Новий надранній сорт кизилу (Cornus mas L.)
The fruits of cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.) have long been eaten and used for medicinal purposes. During the long history of their use, many cultivars have been created with a wide range of shapes, sizes, colors, biochemical composition, and fruit ripening dates, allowing the planting of the corn...
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| Дата: | 2023 |
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M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the NAS of Ukraine
2023
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Plant Introduction| _version_ | 1860145142427549696 |
|---|---|
| author | Klymenko, Svitlana Ilyinska, Antonina |
| author_facet | Klymenko, Svitlana Ilyinska, Antonina |
| author_sort | Klymenko, Svitlana |
| baseUrl_str | https://www.plantintroduction.org/index.php/pi/oai |
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| datestamp_date | 2023-08-26T20:36:09Z |
| description | The fruits of cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.) have long been eaten and used for medicinal purposes. During the long history of their use, many cultivars have been created with a wide range of shapes, sizes, colors, biochemical composition, and fruit ripening dates, allowing the planting of the cornelian cherry in different geographical locations and a wide range of environmental conditions. The M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (Kyiv, Ukraine) has an extensive collection of C. mas cultivars, which differ in many respects, including the time of fruit ripening. Recently a new cultivar, ‘Vytivka Svitlany’, marked by a very early ripening time, has been bred. The fruits of cultivar ‘Vytivka Svitlany’ are red or dark red, oval and more or less elongated, cut off at the top and slightly concave, shiny, juicy, sweet-sour, and slightly tart, with a delicate aroma. After full ripening, the fruits crumble quickly. They are deliciously fresh and suitable for processing in the food industry. In the present paper, the morphological features and biometric characteristics of the fruits of the new cultivar in comparison with other early-ripening cultivars (red-fruited ‘Olena’ and yellow-fruited ‘Alyosha’), as well as the principal biochemical composition of the fruits and its phenological phases for the seasonal development in 2021 according to BBCH scale are represented. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.46341/PI2023002 |
| first_indexed | 2025-07-17T12:54:13Z |
| format | Article |
| fulltext |
© The Authors. This content is provided under CC BY 4.0 license.
Plant Introduction, 97/98, 46–60 (2023)
RESEARCH ARTICLE
The new earliest cultivar of cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.)
Svitlana Klymenko *, Antonina Ilyinska
M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Sadovo-Botanichna str. 1, 01014 Kyiv, Ukraine;
* cornusklymenko@gmail.com
Received: 23.03.2023 | Accepted: 14.05.2023 | Published online: ver.1 – 04.06.2023; ver.2 – 22.06.2023
Abstract
The fruits of cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.) have long been eaten and used for medicinal purposes.
During the long history of their use, many cultivars have been created with a wide range of shapes, sizes,
colors, biochemical composition, and fruit ripening dates, allowing the planting of the cornelian cherry
in different geographical locations and a wide range of environmental conditions. The M.M. Gryshko
National Botanical Garden of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (Kyiv, Ukraine) has an extensive
collection of C. mas cultivars, which differ in many respects, including the time of fruit ripening. Recently a
new cultivar, ‘Vytivka Svitlany’, marked by a very early ripening time, has been bred. The fruits of cultivar
‘Vytivka Svitlany’ are red or dark red, oval and more or less elongated, cut off at the top and slightly concave,
shiny, juicy, sweet-sour, and slightly tart, with a delicate aroma. After full ripening, the fruits crumble
quickly. They are deliciously fresh and suitable for processing in the food industry. In the present paper,
the morphological features and biometric characteristics of the fruits of the new cultivar in comparison
with other early-ripening cultivars (red-fruited ‘Olena’ and yellow-fruited ‘Alyosha’), as well as the principal
biochemical composition of the fruits and its phenological phases for the seasonal development in 2021
according to BBCH scale are represented.
Keywords: Cornus mas, cultivars, biometrics, biochemistry, phenology, Ukraine
https://doi.org/10.46341/PI2023002
UDC 582.788 : 631.526.3 : [712.253:58:069.029] (477-25)
Authors’ contributions: Svitlana Klymenko: research conceptualization, conducting experiments, writing the manuscript. Antonina
Ilyinska: conducting experiments, writing the manuscript.
Funding: The study was carried out within the framework of the scientific research topic “Theoretical foundations of adaptive
introduction for the preservation of the biological diversity of fruit plants of the world flora”.
Competing Interests: The authors declared that they have no conflict of interest.
Introduction
Many plants serve as a valuable source of high-
quality fruits, demonstrating productivity
and resistance to adverse environmental
conditions (Mal, 2007; Baldi et al., 2022). The
world is aware of the need to cultivate such
plants for healthy nutrition as an alternative
source of minerals, vitamins, antioxidants,
essential oils, and other valuable substances
(Rop et al., 2010; Baldi et al., 2022). In the
last few decades, cornelian cherry, guelder
rose, elderberry, hawthorn, cherry, rosehip,
blackberry, and many other species have been
introduced into Ukraine (Klymenko, 2019).
Among them, the cornelian cherry (Cornus
mas L., Cornaceae), which fruits are famous for
their high nutritional and healing properties,
is attracting extensive attention (Kazimierski
et al., 2019; Güzel, 2021).
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9110-0466
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9641-8097
Plant Introduction • 97/98 47
The new earliest cultivar of cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.)
The natural range of C. mas includes the
Pontic and Mediterranean regions of the world
and extends from Europe (South and Central)
to the Caucasus and Asia Minor (Turkey, Syria,
and Lebanon). This species is introduced and
naturalized as an ornamental plant in many
US states, as an ornamental and medical plant
in China, as well it is actively cultivated in the
countries of Northern Europe – Denmark,
Great Britain, Sweden, and Norway (Da Ronch
et al., 2016).
It is suggested that the first cultivars of
cornelian cherry appeared in ancient Greece
and Rome (Weaver, 1976; Da Ronch et al.,
2016). Currently, numerous local cultivars are
bred or introduced in Europe (Drkenda et al.,
2014; Cetkovská et al., 2015; Brindza et al.,
2007, 2009; Mratinić et al., 2015; Cornescu &
Cosmulescu, 2019; Szot et al., 2019; Jaćimović
et al., 2020; Jurečková et al. 2021) and Asia
(Güleryüz et al., 1998; Maghradze et al., 2006;
Hassanpour et al., 2012; Moradi et al., 2019).
Ukraine has the largest assortment of
C. mas cultivars hosted at the M.M. Gryshko
National Botanical Garden of the National
Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (NBG). This
collection was initiated in 1960 (Klimenko,
1990, 2004, 2007; Klymenko et al., 2017). Since
that, experiments on the breeding of new
cornelian cherry cultivars were carried out
using analytical (spontaneous hybridization
and selection) and synthetic (creation of
genotypes with specific characteristics and
properties) selection methods and involved
cultivars of different origins. The principal
selection criteria of the new cultivars were
primarily associated with the fruit properties
(shape, size, color, size of the endocarp,
biochemical composition, etc.). Such
important indicators as yield, fruit ripening
period, plant growth vigor, and winter and
drought resistance were also taken into
account. As a result, many cultivars of C. mas
were bred at the NBG, 14 of which were
included in the “Register of Plant Cultivars
of Ukraine” for the first time in the history of
Ukrainian horticulture.
The gene pool of the collection of cornelian
cherry cultivars at the NBG includes over
a hundred wild and cultivated genotypes
from Ukraine, Bulgaria, Slovakia, Great
Britain, Austria, Georgia, and other countries
(Klimenko, 2004; Klymenko, 2012). Cornelian
cherry cultivars of the NBG selection differ
significantly from each other both in terms
of phenotypic characteristics and genotype,
which allows the selection of the prospective
forms for horticulture and initial genotypes
for further breeding work (Klimenko, 2007;
Klymenko, 2012; Klymenko et al., 2019). In
particular, the NBG collection includes such
early-ripening (with fruit ripening in the third
decade of July – the second decade of August)
cultivars of C. mas as ‘Alyosha’, ‘Nikolka’,
‘Elegantnyi’, and ‘Olena’. There are also mid-
early-ripening (with fruit ripening in the
second decade of August – the second decade
of September) cultivars ‘Radist’, ‘Bukovynskiy’,
‘Vyshgorodskiy’, ‘Nizhnyi’, ‘Galytskyi’,
‘Grenader’, ‘Koralovyi’, ‘Slastyona’, ‘Ugolyok’,
and ‘Yantarnyi’. The mid-late-ripening (with
fruit ripening in the third decade of August –
the third decade of September) cultivars are
represented by ‘Vavilovets’, ‘Volodymyrskiy’,
‘Yevgeniya’, ‘Koralovyi Marka’, ‘Lukiyanivskiy’,
‘Mriya Shaidarovoyi’, ‘Nespodivanyi’,
‘Oryginalnyi’, ‘Pervenets’, ‘Priorskiy’,
‘Samofertylnyi’, ‘Svitlyachok’, ‘Starokyivskiy’,
and ‘Ekzotychnyi’. The late-ripening cultivars
hosted at the NBG are ‘Kozerog’, ‘Kostya’,
‘Semen’, ‘Sokolyne’, and ‘Suliya’ (Klymenko,
2000; Klimenko, 2004, 2007, 2013).
In this article, we described and analyzed
the morphological features and biometric
indicators of the fruits of the new cultivar
‘Vytivka Svitlany’ bred based on the cultivars
‘Armen-1’ and ‘Armen-2’ and compare its
properties with other similar cultivars – early
red-fruited ‘Olena’ and yellow-fruited ‘Alyosha’.
In particular, the biochemical composition,
the passage of the phases during the seasonal
development in 2021, and a brief pomological
description of the new cultivar are provided in
this article.
Material and methods
Research objects
The following cultivars of C. mas were studied:
‘Vytivka Svitlany’, ‘Olena’, and ‘Alyosha’. The
new cultivar ‘Vytivka Svitlany’ was bred using
the analytical selection method involving the
mass sowing of seeds and random selection of
promising seedlings. The cultivar ‘Olena’ was
bred among seedlings of free pollination in
1975 (Klimenko, 2013). The genotype ‘Alyosha’
was found in the village Murovani Kurylyvtsi in
48 Plant Introduction • 97/98
Klymenko & Ilyinska
the Vinnytsia region in 1996 and vegetatively
propagated at the NBG (Klimenko, 2013).
Study conditions
The research was conducted in 2019–2021
at the NBG (southeastern part of Kyiv, low
Pechersk slopes of Kyiv Upland, urochysche
Zvirynets). The actual values of average monthly
temperatures and precipitation for January–
December 2021 following Raspisaniye Pogody
(2021) and Climate Data (2021) are provided
in Table 1. In 2021, Kyiv had one of the twenty
warmest (since 1889) and driest years. The
coldest day was January 20, with a temperature
of –20.0 °C; the hottest day was June 24,
with the temperature in the shade reaching
+35.5 °C. The spring with sharp temperature
drops and very dry autumn were especially
notable in 2021. For example, on April 8, the
minimum daily temperature was +0.4 °C, while
the end of April was characterized by high
temperatures reaching +21.0 °C. In September
2021, precipitations counted at 36.5 % of the
norm. In October 2021, the rainfalls were almost
absent; in November 2021, only 63.3 % of the
precipitations’ norm fell.
Fruit biometrics
The study involved 50 fruits of each cultivar.
Biometric measurements included the length,
diameter, and weight of the entire fruit and
its endocarp. The principal descriptors used
for statistical analysis were the following:
arithmetic mean (M), standard deviation (SD),
minimum and maximum values (min – max),
and coefficient of variation (CV). The shape
index was defined as the ratio of the average
length of the fruit to its average diameter.
The level of variability of metric features was
determined following Mamaev (1975).
Biochemical analysis
The biochemical study was conducted in the
laboratory of the Department of Cultural
Flora of the NBG. The total sugar content
was determined by the Bertrand method
(Krishchenko, 1983). The content of ascorbic
acid was determined by Tillman’s titration
method (Krishchenko, 1983). The content of
tannins was determined by the titrimetric
method in the presence of indigo carmine
and with titrated acidity (Krishchenko, 1983).
The content of carotenoids was determined
using Unico UV 2800 spectrophotometer
at a wavelength of 440 nm (Musienko et al.,
2001).
Seasonal rhythm of development
Phenological observations for the cultivar
‘Vytivka Svitlany’ were performed twice–
Months Precipitations, mm t, °C
norm 2021 norm 2021
January 42 61 –3.8 –2.6
February 40 62 –3.0 –5.2
March 45 18 1.9 2.7
April 50 46 9.6 8
May 65 77 15.8 14.3
June 75 24 19.6 21.3
July 91 63 21.5 24.6
August 57 66 20.6 21.1
September 63 23 15.1 13.5
October 48 1.6 8.7 8.4
November 49 31 3.2 4.8
December 51 67 –1.3 –1.5
Table 1. Average monthly precipitations and temperatures in Kyiv in 2021.
Plant Introduction • 97/98 49
The new earliest cultivar of cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.)
thrice weekly. Phases of seasonal development
were classified using the extended BBCH
(Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt
und CHemische Industrie) scale (Hack
et al., 1992; Meier et al., 1994; Klymenko &
Ilyinska, 2021).
Results and discussion
The origin of the cultivar ‘Vytivka Svitlany’
The new cultivar ‘Vytivka Svitlany’ was
selected from seedlings of cultivars ‘Armen-1’
and ‘Armen-2’, seeds of which were obtained
in 2001 from A.M. Ambartsumyan from the
A.L. Takhtajan Institute of Botany of the
National Academy of Sciences of the Republic
of Armenia. Both initial cultivars (Armen-1’ and
‘Armen-2’) have small fruits of early ripening
(late July – early August) with an average
weight of 3.5–4.5 g and an intense red-black
color during full ripening. They were sown
in the fall of 2009 and sprouted in the spring
of 2011. Several seedlings in the nursery gave
fruit in the fifth year, in 2016. One of them
was selected due to early fruit ripening and
high productivity compared to other cultivars
of the NBG gene pool. It was named ‘Vytivka
Svitlany’.
In the NBG gene pool, there are other
cultivars with early fruit ripening (starting
from August 1–5), in particular, ‘Alyosha’,
‘Elegantnyi’, ‘Nikolka’, and ‘Olena’. The newly
bred cultivar ‘Vytivka Svitlany’ starts ripening
seven to ten days earlier than mentioned
above cultivars. Full fruit ripeness in ‘Vytivka
Svitlany’ has been already noted in August
20–25, while most cultivars showed only the
beginning of ripening at that time.
Biometric analysis of fruits
Biometric analysis of fruits is the first stage
of selection and reproduction of the best
genotypes for breeding (Bijelić et al., 2011b,
2012; Cornescu & Cosmulescu, 2017, 2019;
Güzel, 2021; Salkić et al., 2021; Jurečková et al.,
2021). Biometric descriptors are an integral
part of the pomological characteristics of
each plant cultivar (Moradi et al., 2019).
They are important for monitoring the
acclimatization process of newly introduced
plants. In particular, biometric descriptors
are successfully applied in the breeding
work on Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal (Brindza
et al., 2019), Ziziphus jujuba Mill. (Ivanišová
et al., 2017), Castanea sativa Mill. (Grygorieva
et al., 2017a; Horčinová Sedláčková et al.,
2020), Diospyros virginiana L. (Grygorieva
et al., 2017b), Elaeagnus multiflora Thunb.
(Grygorieva et al., 2018a), Mespilus
germanica L. (Grygorieva et al., 2018b),
Lycium spp. (Zhurba et al., 2021) and many
other plant species. Biometric data also
make it possible to monitor the response of
genotypes, including fruit size and weight,
to weather and climate changes in the study
region (Geng et al., 2014, 2020; Cosmulescu
& Stefanescu, 2018; Escuredo et al., 2018,
2020).
The cultivar ‘Vytivka Svitlany’ is not marked
by large fruits (Fig. 1; Table 2). Among the
cultivars of NBG selection, similar or slightly
larger fruits have other early or middle-early
cultivars like ‘Olena’, ‘Elegantnyi’, ‘Alyosha’,
‘Yantarnyi’, and ‘Coralovyi’ (Klimenko, 1990,
2007; Klymenko, 2000). The fruits of the new
cultivar fall off quickly after ripening, like in
other yellow-fruited cultivars. In 2021, the
length of the fruits in the cultivar ‘Vytivka
Svitlany’ was 20.6–24.0 mm, and the diameter
was 14.4–17.3 mm. Similar characteristics
were in the cultivars ‘Olena’ (fruit length –
20.9–29.9 mm, diameter – 13.5–20.9 mm)
and ‘Alyosha’ (fruit length – 20.8–30.0 mm,
diameter – 15.0–19.5 mm). The fruits of the
cultivar ‘Vytivka Svitlany’ are slightly smaller
on average than those in the cultivars ‘Olena’
and ‘Alyosha’ (Fig. 1). The index of the form was
1.43 : 1.50 : 1.39 in the cultivars ‘Vytivka Svitlany’,
‘Olena’, and ‘Alyosha’, respectively.
Fruit weight in the cultivar ‘Vytivka Svitlany’
ranged from 3.0 to 4.6 g, and endocarp weight
– from 0.2 to 0.4 g. Although the fruits of the
new cultivar are slightly smaller than in the
cultivars ‘Olena’ and ‘Alyosha’ (Fig. 2), they are
less variable in their biometric parameters.
Variation in weight of the fruit and endocarp
of the studied cultivars was as follows: ‘Vytivka
Svitlany’ – fruit 3.0–4.6 mg and endocarp –
0.2–0.4 mg; ‘Olena’ – fruit 3.5–6.6 mg and
endocarp 0.2–0.5 mg; ‘Alyosha’ – fruit 3.0–
5.6 mg and endocarp 0.4–0.6 mg. According
to Mamaev (1975) classification, fruits of the
cultivar ‘Vytivka Svitlany’ are characterized
by very low level of variability in size, while
fruits of the cultivars ‘Alyosha’ and ‘Olena’ are
characterized by low variability in size. In all
50 Plant Introduction • 97/98
Klymenko & Ilyinska
Figure 1. Average morphometric indicators (mm) of
fruits in the studied cultivars of Cornus mas in 2021.
Figure 2. Average weight (mg) of fruits and
endocarps of Cornus mas cultivars in 2021.
Parameter ‘Vytivka Svitlany’ ‘Olena’ ‘Alyosha’
Fruit
Length
Mean ± SD, mm 22.4 ± 0.89 25.3 ± 1.91 23.6 ± 1.34
min–max, mm 20.6 – 24.0 20.9 – 29.9 20.8 – 30.0
CV, % 4.0 7.6 5.7
Diameter
Mean ± SD, mm 15.7 ± 0.78 17.1 ± 1.46 17.0 ± 1.08
min–max, mm 14.4 – 17.3 13.5 – 20.9 15.0 – 19.5
CV, % 5.0 8.6 6.3
Weight
Mean ± SD, mm 3.6 ± 0.40 4.8 ± 0.81 4.2 ± 0.56
min–max, mm 3.0 – 4.6 3.5 –6.6 3.0 – 5.7
CV, % 10.9 17.0 13.2
Endocarp
Length
Mean ± SD, mm 13.7 ± 0.50 16.4 ± 0.97 15.5 ± 0.68
min–max, mm 12.9 – 14.9 14.1 – 18.7 11.7 – 16.5
CV, % 3.5 5.9 4.4
Diameter
Mean ± SD, mm 6.3 ± 0.30 6.7 ± 0.46 6.9 ± 0.34
min–max, mm 5.6 – 6.9 5.5 – 7.8 6.0 – 7.6
CV, % 4.3 6.9 4.9
Weight
Mean ± SD, mm 0.3 – 0.03 0.4 – 0.06 0.5 – 0.06
min–max, mm 0.2 – 0.4 0.2 – 0.5 0.4 – 0.6
CV, % 10.9 15.7 12.4
Table 2. Biometric parameters of fruits in the studied cultivars of Cornus mas in 2021.
Note. SD – standard deviation; min – minimal value; max – maximal value; CV – coefficient of variation.
Plant Introduction • 97/98 51
The new earliest cultivar of cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.)
three studied cultivars, the fruit and endocarp
weights varied more than their sizes.
The share of endocarp mass in fruit weight
is an important parameter for assessing the
quality of cornelian cherry fruit, especially
for the processing industry (Grygorieva
et al., 2018a; Moradi et al., 2019; Martinović &
Cavoski, 2020). Fruits with developed endocarp
can serve as a raw material for producing oils
rich in unsaturated fatty acids (Bijelić et al.,
2008; Kucharska et al., 2009; Spychaj et al.,
2021). Cultivars of Ukrainian selection have
the smallest share of endocarp in their fruits,
reaching from 7.5 to 11.0 % (Klimenko, 2004).
In Polish cultivars, the percentage of endocarp
ranges from 10.13 to 15.32 % per fruit (Szot
et al., 2019). In the cultivar ‘Vytivka Svitlany’,
the endocarp comprises nearly 12.0 % of the
fruit weight.
Usually small fruits are represented in the
cultivars and genotypes of local selection,
especially in Turkey, Iran, Georgia, and some
European countries (Ercisli, 2004; Prokaj et al.,
2009; Ercisli et al., 2011; Bijelić et al., 2011b,
2012; Cornescu & Cosmulescu, 2017; Kalalagh
et al., 2016; Moradi et al., 2019; Hassanpour
et al., 2012). For example, in Iranian cultivars of
C. mas, the length of the fruit ranges from 14.84
to 22.57 mm and the diameter from 10.26 to
16.71 mm (Hassanpour et al., 2012; Moradi et al.,
2019), in Turkish – from 15.75 to 29.82 mm and
from 11.81 to 20.63 mm, respectively (Bayoğlu,
2021). The fruit weight in Georgian cultivars
ranges from 2.8 to 4.9 g. In particular, in
the red-fruited cultivar ‘Shavi Sagviani’ and
yellow-fruited cultivar ‘Okroshinda’ it is 2.8
and 3.0 g, respectively (Maghradze et al., 2006).
Thus, the size and weight of the fruits of the
cultivar ‘Vytivka Svitlany’ lay within the range
of variability of the Caucasian–Western Asia
cultivars and genotypes of cornelian cherry.
Biochemical analysis of fruits
The chemical properties of fruits determine the
consumer, medicinal, and processing suitability
of cornelian cherry cultivars. Cornelian
cherry fruits are rich in sugars, ascorbic acid,
tannins, phenols, flavonoids, and anthocyanins
(Güleryüz et al., 1998; Demir & Kalyonku, 2003;
Bijelić et al., 2011a; Rop et al., 2010; Ercisli et al.,
2011; Hassanpour et al., 2011; Szot et al., 2019;
Cosmulescu et al., 2019; Bayram & Ozturkcan,
2020; Klymenko et al., 2021). They generally
have a pleasant sweet-sour, slightly tart taste,
and delicate aroma. However, fruits of different
cultivars may taste somewhat differently due to
a certain combination of sugars, ascorbic acid,
tannins, and carotenes (Klimenko, 1990, 2007;
Klymenko, 2000).
The content of dry matter in the fruits of
the cultivar ‘Vytivka Svitlany’ is relatively low –
16.08 % (Table 3). In other Ukrainian cultivars,
it ranges from 16.7 to 26.7 % (Klymenko, 2017).
In the fruits of Turkish cultivars, it ranges from
16 to 28 % (Tural & Koca, 2008), and in Polish
genotypes – from 19.02 to 24.07 % (Szot et al.,
2019).
The total sugar content in the fruits of the
cultivar ‘Vytivka Svitlany’ is within the range of
variation of this indicator in Turkish cultivars
(7.7–15.4 % – Turnal & Koca, 2008; Güzel, 2021),
but was lower than in local Serbian (13.49–
25.23 % – Bijelić, 2011a), Ukrainian (9.14–16.41 %
– Klymenko, 2017), and Polish (10.1–16.4 % –
Kucharska et al., 2011) cultivars.
Ascorbic acid is widely known as a powerful
antioxidant (Kostecka et al., 2017; Smirnoff,
2018). Cornelian cherry fruits are a rich source
of ascorbic acid, the content of which varies
widely due to a complex of factors, including
cultivar, climate, and local weather conditions,
including temperature and precipitation
(Demir & Kalyoncu, 2003; Kostecka et al., 2017).
The content of ascorbic acid in the fruits of the
cultivar ‘Vytivka Svitlany’ was higher than in
wild Serbian genotypes (14.96–39.22 mg / %),
was in the range of variability of this indicator
in Polish cultivars (54.9–82.5 mg / %) and
wild genotypes of Turkey (16.0–88.0 mg / %
and 29.0–103.3 mg / %), as well as cultivars
of different origins and local genotypes of
Montenegro (48.0–108.0 mg / %). In the fruits
of Ukrainian cultivars, the content of ascorbic
acid varies from 86.6 mg / % in the cultivar
‘Coralovyi’ to 193.0 mg / % in the cultivar
‘Semen’ (Klymenko, 2000; Klimenko, 2007). In
combination with sugars, titrated acidity, and
tannins create harmony and completeness of
taste without causing a feeling of tartness. The
content of tannins in the fruits of the cultivar
‘Vytivka Svitlany’ is relatively high (Table 3).
In most NBG cultivars of C. mas, the
content of tannins in the fruit is slightly lower
and ranges from 0.2 to 0.4 %. Only in the early
cultivar ‘Nikolka’ the fruits included 0.86 % of
tannins, and in the yellow-fruited ‘Yantarnyi’ –
0.15 % of tannins (Klimenko, 2013).
52 Plant Introduction • 97/98
Klymenko & Ilyinska
Cornelian cherry fruits are not high in
carotenes. In the new cultivar, the content of
carotenes was 0.39 mg / %, which is almost
twice less than in the dried fruits of wild
C. mas from Romania (0.77 mg / %).
Thus, compared to other tested cultivars,
the new earliest cultivar ‘Vytivka Svitlana’ has
the lowest content of dry matter and ascorbic
acid and the average content of sugars and
tannins. The content of carotenes in the
cultivar ‘Vytivka Svitlana’ is almost the same as
in the cultivar ‘Olena’ and significantly lower
compared to the cultivar ‘Alyosha’.
Seasonal rhythm of development of the
cultivar ‘Vytivka Svitlany’
The activity of plants is constantly under
the influence of the environment, adapting
to which they change the timing of the
growing season, organic and forced rest,
and the rhythm of growth and development.
The course of seasonal plant development
is due to the combined action of many
factors, including a species or cultivar’s
important inherited genetic basis, sensitivity
to the photoperiod, temperature, humidity,
and others. The influence of weather
conditions on different stages of seasonal
plant development has been widely studied
(Parmesan, 2006; Wilczek et al., 2010;
Zettlemoyer & Peterson, 2021). The role of
flowering phenophase as a key biological
indicator of climate change has been proven
(Rafferty & Nabity, 2017; Chmura et al.,
2019; Rafferty et al., 2020). Therefore, in the
selection of cornelian cherry, like in many
other fruit plants, special attention is paid to
the fruit ripening time. Leaf unfolding, shoot
formation and growth, and fruit development
are less studied than terms and duration of
flowering and fruit ripening.
In the climatic conditions of NBG, the
cultivar ‘Vytivka Svitlany’, like other cultivars
and species of the subgenus Cornus (i.e.,
Cornus s. str.), undergoes a complete
cycle of seasonal development, beginning
with swelling, cracking and opening of
inflorescence buds and flowering due to
certain sum of effective temperatures
(Klimenko, 1990; Klymenko & Ilyinska, 2021).
Visually noticeable development of vegetative
buds is observed a few weeks later, compared
with generative. According to the BBCH scale,
the new cultivar clearly distinguishes eight of
the ten main stages of seasonal development
(Table 4; Fig. 3), in particular: development of
buds, leaves, shoots, inflorescences, flowering,
fruit development, fruit ripening, aging, and
dormancy.
Principal growth stage 5: inflorescence
emergence. In 2021, swelling and cracking of
buds in a new cultivar ‘Vytivka Svitlany’ was
visually observed in early April at very low
effective temperatures, which was apparently
abnormally warm in the last decade of
February, when the minimum temperature
exceeded 0 °C and the maximum temperature
in some days reached +11 °C.
Principal growth stage 6: flowering. For
the new cultivar, like for other cultivars of
cornelian cherry, the flowering phase is critical
due to possible spring frosts, which can lead
to the freezing of the flowers. In the Kyiv
region, according to long-term observations,
cornelian cherry begins to bloom at the sum
of effective temperatures of 28.4–58.0 °C
(Klimenko, 1990). In 2021, the effective
temperature at the beginning of flowering
of the cultivar ‘Vytivka Svitlany’ was close to
Dry matter, % Total sugar *, % Ascorbic acid *, mg / % Titrated acidity *, % Tannins *, % Carotenes, mg / %
‘Vytivka Svitlany’
16.08 8.97 62.8 2.92 0.53 0.39
‘Olena’ (Klimenko, 2007, 2013; Klymenko, 2000)
22.3 7.7 137.4 1.7 0.49 0.38
‘Alyosha’ (Klimenko, 2007, 2013; Klymenko, 2000)
19.8 12 145 1.63 0.61 0.57
Table 3. The content of phytochemicals in the fruits of the studied cultivars of Cornus mas in 2021.
Note. Converted to the raw substance.
Plant Introduction • 97/98 53
The new earliest cultivar of cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.)
Stage Characteristics Date teff °C
Principal growth stage 5: inflorescence emergence
51 The buds began to crack: the outer bracts are slightly separated, the axis of the
inflorescence is slightly elongated
4.03 3.3
53 The bracts are separated, the tops of several flower buds are visible 16.03 3.3
55 All light brown-green bracts are separated; flower buds are clearly visible, pressed
against each other; pedicels short
29.03 17.1
59 The bracts are rejected almost at an angle of 45 °; a significant part of the flower buds
raised above the bracts and form umbellate inflorescence
31.03 25.3
Principal growth stage 6: flowering
60 The first flower revealed 1.04 29.2
61 Beginning of flowering: opened about 10 % of flowers 7.04 35.4
65 Full flowering: at least 50% of the flowers are open, and the petals of the first flowers
fell off
15.04 65
67 The withering of most flowers: fertilization occurs; petals and stamens fall off 22.04 89.3
69 End of flowering: petals and stamens of all flowers fell off 30.04 114.1
Principal growth stage 0: bud development
1 The beginning of swelling of the buds: buds (vegetative) noticeably enlarged, elongated
scales and have a light border
16.03 3.3
3 The end of swelling of the buds: the scales are separated, light green areas of the leaves
are visible
29.03 17.1
7 The beginning of buds burst: the tips of the first green leaves are visible 1.04 29.2
9 The green tips of the leaves are about 5 mm long 22.04 89.3
Principal growth stage 1: leaf development
10 Green tips of leaves about 10 mm long; the first leaves begin to develop 30.04 114.1
11 The first leaves unfolded; others are still being deployed 6.05 161.6
15 More leaves unfolded, and the first pair of leaves reached about half (ca. 7 cm) in size 11.05 197.3
19 The first leaves are fully developed: they have reached the typical size for the cultivar
size (ca. 15 cm)
7.06 486.5
Principal growth stage 3: shoot development
31 The beginning of the growth of shoots: the axes of the developing shoots are visible;
about 10 % of the expected length
22.04 89.3
32 Shoots (annuals) have reached about 20% of the expected length 6.05 161.6
35 Shoots (annuals) have reached about 50% of the expected length 19.05 277.2
39 Shoots (annuals) have reached about 90% of the expected length 17.08 1822.6
Principal growth stage 7: fruit development
71 Fruit set: ovaries increase in size; the beginning of fall of the ovaries 22.04 89.3
72 The ovaries are green, surrounded by a dying crown of the calyx 6.05 161.6
73 The second fall of the ovaries 19.05 277.2
75 The fruits have reached about half of the final size 7.06 486.5
77 The fruits are about 70 % of the final size 22.06 738.6
79 The fruits have reached the final size, green 8.07 1060.2
Table 4. Seasonal development of the cultivar ‘Vytivka Svitlany’ in 2021 according to the BBCH scale.
54 Plant Introduction • 97/98
Klymenko & Ilyinska
Stage Characteristics Date teff °C
Principal growth stage 8: maturity of the fruit
81 The beginning of fruit ripening: change of color of fruits from light green to yellowish-pink 15.07 1208.9
85 Fruit color progresses; color intensity increases; the fruits become light red 28.07 1456.5
87 The fruits acquire a color characteristic of the cultivar; 80% of the fruits have reached
technical ripeness
10.08 1693.3
89 Almost all fruits are ripe for consumption: they have a typical taste and hardness 17.08 1822.6
Principal growth stage 9: senescence, beginning of dormancy
91 Shoot growth is complete; next year’s buds are developed; the leaves are still entirely green 20.08 1865.6
92 The leaves begin to change color 9.09 2101.9
93 The beginning of leaf fall 8.10 2305.3
95 Half of the leaves are discolored or have fallen off 18.10 2336.5
97 All the leaves fell 29.10 2378.8
99 The beginning of winter dormancy 8.11 2406.8
Table 4. Continued.
its lowest yearly limit (Table 4), which once
again emphasizes the relationship between
the beginning of flowering and the value of
effective temperature. Flowering lasted almost
a month, which correlates with a fairly low
temperature in the first decade of April when
the average daily temperature for three days
was below the biological minimum of +5 °C
and the monthly average was lower by +1.6 °C
compared to the norm (Table 1).
Principal growth stage 0: bud development.
Vegetative buds began to crack and develop
two weeks after generative buds and, as
during the development of the latter, at very
low effective temperatures (Table 4).
Principal growth stage 1: leaf development. In
the new cultivar, as in other cultivars of C. mas,
the phenophase 10 (green tips of leaves about
10 mm long) coincides with the phenophase
69 (end of flowering). The first pair of leaves
was wholly developed in the first decade of
June. In total, 3–5 pairs of leaves were formed
on annual shoots. The last two pairs remained
underdeveloped (smaller), which may have
been due to weather conditions, especially the
autumn drought.
Principal growth stage 3: shoot development.
The primary growth of shoots ended in
the second half of August. The first three
internodes with the best-developed leaves
were the longest. At the beginning of autumn,
the growth of shoots slowed down, and the
length of the last two internodes was smaller
than the first, which is also due to the dry
autumn of 2021.
Principal growth stage 7: fruit development.
The duration of the phase of fruit formation
was almost two months. They acquired their
characteristic size in the first decade of July
(Table 4). Visually, it was noticeable that
first their length increased, and later – the
diameter, which is typical of other cultivars of
C. mas (Klimenko, 1990).
Principal growth stage 8: maturity of the fruit.
In 2021, the duration of phenophase 8 in the
cultivar ‘Vytivka Svitlany’ was about a month.
The first red fruits were observed seven to ten
days earlier than the early cultivars in mid-
July, and their technical maturity in the first
decade of August. The somewhat stretched
process of fruit ripening was probably due to
the longer phase of flowering in 2021, which
was a reaction to the low temperature in early
April.
Principal growth stage 9: senescence,
beginning of dormancy. Phenological stage
9 in the cultivar ‘Vytivka Svitlany’, as in other
cultivars of cornelian cherry, is stretched
in time and begins at the end of the period
of mass ripening. First, the oldest leaves of
the first and second metamers change color
and fall off (phenophases 92 and 93), later
other leaves also die. In 2021, all the leaves
(phenophase 97) fell by the end of October.
Usually, on the tops of shoots of many cultivars
of cornelian cherry, one or two pairs of leaves
Plant Introduction • 97/98 55
The new earliest cultivar of cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.)
Figure 3. Phenological stages of the cultivar ‘Vytivka Svitlany’ in 2021 according to the BBCH scale.
51 55
85 87 92
10
72/15 19/81
56 Plant Introduction • 97/98
Klymenko & Ilyinska
remain very long, sometimes until spring,
but in 2021 dry autumn and relatively low
minimum temperature in the last decade of
October caused complete leaf fall.
So, in 2021 the vegetation period (from
the beginning of bud cracking to the end of
leaf fall) of the new earliest cultivar ‘Vytivka
Svitlany’ lasted 202 days.
A brief pomological description of the cultivar
‘Vytivka Svitlany’
The cultivar was selected due to very early fruit
ripening and high productivity from seedlings
of ‘Armen-1’ and ‘Armen-2’ cultivars obtained in
2001 from the Republic of Armenia. The fruits
of the cultivar ‘Vytivka Svitlany’ are red to dark
red, oval and slightly elongated, truncated
at the apex and slightly concave, shiny on
top, juicy, sweet-sour, and a little tart, with a
delicate aroma. Fruit length varies from 20.6
to 24.0 mm, diameter – from 14.4 to 17.3 mm;
form index 1.43; endocarp length from 12.9 to
14.9 mm, diameter – from 5.6 to 6.9 mm. The
weight of the fruit varies from 3.0 to 4.6 g, and
the endocarp – from 0.2 to 0.4 g. The endocarp
content is nearly 12.0 % of the weight of the
fruit. Biochemical properties of the fruits of
the cultivar ‘Vytivka Svitlany’ are next: sugars –
8.97 %, ascorbic acid – 62.82 mg / %, titratable
acidity – 2.92 %, tannins – 0.53 %, carotenes –
0.39 mg / %.
Fruiting in the cultivar ‘Vytivka Svitlany’
is abundant due to the formation of a large
number of generative shoots and many-fruited
racemes. It is an early-ripening cultivar with
ripening in mid-July – the second decade of
August. The fruits crumble quickly after their
full ripening. The fruits are deliciously fresh
and serve as raw materials for processing in
the food industry.
Conclusions
By the method of analytical selection, a new
earliest cultivar of cornelian cherry (C. mas)
was selected and named ‘Vytivka Svitlany’.
The morphological features and biometric
parameters of the fruits of the new cultivar
have been studied and compared with other
early cultivars (yellow-fruited ‘Alyosha’ and
red-fruited ‘Olena’). It is determined that the
size and weight of the fruits of ‘Vytivka Svitlany’
are similar to mentioned early cultivars, but
are marked by even more early ripening.
The new cultivar has next main biochemical
properties: sugars – 8.97 %, ascorbic acid
– 62.82 mg / %, titratable acidity – 2.92 %,
tannins – 0.53 %, carotenes – 0.39 mg / %.
According to the BBCH classification,
the new cultivar distinguishes eight of the
ten main stages of seasonal development.
The growing season in 2021 lasted 202 days;
ripening began on July 15 and lasted until
August 17. After a full ripening, the fruits of the
cultivar ‘Vytivka Svitlany’ crumbled quickly.
They are deliciously fresh and are suitable for
processing in the food industry.
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60 Plant Introduction • 97/98
Klymenko & Ilyinska
Новий надранній сорт кизилу (Cornus mas L.)
Світлана Клименко *, Антоніна Ільїнська
Національний ботанічний сад імені М.М. Гришка НАН України, вул. Садово-Ботанічна, 1, 01014, Київ,
Україна; * cornusklymenko@gmail.com
Кизил (Cornus mas L.) упродовж століть відомий як цінна плодова і лікарська рослина. За довгу
історію його культивування виведено багато сортів з широким діапазоном форми, розміру,
кольору, біохімічного складу та терміну дозрівання плодів, що дозволило вирощувати кизил у
різних географічних зонах за дуже несхожих умов довкілля. У Національному ботанічному саду
імені М.М. Гришка НАН України сформовано велику колекцію сортів кизилу, що різняться зокрема
й за часом дозрівання плодів. Нещодавно створений новий сорт ‘Витівка Світлани’ відзначається
надраннім терміном дозрівання плодів. Плоди сорту ‘Витівка Світлани’ червоні або темно-червоні,
овальні та більш-менш видовжені, зверху зрізані та злегка увігнуті, блискучі, соковиті, кисло-солодкі
та трохи терпкі на смак з тонким ароматом. Вони смачні свіжі й придатні для переробки у харчовій
промисловості. В цій статті наведено морфологічні особливості та біометричні характеристики плодів
нового сорту у порівнянні з ранньостиглими сортами (червоноплодим ‘Олена’ та жовтоплодим
‘Альоша’), а також описано основний біохімічний склад плодів та фенологічні фази розвитку нового
сорту у 2021 р. за кодифікацією BBCH.
Ключові слова: Cornus mas, сорти, біометрія, біохімія, фенологія, Україна
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| id | oai:ojs2.plantintroduction.org:article-1624 |
| institution | Plant Introduction |
| keywords_txt_mv | keywords |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-07-17T12:54:13Z |
| publishDate | 2023 |
| publisher | M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the NAS of Ukraine |
| record_format | ojs |
| resource_txt_mv | wwwplantintroductionorg/7b/53a5e349151d66a7213a2c2cf4a3cd7b.pdf |
| spelling | oai:ojs2.plantintroduction.org:article-16242023-08-26T20:36:09Z The new earliest cultivar of cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.) Новий надранній сорт кизилу (Cornus mas L.) Klymenko, Svitlana Ilyinska, Antonina The fruits of cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.) have long been eaten and used for medicinal purposes. During the long history of their use, many cultivars have been created with a wide range of shapes, sizes, colors, biochemical composition, and fruit ripening dates, allowing the planting of the cornelian cherry in different geographical locations and a wide range of environmental conditions. The M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (Kyiv, Ukraine) has an extensive collection of C. mas cultivars, which differ in many respects, including the time of fruit ripening. Recently a new cultivar, ‘Vytivka Svitlany’, marked by a very early ripening time, has been bred. The fruits of cultivar ‘Vytivka Svitlany’ are red or dark red, oval and more or less elongated, cut off at the top and slightly concave, shiny, juicy, sweet-sour, and slightly tart, with a delicate aroma. After full ripening, the fruits crumble quickly. They are deliciously fresh and suitable for processing in the food industry. In the present paper, the morphological features and biometric characteristics of the fruits of the new cultivar in comparison with other early-ripening cultivars (red-fruited ‘Olena’ and yellow-fruited ‘Alyosha’), as well as the principal biochemical composition of the fruits and its phenological phases for the seasonal development in 2021 according to BBCH scale are represented. Кизил (Cornus mas L.) упродовж століть відомий як цінна плодова і лікарська рослина. За довгу історію його культивування виведено багато сортів з широким діапазоном форми, розміру, кольору, біохімічного складу та терміну дозрівання плодів, що дозволило вирощувати кизил у різних географічних зонах за дуже несхожих умов довкілля. У Національному ботанічному саду імені М.М. Гришка НАН України сформовано велику колекцію сортів кизилу, що різняться зокрема й за часом дозрівання плодів. Нещодавно створений новий сорт ‘Витівка Світлани’ відзначається надраннім терміном дозрівання плодів. Плоди сорту ‘Витівка Світлани’ червоні або темно-червоні, овальні та більш-менш видовжені, зверху зрізані та злегка увігнуті, блискучі, соковиті, кисло-солодкі та трохи терпкі на смак з тонким ароматом. Вони смачні свіжі й придатні для переробки у харчовій промисловості. В цій статті наведено морфологічні особливості та біометричні характеристики плодів нового сорту у порівнянні з ранньостиглими сортами (червоноплодим ‘Олена’ та жовтоплодим ‘Альоша’), а також описано основний біохімічний склад плодів та фенологічні фази розвитку нового сорту у 2021 р. за кодифікацією BBCH. M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the NAS of Ukraine 2023-06-04 Article Article application/pdf https://www.plantintroduction.org/index.php/pi/article/view/1624 10.46341/PI2023002 Plant Introduction; No 97/98 (2023); 46-60 Інтродукція Рослин; № 97/98 (2023); 46-60 2663-290X 1605-6574 en https://www.plantintroduction.org/index.php/pi/article/view/1624/1541 Copyright (c) 2023 Antonina Ilyinska, Svitlana Klymenko http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 |
| spellingShingle | Klymenko, Svitlana Ilyinska, Antonina Новий надранній сорт кизилу (Cornus mas L.) |
| title | Новий надранній сорт кизилу (Cornus mas L.) |
| title_alt | The new earliest cultivar of cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.) |
| title_full | Новий надранній сорт кизилу (Cornus mas L.) |
| title_fullStr | Новий надранній сорт кизилу (Cornus mas L.) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Новий надранній сорт кизилу (Cornus mas L.) |
| title_short | Новий надранній сорт кизилу (Cornus mas L.) |
| title_sort | новий надранній сорт кизилу (cornus mas l.) |
| url | https://www.plantintroduction.org/index.php/pi/article/view/1624 |
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