime content in the soil was
21.1 %.
Adana province has a Mediterranean
environment. In this region, winters are mild
and rainy, whereas summers are dry and
warm, typical for the Mediterranean climate.
The average monthly air temperature during
the research period (March–November) varied
from 16.8 °C to 29.7 °C in 2018, whereas it was
from 13.8 °C to 29.6 °C in 2019. The average air
temperature was higher during the research
period in both years than the long-term
average temperature. The total rainfall was
212.4 mm and 243.8 mm during the growing
period in 2018 and 2019, respectively. The
average relative humidity ranged from 58.6 %
to 71.6 % in 2018 and from 57.6 % to 69.3 % – in
2019. The differences between the years and
long-term climate data were low (Table 1).
The experiment had a randomized
complete block design with three replications.
300 kg ha-1 of diammoniumphosphate
(54 kg ha-1 of N and 138 kg ha-1 of P2O5)
fertilizer was applied and incorporated into
the soil before planting. Urea (46 % of N) at
the rate of 400 kg ha-1 was used two times;
before first (beginning of flowering) and third
(pod formation) irrigations (200 kg ha-1 and
200 kg ha-1, respectively) each year. Plot size
was 2.8 × 5.0 m (14.0 m2). Spacing between rows
and plants was 70 and 15 cm, respectively.
Before sowing, the seeds were treated with
fungicide (80% of Thiram) at the rate of 4 g kg-1
to prevent the crown rot. Two seeds per hill
were sown, and 20 days later seedlings were
thinned to one plant per hill. The seeds were
sown by hand with a ten-day interval starting
from the end of March (March 28, April 8, April
18, April 28, May 8, May 18, and May 28) on
seven different dates each year (Table 2).
During the growing period, recommended
pesticides and fungicides were applied at
proper time intervals to control insects and
diseases. Sprinkler irrigation was applied at
ten-day intervals to maintain soil moisture
close to field capacity. The remaining cultural
practices, such as inter-row cultivation and
weed control, were used during the growing
period. The plants were harvested by hand 160
days after sowing (starting from September 8)
each year.
At the harvest time, all pods from each
plot were harvested from inter two rows
(1.4 × 5.0 =7 m2) and air-dried until 9 % moisture.
After that, the total pod yield per plot was
calculated. Twenty plants were randomly
selected from plots at the harvesting times,
and the number of pods per plant, pod weight
Months
Average temperature (°C) Precipitation (mm) Relative humidity (%)
2018 2019 LT 2018 2019 LT 2018 2019 LT
March 16.8 13.8 13.4 38.2 93.0 65.1 71.6 69.0 65.2
April 20.1 17.0 17.5 33.0 61.4 51.1 61.2 67.0 60.1
May 24.4 24.1 21.7 25.6 2.6 47.1 62.8 57.6 63.2
June 26.4 27.1 25.6 27.0 13.8 20.5 70.2 68.7 70.2
July 29.1 28.4 28.2 0.0 28.0 6.2 69.8 68.8 67.5
August 29.7 29.6 28.7 0.0 0.0 5.5 68.8 68.0 68.5
September 27.9 27.3 26.1 1.2 0.0 17.6 63.6 62.1 65.4
October 22.9 24.2 21.6 64.0 22.8 42.4 58.6 61.6 60.3
November 16.9 18.5 15.8 23.4 22.2 71.1 64.1 69.3 67.4
Table 1. The climate conditions during the 2018–2019 growing period and long-term (LT) average (1929–
2019).
30 Plant Introduction • 93/94
H. Bakal, B. Onat, H. Arioğlu, L. Güllüoğlu
per plant, 100 seeds weight, and shelling
percentage of plots were recorded. Pod yield
per hectare was calculated using the plot yield.
Kernel yield per hectare was calculated as the
pod yield per hectare × shelling percentage
(Rasekh et al., 2010).
The oil was extracted from peanut seeds
using a Soxhlet extractor to determine the
oil content. The oil percentage was estimated
according to AOAC (2010). Nitrogen percentage
in seeds was assessed using the micro-Kjeldahl
method according to AOAC (2010). Protein
percentage was calculated according to the
following equations: protein percentage =
nitrogen percentage (N, %) × 6.25.
The collected data on different parameters
were statistically processed to stress the
significance level using JMP 8.1.0 package with
a split-plot design. The means differences
were compared with the Least Significant
Differences (LSD, 5 %).
Results and discussion
Pod number
The pod number varied from 23.2–42.1
pods plant-1 in 2018 to 24.1–42.9 pods plant-1 in
2019 with 23.7–42.5 pods plant-1 on a two-year
average (Table 3). The differences between the
sowing dates for the pod number per plant
were statistically significant. Pod number per
plant increased when the sowing date was
delayed from March 28 to May 8, and then it
started to decrease after May 18. According
to a two-year average, the number of pods
per plant increased from 23.7 pods plant-1 to
42.5 pods plant-1 as sowing was delayed from
March 28 to May 8, and then it decreased to
31.2 pods plant-1 at the experiment variant with
May 28 sowing date. Pod number per plant was
the highest (42.5 pods plant-1) on May 8 and the
lowest (23.7 pods plant-1) in the earliest sowing
period (March 28) on a two-year average.
Kasai et al. (1999) reported that the peg and
pod numbers in peanuts were significantly
affected by planting date. Mortley et al. (2004)
indicated that the air temperature affects the
pod number per plant. While the pod number
was the lowest at the temperature of 20 °C /
16 °C (day / night), it increased to a maximum
at the temperature of 28 °C / 24 °C, and then
it started to decrease when the temperature
reached 32 °C / 28°C. Caliskan et al. (2008)
reported that the sowing date significantly
affected the number of pods per plant, pod
yield, shelling percentage, and 100 seeds
weight in peanut. Authors registered the
highest pod number when the sowing date
was on May 15. Sogut et al. (2016) indicated
that pod number per plant declined by 42 %
when the sowing date was delayed from
April 15 to June 25. Similar tendencies were
observed by Canavar & Kaynak (2008) and
Sarkees (2015).
Pod weight
The differences between the sowing dates
for the pod weight per plant were statistically
significant (Table 3). The pod weight per plant
varied between 48.6 g plant-1 and 84.5 g plant-1
in 2018, between 51.4 g plant-1 and 77.0 g plant-
1in 2019, and between 50.0 g plant-1 and
80.7 g plant-1 in a two-year average. Pod weight
per plant increased as sowing was delayed
from March 28 to May 8, and then it started
to decrease after May 18 in both study years.
The earliest sowing date produced the lowest
pod weight per plant in both years. The pod
weight per plant showed a similar trend with
pod numbers in both years. According to a
two-year average, the highest pod weight
was obtained from May 8 sowing date. While
the pod weight per plant was 50.0 g plant-1
at the March 28 sowing date, it increased
to 80.7 g plant-1 at the May 8 sowing date,
and then it decreased to 63.0 g plant-1 at the
May 28 sowing date. As a two-year average,
pod weight per plant was increased by 61.4 %
when the sowing date was delayed from March
28 to May 8, and then it decreased by 21.9 %
as the sowing date was delayed from May 8 to
May 28.
Nr Sowing dates Harvesting dates
1 March 28 September 8
2 April 8 September 18
3 April 18 September 28
4 April 28 October 8
5 May 8 October 18
6 May 18 October 28
7 May 28 November 8
Table 2. Sowing and harvesting dates.
Plant Introduction • 93/94 31
The effect of sowing dates on the yield of Arachis hypogaea ‘Halisbey’
Sowing dates
Pod number (pods plant-1) Pod weight (g plant-1)
2018 2019 Two-year
average 2018 2019 Two-year
average
March 28 23.2 d 24.1 e 23.7 e 48.6 e 51.4 d 50.0 e
April 8 23.8 d 24.3 e 24.0 de 63.6 cd 61.4 c 62.5 d
April 18 26.1 d 27.4 d 26.7 d 72.8 bc 64.5 bc 68.6 c
April 28 32.9 bc 34.1 c 33.5 c 77.3 ab 68.6 b 73.0 bc
May 8 42.1 a 42.9 a 42.5 a 84.5 a 77.0 a 80.7 a
May 18 36.3 b 38.5 b 37.4 b 76.3 ab 74.7 a 75.5 b
May 28 30.7 c 31.6 c 31.2 c 61.3 d 64.7 bc 63.0 d
LSD (5%) 3.57 2.94 2.96 9.29 4.79 5.14
Table 3. The effect of sowing dates on pod number and pod weight per plant in peanut production.
Baldwin (2005) indicated that the planting
date plays an essential role in the peanut
yield. The variations of planting dates
may interact with differences in climatic
conditions, particularly temperature degree,
photoperiodicity, and relative humidity.
Together they affect the plant physiological
processes. When climatic conditions are
not suitable for the needs of one of the yield
components, they negatively affect the
entire yield. Azab (1996) found out that plant
dry matter declined from 33.3 g plant-1 to
18.0 g plant-1 when delaying the planting date
from April to June. Abouziena et al. (2013)
found that delaying planting from the middle
of April to the midle of May also decreased the
number and weight of pods per plant and seed
yield by 20.1 %, 19.5 %, and 18.7 %, respectively,
compared to early sowing.
Shelling percentage
As shown in Table 4, shelling percentage
values varied between 63.11 % and 69.37 % in
2018, between 64.83 % and 71.00 % in 2019, and
between 63.97 % and 70.19 % on a two-year
average. The differences between the sowing
dates for the shelling percentage were found
significant. The shelling rate was increased by
delaying of sowing date until May 8, and then
it started to reduce in both years. According
to a two-year average, the shelling percentage
increased from 63.97 % to 70.19 % when the
sowing date was delayed from March 28 to
May 8, and then it decreased by 67.80 % at
the May 28 sowing date. Hence, according
to a two-year average, the highest shelling
percentage was obtained at May 8 sowing date.
Cox (1979), Ketring (1984), and Caliskan
et al. (2008) indicated that optimal mean
air temperature for reproductive growth
of peanuts ranges from 22 °C to 24 °C.
The optimum diurnal air temperature for
photosynthesis of peanuts varies from 30 °C
to 35 °C. If the day temperature is above 35 °C
during the pod filling period, it reduces dry
matter production (Caliskan et al., 2008). The
high air temperature negatively influences the
shelling percentage of peanuts.
For the early sowing dates (April), the
pod filling period was between July 15
and August 15. During this period, the
temperature was high, differences between
the day and night temperatures were close,
and the balance between photosynthesis and
respiration was low. For these reasons, pods
were not well developed, and the shelling
percentage was low at the early sowing
date. For the May 8 sowing date, the pod
filling period was between September 15 and
October 15. The night temperature was lower
on this date, and dry matter consumption by
respiration was low too. For this reason, the
shelling percentage was the highest in case
of sowing date of May 8. Similarly, Abouziena
et al. (2013) found that the shelling rate
increased as the sowing was delayed from
April 15 to May 1.
Note. The means of different combinations with the same lowercase letters are not significantly different
at P≤0.05.
32 Plant Introduction • 93/94
H. Bakal, B. Onat, H. Arioğlu, L. Güllüoğlu
100 seed weight
As shown in Table 4, 100 seeds weight was
116.9–135.6 g in 2018, 113.8–134.0 g in 2019,
and 115.4–134.8 g on a two-year average. The
differences between the sowing dates for the
100 seeds weight were statistically significant
in both years. According to a two-year average,
100 seeds weight was the lowest at the early
sowing date (March 28), and it increased to the
highest value on May 8 sowing date, and after
that, it reduced at May 28 sowing date.
Gulluoglu et al. (2018) indicated that
100 seeds weight was increased at the late
sowing date (in secondary crop) due to
lower air temperature and lower dry matter
consumption by the respiration during the
pod filling period. Similarly, Caliskan et al.
(2008) reported that the 100 seeds weight of
the peanut was increased with a delay of the
sowing date. Gulluoglu et al. (2016, 2017) and
Arioğlu et al. (2016) reported that the 100 seed
weight of the peanut varied between 112.52 g
and 138.05 g depending on the growing period
and cultivars. Laurence (1983) indicated that
the average 100 seed weight increased from
85.9 g to 89.5 g by late sowing. Sarkees (2015)
reported that the 100 seed weight increased
from 25.8 g to 37.4 g when the planting was
delayed from April 22 to June 3. Onat et al.
(2017) reported that the 100 seeds weight of
A. hypogaea ‘Halisbey’ varied between 121.4 g
and 138.5 g. While the 100 seeds weight was
73.0 g on April 15, it grew to 97.1 g at the June 15
sowing date.
Oil content
The oil content varied from 43.02 % to 47.67 %
in 2018, from 44.16 % to 48.40 % in 2019, and
from 43.59 % to 48.04 % on a two-year average
at the different sowing dates (Table 5). The
differences between the sowing dates for the
oil content were significant. The oil content
decreased with a delay of the sowing date in
both years. According to a two-year average,
the oil percentage decreased from 47.91 % to
43.59 % when the sowing date was delayed
from March 28 to May 28. Hence, the highest
oil percentage was obtained on March 28
sowing date.
Isleib et al. (2008) and Arioğlu et al. (2018)
noted that the oil content is an important
characteristic of peanut seeds. The oil content
of peanut seeds is affected by environmental
and genetic factors and the interaction of
both. Sardana & Kandhola (2007) indicated that
the increases of oil content in early sowing
dates could be attributed to the increment in
temperature compared to late sowing dates,
which is also associated with the formation of
seed and seed-filling stage. Holaday & Pearson
(1974) found that higher temperatures during
the last four weeks before harvest resulted
in higher oil content. Abouziena et al. (2013)
and Gulluoglu et al. (2016) indicated that
early sowing resulted in significantly more oil
production. Gulluoglu et al. (2017) reported
that the oil content of peanut cultivars varied
between 46.97 % and 51.52 % in the primary
crop, and between 43.52 % and 50.48 % in
Sowing dates
Shelling percentage (%) 100 seed weight (g)
2018 2019 Two-year
average 2018 2019 Two-year
average
March 28 63.11 d 64.83 d 63.97 d 116.9 d 113.8 d 115.4 e
April 8 64.81 cd 66.36 cd 65.59 cd 123.8 c 119.6 c 121.7 d
April 18 66.66 bc 68.24 bc 67.45 bc 127.0 b 123.6 b 125.3 c
April 28 68.05 ab 69.63 ab 68.84 ab 129.4 b 125.3 b 127.4 b
May 8 69.37 a 71.00 a 70.19 a 135.6 a 134.0 a 134.8 a
May 18 67.58 ab 69.16 ab 68.37 ab 127.9 b 124.4 b 126.1 bc
May 28 66.09 bc 69.51 ab 67.80 bc 122.5 c 119.7 c 121.1 d
LSD (5%) 2.59 2.27 2.37 2.60 3.12 1.47
Table 4. The effect of sowing date on shelling percentage and 100 seeds weight in peanut production.
Note. The means of different combinations with the same lowercase letters are not significantly different
at P≤0.05.
Plant Introduction • 93/94 33
The effect of sowing dates on the yield of Arachis hypogaea ‘Halisbey’
Sowing dates
Oil content (%) Protein content (%)
2018 2019 Two-year
average 2018 2019 Two-year
average
March 28 47.67 a 48.40 a 48.04 a 23.84 d 23.21 e 23.52 e
April 8 47.56 a 48.27 a 47.92 a 24.58 d 24.04 d 24.31 d
April 18 46.58 b 47.52 a 47.05 b 25.64 c 25.25 c 25.44 c
April 28 45.20 c 46.29 b 45.74 c 26.47 b 26.26 b 26.36 b
May 8 44.42 cd 45.32 c 44.87 d 26.54 b 26.43 b 26.48 b
May 18 43.59 de 44.58 cd 44.08 e 27.15 ab 26.39 b 26.77 b
May 28 43.02 e 44.16 d 43.59 e 27.89 a 27.45 a 27.67 a
LSD (5%) 0.85 0.90 0.58 0.74 0.20 0.43
Table 5. The effect of sowing date on oil and protein content in peanut production.
Note. The means of different combinations with the same lowercase letters are not significantly different
at P≤0.05.
secondary crop growing season. Sogut et al.
(2016) reported that sowing time affected
the oil content of peanut varieties and early
sowings resulted in higher oil content than late
sowing. Asibuo et al. (2008) and Chowdhury
et al. (2015) indicated that the oil content of
peanut varieties varied in a range of 43.00-
54.95 % and 49.20-50.76 %, respectively.
Protein content
As shown in Table 5, in our study the protein
content varied from 23.84 % to 27.89 % in
2018, from 23.21 % to 27.45 % in 2019, and from
23.52 % to 27.67 % on a two-year average. The
differences between the sowing dates for the
protein content were statistically significant
in both years, and the protein percentage
increased with delaying the sowing date in
both years. According to a two-year average,
protein content was 23.52 % at the early sowing
date (March 28), and two months later (May 28)
it increased to 27.67 %. A negative correlation
between the oil and protein percentage was
observed. While the protein percentage
increased, the oil percentage decreased with
delaying the sowing date.
Asibuo et al. (2008) and Chowdhury
et al. (2015) respectively indicated that the
protein percentage in ‘Virginia’-type peanut
cultivars was 18.92–25.78 % and 30.62–38.88 %.
Sogut et al. (2016) reported that the protein
percentage increased with delaying the
sowing date. While the protein percentage
was 21.97 % at the early sowing, it increased to
23.96 % at the late sowing. Sogut et al. (2016)
suggested that higher protein content in late
sowing could be explained by a lack of seed
maturation resulting in a shorter seed filling
period. Results from mentioned reports on the
effect of sowing date on protein content are
consistent with our findings.
Pod yield
As can be seen from Table 6, pod yield varied
between 4627–8041 kg ha-1 in 2018, 4736–
8231 kg ha-1 in 2019, and 4681–8136 kg ha-1 on
a two-year average. The differences between
the sowing dates for the pod yield were
statistically significant. The highest pod yield
was obtained as a result of sowing on May 8, and
the lowest was registered on March 28 sowing
date. While the pod yield was 4681 kg ha-1 at
the March 28 sowing date, it increased to
8136 kg ha-1 at the May 8 sowing date, and
then it reduced to 5942 kg ha-1 on May 28, on a
two-year average. The yield components such
as pod number and pod weight per plant, 100
seeds weight, and shelling percentage values
were the highest at the May 8 sowing date too
(Tables 3 & 4). The environmental conditions
were optimal for the growth and development
of peanut plants and pod formation in case of
sowing on May 8. On this sowing date, the dry
matter production by photosynthesis was the
highest, and its consumption by respiration
was the lowest.
34 Plant Introduction • 93/94
H. Bakal, B. Onat, H. Arioğlu, L. Güllüoğlu
Sowing dates
Pod yield (kg ha-1) Kernel yield (kg ha-1)
2018 2019 Two-year
average 2018 2019 Two-year
average
March 28 4627 e 4736 d 4681 d 2914 d 3069 e 2991 d
April 8 6056 cd 6200 c 6128 c 3927 c 4116 d 4021 c
April 18 6927 bc 7091 b 7009 b 4624 b 4846 bc 4735 b
April 28 7356 ab 7530 ab 7443 ab 5013 ab 5251 ab 5132 ab
May 8 8041 a 8231 a 8136 a 5578 a 5844 a 5711 a
May 18 7264 ab 7282 b 7273 b 4908 b 5036 b 4972 b
May 28 5833 d 6051 c 5942 c 3853 c 4207 cd 4030 c
LSD (5%) 884.0 817.0 830.0 663.4 671.4 657.7
Table 6. The effect of sowing date on pod and kernel yield in peanut production.
Note. The means of different combinations with the same lowercase letters are not significantly different
at P≤0.05.
Caliskan et al. (2008) reported that the
pod yield was 3.6 ton ha-1 in case of April 15
sowing, it increased to 4.8 ton ha-1 on May 15
sowing, and then it decreased to 3.9 ton ha-1
on June 15 in a Mediterranean environment (in
Turkey). Canavar & Kaynak (2008) indicated
that planting date influenced the pod yield.
The pod yield decreased when the planting
was delayed from May to June. They obtained
the highest pod yield from sowing on 20–21
May. Bala et al. (2011) reported that pod and
seed yields declined (for 44.9 % and 45.2 %,
respectively) with a sowing delay from middle
of June to the end of June or the middle of July.
Similarly, Sarkees (2015) found out that the
pod yield was higher at May 20 sowing date
compared to April 22. The increase in pod yield
on May 20 was attributed to the the number of
pods and pod weight per plant.
Kernel yield
The kernel yield was 2914–5578 kg ha-1 in 2018,
3069–5844 kg ha-1 in 2019, and 2991–5711 kg ha-1
on a two-year average. The differences
between the sowing dates for the kernel yield
were statistically significant. The data for
kernel yield showed a similar trend with pod
yield in both years. According to a two-year
average, the highest kernel yield was obtained
in case of May 8 (5711 kg ha-1) sowing date.
While the lowest kernel yield (2991 kg ha-1) – in
case of March 28 sowing date. As a two-year
average, kernel yield increased by 90.9 % when
the sowing date was delayed from March 28
to May 8 and then it decreased by 29.4 % with
further delaying the sowing date to May 28.
Similar results were reported in several other
publications (Caliskan et al., 2008; Canavar &
Kaynak, 2008; Bala et al., 2011; Sarkees, 2015).
Conclusions
The agronomic characteristic yield of peanuts
vary depending on growing conditions and
varieties. The yield of peanuts is influenced
by air temperature; the high air and soil
temperature negatively affect pod yield. In
this study, pod and kernel yield and yield
components (i.e., pod number and pod
weight per plant, 100 seeds weight, and
shelling percentage) were the highest at the
experiment variant sown on May 8. As a result,
we can conclude the optimal sowing date
for the ‘Virginia’-type peanut cultivars in the
Mediterranean environment (i.e., in Turkey) is
a beginning of May.
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36 Plant Introduction • 93/94
H. Bakal, B. Onat, H. Arioğlu, L. Güllüoğlu
Вплив строків посіву на врожайність стручків та деякі агротехнічні та якісні
характеристики арахісу сотру ‘Halisbey’ типу ‘Virginia’ у середземноморському
середовищі
Халіл Бакал 1, *, Біхтер Онат 2, ***, Халіс Аріоглу 1, **, Лейла Гюллюоглу 2, ****
1 Університет Чукурова, факультет сільського господарства, кафедра польових культур,
вул. Університет Чукурова, 492, Адана, 01250, Туреччина; * hbakal@cu.edu.tr; ** halis@cu.edu.tr
2 Університет Чукурова, училище Козан, вул. Шехіт Сефіт учак, Козан/Адана, 01500, Туреччина;
*** bzaimoglu@cu.edu.tr; **** lgulluoglu@cu.edu.tr
Метою цього дослідження було визначити вплив різних строків посіву на врожайність та деякі
агрономічні характеристики арахісу сорту “Halisbey” типу “Virginia”, а також визначити оптимальний
термін його посіву в Середземноморському регіоні. Це дослідження проводилося у 2018 та 2019 роках
на експериментальній дослідній ділянці сільськогосподарського факультету Університету Чукурова
в Адані, Туреччина. Насіння сіяли в сім термінів: 28 березня, 8 квітня, 18 квітня, 28 квітня, 8 травня,
18 травня і 28 травня кожного року. Експеримент включав рандомізовану блокову конструкцію з
трьома повтореннями. Рослини збирали через 160 днів після посіву, починаючи 8 вересня щороку.
Досліджували кількість бобів та масу бобів на рослині, масу 100 насінин, відсоток лущення, вміст
олії та білка, урожай бобів та ядер з гектара. В результаті кількість і маса бобів на рослину, маса 100
насінин, відсоток лущення, урожайність бобів і ядер виявились найвищими у дослідного варіанту
з датою посіву 8 травня. У той час як вміст олії зменшувався через затримку строку посіву, вміст
білка збільшувався. За середнім дворічним показником найвищу врожайність бобів (8136 кг га-1) та
врожайність ядер (5711 кг га-1) було також отримано у дослідного варіанту з датою посіву 8 травня.
Ключові слова: Arachis hypogaea, арахіс, терміни посіву, урожайність, якісні характеристики, агротехнічні характеристики
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|
| id | oai:ojs2.plantintroduction.org:article-1605 |
| institution | Plant Introduction |
| keywords_txt_mv | keywords |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-07-17T12:54:04Z |
| publishDate | 2022 |
| publisher | M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the NAS of Ukraine |
| record_format | ojs |
| resource_txt_mv | wwwplantintroductionorg/91/6ea3c20c4927d7c5d21ccdfd0626e991.pdf |
| spelling | oai:ojs2.plantintroduction.org:article-16052023-08-26T20:38:56Z The effect of sowing dates on the pod yield and some agronomic and quality characteristics of ‘Virginia’-type peanut variety ‘Halisbey’ in the Mediterranean environment Вплив строків посіву на врожайність стручків та деякі агротехнічні та якісні характеристики арахісу сотру ‘Halisbey’ типу ‘Virginia’ у середземноморському середовищі Bakal, Halil Onat, Bihter Arioğlu, Halis Güllüoğlu, Leyla The objective of this study was to determine the effect of different sowing dates on pod yield and some agronomic characteristics of the ‘Virginia’-type peanut cultivar ‘Halisbey’, and to determine the optimal sowing date in the Mediterranean region. This study was conducted in 2018 and 2019 at the Experimental Research Farm of Agricultural Faculty, Cukurova University in Adana, Turkey. The seeds were sown on seven dates: March 28, April 8, April 18, April 28, May 8, May 18 and May 28 each year. The experiment included a randomized complete block design with three replications. The plants were harvested 160 days after sowing, starting on September 8 every year. Pod number and pod weight per plant, 100 seeds weight, shelling percentage, oil and protein content, pod and kernel yield per hectare were investigated. As a result, pod number and weight per plant, 100 seeds weight, shelling percentage, pods and kernel yield values were found to be the highest at the experimental variant with May 8 sowing date. While the oil content decreased by delaying the sowing date, the protein content was increased. According to a two-year average, the highest pod yield (8136 kg ha-1) and kernel yield (5711 kg ha-1) were also obtained at the experimental variant with May 8 sowing date. Метою цього дослідження було визначити вплив різних строків посіву на врожайність та деякі агрономічні характеристики арахісу сорту “Halisbey” типу “Virginia”, а також визначити оптимальний термін його посіву в Середземноморському регіоні. Це дослідження проводилося у 2018 та 2019 роках на експериментальній дослідній ділянці сільськогосподарського факультету Університету Чукурова в Адані, Туреччина. Насіння сіяли в сім термінів: 28 березня, 8 квітня, 18 квітня, 28 квітня, 8 травня, 18 травня і 28 травня кожного року. Експеримент включав рандомізовану блокову конструкцію з трьома повтореннями. Рослини збирали через 160 днів після посіву, починаючи 8 вересня щороку. Досліджували кількість бобів та масу бобів на рослині, масу 100 насінин, відсоток лущення, вміст олії та білка, урожай бобів та ядер з гектара. В результаті кількість і маса бобів на рослину, маса 100 насінин, відсоток лущення, урожайність бобів і ядер виявились найвищими у дослідного варіанту з датою посіву 8 травня. У той час як вміст олії зменшувався через затримку строку посіву, вміст білка збільшувався. За середнім дворічним показником найвищу врожайність бобів (8136 кг га-1) та врожайність ядер (5711 кг га-1) було також отримано у дослідного варіанту з датою посіву 8 травня. M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the NAS of Ukraine 2022-04-21 Article Article application/pdf https://www.plantintroduction.org/index.php/pi/article/view/1605 10.46341/PI2022005 Plant Introduction; No 93/94 (2022); 27-36 Інтродукція Рослин; № 93/94 (2022); 27-36 2663-290X 1605-6574 10.46341/PI93-94 en https://www.plantintroduction.org/index.php/pi/article/view/1605/1526 Copyright (c) 2022 Halil Bakal, Bihter Onat, Halis Arioğlu, Leyla Güllüoğlu http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 |
| spellingShingle | Bakal, Halil Onat, Bihter Arioğlu, Halis Güllüoğlu, Leyla Вплив строків посіву на врожайність стручків та деякі агротехнічні та якісні характеристики арахісу сотру ‘Halisbey’ типу ‘Virginia’ у середземноморському середовищі |
| title | Вплив строків посіву на врожайність стручків та деякі агротехнічні та якісні характеристики арахісу сотру ‘Halisbey’ типу ‘Virginia’ у середземноморському середовищі |
| title_alt | The effect of sowing dates on the pod yield and some agronomic and quality characteristics of ‘Virginia’-type peanut variety ‘Halisbey’ in the Mediterranean environment |
| title_full | Вплив строків посіву на врожайність стручків та деякі агротехнічні та якісні характеристики арахісу сотру ‘Halisbey’ типу ‘Virginia’ у середземноморському середовищі |
| title_fullStr | Вплив строків посіву на врожайність стручків та деякі агротехнічні та якісні характеристики арахісу сотру ‘Halisbey’ типу ‘Virginia’ у середземноморському середовищі |
| title_full_unstemmed | Вплив строків посіву на врожайність стручків та деякі агротехнічні та якісні характеристики арахісу сотру ‘Halisbey’ типу ‘Virginia’ у середземноморському середовищі |
| title_short | Вплив строків посіву на врожайність стручків та деякі агротехнічні та якісні характеристики арахісу сотру ‘Halisbey’ типу ‘Virginia’ у середземноморському середовищі |
| title_sort | вплив строків посіву на врожайність стручків та деякі агротехнічні та якісні характеристики арахісу сотру ‘halisbey’ типу ‘virginia’ у середземноморському середовищі |
| url | https://www.plantintroduction.org/index.php/pi/article/view/1605 |
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