Ще один наслідок впливу нічного штучного світла
Using artificial light at night gives a lot of benefits for humanity, but, at the same time, it has changed our planet significantly. However, the problem was not taken seriously until its scale became noticeable. Though, skepticism, even among many recognized researchers, is still present, although...
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| Дата: | 2023 |
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M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the NAS of Ukraine
2023
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Plant Introduction| _version_ | 1860145141078032384 |
|---|---|
| author | Peregrym, Mykyta |
| author_facet | Peregrym, Mykyta |
| author_sort | Peregrym, Mykyta |
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| datestamp_date | 2023-08-26T20:36:09Z |
| description | Using artificial light at night gives a lot of benefits for humanity, but, at the same time, it has changed our planet significantly. However, the problem was not taken seriously until its scale became noticeable. Though, skepticism, even among many recognized researchers, is still present, although this is expressed mainly in personal conversations. But, in any way the number of studies on this topic is increasing quite rapidly. Unfortunately, a part of these publications is not qualitative, published apparently without proper review, and this can seriously distort the understanding of the problem, have an impact on other scientific research, and also complicate the search for optimal ways to solve the problem of light pollution. One of such recently published works with the title “The effect of nighttime lighting on the anatomical and physiological features of the leaves of linden, horse chestnut, and plane trees in garden-park and street plantings of Kyiv” has caused a desire to pay attention to this situation, and to prevent similar ones in the future. So, the critical review of the mentioned study is presented here. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.46341/PI2023005 |
| first_indexed | 2025-07-17T12:54:14Z |
| format | Article |
| fulltext |
Plant Introduction, 97/98, 61–65 (2023)
© The Authors. This content is provided under CC BY 4.0 license.
CORRESPONDENCE
One more consequence from the impact of artificial light at night
Mykyta Peregrym 1, 2
1 Department of Landscape Gardening and Ecology, Luhansk Taras Shevchenko National University, Hohol’ str. 90, 37600 Myrhorod,
Poltava region, Ukraine; mykyta.peregrym@gmail.com
2 Ecology and Genetics Research Unit, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, 90014 Oulu, Finland; mykyta.peregrym@oulu.fi
Received: 22.06.2023 | Accepted: 07.08.2023 | Published online: 11.08.2023
Abstract
Using artificial light at night gives a lot of benefits for humanity, but, at the same time, it has changed
our planet significantly. However, the problem was not taken seriously until its scale became noticeable.
Though, skepticism, even among many recognized researchers, is still present, although this is expressed
mainly in personal conversations. But, in any way the number of studies on this topic is increasing quite
rapidly. Unfortunately, a part of these publications is not qualitative, published apparently without proper
review, and this can seriously distort the understanding of the problem, have an impact on other scientific
research, and also complicate the search for optimal ways to solve the problem of light pollution. One
of such recently published works with the title “The effect of nighttime lighting on the anatomical and
physiological features of the leaves of linden, horse chestnut, and plane trees in garden-park and street
plantings of Kyiv” has caused a desire to pay attention to this situation, and to prevent similar ones in the
future. So, the critical review of the mentioned study is presented here.
Keywords: review, metodology, terminology, research quality
https://doi.org/10.46341/PI2023005
UDC 581.1 : 581.5 : [58.02 + 58.05]
Editorial precomment
Dear readers,
We believe that open discussion on various
research topics plays a key role in scientific
progress as an essential stage for open and
respectful communication of scientists.
Therefore, here, along with the original work of
Zaimenko et al. (2023), we publish a respective
critical letter of Dr. Mykyta Peregrym, which
we received after. We encourage other
researchers to express their opinion on this
topic and contribute to the discussion.
Besides this, we inform you that the paper
of Zaimenko et al. (2023) passed three rounds
of revision before it was finally accepted for
publication, and most of the issues mentioned
by Dr. Mykyta Peregrym were hardly debated
with authors during the review process. The
manuscript was received on November 11, 2022,
and published only on May 3, 2023, when all
critical issues were resolved. In particular, the
authors have proved the correctness of Tilia
identification during the review process by
providing additional photos not included in the
original publication. The potential influence of
the soil properties has also been constructively
discussed with the authors and, as we agreed, will
be more precisely investigated in future. Hence,
we believe the mentioned paper deserves to
be published despite some weak moments. We
expect that it is a viable pilot project that will result
in further, more comprehensive investigations on
ALAN, which has a vast perspective in Ukraine.
Dr. Andriy Novikov on behalf of the
Editorial Office of Plant Introduction
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5989-4406
62 Plant Introduction • 97/98
Peregrym
Using ALAN (artificial light at night) gives a lot
of benefits for humanity (Gaston et al., 2015),
but, at the same time, it has changed our
planet significantly. Probably, it is impossible
to find another anthropogenic factor which
has a stronger, faster and more global impact
than ALAN. Almost everyone can observe the
lit Earth’s surface traveling by airplane in the
late evening or night time, but watching starry
skies at nights standing at the land becomes
more and more complicated. Some facts about
the level and dynamics of the present light
pollution have caused a shock: a) more than
80 % of the population of the world and more
than 99 % of that of the U.S. and Europe live
under light-polluted skies; b) the Milky Way is
hidden from more than one-third of humanity,
including 60 % of Europeans and nearly 80 %
of North Americans; c) 23 % of the world’s land
surface area between 75 °N and 60 °S, 88 % of
Europe, and almost half of the United States
experiences light-polluted nights (Falchi
et al., 2016). ALAN consequences are deep and
severe, because they have a significant impact
on reproduction, navigation, behaviour,
foraging, habitat selection, communication,
and social interactions of all living beings (Cho
et al., 2015; Dominoni et al., 2016; Schroer &
Hölker, 2017; Grubisic et al., 2019; and others).
It causes cascading effects with unpredictable
results in terrestrial and water ecosystems
(Perkin et al., 2011; Bennie et al., 2015; Bolton
et al., 2017; and others). Besides, ALAN can
be considered as a driver of evolution across
urban-rural landscapes (Hopkins et al., 2018).
However, though new data appears about
ALAN impact almost every month, there are
still many gaps in our knowledge about the
process.
Back to the past, we can see that the
problem connected with ALAN using was
not taken seriously until its scale became
noticeable. People thought that ALAN was only
a difficulty for astronomical investigations and
did not have any significant effect on them
and other living organisms. Skepticism, even
among many recognized researchers, is still
present, although this is expressed mainly in
personal conversations. But, in any way the
number of studies on this topic is increasing
quite rapidly (Pérez Vega et al., 2022).
Unfortunately, a part of these publications is
not qualitative, published apparently without
proper review, and this can seriously distort
the understanding of the problem, have an
impact on other scientific research, and also
complicate the search for optimal ways to
solve the problem of light pollution. Actually,
one of such recently published works with the
title “The effect of nighttime lighting on the
anatomical and physiological features of the
leaves of linden, horse chestnut, and plane
trees in garden-park and street plantings
of Kyiv” (Zaimenko et al., 2023) has caused a
desire to pay attention to this situation, and
to prevent similar ones in the future. This
may sound somewhat sarcastic, however, the
rapid increase in the number of publications
devoted to the study of the ALAN impact, as
well as the appearance of a certain percentage
of low-quality publications, can be considered
as an indirect ALAN effect on human (namely
researchers), since this phenomenon is
increasingly arousing their interest, as well
as the desire get quick dividends (the high
number of citation, the increasing h-index,
etc.) from their publications.
What are the main problems of the
mentioned paper by Zaimenko et al. (2023)
and why we cannot trust this research? Their
list is relevantly long, so they will be analysed
from “Introduction” to “Conclusions”. First
of all, the authors wrote that “Despite the
world scientific community’s considerable
attention to the ecological consequences
of light pollution, such studies have been
practically absent in Ukraine until recently”. It
is a false assertion, because such studies have
already been carried out in Ukraine (Peregrym
et al., 2018, 2019, 2020) as well as they are
going on. Further, Tilia cordata Mill., Aesculus
hippocastanum L. and Platanus acerifolia
Willd. were selected as model species for the
current research, however it would be perfect
to have a confirmation (as photographs in the
text or herbarium specimens in any herbarium
collection) of the correct identification of
these species, especially taking into account
the diversity of species and their hybrids of
the genus Tilia L. which are used for plantings
creation within Kyiv. It is important to increase
trust in data, because no one from the authors
are dendrologists, as well as the journal
Plant Introduction published articles early
where the species were named mistakenly. A
striking example is the paper “Expansion of
Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. into
plantings of Kryvyi Rih area” (Korshikov &
Plant Introduction • 97/98 63
One more consequence from the impact of artificial light at night
Bondarenko, 2017) where clearly seen from
pictures of this article that P. inserta (A. Kern.)
Fritsch was studied in this research instead of
the species mentioned in the title and within
all text.
However, most questions arise to the
article section “Material and methods”. In
the first sentence, the authors specified that
‘the territory of the M.M. Gryshko National
Botanical Garden (Site 1), which is not exposed
to nighttime artificial lighting, and on the
street plantings of Lesia Ukrainka blvd. (Site 2)
exposed to significant artificial lighting’. But
it is absolutely unclear what data was used
to make such a claim. Though we do not
know the accurate geographic coordinates
of the selected sites and tests plots, but even
only taking into account the approximate
locations of these experimental sites what is
possible to estimate from Figure 1, and look
at the online version of the “New world atlas
of artificial sky brightness” (Falci et al., 2023)
or summarized data for 2021 from Visible
Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS –
Stare, 2023), we will not note any significant
differences in the high level of light pollution
of these areas. Unfortunately, only this error
calls into question the reliability of the
experiment, as well as the conclusions based
on its results. Moreover, it is worth paying
special attention to Figure 1. It shows the
location of the experimental sites, but there
is no scale as well as it is unclear which exact
satellite image was used for the preparation
of this illustration and whose company this
product can belong. This situation looks like
it would infringe copyright rights. Also, there
is a severe question, if we know nothing
about the accurate locations of test plots, in
the sense of using data from VIIRS with a 500
m spatial resolution night sensor. How useful,
valuable, and objectively was that?
The next confused moment is the period
when the authors measured the illumination
and temperature on the soil surface. They
did not explain for which reasons it was
carried out in the day time, as well as why
the time between 21 : 00 and 00 : 00 were
chosen to be night measurements. It is
especially interesting because twilight
time is absolutely different from May to
September (the time of the research) on the
latitude of Kyiv, and for example even civil
twilight starts after 21 : 00 in the second
part of June. Another significant drawback
of the article section is that the authors did
not indicate how many times they collected
soil samples and at what time. Therefore, it
is possible to suggest from Table 3 that it
was done only one time, not sure that in the
same day, so this data cannot be considered
as a proof that the described morphological
differences of studied trees are solely a
consequence of the ALAN impact.
Further, a discussion moment is the authors’
approach to the collection of tree leaves for
quantification of photosynthetic pigments. It
is noted that ten leaves from each sample site,
50 leaf samples for each tree species were
selected three times during the experiment. It
is not clear what ‘sample site’ is, because this
phrase did not explain and is used just once in
the article. However, it is more important that
the authors did not pay attention that leaves of
every side of the studied trees, at least along
Lesia Ukrainka blvd. is under different levels of
the ALAN impact at night time. It is because of
the location of lighting pole lines there. Hence,
one side of a tree can be constantly more
illuminated and at the same time another one
can be in shadow. Therefore, the sense of
mixing all the leaves from different sides of the
trees for one experiment is questionable.
The discussion of the following sections
of the article by Zaimenko et al. (2023) makes
little sense, since, as shown above, this
research experiment was conceived, designed
and performed incorrectly. Most importantly,
there is no conclusive evidence that any
changes of the anatomical and physiological
features of the leaves of the studied species
in garden-park and street plantings of Kyiv
were influenced by ALAN. However, even if
these changes actually happened, the authors
in their “Conclusions” do not say a word about
the significance of this fact and its possible
practical value.
Finally, it is vital to pay attention to the
terminology of this paper. The authors use
the following terms ‘artificial illumination’,
‘nighttime lighting’, ‘light at night’, ‘light
pollution’, ‘nighttime illumination’, ‘night
illumination’ and simply ‘illumination’ within
their text in the same sense that is absolutely
incorrect. The differences in these terms is
explained in the article by Pérez Vega et al.
(2022), and also other terminologies and
definitions accepted in research of light
64 Plant Introduction • 97/98
Peregrym
pollution and its consequences are given in
the mentioned publication.
Thus, it would be wrong to say that the
fact that there are new studies on the ALAN
impact on biodiversity and ecosystems in
Ukraine is bad. However, these studies should
be of a qualitatively different level, and when
they are published, a conflict of interest
should not be allowed. The situation when
the first author of an article is the editor-in-
chief of the journal where it is published, the
director of the organization of the National
Academy of Science of Ukraine, which
finances the publishing of this journal, with
all administrative functions and capabilities,
and a corresponding member of the National
Academy of Sciences of Ukraine with a certain
influence on the decisions of this structure, at
the same time is not an example of academic
integrity.
Last but not least, I would like to thank
the Armed Forces of Ukraine for their heroic
efforts to save life activity within the country
that gives possibilities to have this discussion
on the pages of a Ukrainian scientific journal
as well as to continue investigations for my
colleagues who stay in the country. Also, I am
very grateful to the Biodiverse Anthropocenes
research project (University of Oulu, Finland),
supported by the Academy of Finland PROFI6
funding (2021–2026), project Nr 336449, for
their strong support of Ukrainian researchers
in the time of the Russian invasion in Ukraine
that in particular allows me to express my
opinion about the latest studies of the ALAN
impact on biodiversity and ecosystems.
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https://doi.org/10.46341/PI2022021
Ще один наслідок впливу нічного штучного світла
Микита Перегрим 1, 2
1 Кафедра садово-паркового господарства та екології Луганського національного університету імені
Тараса Шевченка, вул. Гоголя, 90, м. Миргород, Полтавська область, 37600, Україна
2 Відділ досліджень екології та генетики, Університет Оулу, а/с 3000, 90014 Оулу, Фінляндія
Використання нічного штучного світла надає багато користі для людства, але, в той же час, істотно
змінило нашу планету. Однак до проблеми серйозно не ставилися, поки не стали помітні її масштаби.
Хоча скептицизм, навіть у багатьох визнаних дослідників, все ще присутній, висловлюється він
переважно в особистих розмовах. Але, у будь-якому випадку кількість досліджень на цю тему
зростає досить швидко. На жаль, частина цих публікацій є неякісними, опублікованими, очевидно,
без належного рецензування, що може серйозно спотворити розуміння проблеми, вплинути на
інші наукові дослідження, а також ускладнити пошук оптимальних шляхів вирішення проблеми
світлового забруднення. Одна з таких нещодавно опублікованих робіт під назвою “Вплив нічного
освітлення на анатомо-фізіологічні особливості листя липи, каштана кінського, і платана в садово-
паркових і вуличних насадженнях Києва” викликала бажання звернути увагу на цю ситуацію, та не
допустити повторення у майбутньому. Отже, тут подано критичний огляд згаданого дослідження.
Ключові слова: рецензія, методологія, термінологія, якість дослідження
https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031107
https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031107
https://doi.org/10.1890/ES11-00241.1
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-00176-0_42
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-00176-0_42
https://www.lightpollutionmap.info/
https://www.lightpollutionmap.info/
https://doi.org/10.46341/PI2022021
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| spelling | oai:ojs2.plantintroduction.org:article-16262023-08-26T20:36:09Z One more consequence from the impact of artificial light at night Ще один наслідок впливу нічного штучного світла Peregrym, Mykyta Using artificial light at night gives a lot of benefits for humanity, but, at the same time, it has changed our planet significantly. However, the problem was not taken seriously until its scale became noticeable. Though, skepticism, even among many recognized researchers, is still present, although this is expressed mainly in personal conversations. But, in any way the number of studies on this topic is increasing quite rapidly. Unfortunately, a part of these publications is not qualitative, published apparently without proper review, and this can seriously distort the understanding of the problem, have an impact on other scientific research, and also complicate the search for optimal ways to solve the problem of light pollution. One of such recently published works with the title “The effect of nighttime lighting on the anatomical and physiological features of the leaves of linden, horse chestnut, and plane trees in garden-park and street plantings of Kyiv” has caused a desire to pay attention to this situation, and to prevent similar ones in the future. So, the critical review of the mentioned study is presented here. Використання нічного штучного світла надає багато користі для людства, але, в той же час, істотно змінило нашу планету. Однак до проблеми серйозно не ставилися, поки не стали помітні її масштаби. Хоча скептицизм, навіть у багатьох визнаних дослідників, все ще присутній, висловлюється він переважно в особистих розмовах. Але, у будь-якому випадку кількість досліджень на цю тему зростає досить швидко. На жаль, частина цих публікацій є неякісними, опублікованими, очевидно, без належного рецензування, що може серйозно спотворити розуміння проблеми, вплинути на інші наукові дослідження, а також ускладнити пошук оптимальних шляхів вирішення проблеми світлового забруднення. Одна з таких нещодавно опублікованих робіт під назвою “Вплив нічного освітлення на анатомо-фізіологічні особливості листя липи, каштана кінського, і платана в садово-паркових і вуличних насадженнях Києва” викликала бажання звернути увагу на цю ситуацію, та не допустити повторення у майбутньому. Отже, тут подано критичний огляд згаданого дослідження. M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the NAS of Ukraine 2023-08-11 Article Article application/pdf https://www.plantintroduction.org/index.php/pi/article/view/1626 10.46341/PI2023005 Plant Introduction; No 97/98 (2023); 61-65 Інтродукція Рослин; № 97/98 (2023); 61-65 2663-290X 1605-6574 en https://www.plantintroduction.org/index.php/pi/article/view/1626/1542 Copyright (c) 2023 Mykyta Peregrym http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 |
| spellingShingle | Peregrym, Mykyta Ще один наслідок впливу нічного штучного світла |
| title | Ще один наслідок впливу нічного штучного світла |
| title_alt | One more consequence from the impact of artificial light at night |
| title_full | Ще один наслідок впливу нічного штучного світла |
| title_fullStr | Ще один наслідок впливу нічного штучного світла |
| title_full_unstemmed | Ще один наслідок впливу нічного штучного світла |
| title_short | Ще один наслідок впливу нічного штучного світла |
| title_sort | ще один наслідок впливу нічного штучного світла |
| url | https://www.plantintroduction.org/index.php/pi/article/view/1626 |
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