Сумісна дія імітованого кислотного дощу, силікату кальцію та γ-аміномасляної кислоти на фізіологічні процеси в рослинах пшениці та кукурудзи
The effect of calcium silicate, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and their mixture on the adaptation of wheat and corn to simulated acid rain has been evaluated in the pot experiments. Acid rain was simulated by watering twice with distilled water acidified with sulfuric acid to pH = 2. Test plants were...
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M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the NAS of Ukraine
2022
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Plant Introduction| _version_ | 1860145128437448704 |
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| author | Didyk, Nataliya Ivanytska, Bogdana Lysenko, Tatiana Zaimenko, Nataliya |
| author_facet | Didyk, Nataliya Ivanytska, Bogdana Lysenko, Tatiana Zaimenko, Nataliya |
| author_sort | Didyk, Nataliya |
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| datestamp_date | 2023-08-26T20:38:45Z |
| description | The effect of calcium silicate, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and their mixture on the adaptation of wheat and corn to simulated acid rain has been evaluated in the pot experiments. Acid rain was simulated by watering twice with distilled water acidified with sulfuric acid to pH = 2. Test plants were grown in a plant growth chamber under controlled conditions of temperature, illumination and relative humidity for 18 days. The physiological state of the test plants was assessed by characteristics of growth (shoot height, root length, dry weight of shoots and roots), the content of photosynthetic pigments, flavonoids, and proline in leaves. For the corn, the content of anthocyanins in shoots and roots was also evaluated. In parallel, the physical and chemical characteristics of the soil (pH, electrical conductivity, redox potential, content of soluble carbonates, and nitrates) were determined.It was established that simulated acid rain inhibited the growth and accumulation of photosynthetic pigments in the leaves of wheat and corn. The content of protective metabolites (proline, flavonoids, and anthocyanins) increased. Wheat showed greater sensitivity to the inhibiting effect of acidification compared to corn. The application of CaSiO3 was more effective than GABA in restoring pH value and HCO3- concentration in soil, while the application of GABA more effectively promoted the accumulation of NO3- anions in soil. Combining CaSiO3 with GABA was the most effective in restoring soil physical and chemical properties altered by simulated acidification and stimulating the growth and photosynthesis in the test-plants. Thus, the mixture of CaSiO3 with GABA is promising for further studies of the possibility of its application to mitigate the negative impact of acid depositions on vegetation and soil. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.46341/PI2022013 |
| first_indexed | 2025-07-17T12:54:07Z |
| format | Article |
| fulltext |
Plant Introduction, 95/96, 57–67 (2022)
© The Authors. This content is provided under CC BY 4.0 license.
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Interactive effect of simulated acid rain, calcium silicate, and
γ-aminobutyric acid on physiological processes in corn and wheat
Nataliya Didyk 1, *, Bogdana Ivanytska 1, Tetiana Lysenko 2, Nataliya Zaimenko 1
1 M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Timiryazevska str. 1, 01014 Kyiv, Ukraine;
* nataliya_didyk@ukr.net
2 Educational and Scientific Center “Institute of Biology and Medicine”, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska str.
64/13, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine
Received: 04.07.2022 | Accepted: 22.08.2022 | Published online: 07.09.2022
Abstract
The effect of calcium silicate, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and their mixture on the adaptation of wheat
and corn to simulated acid rain has been evaluated in the pot experiments. Acid rain was simulated by
watering twice with distilled water acidified with sulfuric acid to pH = 2. Test plants were grown in a plant
growth chamber under controlled conditions of temperature, illumination and relative humidity for 18
days. The physiological state of the test plants was assessed by characteristics of growth (shoot height,
root length, dry weight of shoots and roots), the content of photosynthetic pigments, flavonoids, and
proline in leaves. For the corn, the content of anthocyanins in shoots and roots was also evaluated. In
parallel, the physical and chemical characteristics of the soil (pH, electrical conductivity, redox potential,
content of soluble carbonates, and nitrates) were determined.
It was established that simulated acid rain inhibited the growth and accumulation of photosynthetic
pigments in the leaves of wheat and corn. The content of protective metabolites (proline, flavonoids,
and anthocyanins) increased. Wheat showed greater sensitivity to the inhibiting effect of acidification
compared to corn. The application of CaSiO3 was more effective than GABA in restoring pH value and
HCO3
- concentration in soil, while the application of GABA more effectively promoted the accumulation
of NO3
- anions in soil. Combining CaSiO3 with GABA was the most effective in restoring soil physical and
chemical properties altered by simulated acidification and stimulating the growth and photosynthesis in
the test-plants. Thus, the mixture of CaSiO3 with GABA is promising for further studies of the possibility of
its application to mitigate the negative impact of acid depositions on vegetation and soil.
Keywords: acid rain, calcium silicate, γ-aminobutyric acid, corn, wheat, growth, photosynthetic pigments, proline, flavonoids,
anthocyanins
https://doi.org/10.46341/PI2022013
UDC 577.175.1+631.836:633.1
Authors’ contributions: Didyk N.P. conceived and designed the experiments. Ivanytska B.O., Lysenko T.M., and Didyk N.P. performed
the experiments. Didyk N.P. and Ivanytska B.O. wrote the paper. Zaimenko N.V. critically revised the manuscript.
Funding: This research was supported by the target research program of the Department of General Biology of the National
Academy of Sciences of Ukraine “Fundamental principles of forecasting and prevention of the negative impact of changes in climatic
conditions on the biotic systems of Ukraine”.
Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8448-7490
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8969-2239
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1651-7405
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2379-1223
58 Plant Introduction • 95/96
N. Didyk, B. Ivanytska, T. Lysenko, N. Zaimenko
Introduction
One of the dangerous consequences of
anthropogenic emissions of sulfur and
nitrogen compounds into the atmosphere is
an increase in the acidity of precipitations.
This problem has been relevant to the world
for over 50 years. Every year, 17 million tons
of harmful substances are released into the
atmosphere throughout Ukraine, about 70 %
of which are products of incomplete fuel
combustion in thermal power plants and
vehicles, which pose a significant threat in
terms of acid precipitations (Nichuk, 2020).
Acid deposits caused the greatest damage to
vegetation. In particular, acid rain may cause
visible leaf damage, anatomical alterations
of foliar tissues as well as intervene with
the basic physiological processes such as
photosynthesis, respiration, mineral nutrition,
water balance, etc. (Debnath et al., 2018;
Debnath & Ahammed, 2020; Rodríguez-
Sánchez et al., 2020).
Acid depositions decrease the pH of
the soil, which promotes the leaching of
minerals (especially calcium, potassium, and
magnesium), inhibits microbiological activity
in the root layer, and contributes to the
accumulation of phytotoxic concentrations of
aluminum, iron, and manganese. Acidification
of the soil environment makes plants more
susceptible to diseases and destructive
effects caused by radionuclides, heavy metals,
etc. (Kovalchuk 2004; Nichuk, 2020). Acid
depositions are thought to be the main cause
of the weakening of the viability of the wood
stands and the spread of new diseases of
trees, which are presently observed in many
regions of the world (Kovalchuk, 2004; Battles
et al., 2014).
A growing number of researchers have
committed their efforts to elaborate
approaches to reduce the negative
consequences of acid depositions to
vegetation. Most of them have been focused
on the recovery of acidified soil (Battles et al.,
2014; Fowler et al., 2022), and only a small
amount of studies consider the physiological
adaptation of higher plants (Liu et al., 2018).
Traditional approaches to control soil
acidification are based on applying lime,
lime rock, or other Ca-containing minerals.
Good prospects for lime application to
compensate the negative consequences
of acidic depositions in the Monongahela
National Forest in West Virginia were shown
by Fowler et al. (2022). In this study, liming
with a helicopter a total of 323 ha at the rate
of 10 Mg ha−1 reduced acidity values by 73 %,
Al bioavailability – by 80 %, and increased
Ca concentrations three-fold in O and A
horizons (Fowler et al., 2022). In another study,
experimental amendment of acidified soil
with wollastonite (CaSiO3) in Hubbard Brook
Experimental Forest (New Hampshire, Canada)
was shown to compensate for the negative
effect of acid deposition on tree biomass
increment, promoted higher aboveground net
primary production, and increased the leaf
area index (Battles et al., 2014). Our previous
studies showed that natural siliceous minerals
mixed with organic fertilizers alleviated soil
acidity stress in wheat and corn in the model
pot experiments as well as in the field trials
(Zaimenko et al., 2015, 2016). In particular, all
the tested amendments compensated the
negative impact of acidification on the contents
of the photosynthetic pigments in leaves, the
growth of shoots and roots of wheat and corn,
and optimized the course of redox processes
that increase the pH (especially the mixtures
based on potassium silicate and peat), reduced
the electrical conductivity and phytotoxicity
of the soil (Zaimenko et al., 2015, 2016).
Another approach is based on applying
biostimulants to enhance higher plants’
adaptive responses to environmental stresses
connected with acid deposition (Liu et al.,
2018). Inoculation of higher plants with
mycorrhizal fungi or symbiotic nitrogen-fixing
rhizobia is known to have the potential to raise
their tolerance to a range of environmental
stresses, including acidification (Msimbira &
Smith, 2020). Though molecular mechanisms
of such protection are not fully understood
until now, better nutrient uptake and increased
production of phytohormones resulted
from microbial inoculants are thought to be
among the important contributors to these
phenomena. In particular, IAA and organic
acids produced by phosphate-solubilizing
bacteria of Burkholderia thailandensis,
B. seminalis, and Sphingomonas pituitosa
were shown to improve rice root growth and
seedlings development under acidity stress,
which indicated the potential of these isolates
to be used in a bio-fertilizer formulation for
rice cultivation on acid sulfate soils (Panhwar
Plant Introduction • 95/96 59
Effect of simulated acid rain, calcium silicate, and γ-aminobutyric acid on corn and wheat
et al., 2014). Exogenous plant growth regulators,
such as kinetin, 6-benzylaminopurine, were
shown to protect crops against adverse effects
of environmental stresses, including soil
acidity (Čižková, 1992; Gadallah, 1994).
The four-carbon amino acid gamma-
aminobutyric acid (GABA) has been shown to
control many physiological responses during
environmental stresses in higher plants (Wang
et al., 2021). Exogenous GABA application was
shown to improve tolerance to heat, chilling,
drought, phytopathogens, insects, Al-toxicity,
hypoxia, salinity, and allelopathic stress in
some crops (Didyk, 2017; Ramos-Ruiz et al.,
2019; Wang et al., 2021; Zhou et al., 2021).
The protective effect of exogenous GABA is
explained by its participation in regulating the
tricarboxylic acid cycle, nitrogen reservoir,
cytoplasmic pH, antioxidant defense, and
osmotic potential (Ramos-Ruiz et al., 2019;
Wang et al., 2021; Zhou et al., 2021). Although
GABA has been proven beneficial for plants
adaption to abiotic stresses, there is a very
limited knowledge about its interaction with
stress caused by acid depositions and its
interactions with other stress protectants
such as biologically active silicon, etc.
The objective of our study was to evaluate
the effect of calcium silicate and GABA
separately and as a mixture on the adaptation
of wheat and corn to simulated acid
deposition. At the same time, it was planned to
determine the modifying role of soil in limiting
the negative impact of acidification on the
environment.
Material and methods
Test plants, experimental setup, and
cultivation conditions
Pot experiments simulating acid rain were
conducted at the department of allelopathy
of the M.M. Gryshko National Botanical
Garden of the National Academy of Sciences
of Ukraine. The seeds of the test plants of
wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ‘Smuglyanka’)
and fodder corn (Zea mais L. ‘Kadr 267 MV’)
were sown in pots (eight seeds per pot with
a volume of 300 ml) filled with gray podzolic
soil, which had been dried, sieved through
a 2 mm sieve and sterilized in the oven at
100 °C beforehand. Acid precipitations were
simulated by watering twice with distilled
water acidified with sulfuric acid to the
pH = 2 (40 ml per pot): the day and three
days after sowing seeds of the test plants.
Instead of acid precipitation, distilled water
(pH = 7) was used in control. The experiments
included the following treatments: without
acid precipitations and any soil amendments
(Control); simulated acid precipitations but
without any soil amendments (SAR); simulated
acid precipitations and CaSiO3 applied at a
rate of 0.1 % to the dry weight of the soil (SAR,
CaSiO3); simulated acid precipitations and
GABA applied at a rate of 0.03 % to the dry
weight of the soil (SAR, GABA); simulated acid
precipitations and the mixture of CaSiO3 and
GABA (0.1 % + 0.3 % to the dry weight of the
soil) (SAR, CaSiO3 + GABA).
The test plants were grown in a plant
growth chamber at a temperature of 24–26 °C,
14/10 h (light/dark), light at 80 µmol photons
m−2 s−1, and soil moisture of 60–75 % of the full
physical water holding capacity. The duration
of the experiments was 18 days for wheat and
22 days for corn. At the end of the experiments,
test-plants were dug up, and their roots were
rinsed with tap water and blotted up with filter
paper. The replication of experiments was
fourfold. The physiological state of wheat and
corn plants was assessed by morphometric
characteristics of growth (shoot height,
root length, dry weight of shoots and roots),
the content of photosynthetic pigments,
flavonoids, and proline in leaves. The content
of anthocyanins in shoots and roots was also
evaluated for corn.
Measurements
Morphometric and biochemical measurements
were conducted on the 18th day of cultivation
for wheat and the 22nd day – for corn.
Photosynthetic pigments (chlorophylls a and b,
and carotenoids) were extracted from freshly
collected leaves with dimethylsulfoxide (Hiscox
& Israelstam, 1979). Quantitative content
was determined using a spectrophotometer
SPECORD 200 (Analytik Jena), according to
Wellburn (1994). Flavonoids were extracted
with 70 % ethanol. Quantitative analysis was
performed using the spectrophotometer
SPECORD 200 (Analytik Jena) after a
qualitative reaction with aluminum chloride
diluted in 95 % ethanol to a concentration of
2 % (Komarova et al., 1998). Anthocyanins were
60 Plant Introduction • 95/96
N. Didyk, B. Ivanytska, T. Lysenko, N. Zaimenko
extracted from freshly harvested shoots and
roots of corn with 0.1 N hydrochloric acid.
Quantitative analysis was performed using the
spectrophotometer SPECORD 200 (Analytik
Jena) according to the method (Pisarev
et al., 2010).
The pH of the soil solution was measured
at the end of the experiment with a Cond
315i conductometer (WTW GmbH, 2015). The
redox potential was determined using a pH/
ORP Meter HI 2211 (Hanna Instruments, 2005).
Preparation of soil samples for analysis was
performed according to Rinkis-Nollendorff
(Rinkis & Nollendorff, 1982). The content
of soluble carbonates in the soil solution
was determined by titration with sulfuric
acid with the addition of the methyl orange
indicator until the color of the solution
changed from yellow to orange (Pecheneva,
1998). The content of nitrates was determined
spectrophotometrically using a qualitative
reaction with diphenylamine (Rinkis &
Nollendorff, 1982).
Statistical analysis
Statistical processing of the results of the
experiments was carried out by the method of
ANOVA with the help of Statistica 10.0 software
(Stat Soft. Inc., Tulsa, USA, 2011). P values of
less than 0.05 were considered statistically
significant.
Results and discussion
In our studies, the simulated acid rain
inhibited the growth of shoots and roots and
the accumulation of photosynthetic pigments
in the leaves of wheat and corn. At the same
time, the content of protective metabolites
(proline, flavonoids, and anthocyanins), which
are stress indicators, increased in shoots and
roots (Tables 1 & 2; Figs. 1 & 2). Wheat showed
greater sensitivity to the inhibiting effect of
simulated acidification compared to corn.
In particular, the length of shoots and roots
of the wheat seedlings was inhibited by 21 %
and 16 %, respectively. In corn seedlings, the
inhibition of shoot height reached 11 % and was
insignificant for root growth. The content of
chlorophyll a in the leaves of wheat seedlings
was inhibited by 15 % under simulated acid
rain. While in corn, the corresponding
inhibition value was not significantly different
from the control. As observed in our studies,
Treatment Shoot height,
mm
Root length, mm Adventitious
roots number
Shoot dry
weight, mg
Root dry weight,
mg
Wheat
Control, рН = 7 287 147 3.1 28.7 6.4
SAR, рН = 2 226 125 2.9 22.2 4.1
SAR, CaSiO3 282 141 3.9 25.9 6.8
SAR, GABA 289 154 4.1 29.5 10.0
SAR, CaSiO3 + GABA 302 173 3.5 31.3 11.5
LSD 5.6 4.4 0.1 2.2 3.0
Corn
Control, рН = 7 298 193 4,3 112,5 42,5
SAR, рН = 2 238 149 4.6 90.6 38.9
SAR, CaSiO3 276 178 5.6 81.2 32.6
SAR, GABA 294 187 5.2 92.5 33.4
SAR, CaSiO3 + GABA 295 194 5.6 110.4 45.2
LSD 4.9 2.8 0.2 1.8 2.4
Table 1. Morphometric characteristics of wheat and corn exposed to simulated acid precipitation with and
without soil amendments.
Note. SAR – simulated acid rain, LSD – least significant difference at P < 0.05.
Plant Introduction • 95/96 61
Effect of simulated acid rain, calcium silicate, and γ-aminobutyric acid on corn and wheat
B
A
Figure 1. Effect of simulated acid rain and soil amendments on the growth of wheat (A) and corn (B)
test-plants in pot experiments: control (1); simulated acid rain without any amendments (2), with the
application of CaSiO3 (3), with the application of GABA (4), and with the application of CaSiO3 and GABA
mixture (5).
62 Plant Introduction • 95/96
N. Didyk, B. Ivanytska, T. Lysenko, N. Zaimenko
the higher tolerance of corn to simulated
acid rain could be explained by the better
capacity of its antioxidant defense system
to respond to acidification than wheat. In
particular, the proline content in the corn
leaves subjected to simulated acid rain was
4.4-fold higher compared to the control. While
in wheat, the increase of proline content was
only 2-fold. The same tendency was observed
for flavonoids, the total content of which
increased by 47 % in corn, and only by 12 %
in wheat under simulated acidification. The
content of anthocyanins in the corn shoots and
roots increased by 54 % and 72 %, respectively,
under simulated acid rain, indicating an
important role of these antioxidants in the
adaptation of corn to acid depositions.
Analysis of the soil’s physical and chemical
characteristics showed that soil pH was
restored to the initial level until the end of
the experiments when the corn was used as
a test plant, while in wheat, it was somewhat
lower but still within optimum values (Table 3).
This testifies to the good buffering properties
of the soil used in our study. It is known that
the mechanical and chemical composition of
soils significantly affects its resilience to the
influence of acid precipitation (Ma et al., 2020).
In particular, Kovalchuk (2004) studied the
effect of simulated acid rain with a pH of 2.5
for three years on acidity and the content of
macro- and microelements in soils of different
mechanical compositions and established that
sandy soils were the most vulnerable. By the
end of the experiments, the decrease in the pH
of water in sandy substrates was from 0.2 to
0.8 units, and that of saline – was from 0.4 to
1.4. Similar trends are described in the study of
Wei et al. (2020).
Other soil characteristics, such as
conductivity and the content of NO3
- and
HCO3
- anions, were shifted significantly due to
simulated acid rain: conductivity demonstrated
the tendency to increase, while the content
of NO3
- and HCO3
- anions decreased. The
negative influence of simulated acid rain
on the amount of bioavailable nitrogen was
demonstrated in other studies (Cho et al., 2002;
Ma et al., 2020). This tendency was explained
by increased N mobility as well as inhibition of
nitrification and nitrogen fixation process in
soil (Li et al., 2019). The decrease in carbonate
content observed in our experiments could
also be caused by a decline in the intensity of
Treatment
Photosynthetic pigments
Flavonoids Proline
Chlorophyll а Chlorophyll b Carotenoids
Wheat
Control, рН = 7 8.4 2.9 1.6 0.38 0.1
SAR, рН = 2 7.1 2.4 1.2 0.53 0.2
SAR, CaSiO3 8.2 2.7 1.6 0.38 0.15
SAR, GABA 9.2 3.1 1. 0.36 0.18
SAR, CaSiO3 + GABA 9.5 3.3 1.9 0.36 0.18
LSD 0.93 0.61 0.22 0.04 0.02
Corn
Control, рН = 7 14.4 6.8 2 0.42 0.05
SAR, рН = 2 11.8 5.5 1.6 0.62 0.22
SAR, CaSiO3 14.8 7.2 2.2 0.41 0.1
SAR, GABA 14.2 6.7 2 0.46 0.13
SAR, CaSiO3 + GABA 14.9 7.4 2.4 0.44 0.15
LSD 0.82 0.44 0.24 0.03 0.04
Table 2. The content of photosynthetic pigments, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and proline (mg/g of fresh
plant weight) in the leaves of wheat and corn exposed to simulated acid precipitation with and without
soil amendments.
Note. SAR – simulated acid rain, LSD – least significant difference at P < 0.05.
Plant Introduction • 95/96 63
Effect of simulated acid rain, calcium silicate, and γ-aminobutyric acid on corn and wheat
mineralization processes in the soil. Li et al.
(2019) also showed a reduction in the content
of mineral carbon and an increase in organic
carbon in forest soils under the influence of
simulated acid rain.
Application of CaSiO3 was more effective
than GABA in restoring pH value and
concentration of HCO3
- anions in soil. The
application of GABA was more effective in
promoting the accumulation of NO3
- anions
in soil solution. Combining CaSiO3 with
GABA enabled reaching the highest levels
of both mentioned anions and restoring
the initial pH level and the redox potential.
The concentration of HCO3
- reached the
control level (pH = 7) in the case of adding a
mixture of CaSiO3 and GABA indicates the
restoration of the carbonate-calcium system
CaCO3-Ca(HCO3)2-CO, which is one of the
mechanisms of soil buffering. Thus, applying
CaSiO3, GABA, and their mixture stimulates
the adaptation of test plants to acid stress
due to the effect on the buffer properties of
the soil and physiological processes in the
test plants.
Application of CaSiO3 partially compensated
the negative effect of simulated acidification on
the test-plants’ morphometric and biochemical
characteristics, such as chlorophyll content,
shoot height, and root length, but stimulated
adventitious root formation. In contrast, the
content of defensive antioxidants (proline,
flavonoids, anthocyanins) was reduced
compared to the plants growing without any
soil amendments. However, these biochemical
characteristics remain higher than in the
control (without simulated acid rain). The
application of GABA and its mixtures with
CaSiO3 completely compensated for the
negative effect of simulated acid rain on the
accumulation of photosynthetic pigments in
leaves and the growth of the test-plants. In
the case of applying the mixture to the soil
before sowing the seeds of test plants, the
growth rates of shoots and roots, as well as the
content of chlorophyll a significantly exceeded
the corresponding rates of plants growing
in control. The flavonoid content was lower
than in the untreated plants under acid stress
conditions but higher than in the control and
the variant treated with CaSiO3 alone.
In a wide range of studies on various crops
such as lentils, melon, rice, wheat, and corn,
exogenous GABA was shown to effectively
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
3,5
4
4,5
1 2 3 4 5
A
nt
ho
cy
an
in
s
m
g
x
g
-1
FW
Figure 2. Content of anthocyanins in shoots and roots of corn in control (1) and under simulated acid rain
without any amendments (2), with the application of CaSiO3 (3), with the application of GABA (4), and with
the application of CaSiO3 + GABA mixture (5) to the soil substrate. Vertical bars are the least significant
difference at P < 0.05.
shoots roots
shoots roots
64 Plant Introduction • 95/96
N. Didyk, B. Ivanytska, T. Lysenko, N. Zaimenko
Treatment рН Conductivity,
μS/cm
NO3, ppm HCO3, mol/l Redox potential,
mV
Wheat
Control, рН = 7 7.04 111 30 1.6 138
SAR, рН = 2 6.95 131 16 1.3 135
SAR, CaSiO3 7.02 187 22 1.5 133
SAR, GABA 7.01 201 46 1.4 134
SAR, CaSiO3 + GABA 7.02 174 48 1.6 138
LSD 0.02 1.87 1.55 0.07 1.71
Corn
Control, рН = 7 7.02 68 15 1.5 119
SAR, рН = 2 7.02 84 13 1.1 118
SAR, CaSiO3 7.04 100 14 1.4 121
SAR, GABA 7.01 93 15 1.4 123
SAR, CaSiO3 + GABA 7.02 76 15 1.5 121
LSD 0.03 1.22 2.47 0.04 1.93
Table 3. Soil physical and chemical characteristics after cultivation of wheat and corn exposed to simulated
acid precipitation with and without soil amendments.
Note. SAR – simulated acid rain, LSD – least significant difference at P < 0.05.
alleviate inhibition of germination and growth
processes under unfavorable environmental
conditions such as extreme temperatures,
drought, water, salt, light or hypoxia (Ramos-
Ruiz et al., 2019). Some authors relate the
stress-protective effect of GABA with its
stimulation of photosynthetic activity and
antioxidant defense systems (Ramos-Ruiz
et al., 2019). Without environmental stress, the
exogenous GABA is known to affect growth
and morphogenesis in higher plants. The
study of Li et al. (2016) demonstrated that
corn seedlings exposed to exogenic GABA
significantly increased root and shoot fresh
weights, net photosynthesis rate, chlorophyll
content, the activity of antioxidant enzymes,
and enzymes of the nitrogen metabolism
(Ramos-Ruiz et al., 2019).
The impact of acid deposition on vegetation
is a complex phenomenon involving various
processes, including changes in the soil
environment, associated microbiota, and
direct effects on higher plants’ physiological
performance. Therefore, ecosystem-based
approaches should be applied to protect
crops against acid deposition. In this respect,
restoration of soil buffer capacity and balance
of nutrients precondition normal development
of soil microbiota and crops health. In our
study mixture of CaSiO3 and GABA was the
most promising in terms of restoration of the
soil environment as well as the physiological
performance of the tested crops under
simulated acid rain.
Conclusions
In summary, this study demonstrated good
prospects for applying Ca-containing minerals
in combination with the growth regulators
(including GABA) to enhance wheat and
corn resistance to environmental stresses
connected with acid deposition. Both
components of the mixture complemented
each other in restoring the tested physical
and chemical properties of the soil altered
by simulated acidification and stimulated
test-plants’ growth and photosynthesis. The
obtained results confirmed the involvement
of low molecular weight antioxidants, such
as proline, flavonoids, and anthocyanins, in
adapting the studied cereals to simulated
acidification.
Plant Introduction • 95/96 65
Effect of simulated acid rain, calcium silicate, and γ-aminobutyric acid on corn and wheat
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66 Plant Introduction • 95/96
N. Didyk, B. Ivanytska, T. Lysenko, N. Zaimenko
Сумісна дія імітованого кислотного дощу, силікату кальцію та γ-аміномасляної
кислоти на фізіологічні процеси в рослинах пшениці та кукурудзи
Наталія Дідик 1, *, Богдана Іваницька 1, Тетяна Лисенко 2, Наталія Заіменко 1
1 Національний ботанічний сад ім. М.М. Гришка, Національна академія наук України,
вул. Тімірязєвська 1, Київ, 01014, Україна; * nataliya_didyk@ukr.net
2 Навчально-науковий центр “Інститут біології та медицини”, Київський національний університет
імені Тараса Шевченка, вул. Володимирська, 64/13, Київ, 01601, Україна
Вплив силікату кальцію, γ-аміномасляної кислоти (ГАМК) та їх суміші на адаптацію пшениці та
кукурудзи до імітованого кислотного дощу було оцінено у вегетаційних дослідах. Кислотні опади
моделювали дворазовим поливом дистильованою водою підкисленою сірчаною кислотою до рівня
рН = 2. Тест-рослини вирощували у фітокамері за контрольованих умов температури, освітлення,
відносної вологості протягом 18 діб. Фізіологічний стан тест-рослин оцінювали за показниками
росту (висота надземних частин, довжина коренів, суха маса надземних частин та коренів),
вмістом фотосинтетичних пігментів, флавоноїдів та проліну в листках. Для кукурудзи оцінювали
також вміст антоціанів в надземних частинах та коренях. Паралельно визначали фізичні та хімічні
характеристики ґрунту: рН, електропровідність, окисно-відновний потенціал, вміст розчинних
карбонатів та нітратів.
Встановлено, що імітовані кислотні опади пригнічували ріст та вміст фотосинтетичних пігментів
в листках пшениці та кукурудзи. Вміст захисних метаболітів (проліну, флавоноїдів та антоціанів)
зростав. Пшениця проявила більшу чутливість до пригнічуючого впливу кислотних опадів
порівняно з кукурудзою. Внесення CaSiO3 більш ефективно впливало на відновлення рН та
концентрації аніонів HCO3
- у ґрунті, ніж ГАМК. Тоді як внесення ГАМК більш ефективно сприяло
акумуляції аніонів NO3
- у ґрунті. Суміш CaSiO3 та ГАМК була найбільш ефективною у відновленні
фізико-хімічних властивостей ґрунту, змінених імітованим підкисленням, а також у стимуляції
росту та фотосинтезу досліджуваних рослин. Таким чином, суміш CaSiO3 та ГАМК є перспективною
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https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9070862
https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9070862
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41438-021-00517-y
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https://doi.org/10.3390/su12010280
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Plant Introduction • 95/96 67
Effect of simulated acid rain, calcium silicate, and γ-aminobutyric acid on corn and wheat
для подальших досліджень можливості її застосування для пом’якшення негативного впливу
кислотних опадів на рослинність та ґрунт.
Ключові слова: кислотний дощ, силікат кальцію, γ-аміномасляна кислота, кукурудза, пшениця, ріст, фотосинтетичні пігменти,
пролін, флавоноїди, антоціани
|
| id | oai:ojs2.plantintroduction.org:article-1613 |
| institution | Plant Introduction |
| keywords_txt_mv | keywords |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-07-17T12:54:07Z |
| publishDate | 2022 |
| publisher | M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the NAS of Ukraine |
| record_format | ojs |
| resource_txt_mv | wwwplantintroductionorg/42/0f1fddda7f1e8d227af384fcb54e7842.pdf |
| spelling | oai:ojs2.plantintroduction.org:article-16132023-08-26T20:38:45Z Interactive effect of simulated acid rain, calcium silicate, and γ-aminobutyric acid on physiological processes in corn and wheat Сумісна дія імітованого кислотного дощу, силікату кальцію та γ-аміномасляної кислоти на фізіологічні процеси в рослинах пшениці та кукурудзи Didyk, Nataliya Ivanytska, Bogdana Lysenko, Tatiana Zaimenko, Nataliya The effect of calcium silicate, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and their mixture on the adaptation of wheat and corn to simulated acid rain has been evaluated in the pot experiments. Acid rain was simulated by watering twice with distilled water acidified with sulfuric acid to pH = 2. Test plants were grown in a plant growth chamber under controlled conditions of temperature, illumination and relative humidity for 18 days. The physiological state of the test plants was assessed by characteristics of growth (shoot height, root length, dry weight of shoots and roots), the content of photosynthetic pigments, flavonoids, and proline in leaves. For the corn, the content of anthocyanins in shoots and roots was also evaluated. In parallel, the physical and chemical characteristics of the soil (pH, electrical conductivity, redox potential, content of soluble carbonates, and nitrates) were determined.It was established that simulated acid rain inhibited the growth and accumulation of photosynthetic pigments in the leaves of wheat and corn. The content of protective metabolites (proline, flavonoids, and anthocyanins) increased. Wheat showed greater sensitivity to the inhibiting effect of acidification compared to corn. The application of CaSiO3 was more effective than GABA in restoring pH value and HCO3- concentration in soil, while the application of GABA more effectively promoted the accumulation of NO3- anions in soil. Combining CaSiO3 with GABA was the most effective in restoring soil physical and chemical properties altered by simulated acidification and stimulating the growth and photosynthesis in the test-plants. Thus, the mixture of CaSiO3 with GABA is promising for further studies of the possibility of its application to mitigate the negative impact of acid depositions on vegetation and soil. Вплив силікату кальцію, γ-аміномасляної кислоти (ГАМК) та їх суміші на адаптацію пшениці та кукурудзи до імітованого кислотного дощу було оцінено у вегетаційних дослідах. Кислотні опади моделювали дворазовим поливом дистильованою водою підкисленою сірчаною кислотою до рівня рН = 2. Тест-рослини вирощували у фітокамері за контрольованих умов температури, освітлення, відносної вологості протягом 18 діб. Фізіологічний стан тест-рослин оцінювали за показниками росту (висота надземних частин, довжина коренів, суха маса надземних частин та коренів), вмістом фотосинтетичних пігментів, флавоноїдів та проліну в листках. Для кукурудзи оцінювали також вміст антоціанів в надземних частинах та коренях. Паралельно визначали фізичні та хімічні характеристики ґрунту: рН, електропровідність, окисно-відновний потенціал, вміст розчинних карбонатів та нітратів.Встановлено, що імітовані кислотні опади пригнічували ріст та вміст фотосинтетичних пігментів в листках пшениці та кукурудзи. Вміст захисних метаболітів (проліну, флавоноїдів та антоціанів) зростав. Пшениця проявила більшу чутливість до пригнічуючого впливу кислотних опадів порівняно з кукурудзою. Внесення CaSiO3 більш ефективно впливало на відновлення рН та концентрації аніонів HCO3-&nbsp;у ґрунті, ніж ГАМК. Тоді як внесення ГАМК більш ефективно сприяло акумуляції аніонів NO3- у ґрунті. Суміш CaSiO3 та ГАМК була найбільш ефективною у відновленні фізико-хімічних властивостей ґрунту, змінених імітованим підкисленням, а також у стимуляції росту та фотосинтезу досліджуваних рослин. Таким чином, суміш CaSiO3 та ГАМК є перспективною для подальших досліджень можливості її застосування для пом’якшення негативного впливу кислотних опадів на рослинність та ґрунт. M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the NAS of Ukraine 2022-09-06 Article Article application/pdf https://www.plantintroduction.org/index.php/pi/article/view/1613 10.46341/PI2022013 Plant Introduction; No 95/96 (2022); 57-67 Інтродукція Рослин; № 95/96 (2022); 57-67 2663-290X 1605-6574 10.46341/PI95-96 en https://www.plantintroduction.org/index.php/pi/article/view/1613/1533 Copyright (c) 2022 Nataliya Didyk, Bogdana Ivanytska, Tatiana Lysenko, Nataliya Zaimenko http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 |
| spellingShingle | Didyk, Nataliya Ivanytska, Bogdana Lysenko, Tatiana Zaimenko, Nataliya Сумісна дія імітованого кислотного дощу, силікату кальцію та γ-аміномасляної кислоти на фізіологічні процеси в рослинах пшениці та кукурудзи |
| title | Сумісна дія імітованого кислотного дощу, силікату кальцію та γ-аміномасляної кислоти на фізіологічні процеси в рослинах пшениці та кукурудзи |
| title_alt | Interactive effect of simulated acid rain, calcium silicate, and γ-aminobutyric acid on physiological processes in corn and wheat |
| title_full | Сумісна дія імітованого кислотного дощу, силікату кальцію та γ-аміномасляної кислоти на фізіологічні процеси в рослинах пшениці та кукурудзи |
| title_fullStr | Сумісна дія імітованого кислотного дощу, силікату кальцію та γ-аміномасляної кислоти на фізіологічні процеси в рослинах пшениці та кукурудзи |
| title_full_unstemmed | Сумісна дія імітованого кислотного дощу, силікату кальцію та γ-аміномасляної кислоти на фізіологічні процеси в рослинах пшениці та кукурудзи |
| title_short | Сумісна дія імітованого кислотного дощу, силікату кальцію та γ-аміномасляної кислоти на фізіологічні процеси в рослинах пшениці та кукурудзи |
| title_sort | сумісна дія імітованого кислотного дощу, силікату кальцію та γ-аміномасляної кислоти на фізіологічні процеси в рослинах пшениці та кукурудзи |
| url | https://www.plantintroduction.org/index.php/pi/article/view/1613 |
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