Тестування кольорових еталонних мішеней для цілей оцифрування гербарію
The current paper represents the continuation of the testing of the budget photosystems for herbarium digitization and aims to demonstrate the color reproduction accuracy besides other colorimetric characteristics of five color reference targets. It was shown that cheap color reference targets of Ch...
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M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the NAS of Ukraine
2024
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Plant Introduction| _version_ | 1860145152849346560 |
|---|---|
| author | Novikov, Andriy Sup-Novikova, Mariia Nachychko, Viktor Kuzyarin, Oleksandr |
| author_facet | Novikov, Andriy Sup-Novikova, Mariia Nachychko, Viktor Kuzyarin, Oleksandr |
| author_sort | Novikov, Andriy |
| baseUrl_str | https://www.plantintroduction.org/index.php/pi/oai |
| collection | OJS |
| datestamp_date | 2026-03-05T18:42:33Z |
| description | The current paper represents the continuation of the testing of the budget photosystems for herbarium digitization and aims to demonstrate the color reproduction accuracy besides other colorimetric characteristics of five color reference targets. It was shown that cheap color reference targets of Charttu can be applied for digitization purposes, at least in the brand-new condition. However, the color degradation of Charttu targets during use should still be evaluated. At the same time, the color accuracy of the X-Rite Color Checker Classic Mini was found to be highly degraded after several years of careful and non-intensive use. The Golden Thread Object Level target was found to be the best solution for herbarium digitization and the most resistant to color degradation, even in intensive and long use. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.46341/PI2024004 |
| first_indexed | 2025-07-17T12:54:21Z |
| format | Article |
| fulltext |
© The Authors. This content is provided under CC BY 4.0 license.
Plant Introduction, 101/102, 34–43 (2024)
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Testing color reference charts for the herbarium digitization purposes
Andriy Novikov 1, *, Mariia Sup-Novikova 2, Viktor Nachychko 3, Oleksandr Kuzyarin 1
1 State Museum of Natural History, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Teatralna str. 18, 79008 Lviv, Ukraine;
* novikoffav@gmail.com
2 Ukrainian Catholic University, Stryiska str. 29A, 79026 Lviv, Ukraine
3 Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Hrushevskoho str. 4, 79005 Lviv, Ukraine
Received: 05.06.2024 | Accepted: 04.07.2024 | Published online: 05.07.2024
Abstract
The current paper represents the continuation of the testing of the budget photosystems for herbarium
digitization and aims to demonstrate the color reproduction accuracy besides other colorimetric
characteristics of five color reference targets. It was shown that cheap color reference targets of Charttu
can be applied for digitization purposes, at least in brand-new condition. However, the color degradation
of Charttu targets during use should still be evaluated. At the same time, the color accuracy of the X-Rite
Color Checker Classic Mini was found to be highly degraded after several years of careful and non-intensive
use. The Golden Thread Object Level target was found to be the best solution for herbarium digitization
and the most resistant to color degradation, even in intensive and long use.
Keywords: herbarium digitization, image quality assessment, color reference, color checker, delta E, delta L, delta H
https://doi.org/10.46341/PI2024004
UDC 57.082 + 57.087.3
Authors’ contributions: Andriy Novikov: conceptualization, project administration, supervision, funding acquisition, validation,
visualization, writing – original draft. Mariia Sup-Novikova: conceptualization, visualization, writing – original draft. Viktor Nachychko:
writing – original draft, validation. Oleksandr Kuzyarin: writing – review & editing.
Funding: This work has been realized in the frames of the project “Digitization of natural history collections damaged as a result of
hostilities and related factors: development of protocols and implementation on the basis of the State Museum of Natural History
of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine” (Nr 2022.01/0013), financed by the National Research Foundation of Ukraine in the
grant call “Science for the Recovery of Ukraine in the War and Post-War Periods”.
Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
The digitization of natural history collections
and mobilization of biodiversity data are
crucial modern tasks resulting in many
global initiatives and extended meta-analyses
(Holmes et al., 2016; Wetzel et al., 2018; Nelson
& Ellis, 2018; Ball-Damerow et al., 2019; Shultz
et al., 2020; Heberling et al., 2021; De Smedt
et al., 2024). Before, industrial or professional
scanners (e.g., HerbScan or BioScan) were
involved in digitizing flat-mounted natural
history specimens. However, in the last
decade, photo cameras have been preferred
for herbarium digitization around the world
due to several advantages: (a) the relatively
low price of the camera and lenses; (b) the
modularity of the photosystem; (c) extended
service support; (d) faster image capturing;
(e) producing RAW files that can be later
corrected; (f) higher field of depth allowing
to capture non-planar specimens; (g) more
effortless organization of the conveyor system
(Tegelberg et al., 2014; Sweeney et al., 2018;
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0112-5070
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8542-3605
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6756-2823
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7728-3665
Plant Introduction • 101/102 35
Testing color reference charts for the herbarium digitization purposes
Takano et al., 2019; Nieva de la Hidalga et al.,
2020; Gasper et al., 2021).
Our previous paper (Novikov et al.
2023) stressed the application of different
budget photosystems to digitize herbarium
specimens. It was found that the photo camera
Canon EOS 800D with fixed lens Tokina AT-X
M35 PRO DX AF 35 mm f/2.8 Macro produces
images with the best color accuracy (ΔE2000 =
4.7–6.5) among the tested cameras, however
the resolution remains relatively low (24.2
Mp). Therefore at the Herbarium of the State
Museum of the Natural History of the NAS of
Ukraine (LWS), it was decided to change the
Canon photo camera with Tokina lense on
Panasonic Lumix G9 camera with Olympus
30 mm macro lense, which demonstrated
similar color accuracy reproduction (ΔE2000
= 4.6–5.7) but allows to apply pixel shift
technology resulting in images of four times
higher resolution (80.6 Mp). The current paper
aims to fulfill the experience obtained with
the new findings by applying different color
reference charts (so called color checkers).
Two main classes of reference targets
are applied for the herbarium digitization –
those allowing the evaluation of the accuracy
of the color reproduction and those allowing
the assessment of the geometric distortion
and the resolution depth of the resulting
image. The cheaper on-market targets (e.g.,
X-Rite ColorChecker Classic or Datacolor
SpyderCheckr) allow to evaluate only the
color accuracy and, therefore, are commonly
called color checkers. At the same time, the
more expensive targets usually combine
color reference patches with different
geometrical gauges (e.g., Golden Thread
Object Level Target or FADGI 19264 Target).
Golden Thread Object Level Target is applied
by several world-leading herbaria, including
Herbarium Berolinense in Berlin (B), Jardin
botanique Meise (BR), and Royal Botanic
Gardens in Kew (K). A similar extended
reference chart (Image Engineering TE
263) is also applied by Instytut Botaniki im.
Władysława Szafera PAN in Kraków (KRAM).
However, simpler reference charts like
ColorChecker with 24 color patches are
also widely used, e.g., in the Naturhistoriska
riksmuseet in Stockholm (S), Muséum
national d’Histoire Naturelle in Paris (P),
Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz (GZU), and
Naturhistorisches Museum Wien (W).
Despite the color degradation due to drying
and long-term preservation of herbarium
specimens, color reference charts are actively
applied for digitization. There are no strict
rules regulating the application of color
reference charts for herbarium digitization,
but it is widely considered a best practice
(iDigBio, 2015; Guiraud et al., 2019; Baratè
et al., 2020; Ledesma et al., 2020).
Material and methods
Four targets with 24 color patches (X-Rite
ColorChecker Classic Mini, Charttu 24 Mini,
Charttu 24 Micro, and Charttu 24 Nano) and
one target with 30 color patches (Golden
Thread Object Level) were tested. Charttu
targets were brand new, while ColorChecker
and Golden Thread targets were actively used
before for digitization purposes. ColorChecker
target was in excellent condition, used
carefully, and stored out of light in the original
package. Golden Thread target was used much
more intensively. It had dents and scratches,
but, as the preliminary ΔE test showed, it
was still in a good working condition (Fig. 1).
It would be great to apply all new targets, but
it was impossible due to the limited budget.
Nevertheless, we believe that the results we
obtained are still interesting and valuable.
For some analyses, the number of analyzed
gray patches for GoldenThread Object Level
has been reduced from 12 to six to match
other tested 24-patches reference charts. The
simultaneous picture of all tested targets has
been taken at f/8, 1/30s, and ISO 200 in a
pixel shift mode at the same illumination using
the camera Panasonic Lumix G9 with Olympus
M.Zuiko Digital ED 30mm f/3.5 Macro. After
that, images of the targets were cropped and
processed through the online tool ImageZebra
(2024). The CIE L*a*b* values for all analyzed
patches and Noise values (calculated as the
standard deviation of L) were taken directly
from the ImageZebra. The reference values CIE
L*a*b* were taken from the producers’ official
websites. The ΔE2000 values were calculated
in MS Excel 2007 using the FogradE00 Excel
Plugin (Fogra, 2020) with standard formulae
(Sharma et al., 2005; Lindbloom, 2017). The
white balance, i.e., ΔE(a*b*) values, were
calculated using the modified ΔE2000 formulae
(excluding the L-related part) following
36 Plant Introduction • 101/102
Novikov et al
ImageZebra principle. The tone response
(OECF) has been calculated as ΔL following
the ImageZebra principle. The CIE L*a*b*
values were converted into LCH values in MS
Excel using the Colour Conversion Centre 4.2b
(Boronkay, 2024). After that, ΔC and ΔH were
calculated as respective differences between
referenced and tested values. The graphs were
built in MS Excel 2007 environment.
Results and discussion
Obtained results proved that all targets are
suitable for purposes of herbarium digitization
but have some deviation from the reference
values declared by producers. The lowest
difference between the reference and tested
values was found in the Golden Thread Object
Level target, which showed mean ΔE2000 = 4.5
(Table 1). Such relatively low values have been
reached despite hardly used condition – it has
numerous dents and scratches. The almost
new target Charttu Nano demonstrated the
second lowest mean ΔE2000 = 5.4. While used,
but still in excellent visual condition, target
X-Rite Classic Mini showed the worst result
with mean ΔE2000 = 6.9. Hence, applying new
Charttu targets is better than using X-Rite
Classic Mini. However, the color degradation in
Charttu targets has to be an object for further
monitoring. It is also interesting that different
Charttu targets demonstrated different ΔE2000
and other tested values. Probably, it is a result
of production inconsistency. Nevertheless, all
demonstrated values were comparable with
those in Golden Thread Object Level and X-Rite
Classic Mini targets (Figs. 2–5), and, therefore,
Charttu targets can be recommended for use
on a limited budget.
Nieva de la Hidalga et al. (2020) argued that
ΔE2000 for the digitized herbarium material
should not exceed the value of 5.0. Following
the recently introduced FADGI standard
(Rieger et al., 2023), the lowest mean ΔE2000
should not exceed 6.5, corresponding to
a one-star quality level. For the two-star
quality level, ΔE2000 should not exceed 5.0.
For the three-star quality level, ΔE2000 should
not exceed 3.5. For the highest image quality
(FADGI’s four-star quality level), the mean
ΔE2000 should not exceed 2.0. Considering
these recommendations, our photosystem
reaches a two-star level when the Golden
Figure 1. Tested reference charts: A – Golden Thread Object Level; B – X-Rite ColorChecker Classic Mini;
C – Charttu 24 Mini; D – Charttu 24 Micro; E – Charttu 24 Nano.
Plant Introduction • 101/102 37
Testing color reference charts for the herbarium digitization purposes
Color
reproduction
accuracy
(ΔE2000)
White
balance
(ΔE(a*b*),
gray scale)
Noise
(stddev L,
gray scale)
Tone
response
(ΔL, OECF,
gray scale)
Chroma
difference
(ΔC)
Hue
difference
(ΔH)
X-Rite
Classic Mini
Mean 6.87 1.10 0.65 4.76 4.09 -1.77
StdDev 2.86 0.96 0.41 6.50 5.72 31.09
min 2.22 0.52 0.01 -5.95 -6.86 -110.77
max 12.32 3.03 1.04 12.07 16.49 62.91
90th
percentile
9.55
Charttu
Mini 24
Mean 6.55 0.96 0.84 3.56 5.14 -6.90
StdDev 2.73 0.60 0.39 7.46 6.00 57.34
min 0.97 0.28 0.24 -8.49 -6.13 -251.70
max 11.28 1.94 1.25 11.74 17.97 109.43
90th
percentile
9.26
Charttu
Micro 24
Mean 6.12 1.22 0.88 1.87 4.98 -5.02
StdDev 2.42 0.61 0.43 7.67 6.02 65.66
min 2.18 0.41 0.23 -10.41 -7.41 -259.27
max 10.65 2.04 1.41 10.25 16.51 111.10
90th
percentile
9.26
Charttu
Nano 24
Mean 5.40 1.24 0.87 0.92 4.43 1.19
StdDev 2.12 0.43 0.43 7.55 5.40 63.60
min 1.93 0.78 0.25 -11.10 -6.42 -261.05
max 9.54 1.87 1.36 8.97 15.13 104.07
90th
percentile
8.00
Golden
Thread
Object
Level (all
grayscale
patches)
Mean 4.51 1.22 0.85 3.92 0.44 13.25
StdDev 2.57 0.60 0.50 5.26 3.09 77.83
min 0.53 0.19 0.83 -2.69 -8.49 -27.69
max 8.80 2.11 1.68 9.12 9.06 236.64
90th
percentile
7.88
Golden
Thread
Object Level
(rearranged
to match 24
patches)
Mean 4.80 0.92 0.88 5.11 0.55 2.62
StdDev 2.56 0.67 0.54 5.57 3.46 51.16
min 0.53 0.19 0.19 -2.24 -8.49 -65.99
max 9.47 1.82 1.68 11.91 9.06 228.76
90th
percentile
7.82
Table 1. Colorimetric characteristics of the tested color reference targets.
38 Plant Introduction • 101/102
Novikov et al
Figure 2. The color reproduction accuracy (ΔE2000) for separated patches of the tested charts. Abbreviations
indicate the row (1–4) and column (A–F) of the patches. In the case of the Golden Thread Object Level
target, which has a linear representation of the color target, the patches were rearranged and renamed
to match other tested targets. In particular, patches of the fourth grayscale row (A4–F4) correspond to
grayscale patches 10, 13, 15, 16 (M), 17, and 19, which are indicated initially on the Golden Thread Object
Level target. Patches A1–F1 (first row) correspond to original patches 1–6. Consequently, patches A2–F2
(second row) correspond to original patches 7–9 and 22–24. Patches A3–F3 (third row) corresponds to
original patches 25–30.
Thread Object Level target is applied, but
only a one-star level when Charttu Micro and
Nano targets are used, and it does not reach
the lowest acceptable color accuracy when
X-Rite Classic Mini target is applied (Table 1). If
taken into account ΔE2000 90th percentile, the
photosystem showed more or less consistent
results with all tested targets and reached a
two-star quality level (≤ 10.0).
Only for the Charttu Nano target, ΔL2000
(tone response) corresponded to FADGI’s four-
star quality level (Rieger et al., 2023). With the
Charttu Micro target, ΔL2000 reached a three-
star level (≤ 3.0); with Charttu Mini – a two-
star level (≤4.5); with X-Rite Classic Mini and
Golden Thread Object Level –only one-star
level (≤ 6.0 – see Table 1). The white balance
measured for the grayscale as ΔE(a*b*) in all
cases reached FADGI’s four-star quality level
(≤ 2.0). The noise level was almost identical
for all tested targets and reached a four-star
quality level (≤1.0).
The L*C*h color space is similar to
L*a*b* but describes color using cylindrical
Plant Introduction • 101/102 39
Testing color reference charts for the herbarium digitization purposes
Figure 3. The mean values of basic colorimetric parameters for the tested charts.
coordinates instead of rectangular ones, with
lightness as a universal characteristic. The
L*a*b* color space is widespread and can be
easily converted into L*C*h. FADGI (Rieger
et al., 2023) is based on L*a*b* color space
and, therefore, did not consider ΔH and ΔC
indices for digitized materials. Nevertheless,
ΔH and ΔC are sometimes more helpful for
colorimetric studies and more accessible
for understanding (Gilchrist & Nobbs, 2000;
Green, 2023). Δa* and Δb* are combined
characteristics describing rational relations
of red/green and yellow/blue colors,
respectively. In comparison, ΔH and ΔC are
more intuitive and explain the difference in
hue and chroma, respectively. Therefore, we
also calculated these values. Hue difference
(ΔH) appeared strongly variable and non-
representative for all tested targets (Table 1).
Chroma difference (ΔC) was ca. 5.0 for X-Rite
and all Charttu tested targets but ten times less
(ca. 0.5) for the Golden Thread Object Level
target. Together with low ΔE characteristics,
this confirms the extremely high quality of the
last target and its color stability that did not
degrade even after years of intensive use.
The resulting colorimetric values depend
mainly on the photosystem’s optical properties
and sensor but are also strongly influenced by
the applied illumination and other supporting
factors. However, as we showed, obtained
values can differ for the same photosystem
and illumination conditions depending on
the applied target and its current condition.
Therefore, it is strongly recommended that
only new targets should be used, carefully
preserved, and changed every two years. It
is also recommended that applied targets be
tested and compared with the targets of other
producers before application.
40 Plant Introduction • 101/102
Novikov et al
X-Rite Classic Mini Charttu Mini 24
Charttu Micro 24 Charttu Nano 24
Golden Thread Object Level (rearranged to
match 24 patches)
Golden Thread Object Level (all grayscale
patches)
Figure 4. Tone response (OECF) based on the grayscale patches. Solid line – sampled values; pointed line
– reference values. The X-axis represents the titles of tested patches.
Plant Introduction • 101/102 41
Testing color reference charts for the herbarium digitization purposes
X-Rite Classic Mini Charttu Mini 24
Charttu Micro 24 Charttu Nano 24
Golden Thread Object Level
(rearranged to match 24 patches)
Golden Thread Object Level
(all grayscale patches)
Figure 5. Noise (calculated as the standard deviation of L) based on the grayscale patches. The X-axis
represents the titles of tested patches.
Conclusions
This study prooved that the photosystem
currently applied for the digitization at LWS
meets recent FADGI criteria for digitizing
herbarium material (Documents (Unbound):
General Collections) and generally reaches
a two-star quality level. However, it has also
been shown that the application of color
reference targets strongly influences the
obtained colorimetric results, and therefore,
targets should be chosen carefully. It was
demonstrated that cheap Charttu color
targets that are little known on the market
can also be applied for herbarium digitization
purposes instead of the targets from reputed
producers such as X-Rite or ISA. Nevertheless,
the Golden Thread Object Level target is the
best solution for digitization as it showed the
lowest color degradation after intensive use.
Moreover, it contains an extended set of gray
patches and a graphical part for evaluating the
geometric distortion of the images.
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to Patricia Mergen and Sofie
De Smedt for kindly granting the Golden
Thread Object Level target, which allowed us
to conduct this research.
42 Plant Introduction • 101/102
Novikov et al
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Plant Introduction • 101/102 43
Testing color reference charts for the herbarium digitization purposes
Тестування кольорових еталонних мішеней для цілей оцифрування гербарію
Андрій Новіков 1, *, Марія Суп-Новікова 2, Віктор Начичко 3, Олександр Кузярін 1
1 Державний природознавчий музей НАН України, вул. Театральна, 18, Львів, 79008, Україна;
* novikoffav@gmail.com
2 Український католицький університет, вул. Стрийська, 29A, Львів, 79026, Україна
3 Львівський національний університет імені Івана Франка, вул. Грушевського, 4, Львів, 79005,
Україна
Ця стаття є продовженням тестування бюджетних фотосистем для оцифрування гербарію та
має на меті продемонструвати точність відтворення кольору, окрім інших колориметричних
характеристик, п’яти кольорових еталонних мішеней. Було показано, що дешеві кольорові еталонні
мішені виробництва Charttu можна застосовувати для цілей оцифрування, принаймні, допоки вони
є новими. Однак, усе ще слід оцінити деградацію кольору (вицвітання) мішеней Charttu з часом. У
той же час було виявлено, що якість кольоропередачі мішені X-Rite Color Checker Classic Mini сильно
погіршилася вже після кількох років дбайливого та неінтенсивного використання. А мішень Golden
Thread Object Level була визнана найкращим рішенням для оцифрування гербарію та найстійкішою
до деградації кольору, навіть, після інтенсивного і довготривалого використання.
Ключові слова: оцифрування гербарію, оцінка якості зображення, кольоровий еталон, кольорова мішень, delta E, delta L,
delta H
Takano, A., Horiuchi, Y., Fujimoto, Y., Aoki, K.,
Mitsuhashi, H., & Takahashi, A. (2019). Simple but
long-lasting: a specimen imaging method applicable
for small-and medium-sized herbaria. PhytoKeys, 118,
1–14. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.118.29434
Tegelberg, R., Mononen, T., & Saarenmaa, H.
(2014). High-performance digitization of natural
history collections: automated imaging lines
for herbarium and insect specimens. Taxon, 63,
1307–1313. https://doi.org/10.12705/636.13
Wetzel, F.T., Bingham, H.C., Groom, Q.J., Haase, P.,
Kõljalg, U., Kuhlmann, M., Martin, C., Penev, L.,
Robertson, T., Saarenmaa, H., Schmeller, D.S.,
Stoll, S., Tonkin, J.D., & Häuser, C.L. (2018).
Unlocking biodiversity data: prioritization and
filling the gaps in biodiversity observation data
in Europe. Biological Conservation, 221, 78–85.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2017.12.024
https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.118.29434
https://doi.org/10.12705/636.13
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2017.12.024
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| id | oai:ojs2.plantintroduction.org:article-1639 |
| institution | Plant Introduction |
| keywords_txt_mv | keywords |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2026-03-12T15:49:12Z |
| publishDate | 2024 |
| publisher | M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the NAS of Ukraine |
| record_format | ojs |
| resource_txt_mv | wwwplantintroductionorg/64/88a5f9e0bfc5d1c969af127fdabd5a64.pdf |
| spelling | oai:ojs2.plantintroduction.org:article-16392026-03-05T18:42:33Z Testing color reference charts for the herbarium digitization purposes Тестування кольорових еталонних мішеней для цілей оцифрування гербарію Novikov, Andriy Sup-Novikova, Mariia Nachychko, Viktor Kuzyarin, Oleksandr The current paper represents the continuation of the testing of the budget photosystems for herbarium digitization and aims to demonstrate the color reproduction accuracy besides other colorimetric characteristics of five color reference targets. It was shown that cheap color reference targets of Charttu can be applied for digitization purposes, at least in the brand-new condition. However, the color degradation of Charttu targets during use should still be evaluated. At the same time, the color accuracy of the X-Rite Color Checker Classic Mini was found to be highly degraded after several years of careful and non-intensive use. The Golden Thread Object Level target was found to be the best solution for herbarium digitization and the most resistant to color degradation, even in intensive and long use. Ця стаття є продовженням тестування бюджетних фотосистем для оцифрування гербарію та має на меті продемонструвати точність відтворення кольору, окрім інших колориметричних характеристик, п’яти кольорових еталонних мішеней. Було показано, що дешеві кольорові еталонні мішені виробництва Charttu можна застосовувати для цілей оцифрування, принаймні, допоки вони є новими. Однак, усе ще слід оцінити деградацію кольору (вицвітання) мішеней Charttu з часом. У той же час було виявлено, що якість кольоропередачі мішені X-Rite Color Checker Classic Mini сильно погіршилася вже після кількох років дбайливого та неінтенсивного використання. А мішень Golden Thread Object Level була визнана найкращим рішенням для оцифрування гербарію та найстійкішою до деградації кольору, навіть, після інтенсивного і довготривалого використання. M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the NAS of Ukraine 2024-07-04 Article Article application/pdf https://www.plantintroduction.org/index.php/pi/article/view/1639 10.46341/PI2024004 Plant Introduction; No 101/102 (2024); 34-43 Інтродукція Рослин; № 101/102 (2024); 34-43 2663-290X 1605-6574 10.46341/PI101-102 en https://www.plantintroduction.org/index.php/pi/article/view/1639/1552 Copyright (c) 2024 Andriy Novikov, Mariia Sup-Novikova, Viktor Nachychko, Oleksandr Kuzyarin http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 |
| spellingShingle | Novikov, Andriy Sup-Novikova, Mariia Nachychko, Viktor Kuzyarin, Oleksandr Тестування кольорових еталонних мішеней для цілей оцифрування гербарію |
| title | Тестування кольорових еталонних мішеней для цілей оцифрування гербарію |
| title_alt | Testing color reference charts for the herbarium digitization purposes |
| title_full | Тестування кольорових еталонних мішеней для цілей оцифрування гербарію |
| title_fullStr | Тестування кольорових еталонних мішеней для цілей оцифрування гербарію |
| title_full_unstemmed | Тестування кольорових еталонних мішеней для цілей оцифрування гербарію |
| title_short | Тестування кольорових еталонних мішеней для цілей оцифрування гербарію |
| title_sort | тестування кольорових еталонних мішеней для цілей оцифрування гербарію |
| url | https://www.plantintroduction.org/index.php/pi/article/view/1639 |
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