Шарівський парк (Харківська область, Україна): історія та моніторингові дослідження за період 1997–2018 рр.
Changes in the taxonomic composition, landscapes, and plantations of the ancient Sharivskyi Park (Kharkiv region, Ukraine) were studied according to the literature and the results of our own monitoring research conducted in 1997 and 2016–2018. It was found that the number of species and cultivars de...
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2022
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| author | Klymenko, Yurii Hryhorenko, Alla |
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| description | Changes in the taxonomic composition, landscapes, and plantations of the ancient Sharivskyi Park (Kharkiv region, Ukraine) were studied according to the literature and the results of our own monitoring research conducted in 1997 and 2016–2018. It was found that the number of species and cultivars decreased between the studies, but not significantly (the rate of decline in taxonomic diversity slowed down because due to a long period of inadequate care, only the most resistant species remained in the park). There was an almost complete loss of Picea abies plantations, which occupied 2.3 ha (7.9 % of the green area) in 1997. In most of Sharivskyi Park, the park landscape was replaced with a forest type. Garden and meadow landscapes are disappearing in the park. The Oak grove of Sharivsky Park, which represented the park type of the landscape, is degrading; it was replaced by derivative plantations that form the forest type of landscape. Forest-type areas of the oak grove appeared to be stable; degradation does not occur in them. Restoration of the degraded oak grove is possible only if the existing derivative plantations are removed, which is currently prohibited by law (therefore, changes in legislation are required), and artificial planting of oaks. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.46341/PI2022009 |
| first_indexed | 2025-07-17T12:54:06Z |
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© The Authors. This content is provided under CC BY 4.0 license.
Plant Introduction, 93/94, 62–72 (2022)
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Sharivskyi Park (Kharkiv region, Ukraine): history and monitoring research
during 1997–2018
Yurii Klymenko 1, Alla Hryhorenko 2
1 M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Tymiryazevska str. 1, 01014 Kyiv, Ukraine;
klimenco109@ukr.net
2 State Ecological Academy of Postgraduate Education and Management, Mytropolyta Vasylia Lypkivskoho str. 35, 03035 Kyiv,
Ukraine; alla_gr@ukr.net
Received: 27.04.2022 | Accepted: 30.05.2022 | Published online: 09.06.2022
Abstract
Changes in the taxonomic composition, landscapes, and plantations of the ancient Sharivskyi Park (Kharkiv
region, Ukraine) were studied according to the literature and the results of our own monitoring research
conducted in 1997 and 2016–2018. It was found that the number of species and cultivars decreased between
the studies, but not significantly (the rate of decline in taxonomic diversity slowed down because due to a
long period of inadequate care, only the most resistant species remained in the park). There was an almost
complete loss of Picea abies plantations, which occupied 2.3 ha (7.9 % of the green area) in 1997. In most
of Sharivskyi Park, the park landscape was replaced with a forest type. Garden and meadow landscapes
are disappearing in the park. The Oak grove of Sharivsky Park, which represented the park type of the
landscape, is degrading; it was replaced by derivative plantations that form the forest type of landscape.
Forest-type areas of the oak grove appeared to be stable; degradation does not occur in them. Restoration of
the degraded oak grove is possible only if the existing derivative plantations are removed, which is currently
prohibited by law (therefore, changes in legislation are required), and artificial planting of oaks.
Keywords: ancient park, Kharkiv region, changes, taxonomic composition, landscapes, plantings, restoration
https://doi.org/10.46341/PI2022009
UDC 712.2 (477.54)
Authors’ contributions: Grigorenko Alla participated in the surveys of the park in 2016–2018, compiled species lists, and worked on
the discussion of materials and formulation of conclusions. Klimenko Yurii conducted research in 1997, participated in the research
of 2016–2018, made drawings, and worked on the discussion of materials and formulation of conclusions.
Funding: The investigations were performed within scientific themes: 1997 – Department of Dendrology and Park Studies of the
M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the NAS of Ukraine “Scientific bases of studying, preservation and formation of the
gene pool of cultural dendroflora in the collection and park plantations of Polissya and Forest-Steppe of Ukraine” (state registration
number 01954002739); 2016–2018 – Department of Dendrology of the M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the NAS of
Ukraine “Ecological and biological bases of enrichment, restoration and preservation of collection, urban and park phytocoenoses in
Ukraine in the conditions of climate and anthropogenic changes” (state registration number 0115U000708).
Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Introduction
Conservation of historical and cultural
heritage is crucial for the state and society.
Part of this heritage are the parks-monuments
of landscape art (PMLAs). They suffer
especially badly during wars, some due to
direct influence and others due to lack of care.
Therefore, after the end of hostilities, PMLAs
require a period of recovery. At the same
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
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https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0346-054X
Plant Introduction • 93/94 63
Sharivskyi Park: history and monitoring research during 1997–2018
time, recovery works should have a scientific
background. For this reason, it is necessary
to have cartographic, iconographic, and
literature sources describing PMLAs in periods
of their prosperity, and to analyze surveys
conducted in different years by specialists
(especially if these surveys were performed
within a specific time interval by the same
method). Information accumulated in this way
allows identifying changes and transformation
trends in taxonomic composition, landscapes,
and plantations of PMLAs.
Sharivskyi Park is a PMLA of national
importance. It is scattered on the slopes of the
arroyo near Sharivka urban-type settlement
(Bohodukhiv district, Kharkiv region, Ukraine).
The elevation there varies from 132 m to 173 m
a.s.l. The park imperceptibly turns into a forest
in the northwest, west, and south.
The owners of the estate who took care
of the park (currently Sharivskyi Park) were:
until 1869 – Piotr Olkhovsky, in 1869–1894
– Gebenshtrain brothers, in 1894–1903 –
Leopold Koenig, until 1917 – Koenig’s sons, in
particular Julius Koenig (Anonymous, 1915;
Lukomskyi, 1917; Volodarsky & Timokhin,
1967; Zharikov, 1986; Sappa, 1987; Borodulin
et al., 1988; Mayak & Cherkasova, 1989;
Kryvenko, 1996; Rodichkina, 1998; Rodichkin &
Rodichkina, 2005; Alokhin et al., 2009). In 1901–
1903 a famous park builder Georg Kuphaldt
reconstructed the park (Fig. 1). From 1925 the
palace housed a tuberculosis sanatorium,
which closed in 2008. After that, the estate
was turned into a touristic facility. Due to
lack of financial support, the park was partly
abandoned, which resulted in a dramatic
changes in its vegetation composition.
Therefore, this work was aimed to establish
trends in changes in planning, taxonomic
composition, landscapes, and plantations of
Sharivskyi Park (Kharkiv region, Ukraine) over
a short period of about 20 years.
Material and methods
The first survey in Sharivskyi Park was
conducted in 1997 by Yurii Klymenko, and later
the park exploration was repeated in 2016 and
2018 by Yurii Klymenko and Alla Hryhorenko.
The research was conducted before the
Figure 1. Original Georg Kuphaldt’s plan of reconstruction of Sharivskyi Park (1901): 1 – palace; 2 – terraces;
3 – greenhouses; 4 – gardener’s house; 5 – swimming pool; 6 – promenade; 7 – pavilion “Glorieta” (unbuilt);
8 – main gate with a guardhouse; 9 – gate; 10 – manor church, 11 – family cemetery; 12 – pheasant; 13 –
great pond; 14 - palace pond; 15 – acclimatization garden; 16 – carriage house.
64 Plant Introduction • 93/94
Y. Klymenko, A. Hryhorenko
Russian-Ukrainian war. Unfortunately, we do
not know the park’s current condition, but we
hope that the materials we have collected and
the patterns we have discovered will one day
help to restore one of the best park ensembles
in Ukraine.
Species and cultivars composition in
Sharivskyi Park was determined during
the route surveys. The plant names are
given following WFO (2022) taxonomy.
Measurements (trunk diameter, tree height,
crown diameter) were made for most age-old
oaks and some other trees; their location was
indicated on the plan. Six landscape types were
determined according to the classification
by Rubtsov (1956, 1979): forest, park, meadow,
garden, regular, and alpine. Landscape plans
were prepared; areas occupied by each
landscape type were calculated using ArcView
GIS 3.2a. For the analysis of plantations,
according to the improved forest management
method (Klymenko, 2012), the park’s territory
was divided into allotments according to the
predominant species.
Results and discussion
There is no clear border between the park
and the forest. Therefore in many works, it is
indicated that the estate area is 70 ha (Lypa,
1960; Kokhno et al., 1975; Kosarevskyi, 1977;
Kryvenko, 1996). According to official data
(Mayak & Cherkasova, 1989), the current park
area is 39.5 ha. However, our calculations
on the plan obtained from the Cartographic
Fund of Ukraine (1 : 10,000) resulted in 34.0 ha
(Table 1). The difference of 5.5 ha can be
explained by the fact that the park’s boundaries
were interpreted differently, based primarily
on Mayak & Cherkasova (1989), who published
the park’s plan. The large pond in the park has
an area of 1.30 ha and the smaller pond with a
bridge is 0.20 ha.
In 1997 the estate appeared in poor
condition. Due to a malfunction of the
drainage system, the terraces began to
collapse. The greenhouses turned into ruins.
Pheasant pavilions were not used and their
doors were clogged. The fountains did not
work. The lindens on the promenade had
not been cut for decades, and they had many
long vertical trunks. Some paths disappeared
and self-seedlings appeared on the meadows.
In general 1650 m of paths (from the total of
9450 m) had disappeared and only 180 m of
new paths had appeared.
The park is located in Zmiev-Valkiv-
Dergachiv geobotanical region of the Kharkiv
district of the Central Russian forest sub-
province of the Eastern European province of
the European-Siberian forest-steppe region.
This area is characterized by linden-oak, oak
(maple-linden-oak forests occupy smaller
areas), oak-pine forests (on the terraces),
floodplain meadows, and meadow steppes
on chernozems. The description from 1913
(Orlov, 1913) testifies that the park was created
based on maple-linden-oak hazel-hairy sedge
forest (Tilieto (cordatae) – Acereto (platanoidis)
– Quercetum (roboris) coryloso (avellanae) –
caricosum (pilosae)). In the past, almost the
entire territory was covered with forests
destroyed in the XIX century (Barbarych, 1977).
We believe that when Georg Kuphaldt was
working on the formation of the park, oaks
occupied almost the entire territory. Then
oaks were partly thinned and spruces and
other conifers were planted in some areas.
After 1917, the care of the park became
insufficient and oaks in the landscape began
to disappear. Probably many of them were cut
down during the Civil War or WWII and after
it. Thus, in the park appeared open ecological
niches occupied by Fraxinus excelsior L., Acer
platanoides L., and Robinia pseudoacacia L.,
and allotments with none dominated species
were formed. Initially, a sparse understory was
formed under the sparse oak forests. As the
oaks were eliminated, the number of plants in
the understory and their size increased, so the
understory layer became the main one. A small
number of old trees remained over this layer,
but they did not form a joint canopy.
Over 100 species and cultivars of trees and
shrubs were reported to be present in the
park in 1939 (Lypa, 1960). Later, in 1959, 120
species and cultivars were registered there
(Kurdyuk, 1965). Some other numbers are also
occasionally reported. In particular, Borodulin
et al. (1988) discovered 200 species (including
150 exotic) in the park. However, Borodulin
et al. (1988) are not dendrologists and it
is unclear how they obtained such a huge
number. In 1997, one of us (Yurii Klymenko)
identified 63 species and cultivars of trees,
semi-shrubs, and vines belonging to 40 genera
of 19 families. One species was represented
Plant Introduction • 93/94 65
Sharivskyi Park: history and monitoring research during 1997–2018
Areas
Year
1997 2018
ha % ha %
Buildings 0.75 2.2 0.75 2.2
Water reservoirs 1.50 4.4 1.50 4.4
Arable lands 0.10 0.3 0.00 0.0
Roads, paths and
platforms
2.50 7.4 2.20 6.5
Green zone 29.15 85.7 29.55 86.9
Total 34.00 100.0 34.00 100.0
Table 1. Different areas of the Sharivskyi Park.exclusively by a cultivar (i.e., Picea pungens
Engelm. ‘Kosteriana’), and three species had
both natural representatives and cultivars (i.e.,
Acer platanoides ‘Schwedleri’, Quercus robur L.
‘Fastigiata’, and Salix alba L. ‘Vitellina Pendula’).
The division Pinophyta was represented by 11
tree species, Magnoliophyta – by 49 species
(29 trees, 15 shrubs, four semi-shrub, and one
liana species).
Among the most interesting conifers
of the park were Juniperus virginiana L.,
Larix decidua Mill., Picea engelmannii
Engelm, P. glauca (Moench.) Voss., P. pungens
‘Kosteriana’, Pinus nigra J.F. Arnold,
P. strobus L., Pseudotsuga mensiesii (Mirb.)
Franco, and Thuja occidentalis L. The plans that
were grown at the beginning of the XX century
became very tall. Even Thuja occidentalis,
Picea glauca, and Juniperus virginiana had
28–32 cm trunk diameter. Larix decidua, Picea
abies (L.) H. Karst., Pinus nigra, P. strobus, and
Pseudotsuga mensiesii had a trunk diameters
of 60–76 cm, while particular trees reached 30
m of height. There was a Quercus robur tree
with a trunk of 2.1 m in diameter among the
broadleaved trees. Some Q. robur ‘Fastigiata’
trees grew on the terraces. Old trees of
Aesculus hippocastanum L., Fraxinus excelsior,
Gleditsia triacanthos L., Quercus rubra L.,
Phellodendron amurense Rupr. also appeared
in the park in 1997. Some trees had a crown
diameter of 28 m, which means they grew
lonely in open spaces before. In particular,
Lypa (1960) mentions that Georg Kuphaldt
used the principle of big open glades with
pure or mixed groups and solitaires located
on them during the park’s creation. Near the
forest, such groups gradually integrated into
it. So, these plantations were constructed
to be similar to the parks in Great Britain,
representing the park type of landscape.
Many species reported to be in
Sharivskyi Park in the past were not found
there in 1997. In particular, in 1959, Abies
concolor (Gordon) Lindl. ex Hildebr., A.
sibirica Ledeb., Aesculus pavia L., Celtis
occidentallis L., Prunus virginiana L., and
Quercus palustris Münchh were reported
to be in Sharivskyi Park (Kurdyuk, 1965).
Additionally, in 1972 Aesculus glabra Willd.,
Prunus serotina Ehrh., Symphoricarpos
albus (L.) S.F. Blake, and Viburnum lentago L.
were mentioned to be present on the park
area (Kokhno et al., 1975).
Marchuk (2006) listed 81 arboreal trees
in Sharivskyi Park. This number is much
higher from what we registered in 1997 and
is primarily related to the mention of singular
examples (e.g., Berberis francisci-ferdinandi
C.K. Schneid., Crataegus succulenta Schrad. ex
Link., Euonimus maackii Rupr., Philadelphus
gordonianus Lindl., P. grandiflorus Willd., Rosa
marginata Walr., and Spiraea flexuoisa Rchb.).
After inventory in 2018, we still have not found
some species mentioned by Marchuk (2006).
As we found in 2018, after several dry
years since 1997, plantations of Picea abies
(L.) H. Karst. were damaged by European
spruce bark beetle and only some trees
survived. Since 1997, taxonomic degradation
of plantations has occurred (Klymenko, 2012).
Such species as Picea engelmannii, P. glauca,
Pinus strobus, and Phellodendron amurense
completely disappeared. Instead, less valuable
species (e.g., Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco
and Buxus sempervirens L.) appeared there.
General changes in the park landscape
structure are represented on Figs. 2 & 3 and
in Table 2.
In 1997, in Sharivskyi Park, the forest type of
landscape was predominant and covered 81 %
of the total green area (Table 2). Thus, most of
the park landscapes formed by Georg Kuphaldt
had already been replaced by forests. From
1997 to 2018, areas with Picea abies were almost
completely lost. Due to the ban on sanitary
felling, in 2018, many dead trees remained
standing (mostly Picea abies, but also Thuja
occidentalis, Quercus robur, etc.), and some
of the dead trees fell. Self-seedling aboriginal
species of trees and bushes appeared in areas
with dry spruce snags and fallen trunks,
66 Plant Introduction • 93/94
Y. Klymenko, A. Hryhorenko
Figure 2. Landscape plan of Sharivskyi Park (1997). Types of landscapes: 1 – forest; 2 – park; 3 – meadow;
4 – garden; 5 – regular and its elements.
Figure 3. Landscape plan of Sharivskyi Park (2018). Types of landscapes: 1 – forest; 2 – park; 3 – meadow;
4 – garden; 5 – regular and its elements; 6 – areas with withered spruce.
Plant Introduction • 93/94 67
Sharivskyi Park: history and monitoring research during 1997–2018
forming thickets. Some of the trunks fell on
the surrounding areas. The total area of such
cluttered thickets reached 2.85 ha. There is
no need to distinguish separated landscape
type for the areas with withered spruce snags
because it is not typical for parks and gardens
and is instead a temporary occurrence. We
separated these areas only to demonstrate the
scale of the disaster.
On the declivous sunny slope of the lower
terrace an immaculate gardens farm was
located with a greenhouse, a gardener’s house,
a garden, and an orchard. Peaches, apricots,
and grapes were planted along the walls of the
terrace. Today these gardens are neglected,
not maintained, and some are overgrown with
self-seedling forest species. All fruit trees
were uprooted in a part of the garden and
the area was covered with a lawn. However,
in other places, many meadows that stopped
being mowed overgrew with trees and shrubs
and became a forest. Thus, the area of the
garden and meadow types of landscapes has
decreased, which can be considered landscape
degradation (Klymenko, 2012).
The area of allotments with dominating
Quercus robur, Fraxinus excelsior, Acer
platanoides, and Robinia pseudoacacia has not
changed significantly in 20 years (Figs. 4 & 5;
Table 3). They each increased their occupied
area by five hundred square meters at the
expense of disappearing paths. The main
changes were related to the death of spruces
from the bark beetle. From 1998 till 2018, 25
age-old oaks had also withered. There were
Landscape types
Year
1997 2018
ha % ha %
Forest 23.6 81.0 22.35 75.6
Park 0.55 1.9 0.65 2.2
Meadow 2.15 7.4 1.25 4.2
Garden 2.05 7.0 1.65 5.6
Regular 0.80 2.7 0.80 2.7
Areas with withered
spruce
- - 2.85 9.7
Total 29.15 100.0 29.55 100.0
Table 2. Distribution of the green areas of Sharivskyi
Park by landscape types. only 79 oak trees left outside the oak grove,
one of which was almost dead. So in 20 years,
nearly a quarter of singular oaks had died.
Should the withering rate remain the same,
singular age-old oaks will disappear in the park
within the next 60 years. At the same time, the
area of the overgrown thickets became more
extensive because they absorbed the adjacent
allotments in which none of the species
predominated. The area of allotments in
which none of the species predominated had
increased due to the overgrowth of meadows
and glades by the self-seedling of various
arboreal species.
We can assume that there were meadows
along the stream for a long time. However,
in 1998, a young plantation of Salix alba had
already been formed along the stream. Hence,
the meadows’ overgrowing had been going on
for many years. In 2018, the thickets entirely
covered the northern part of the stream. Only
the area below the pond over which the bridge
was built remained to be a meadow.
On the southern shore of the great pond
there is an area with a dense canopy and the
dominance of Quercus robur in the overstory
layer. This area has a typical natural oak
structure of layers and a rich grass cover with
a predominance of Carex pilosa Scop. and a
presence of Asarum europaeum L. and other
oak-forest species. Such species as Ulmus
laevis Pall., U. glabra Huds., Acer platanoides,
A. negundo L., Fraxinus excelsior, Robinia
pseudoacacia, and Sambucus nigra L. do not
break through to this area. We have selected a
test plot of 0.25 ha in this area and performed
a complete tree trunk counting (Table 4).
Why did the thickets form in one part of
the park and not in the other? Obviously, the
reason is the density of Quercus robur layer.
At the test plot, the density of the oak layer
was 0.8–0.9 (104 trees per 1 ha). In those areas
where Fraxinus excelsior, Acer platanoides, and
Robinia pseudoacacia formed thickets and in
areas where none of the species predominates,
the density of Quercus robur layer was
minimal. Such areas had 14.6 ha in total
and hosted 79 oaks only (5–6 oaks per 1 ha).
This allowed the replacement of the initial
oak plantations with the derivatives during
phytocoenotic degradation (Klymenko, 2012).
Such areas have dead ground cover under
the crowns and weed cover in the canopy
windows. Interestingly, according to previous
68 Plant Introduction • 93/94
Y. Klymenko, A. Hryhorenko
Figure 4. Plantings plan of Sharivskyi Park (1997): 1 – Quercus robur; 2 – Tilia cordata; 3 – Fraxinus excelsior;
4 – Acer platanoides; 5 – Salix alba; 6 – Robinia pseudoacacia; 7 – Picea abies; 8 – Pinus nigra; 9 – allotments in
which none of the species predominates; 10 – orchard; 11 – glades and meadows; 12 – row of deciduous
trees (а – Aesculus hippocastanum, б – Tilia cordata); 13 – individual deciduous tree (unmarked – Quercus
robur, в – Fraxinus excelsior, г – Acer platanoides, д – Acer campestre); 14 – individual coniferous tree
(unmarked – Picea abies, е – Picea pungens ‘Kosteriana’, є – Pinus sylvestris, ж – Pinus nigra, з – Larix decidua,
и – Pseudotsuga menziesii, і – Juniperus virginiana, к – Thuja occidentalis).
Figure 5. Plantings plan of Sharivskyi Park (2018): 1 – Quercus robur; 2 – Tilia cordata; 3 – Fraxinus excelsior;
4 – Acer platanoides; 5 – Salix alba; 6 – Robinia pseudoacacia; 7 – Pinus nigra; 8 – allotments in which none of
the species predominates; 9 – orchard; 10 – glades and meadows; 11 – area with withered Picea abies;
12 – row of deciduous trees (а – Aesculus hippocastanum, б – Tilia cordata); 13 – individual deciduous tree
(unmarked – Quercus robur, в – Fraxinus excelsior, г – Acer platanoides, д – Acer campestre); 14 – individual
coniferous tree (unmarked – Picea abies, е – Picea pungens ‘Kosteriana’, є – Pinus sylvestris, ж – Pinus nigra,
з – Larix decidua, и – Pseudotsuga menziesii, і – Juniperus virginiana, к – Thuja occidentalis); 15 – individual
withered trees.
Plant Introduction • 93/94 69
Sharivskyi Park: history and monitoring research during 1997–2018
Allotments with
domination of
certain species
Year
1997 2018
ha % ha %
Quercus robur L. 6.85 23.5 7.00 23.7
Tilia cordata Mill. 0.15 0.5 0.15 0.5
Fraxinus excelsior L. 3.20 11.0 3.25 11.0
Acer platanoides L. 7.80 26.8 7.85 26.6
Salix alba L. 0.35 1.2 0.35 1.2
Robinia pseudoacacia L. 0.90 3.1 0.95 3.2
Picea abies (L.) H. Karst. 2.30 7.9 - -
Pinus nigra J.F. Arnold 0.05 0.2 0.05 0.2
Allotments in which
none of the species
predominates
1.20 4.1 2.55 8.6
Orchard 2.05 7.0 1.65 5.6
Glades and meadows 3.80 13.0 2.40 8.1
Areas with withered
Picea abies
- - 2.85 9.6
Row of Aesculus
hippocastanum L.
0.10 0.3 0.10 0.3
Row of Tilia cordata 0.40 1.4 0.40 1.4
Total 29.15 100.0 29.55 100.0
Table 3. Distribution of the green area of Sharivskyi
Park between the allotments with predominance of
different species.
observations, in the areas where the main layer
is now formed by Acer platanoides, Fraxinus
excelsior predominates in the undergrowth.
Conversely, in the areas where the main layer
is now formed by Fraxinus excelsior, Acer
platanoides dominaes in the undergrowth.
Solid undergrowth of Quercus robur does not
occur anywhere.
Hence, it is crucial to conduct researches
considering oak plantations degradation
(i.e., of the oak grove overstory uttermost
density, of the uttermost numbers of oaks
per 1 ha, of the uttermost amount of stock in
oak trunks, or of the uttermost ratio between
the amount of stock in oak trunks and in
trunks of a species which used to be in the
understory, but now shifted to represent the
overstory layer instead). Studies of the cycles
of change in the understory layer and in the
shrub layer are also required. The resulting
data should be used to develop a strategy to
form park oak groves based on a geobotanical
basis. Non-degraded oak groves are stable and
highly decorative; they require minimal care.
They represent native forests and therefore
are original (different from the park plantings
of other regions). Thus, preserving and
maintaining non-degraded oak groves should
be the main task at such sites as Sharivskyi
Park. At the same time, in those areas
where oak groves degradation took place,
it is necessary to work on their restoration.
In Sharivskyi Park, most of the oak groves
have already been replaced by the derivative
vegetation, which has radically changed the
general appearance of the park. This situation
contradicts the Florence Charter (O’Donnell,
2014). This does not mean that the whole park
should turn into an oak plantation with canopy
density of 0.7–1.0. Both the meadows and the
sparse forests should remain, but their area
should be such that caring for them remains
affordable. These areas should be timely
mowed so self-seedlings could not turn into
the undergrowth. Forest areas of introduced
species (in Sharivskyi Park, large massifs of
Picea abies, Larix decidua, and other arboreal
plantations are present) can also be added to
the oak groves. Sparse forests and solitaires on
the meadows can be composed of introduced
or aboriginal species.
It should be noted that the restoration of
the initial plantations is possible only after
removing the derivatives and planting oaks in
the cleared areas. In other words, there is no
way to do such repair without the removal of
living trees. The restoration of curtains and
arrays of valuable introduced species (e.g.,
Picea abies and Larix decidua) requires the
felling of currently present trees. However,
nowadays, it is forbidden to cut down
even dead trees. Therefore, ancient parks
restoration in Ukraine will only be possible
with financial investments and after legislation
changes.
Conclusions
Since 1997, taxonomic, landscape, and
phytocoenotic degradation has been observed
in the Sharivskyi Park due to insufficient
care. The temps of such degradation did slow
down in the last years because most non-
resistant plants in the park had already died
70 Plant Introduction • 93/94
Y. Klymenko, A. Hryhorenko
Thickness
degree
Species
Total
Quercus robur Acer campestre Acer platanoides Tilia cordata Ulmus glabra
8 10 2 13 25
12 1 5 1 8 15
16 3 1 2 6
20 3 1 1 5
24 2 5 7
28 2 3 5
32 1 2 2 5
36 1 1 3 5
40 1 2 1 4
44 2 3 1 6
48 3 3
52 1 1
56 1 1
60 2 2
64 5 5
68 2 2
72 3 3
78 3 3
Total 26 15 18 20 24 103
Table 4. The number of tree trunks by thickness degree on the test plot.
off. New occasional plantings also counteract
taxonomic degradation but only partly. First
of all, degradation took out conifers and some
rare deciduous trees. In particular, plantations
of Picea abies, which occupied 2.3 hectares
20 years ago (7.9% of the green area), were
almost completely destroyed. Very few plants
of Juniperus virginiana, Larix decidua, Pinus
nigra, P. sylvestris, Pseudotsuga mensiesii, and
Thuja occidentalis have left – these species are
on the verge of disappearance.
In most of Sharivskyi Park, the park
landscape has been replaced by the forest type,
while the garden and the meadow landscapes
disappear. Oak groves are degrading and are
being replaced by the derivative plantations.
However, remaining areas with Tilieto
(cordatae) – Acereto (platanoidis) – Quercetum
(roboris) - coryloso (avellanae) – caricosum
(pilosae) vegetation did not change much for
the last 20 years.
The legislative prohibition of any felling
on protected territories has terrible
consequences: there are large areas of snag
and windfall wood, which turn into thickets.
Such thickets are composed of non-valuable
shrubs and trees that are easily propagated
by self-seeding. These thickets are not
acceptable for PMLAs and endanger visitors.
The degradation processes can be stopped
and oak groves can be restored only if the
existing derivative plantations are removed,
which is currently prohibited by the Ukrainian
legislation. Hence, to preserve Sharivskyi
Park and other ancient parks, it is required to
introduce changes allowing selective felling to
the Ukrainian legislation first.
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Plant Introduction • 93/94 71
Sharivskyi Park: history and monitoring research during 1997–2018
Шарівський парк (Харківська область, Україна): історія та моніторингові
дослідження за період 1997–2018 рр.
Юрій Клименко 1, Алла Григоренко 2
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Україна; klimenco109@ukr.net
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Шарівського парку (Харківська обл.) за літературними матеріалами та результатами власних
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72 Plant Introduction • 93/94
Y. Klymenko, A. Hryhorenko
(темпи зменшення таксономічного різноманіття уповільнились, оскільки за тривалий період
недостатнього догляду залишились тільки найстійкіші види). Відбулася майже повна загибель
ділянок Picea abies, які у 1997 р. займали 2,3 га (7,9 % від озелененої площі). На більшій частині
Шарівського парку відбулась заміна паркового ландшафту на лісовий. У парку зникають
садовий та лучний ландшафти. Діброва Шарівського парку, що представляла парковий тип
ландшафту деградує, відбулась її заміна на похідні насадження, які формують лісовий тип
ландшафту. Ділянки діброви з лісовим типом ландшафту виявились стійкими, деградація в них
не відбувається. Відновити деградовану діброву можливо лише за умови видалення існуючих
похідних насаджень, що наразі заборонено законодавством (отже необхідні зміни в законах), та
штучної посадки дубів.
Ключові слова: старовинний парк, Харківська область, зміни, таксономічний склад, ландшафти, насадження, відновлення
|
| id | oai:ojs2.plantintroduction.org:article-1611 |
| institution | Plant Introduction |
| keywords_txt_mv | keywords |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-07-17T12:54:06Z |
| publishDate | 2022 |
| publisher | M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the NAS of Ukraine |
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| spelling | oai:ojs2.plantintroduction.org:article-16112023-08-26T20:38:56Z Sharivskyi Park (Kharkiv region, Ukraine): history and monitoring research during 1997–2018 Шарівський парк (Харківська область, Україна): історія та моніторингові дослідження за період 1997–2018 рр. Klymenko, Yurii Hryhorenko, Alla Changes in the taxonomic composition, landscapes, and plantations of the ancient Sharivskyi Park (Kharkiv region, Ukraine) were studied according to the literature and the results of our own monitoring research conducted in 1997 and 2016–2018. It was found that the number of species and cultivars decreased between the studies, but not significantly (the rate of decline in taxonomic diversity slowed down because due to a long period of inadequate care, only the most resistant species remained in the park). There was an almost complete loss of Picea abies plantations, which occupied 2.3 ha (7.9 % of the green area) in 1997. In most of Sharivskyi Park, the park landscape was replaced with a forest type. Garden and meadow landscapes are disappearing in the park. The Oak grove of Sharivsky Park, which represented the park type of the landscape, is degrading; it was replaced by derivative plantations that form the forest type of landscape. Forest-type areas of the oak grove appeared to be stable; degradation does not occur in them. Restoration of the degraded oak grove is possible only if the existing derivative plantations are removed, which is currently prohibited by law (therefore, changes in legislation are required), and artificial planting of oaks. Досліджено зміни у таксономічному складі, ландшафтах та насадженнях старовинного Шарівського парку (Харківська обл.) за літературними матеріалами та результатами власних моніторингових досліджень проведених у 1997 та 2016–2018 рр. Встановлено, що за період між дослідженнями відбулось зменшення кількості видів та культиварів, але не суттєво (темпи зменшення таксономічного різноманіття уповільнились, оскільки за тривалий період недостатнього догляду залишились тільки найстійкіші види). Відбулася майже повна загибель ділянок Picea abies, які у 1997 р. займали 2,3 га (7,9 % від озелененої площі). На більшій частині Шарівського парку відбулась заміна паркового ландшафту на лісовий. У парку зникають садовий та лучний ландшафти. Діброва Шарівського парку, що представляла парковий тип ландшафту деградує, відбулась її заміна на похідні насадження, які формують лісовий тип ландшафту. Ділянки діброви з лісовим типом ландшафту виявились стійкими, деградація в них не відбувається. Відновити деградовану діброву можливо лише за умови видалення існуючих похідних насаджень, що наразі заборонено законодавством (отже необхідні зміни в законах), та штучної посадки дубів. M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the NAS of Ukraine 2022-06-09 Article Article application/pdf https://www.plantintroduction.org/index.php/pi/article/view/1611 10.46341/PI2022009 Plant Introduction; No 93/94 (2022); 62-72 Інтродукція Рослин; № 93/94 (2022); 62-72 2663-290X 1605-6574 10.46341/PI93-94 en https://www.plantintroduction.org/index.php/pi/article/view/1611/1529 Copyright (c) 2022 Yurii Klymenko, Alla Hryhorenko http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 |
| spellingShingle | Klymenko, Yurii Hryhorenko, Alla Шарівський парк (Харківська область, Україна): історія та моніторингові дослідження за період 1997–2018 рр. |
| title | Шарівський парк (Харківська область, Україна): історія та моніторингові дослідження за період 1997–2018 рр. |
| title_alt | Sharivskyi Park (Kharkiv region, Ukraine): history and monitoring research during 1997–2018 |
| title_full | Шарівський парк (Харківська область, Україна): історія та моніторингові дослідження за період 1997–2018 рр. |
| title_fullStr | Шарівський парк (Харківська область, Україна): історія та моніторингові дослідження за період 1997–2018 рр. |
| title_full_unstemmed | Шарівський парк (Харківська область, Україна): історія та моніторингові дослідження за період 1997–2018 рр. |
| title_short | Шарівський парк (Харківська область, Україна): історія та моніторингові дослідження за період 1997–2018 рр. |
| title_sort | шарівський парк (харківська область, україна): історія та моніторингові дослідження за період 1997–2018 рр. |
| url | https://www.plantintroduction.org/index.php/pi/article/view/1611 |
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