Морфологічні й анатомічні показники листків Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl в умовах міського середовища
The anatomical and morphological parameters of the leaf blade of Forsythia suspensa were investigated to determine the species’ stability in the Kyiv metropolis (Ukraine) conditions and monitor environmental pollution. The leaves of F. suspensa were selected at four monitoring sites in Kyiv, which d...
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M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the NAS of Ukraine
2022
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Plant Introduction| _version_ | 1860145129525870592 |
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| author | Leshcheniuk, Olena Koniakin, Serhii |
| author_facet | Leshcheniuk, Olena Koniakin, Serhii |
| author_sort | Leshcheniuk, Olena |
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| datestamp_date | 2023-08-26T20:38:45Z |
| description | The anatomical and morphological parameters of the leaf blade of Forsythia suspensa were investigated to determine the species’ stability in the Kyiv metropolis (Ukraine) conditions and monitor environmental pollution. The leaves of F. suspensa were selected at four monitoring sites in Kyiv, which differed in their distance to highways and the intensity of traffic. The histological structure of F. suspensa leaves changed toward xeromorphism in the variants where plants were exposed to increased vehicles’ emissions. In particular, the thickness of the cuticle and adaxial epidermis increased, the stomatal size decreased, the degree of stomata opening decreased and their density increased, and the stomatal index and xeromorphism index increased. In general, such changes in the structure of F. suspensa leaves increased the plants’ resistance to pollution. This indicates the plasticity of F. suspensa plants and a sufficient level of their adaptation to the urban environment. Hence, the parameters of the stomatal apparatus of F. suspensa leaves can be applied as test indicators for biomonitoring of urban pollution. This species can be recommended for creating stable culturphytocoenoses in conditions of a high level of technogenic influence. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.46341/PI2022015 |
| first_indexed | 2025-07-17T12:54:07Z |
| format | Article |
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Plant Introduction, 95/96, 75–84 (2022)
© The Authors. This content is provided under CC BY 4.0 license.
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Morphological and anatomical parameters of Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.)
Vahl leaves in the urban environment
Olena Leshcheniuk *, Serhii Koniakin **
Institute for Evolutionary Ecology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lebedeva str. 37, 03143 Kyiv, Ukraine; * afedorova550@
gmail.com; ** ser681@ukr.net
Received: 15.07.2022 | Accepted: 22.08.2022 | Published online: 12.09.2022
Abstract
The anatomical and morphological parameters of the leaf blade of Forsythia suspensa were investigated
to determine the species’ stability in the Kyiv metropolis (Ukraine) conditions and monitor environmental
pollution. The leaves of F. suspensa were selected at four monitoring sites in Kyiv, which differed in their
distance to highways and the intensity of traffic. The histological structure of F. suspensa leaves changed
toward xeromorphism in the variants where plants were exposed to increased vehicles’ emissions. In
particular, the thickness of the cuticle and adaxial epidermis increased, the stomatal size decreased,
the degree of stomata opening decreased and their density increased, and the stomatal index and
xeromorphism index increased. In general, such changes in the structure of F. suspensa leaves increased
the plants’ resistance to pollution. This indicates the plasticity of F. suspensa plants and a sufficient level
of their adaptation to the urban environment. Hence, the parameters of the stomatal apparatus of F.
suspensa leaves can be applied as test indicators for biomonitoring of urban pollution. This species can
be recommended for creating stable culturphytocoenoses in conditions of a high level of technogenic
influence.
Keywords: Forsythia, environmental conditions, pollution degree, leaf anatomy, plasticity, xeromorphism
https://doi.org/10.46341/PI2022015
UDC 581.5:582.6 (504.3054)
Authors’ contributions: Olena Leshcheniuk conducted research, worked on the discussion of materials and interpreted the results,
carried out statistical processing of experimental data and wrote the manuscript, and formulated conclusions. Serhii Koniakin
participated in the selection of material, analyzed literary sources, wrote a methodical partial study, made drawings, and worked on
discussing materials.
Funding: The research was carried out according to the scientific project “Morphofunctional and population-genetic features
of species of vascular plants and higher fungi in a transformed environment against the background of climate change” (state
registration number 0122U000444), which is carried out with the support of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine.
Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Introduction
In the modern world, environmental pollution
is one of the main problems of humanity.
The effect of emissions from industrial
enterprises and thermal power plants in large
cities, particularly Kyiv, is intensified by the
ever-increasing emissions of vehicles. This
trend is explained by the high population
density, intensive capital development,
and high level of motorization. The share
of harmful substances from motor vehicles
in the air increased to 85–90 % (Yatsenko
et al., 2018; Ecological Passport, 2019). On
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https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6715-5707
76 Plant Introduction • 95/96
O. Leshcheniuk, S. Koniakin
the city’s main highways, the traffic flow
load exceeds the carrying capacity by two
to three times. Therefore, substantial traffic
jams occur daily (Dubova & Pomazkova,
2017). Overloading highways leads to high
gasification of atmospheric air, increased
noise and vibration, and exceeding the
maximum permissible concentrations of
harmful substances, negatively affecting the
urban biota and people’s health. Air pollution
causes respiratory infections, heart disease,
asthma, stroke, lung cancer, and pregnancy-
related complications (Kim et al., 2018; Zhang
et al., 2021).
In such a situation, one of the effective
means of improving the urban environment
is creating green areas, which neutralize
unfavorable factors. Plants clean the air
(retain from 21 to 86 % of dust, and part of the
emissions are absorbed), create a favorable
microclimate (reduce air temperature,
increase humidity), lower noise, and create
a comfortable environment for living and
recreation of the population, support the
ecological balance in the urban ecosystem
(Levon & Kuznetsov, 2006; Wróblewska &
Jeong, 2021; Kończak et al., 2020). At the same
time, plants in urban green areas are exposed
to direct long-term environmental pollution,
affecting their vitality over time and requiring
particular adaptations (Nikolayevskiy, 1979).
Some plants are severely damaged in the
urban environment, while others adapt
well to the stress factors with the help of
physio-chemical and morpho-anatomical
mechanisms (Balasooriya et al., 2009; Mitu
et al., 2019). Therefore, various indicators of
plants are often used in bioindication, which
makes it possible to assess the state of the
environment and predict the level of allowable
anthropogenic loads on the environment under
certain conditions (Didukh, 2012; Hrytsak
et al., 2017). The degree of adaptability of plants
depends on the species, the complexity of
ecological growth conditions, and the nature
of the species-specific reaction of plants to
the influence of environmental pollutants
of different origins (Kapelyush & Bessonova,
2005; Chipilyak & Grishko, 2008; Ilyas et al.,
2021). Often, anatomical and morphological
parameters of the leaves are used to diagnose
the nature of the effect of technogenic
emissions on plants. The leaves are one of
the most sensitive and plastic plants’ organs,
which usually have direct contact with toxic
substances in the urban environment (Jahan
& Iqbal, 1992; Leshcheniuk & Mazura, 2021;
Muthu et al., 2021).
Representatives of the genus Forsythia
Vahl., having high decorative properties due
to bright early flowering in spring and purple-
red color of leaves in autumn, are often used
in urban landscaping (Goncharenko, 2009).
Besides decorative value, Forsythia species
have therapeutic properties and are used in
medicine (Luo et al., 2020; Gong et al., 2021).
Some Forsythia species are effectively utilized
in phytoremediation (Kończak et al., 2020).
One of the most widely introduced
Forsythia species in Ukraine is F. suspensa
(Thunb.) Vahl (Goncharenko, 2009). In Kyiv,
it is grown in various places – botanical
gardens, parks, squares, residential areas,
and along the streets, where it is exposed to
constant anthropogenic pressure. However,
the persistence of this species in urban
environments has not been studied. Because
of this, it was advisable to investigate the
influence of the ingredients of vehicles’
emissions of different intensities on the
histological structure of F. suspensa leaves
to determine the cultivation stability of
this species in urban conditions of the Kyiv
metropolis and to evaluate the possibility of
this species application during the monitoring
of environmental contamination.
Material and methods
The leaves of F. suspense were collected from
culturphytocoenoses of Kyiv. According to the
Sereznevskyi Central Geophysical Observatory
(CGO), the overall level of air pollution
according to the Air Pollution Index (API) in
Kyiv was estimated as high (Yatsenko et al.,
2018; Ecological Passport, 2019). The excess
of the average daily maximum permissible
concentrations of nitrogen dioxide was
recorded at 3 times, formaldehyde – at 2
times, sulfur dioxide – at 1.5 times, phenol –
at 1.3 times, and nitrogen oxide – at 1.2 times.
The highest concentration of pollutants
was observed in places with heavy traffic
(Ecological Passport, 2019).
To determine the level of influence of
pollutants on the structure of F. suspense leaf
blade, four monitoring sites with different
Plant Introduction • 95/96 77
Morpho-anatomical parameters of Forsythia suspensa in the urban environment
distances to highways and traffic intensity
were selected. The considered research sites
are conditionally divided into three groups:
with an average level of pollution (with traffic
from 1100 to 2600 cars/h), heavily polluted
(with traffic from 2600 to 3400 cars/h), and
very heavily polluted (traffic intensity exceeds
4000 cars/h) (Serdyuk, 2016).
The very heavily polluted areas includes
the site 1 on Peremogy avenue of the
Shevchenkivskyi district (near the Shulyavska
metro station, distance from the highway
is 11 m, and the average traffic intensity is
5260 cars/h) and the site 2 on Holosiivskyi
avenue of the Holosiivskyi district (M. Rylskyi
Holosiivsky Park, distance from the highway
is 7 m, and the average traffic intensity is
4600 cars/h). The highly polluted zone
includes the site 4 on Gagarin avenue of the
Desnyanskyi district (the place of sampling is
the DShK Park, the distance from the highway
is 15 m, and the average traffic intensity is
3296 cars/h). The site 3 on M. Hrushevskyi
street in the Pechersk district (City Garden
Park, distance from the road is 29 m, and
the average traffic intensity is 1350 cars/h)
belongs to the territories with a moderate
level of pollution (Fig. 1).
To maximize the values of the content
of nitrogen dioxide, formaldehyde, and API,
Figure 1. The location of monitoring sites in Kyiv:
1 – Peremogy avenue (Shulyavska metro station);
2 – Holosiivskyi avenue (M. Rylskyi Holosiivskyi
Park); 3 – M. Hrushevskyi street (City Garden Park);
4 – Gagarin avenue (DShK Park).
which are highest in the summer period
(Ecological Passport, 2019; Yearbook, 2021),
the samples were taken in June 2020.
The temporary microscopic preparations
were made from morphologically mature
leaves collected from the southern side of the
middle part of plants in a 20-fold repetition
following standard protocols (Barykina et al.,
2004). Cross-sections were prepared by hand
with a razor on the level of one-third of the
leaf’s length. The slides were examined with
a Nikon Eclipse E100 microscope at ×10 and
×40 magnifications. The leaf, epidermis, and
mesophyll thickness were measured at the
same distance from the edge of the leaf and the
central vein. The preparations were examined
using Vasiliev’s (1988) terminology.
The stomata index was calculated by the
formula Vasiliev (1988):
, where
Kn – the number of stomata per 1 mm2 of
the leaf surface,
Ke – the number of epidermal cells per
1 mm2 of the leaf surface.
The palisade coefficient indicates the
percentage of palisade mesophyll in the total
mesophyll layer. It was calculated by Vasiliev’s
(1988) formula:
, where
Mp – the height of the layer of palisade
mesophyll on the cross-section of the leaf, in
μm,
Ms – the height of the spongy mesophyll
layer on the leaf cross-section, in μm.
The xeromorphic index was determined by
the formula (Zhaldak, 2000):
, where
Ne – the number of epidermal cells per
1 mm2,
Nn – the number of stomata per 1 mm2.
Measurements were performed in the
AxioVision 4.8.2 environment. Data were
statistically processed through the dispersion
analysis, according to Lakin (1990) using MS
Excel 2003.
78 Plant Introduction • 95/96
O. Leshcheniuk, S. Koniakin
Results and discussion
The leaves of F. suspensa are ovate-oblong,
with a wedge-shaped base, toothed-serrated
edge, and pointed tip. The length the leaf
varied from 7.3 ± 0.1 cm (site 4) to 7.7 ± 0.1 cm
(site 3), and the width of the leaf varied from
3.0 ± 0.04 cm (site 3) to 3.3 ± 0.07 cm (site 2). The
area of the leaf plate did not differ significantly
between different sites and ranged from 18.1
± 0.9 cm2 (site 1) to 19.3 ± 0.7 cm2 (site 2).
The leaf blade of F. suspensa is bifacial and
thick. Its thickness in places with different
traffic intensities is almost the same, except
for samples from the site 4, where it was the
thinnest in the heavily polluted conditions
(Table 1). The dorsoventral mesophyll consists
of two layers of elongated cells of the palisade
parenchyma and three-four loose layers of
spongy parenchyma. The spongy parenchyma
is formed by rounded-oval cells elongated in
the tangential direction with a small number
of intercellular spaces (Fig. 2 C).
A somewhat higher mesophyll thickness
was found in plants that grew in the roadside
zone with intensive traffic near the highway
(sites 1 and 2). The palisade coefficient and the
ratio of the height of the palisade mesophyll
to the spongy one are almost the same in all
studied samples. The average values of the
height of the layer of palisade parenchyma
varied at the monitoring sites with different
pollution levels (Table 1). However, no
statistically significant difference was found
despite the data obtained by other researchers
(Dineva, 2004; Rashidi et al., 2012; Muthu et al.,
2021), who observed changes in these leaf
parameters depending on pollution level as a
species-specific reaction of plants.
Parameters Site 1
(Shulyavska
metro station)
Site 2
(M. Rylskyi
Holosiiv Park)
Site 3
(City Garden
Park)
Site 4
(DShK Park)
Average traffic intensity, cars/h 5260 4600 1340 3296
Leaf blade thickness, μm M ± m 280.6 ± 7.0 280.1 ± 4.5 284.2 ± 4.7 265.8 ± 4.2
CV, % 7.52 8.6 8.4 11.5
Cuticle thickness, μm M ± m 8.5 ± 0.4 8.4 ± 0.3 7.2 ± 0.3 8.1 ± 0.3
CV, % 21.8 16.7 18.9 15.4
The thickness of adaxial
epidermis, μm
M ± m 29.8 ± 1.4 30.9 ± 0.8 21.2 ± 0.7 29.3 ± 0.6
CV, % 15.5 12.3 15.6 9.6
The thickness of abaxial
epidermis, μm
M ± m 20.6 ± 0.74 20.9 ± 0.6 19.6 ± 0.6 18.8 ± 0.4
CV, % 12.4 10.1 13.7 10.6
The thickness of the total
mesophyll, μm
M ± m 222.2 ± 6.9 226.5 ± 5.3 217.6 ± 3.5 213.1 ± 3.8
CV, % 8.0 9.8 8.8 8.1
The thickness of the palisade
mesophyll
M ± m 82.2 ± 3.3 91.0 ± 3.7 83.0 ± 1.6 81.7 ± 2.0
CV, % 11.7 14.8 9.6 12.49
The thickness of the spongy
mesophyll, μm
M ± m 140.2 ± 7.2 133.7 ± 2.9 133.1 ± 2.8 130.9 ± 2.2
CV, % 15.9 11.3 10.57 8.39
Palisade coefficient, % M ± m 37.8 ± 1.0 40.4 ± 1.3 39.3 ± 0.8 38.3 ± 0.75
CV, % 8.61 11.7 6.4 7.03
The diameter
of the vascular
bundle, μm
transverse
diameter
M ± m 284.6 ± 12.9 260.9 ± 15.7 252.5 ± 11.5 182.5 ± 9.3
CV, % 15.46 12.03 13.5 11.4
longitudinal
diameter
M ± m 451.2 ± 17.6 354.7 ± 20.1 341.7 ± 19.4 305.9 ± 16.3
CV, % 9.5 11.3 13.7 11.7
Table 1. Anatomical parameters of the leaf blade of Forsythia suspensa in the conditions of Kyiv metropolis.
Note. M ± m – the arithmetic mean and standard deviation; CV – coefficient of variation.
Plant Introduction • 95/96 79
Morpho-anatomical parameters of Forsythia suspensa in the urban environment
A
Figure 2. Microstructure of Forsythia suspensa leaf:
A – adaxial epidermis; B – abaxial epidermis; C –
cross-section of the leaf blade in the central vein
area. 1 – adaxial epidermis; 2 – abaxial epidermis;
3 – palisade mesophyll; 4 – spongy mesophyll; 5 –
central vein; 6 – stomata.
B
C
The vascular bundles of the leaf blade of
F. suspensa are collateral of open type (Fig. 2 C).
The largest (central) bundle has well-developed
xylem and phloem. The xylem consists of
vessels, xylem parenchyma, and radial rays.
The phloem is represented by sieve-like tubes,
satellite cells, and phloem parenchyma. The
most considerable indicators of both the
transverse and longitudinal diameter of the
central bundle were found in the samples
from the site 1 growing in conditions of a high
pollution (Table 1). Mechanical parenchyma
is represented by cells of different sizes with
thickened walls of angular collenchyma. The
lateral vascular bundles and their ramification
are smaller and have simpler structure than a
central vein.
The upper and lower surfaces of the
leaves are covered with unicellular and
multicellular trichomes and a large number
of peltate glands, the highest number of
which is concentrated along the central and
lateral ribs on both lamina sides. The adaxial
and abaxial epidermises consist of a single
layer of parenchymal cells and are covered
with a layer of combed cuticle. The cuticle
is much thicker on the adaxial side of the
lamina. The upper epidermal cells are five–
80 Plant Introduction • 95/96
O. Leshcheniuk, S. Koniakin
six-angled, with straight or slightly curved
walls, different in size. The regular cells of
the abaxial epidermis are elongated with
strongly sinuous anticlinal walls (Fig. 2 A & B).
The leaves are hypostomatic; the stomata
are oval, anomocytic, placed randomly at the
same level as the regular epidermal cells, and
more densely concentrated near central vein
(Fig. 2 B).
It was found that the ingredients of vehicles’
emissions primarily affect the covering tissues
of the leaf blade of F. suspensa. The epidermis
of plants performs a barrier and protective
function, and changes in its structure reflect
the effects of environmental conditions on
the plant in general (Esau, 1969; Nikolayevskiy,
1979; Ilyas et al., 2021). Thus, in conditions of
high traffic intensity and proximity to the
highway (sites 1, 2, and 4), plants formed 1.2
times thicker cuticle, which is important for
their peripheral protection from the influence
of adverse environmental factors, in particular
the ingredients of vehicles emissions (Table 1).
The thickness of the adaxial epidermis was 1.5
times greater than the size of the abaxial one
in all studied options, except for the samples
from the site 3, where epidermises were
almost the same. However, the thickness of
the abaxial epidermis of F. suspensa leaves at
all pollution levels did not differ significantly.
Hence, the ingredients of vehicles’ emissions
have stronger effect on the thickness of the
adaxial epidermis than the abaxial one.
The indicators of the stomatal apparatus
also changed under pollution since most
gases enter the leaf through the stomata
(Nikolayevskiy, 1979; Beerling & Chaloner,
1993; Brownlee, 2001). Thus, the length and
width of the closing cells of the stomata in
F. suspensa leaves under increased pollution
decreased (sites 1, 2, and 4) compared to plants
grown in a less polluted area (site 3). The
size of stomata in polluted areas was smaller,
while their number per 1 mm2 of the leaf area
increased by 1.5–1.9 times (Table 2). Similarly,
Jun-Ho & Suk-Pyo (2013) noted that the size of
F. suspensa stomata in the urban environment
is significantly smaller (1.2–1.5 times) than
Parameters Site 1
(Shulyavska
metro station)
Site 2
(M. Rylskyi
Holosiiv Park)
Site 3
(City Garden
Park)
Site 4
(DShK Park)
Stomata length, μm M ± m 25.4 ± 0.5 26.6 ± 0.7 30.3 ± 1.1 26.2 ± 0.6
CV, % 11.7 7.4 15.5 11.3
Stomata width, μm M ± m 16.7 ± 0.3 17.0 ± 0.5 18.1 ± 0.4 16.6 ± 0.5
CV, % 7.1 6.2 13.0 9.2
The number of stomata per 1
mm2, pcs.
M ± m 283 ± 7.4 250 ± 6.5 161 ± 5.8 233 ± 7.7
CV, % 11.7 10.3 12.2 8.7
The width of the stomatal gap,
μm
M ± m 6.4 ± 0.2 6.3 ± 0.4 7.3 ± 0.2 6.5 ± 0.2
CV, % 17.8 15.26 12.1 16.5
The number of cells of the
adaxial epidermis per 1 mm2,
pcs.
M ± m 1209 ± 49 1128 ± 21 881 ± 41 1217 ± 18
CV, % 18.1 7.2 11.5 8.6
The number of cells of the
abaxial epidermis per 1 mm2,
pcs.
M ± m 1272 ± 47 1263 ± 39 926 ± 32 1343 ± 46
CV, % 10.3 8.2 11.1 10.4
The stomatal index, % M ± m 17.3 ± 0.9 16.7 ± 0.3 13.2 ± 0.5 15.1 ± 0.4
CV, % 12.3 7.6 13.3 9.4
The xeromorphism index, % M ± m 14.9 ± 0.8 15.2 ± 0.3 11.0 ± 0.2 15.5 ± 0.4
CV, % 12.4 10.6 8.5 10.12
Note. M ± m – the arithmetic mean and standard deviation; CV – coefficient of variation.
Table 2. Indicators of the stomatal apparatus and covering structures of Forsythia suspensa leaf blade under
different pollution level.
Plant Introduction • 95/96 81
Morpho-anatomical parameters of Forsythia suspensa in the urban environment
in natural conditions, which is probably an
adaptive plant’s response to pollution.
The highest density of stomata per
leaf area (numerous stomata according to
Vasiliev’s (1988) scale) was observed in plants
growing under excessive exposure to vehicles’
emissions (site 1). Instead, the smallest density
of stomata (mediate stomata number) was
characteristic of the plants growing at a
considerable distance from the highway under
conditions of an average level of pollution
(site 3). The difference in the openness of
leaf stomata was also noted; it increased as
the intensity of vehicle traffic decreased.
The largest size of the stomatal gap (7.3 μm)
was recorded in plants from the site 3 with
a moderate pollution level (Table 2). It is also
worth noting that in F. suspensa plants, under
very high exposure to exhaust gases and
approaching the highway (sites 1 and 2), single
stomata appeared near the central vein on
the adaxial surface of the leaf. In our opinion,
such changes in the stomatal apparatus of
F. suspensa leaves are an adaptive reaction
of plants to the constant influence of the
ingredients of vehicle emissions.
With the increase in the load of highways,
an increase in the number of cells of both
the upper and lower epidermis in F. suspensa
leaves, and, accordingly, the stomatal index
and the xeromorphism index were recorded
(Table 2). In the sites 1 and 2, the stomatal
index was high (from 16 to 21 %). With a lower
intensity of traffic load and a greater distance
from the highway (sites 3 and 4), the stomatal
index was average (from 11 to 16 %). The lowest
xeromorphism index was recorded in the
plants growing under the weakest exposure
to toxic substances (site 3), while the highest
values were observed in the plants growing
under increased exposure to vehicles’ exhaust
(sites 1, 2, and 4).
The dependence of the microstructural
characteristics of F. suspensa leaves on the
vehicles’ pollution intensity was tested using
the Pearson correlation coefficient (r). Very
strong positive correlation (r ranged from
0.8 to 0.9) between the degree of vehicles air
pollution and the thickness of the cuticle, the
adaxial epidermis, the density of stomata, the
value of the stomatal index, the number of
cells of the adaxial and abaxial epidermis per
unit of the leaf surface and the xeromorphism
index was revealed. A very strong negative
correlation was found between the parameters
of the stomatal apparatus and the traffic
intensity (r ranged from –0.8 to –0.9); as the
concentration of vehicles emission increases,
the parameters of the stomata decrease.
There was also a strong correlation between
the degree of car exhaust pollution and the
thickness of the abaxial epidermis, mesophyll,
and spongy parenchyma (r = 0.6). A weak
correlation (r = 0.3) was revealed between the
concentration of pollutants and the thickness
of the leaf lamina and palisade mesophyll.
Therefore, the detected changes in the
anatomical structure of the leaf of the
studied species towards xeromorphism can
be considered an adaptive reaction of plants
to the negative effect of the ingredients of
vehicles’ emissions. This, in turn, indicates
the plasticity of F. suspensa in the urban
environment. Adaptation of plants to changing
environmental conditions is associated with
changes in the functional characteristics
of the leaf, which is a manifestation of the
adaptive response of plants to the influence
of stressful conditions (Grodzinskiy, 2013;
Ilyas et al., 2021). Most species tend to
increase the xeromorphism signs in the leaf
microstructure. Many authors (Dineva, 2004;
Rashidi et al., 2012; Dzhigan, 2014) reported
that plants in the urban environment are
adapted to stress by increasing the thickness
of the leaf blade, cuticle, epidermis, palisade
mesophyll, etc. There is also information that
plants under the influence of toxins change
the anatomical structures of their leaves in a
downward direction (Dineva, 2004; Ilyas et al.,
2021). For example, in Platanus orientalis L.,
Tilia cordata L., and Tagetes patula L. under
conditions of vehicles’ emission pollution,
an increase in the thickness of the leaf blade,
cuticle, palisade parenchyma, epidermis, and
an increase in the ratio of columnar mesophyll
to spongy height were observed (Kapelyush &
Bessonova, 2005; Ponomaryova, 2013; Dzhigan,
2014). Instead, Tanacetum vulgare L., Ficus
bengalensis L., Guaiacum officinale L., and
some representatives of Hemerocallis L. under
the influence of vehicles’ emissions decreased
their leaf parameters (Jahan & Iqbal, 1992;
Chipilyak & Grishko, 2008; Stevovi et al., 2010).
Stomata play an important role in the
plant organism’s functionality. It was found
that reducing the size of the stomata and the
degree of their opening, and increasing their
82 Plant Introduction • 95/96
O. Leshcheniuk, S. Koniakin
number per area unit help to limit the entry
of harmful substances into the plant organism,
improve the regulation of gas exchange and
transpiration, and increase the gas resistance
of plants in urban conditions (Nikolayevskiy,
1979; Beerling & Chaloner, 1993; Brownlee,
2001). Many researchers showed that stomatal
characteristics are effective bioindicators for
assessing urban habitat quality (Nikolayevskiy,
1979; Balasooriya et al., 2009; Ilyas et al., 2021;
Leshcheniuk & Mazura, 2021).
Conclusions
The peculiarities of the anatomical and
morphological structure of F. suspensa leaves
in the conditions of the Kyiv metropolis
were established. It was found that in the
variants where the plants were exposed
to the increased effect of the ingredients
of vehicle emissions, there were changes
in the leaf histological structure toward
xeromorphism. In particular, the cuticle (1.2
times) and the adaxial epidermis (1.4–1.5 times)
became thickened; the size of the stomata
decreased; the degree of their opening
decreased; their density increased (1.4–1.7
times); the stomatal index (1.2–1.3 times) and
the xeromorphism index (1.4 times) increased;
single stomata appeared on the adaxial surface
of the leaves. The changes in F. suspensa leaf
structure increased the resistance of plants
to environmental pollution with toxic gases,
which indicates the plasticity of the species
and a sufficient level of its adaptation to the
urban environment. The variability of stomatal
parameters of F. suspensa leaves can be
applied as test indicators for biomonitoring
of urban pollution. Consequently, F. suspensa
can be recommended for creating stable
culturphytocenosis in conditions with a strong
technogenic influence.
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84 Plant Introduction • 95/96
O. Leshcheniuk, S. Koniakin
Морфологічні й анатомічні показники листків Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl в
умовах міського середовища
Олена Лещенюк *, Сергій Конякін **
Державна установа “Інститут еволюційної екології НАН України”, вул. академіка Лебедєва, 37, Київ,
03143, Україна; * afedorova550@gmail.com, ** ser681@ukr.net
Досліджено анатомо-морфологічні параметри листкової пластинки рослин Forsythia suspensa з метою
визначення стійкості виду в умовах Київського мегаполісу та моніторингу забруднення довкілля.
Матеріалом дослідження слугували листки F. suspensa відібрані на чотирьох моніторингових ділянках
Києва, які відрізнялися різною віддаленістю від автошляхів та інтенсивністю руху автотранспортних
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індексу та індексу ксероморфності. Такі зміни у структурі листків F. suspensa забезпечують
підвищенну стійкість рослин в умовах забруднення, що свідчить про пластичність виду та достатній
рівень адаптації в урбосередовищі. Отже, параметри продихового апарату листкової пластинки F.
suspensa можна використовувати в якості тест-показників для біомоніторингу забруднення міського
середовища. Цей вид можна рекомендувати для створення стійких культурфітоценозів в умовах
високого рівня техногенного впливу.
Ключові слова: Forsythia, екологічні умови, ступінь забруднення, анатомія листка, пластичність, ксероморфітизація
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| id | oai:ojs2.plantintroduction.org:article-1614 |
| institution | Plant Introduction |
| keywords_txt_mv | keywords |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-07-17T12:54:07Z |
| publishDate | 2022 |
| publisher | M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the NAS of Ukraine |
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| resource_txt_mv | wwwplantintroductionorg/57/ce7eb6c782e72900b8718b8bfc951357.pdf |
| spelling | oai:ojs2.plantintroduction.org:article-16142023-08-26T20:38:45Z Morphological and anatomical parameters of Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl leaves in the urban environment Морфологічні й анатомічні показники листків Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl в умовах міського середовища Leshcheniuk, Olena Koniakin, Serhii The anatomical and morphological parameters of the leaf blade of Forsythia suspensa were investigated to determine the species’ stability in the Kyiv metropolis (Ukraine) conditions and monitor environmental pollution. The leaves of F. suspensa were selected at four monitoring sites in Kyiv, which differed in their distance to highways and the intensity of traffic. The histological structure of F. suspensa leaves changed toward xeromorphism in the variants where plants were exposed to increased vehicles’ emissions. In particular, the thickness of the cuticle and adaxial epidermis increased, the stomatal size decreased, the degree of stomata opening decreased and their density increased, and the stomatal index and xeromorphism index increased. In general, such changes in the structure of F. suspensa leaves increased the plants’ resistance to pollution. This indicates the plasticity of F. suspensa plants and a sufficient level of their adaptation to the urban environment. Hence, the parameters of the stomatal apparatus of F. suspensa leaves can be applied as test indicators for biomonitoring of urban pollution. This species can be recommended for creating stable culturphytocoenoses in conditions of a high level of technogenic influence. Досліджено анатомо-морфологічні параметри листкової пластинки рослин Forsythia suspensa з метою визначення стійкості виду в умовах Київського мегаполісу та моніторингу забруднення довкілля. Матеріалом дослідження слугували листки F. suspensa відібрані на чотирьох моніторингових ділянках Києва, які відрізнялися різною віддаленістю від автошляхів та інтенсивністю руху автотранспортних засобів. З’ясовано, що у варіантах, де рослини зазнавали посиленого впливу автотранспортних викидів, відбувалися зміни показників гістологічної структури листка у бік ксероморфності. Зокрема, зростала товщина кутикули та адаксіального епідермісу, зменшувалися розміри продихів, зменшувався ступінь їх відкриття, збільшувалася їх щільність, зростали показники продихового індексу та індексу ксероморфності. Такі зміни у структурі листків F. suspensa забезпечують підвищенну стійкість рослин в умовах забруднення, що свідчить про пластичність виду та достатній рівень адаптації в урбосередовищі. Отже, параметри продихового апарату листкової пластинки F. suspensa можна використовувати в якості тест-показників для біомоніторингу забруднення міського середовища. Цей вид можна рекомендувати для створення стійких культурфітоценозів в умовах високого рівня техногенного впливу. M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the NAS of Ukraine 2022-09-12 Article Article application/pdf https://www.plantintroduction.org/index.php/pi/article/view/1614 10.46341/PI2022015 Plant Introduction; No 95/96 (2022); 75-84 Інтродукція Рослин; № 95/96 (2022); 75-84 2663-290X 1605-6574 10.46341/PI95-96 en https://www.plantintroduction.org/index.php/pi/article/view/1614/1535 Copyright (c) 2022 Olena Leshcheniuk, Serhii Koniakin http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 |
| spellingShingle | Leshcheniuk, Olena Koniakin, Serhii Морфологічні й анатомічні показники листків Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl в умовах міського середовища |
| title | Морфологічні й анатомічні показники листків Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl в умовах міського середовища |
| title_alt | Morphological and anatomical parameters of Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl leaves in the urban environment |
| title_full | Морфологічні й анатомічні показники листків Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl в умовах міського середовища |
| title_fullStr | Морфологічні й анатомічні показники листків Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl в умовах міського середовища |
| title_full_unstemmed | Морфологічні й анатомічні показники листків Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl в умовах міського середовища |
| title_short | Морфологічні й анатомічні показники листків Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl в умовах міського середовища |
| title_sort | морфологічні й анатомічні показники листків forsythia suspensa (thunb.) vahl в умовах міського середовища |
| url | https://www.plantintroduction.org/index.php/pi/article/view/1614 |
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