Сезонні зміни мікоризного симбіозу Rhododendron tomentosum Harmaja в Українському Поліссі
This study focuses on the mycorrhizal associations of Rhododendron tomentosum Harmaja with ericoid mycorrhizal fungi, typical for species in the Ericaceae family. The development of these symbiotic relationships varies seasonally and by habitat. Mycorrhizal colonization was studied across different...
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| description | This study focuses on the mycorrhizal associations of Rhododendron tomentosum Harmaja with ericoid mycorrhizal fungi, typical for species in the Ericaceae family. The development of these symbiotic relationships varies seasonally and by habitat. Mycorrhizal colonization was studied across different phenological stages in natural populations of R. tomentosum in the Bilokorovytsky forestry, Zhytomyr region (Ukraine). Samples were taken at four stages of the growing season, analyzed morphologically, and quantitatively assessed. The results revealed that colonization peaks at the beginning and end of the vegetation period while declining during flowering and seed maturation. Additionally, we observed both ericoid mycorrhizae and dark septate endophytes (DSE) coexisting within the roots, suggesting that the symbiotic relationship is complex and influenced by multiple factors. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of mycorrhizal dynamics in R. tomentosum and highlight the need for further research on seasonal and environmental influences on these associations. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.46341/PI2024012 |
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Plant Introduction, 103/104, 61–71 (2024)
© The Authors. This content is provided under CC BY 4.0 license.
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Seasonal changes in the mycorrhizal symbiosis of Rhododendron
tomentosum Harmaja in the Ukrainian Polissia
Nataliia Bielova
M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Sadovo-Botanichna str. 1, 01014 Kyiv, Ukraine;
belovan5423@gmail.com
Received: 20.11.2024 | Accepted: 26.01.2025 | Published online: 28.01.2025
Abstract
This study focuses on the mycorrhizal associations of Rhododendron tomentosum Harmaja with ericoid
mycorrhizal fungi, typical for species in the Ericaceae family. The development of these symbiotic
relationships varies seasonally and by habitat. Mycorrhizal colonization was studied across different
phenological stages in natural populations of R. tomentosum in the Bilokorovytsky forestry, Zhytomyr
region (Ukraine). Samples were taken at four stages of the growing season, analyzed morphologically,
and quantitatively assessed. The results revealed that colonization peaks at the beginning and end of
the vegetation period while declining during flowering and seed maturation. Additionally, we observed
both ericoid mycorrhizae and dark septate endophytes (DSE) coexisting within the roots, suggesting that
the symbiotic relationship is complex and influenced by multiple factors. These findings contribute to
a deeper understanding of mycorrhizal dynamics in R. tomentosum and highlight the need for further
research on seasonal and environmental influences on these associations.
Keywords: Rhododendron tomentosum, Ericaceae, Ukrainian Polissia, ericoid mycorrhiza, dark septate endophytes, seasonal variation,
symbiosis, boreal-subarctic species
https://doi.org/10.46341/PI2024012
UDC 581.1 : 582.28
Funding: The research was conducted within the framework of the departmental theme “Landscape and ecological optimization
of green zones of megacities: scientific approaches, principles and methods” (code 338-LB) of the M.M. Gryshko National Botanical
Garden of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine.
Competing Interests: The author declared no conflict of interest.
Introduction
Rhododendron tomentosum Harmaja, known
as marsh Labrador tea (Ledum palustre L.),
is an evergreen shrub typically distributed
on raised bogs. Until 1990, this species
was classified under the genus Ledum L.,
but as a result of subsequent taxonomic
investigations, Ledum was nested as a
subgenus within the genus Rhododendron L.
of the family Ericaceae (Kron & Judd, 1990;
Harmaja, 1991).
Rhododendron tomentosum is a glacial
relict, boreal-subarctic species. In Ukraine,
it is primarily distributed in Polissia, with
sporadic occurrences in the Prykarpattia
(Ciscarpathian) and Carpathian regions.
A single site has been documented in the
Zakarpattia (Transcarpathian) region. Here,
the species inhabits waterlogged and wet pine
or, less commonly, mixed forests and thrives
in peat bogs (Sokolov & Zamotaev, 1993).
This species, like all members of the
genus Rhododendron, is characterized by the
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62 Plant Introduction • 103/104
Bielova
presence of ericoid mycorrhiza (Vitolinya,
1972; Peterson et al., 1980; Piercey et al.,
2002; Usuki et al., 2003; Zhang et al., 2009;
Tian et al., 2011). Plants forming this type
of mycorrhiza usually grow on soils with
minor mineral nutrients. Rhododendron
tomentosum is a typical mycotrophic species
(Treu et al., 1995). Researchers studying
the mycorrhiza of this species in Eastern
Europe, southern India, and China (Vohnik
& Albrechtová, 2011; Rose & Senthilkumar,
2016; Liu et al., 2024) have noted variations
in its development depending on the habitat,
season, and phenological phase. However,
there is limited data on the mycorrhizal
development of Ericaceae species growing
in Ukraine, and Rhododendron species
remain underexplored in this context. This
makes studying the seasonal development
of mycorrhiza in R. tomentosum within the
Ukrainian Polissia of particular scientific
interest.
Ericoid mycorrhiza is composed of dense
coils of fungal hyphae in the outer cell layers
of roots and hyphae on the root surface,
sometimes referred to as a ‘mycodermis’,
which extend over long distances in
the surrounding soil. The formation
of mycorrhiza involves colonization of
epidermal cells by fungal hyphae, followed by
the development of a complex of branched
hyphae in each colonized cell (Peterson et
al., 2004; Smith & Read, 2008). The duration
of hyphal complexes in each cell varies. Over
time, cytoplasmic degradation occurs in both
the host plant and fungal cells – a process
some researchers describe as phagocytosis.
The breakdown of the symbiotic association
may partly depend on the lifespan of hair
roots, typical for Rhododendron species, or
the developmental stage of the host plant.
Symbiotic fungi that form ericoid
mycorrhiza belong to the phylum
Ascomycota. Among the most common
species are Hymenoscyphus ericae (Read)
Korf & Kernan, its anamorph Scytalidium
vaccinii Dalpé, Litten, & Sigler, and several
species of the genus Oidiodendron Robak
(anamorphs of Myxotrichum setosum (Eidam)
Orr, Kuehn & Puenkett and Gymnascella
dankaliensis (Castellani) Currah). The first
species occurs in heathlands (Read, 1991)
and alpine mountain zones (Hambleton
& Currah, 1997; Thormann et al., 1999).
Species of Oidiodendron, such as O. maius
Barron, first isolated from rhododendron
grown in culture (Douglas et al., 1989) were
later described as common for the forest
ecosystems (Perotto et al., 1996; Hambleton
& Currah, 1997; Thormann et al., 1999).
In addition to typical ericoid mycorrhiza
on the roots of Ericaceae representatives,
including rhododendrons, so-called dark
septate endophytes (DSE) are often observed
(Vohník & Albrechtová, 2011). Unlike
mycorrhizal fungi, endophytic fungi are not
known to form specialized nutrient transport
interfaces during root colonization.
The presence of simple intracellular or
intercellular hyphae resembling finger-like
structures on root cell surfaces is generally
referred to as ‘endophytic’. DSE belong to the
group of ascomycetous anamorphic fungi,
which colonize root tissues intracellularly
and intercellularly and often form clusters
of spherical or oval cells known as
microsclerotia.
Although these fungi are identified in roots
by forming dematiaceous (darkly pigmented)
hyphae and microsclerotia, some studies
suggest that their dark walls are integrated
structures with mycorrhizal hyaline septate
hyphae in roots (Haselwandter & Read,
1982; Newsham et al., 2009). Therefore,
earlier research might have underestimated
their abundance and significance (Smith
& Read, 2008). Evidence exists of the
presence of both ericoid mycorrhiza (ErM)
and DSE in R. groenlandicum (Oeder) Kron
& Judd, a close relative of R. tomentosum,
collected near Quebec and Guelph, Canada
(Massicotte et al., 2005). However, data on
the physiological or ecological interactions
between these symbiotic types are lacking.
Available information suggests that the
occurrence and intensity of DSE and ErM
development depend on altitude and
latitude. Plants growing at higher altitudes
or further north exhibit increased DSE
presence in their roots, whereas ErM
presence diminishes.
This study examines the morphological
features of mycorrhiza in R. tomentosum
during different developmental periods of
the host plant to determine the influence
of seasonality on specific symbiotic
associations.
Plant Introduction • 103/104 63
Seasonal changes in the mycorrhizal symbiosis of Rhododendron tomentosum
Material and methods
The study was conducted in the
Bilokorovytskyi Forestry of Korosten district,
Zhytomyr region, Ukraine. Root samples
for analyzing anatomical structure and
morphological characteristics of mycorrhiza
were collected in natural coenoses of
R. tomentosum. These habitats predominantly
included Pinus sylvestris L. in the upper tier
and a medium tier represented by Vaccinium
myrtillus L., V. vitis-idaea L., Pteridium
aquilinum (L.) Kuhn, Rhododendron luteum
Sweet., and Carex sylvatica Huds., with a
litter layer composed of Dicranum scoparium
Hedw. and pine needles.
Root samples were collected from five
individuals in the study area, washed in
running water, and fixed in 70 % alcohol.
Root maceration and staining with aniline
blue were performed following Kobel’s
methodology (Betehtina & Utkina, 2008).
According to previous studies (Rose &
Senthilkumar, 2016), fungal colonization of
host plant root cells begins in late summer,
peaking in autumn. During winter, fungal
mycelium within the cells is digested, and
no new infection occurs. The epidermis
containing digested hyphae is shed, leaving
root cells nearly free of mycorrhiza in spring.
To capture seasonal dynamics, samples
were collected four times a year: in early
vegetative growth (March 21–29), in flowering
period (May 21–27), during seed maturation
(September 3–11), and at the end of the
vegetative period (November 3–11). A Primo
Star light microscope (Carl Zeiss, Jena,
Germany) equipped with a Canon PowerShot
A640 digital camera was used for sample
analysis and capturing the images.
The frequency of mycorrhizal infection
(in %) was quantified following Selivanov
(1987) – the proportion of microscopic fields
of view showing mycorrhizal presence
was calculated. The intensity of root cell
colonization by hyphal clusters was assessed
using a mycorrhization index (score).
Additionally, the occurrence of external
hyphae was analyzed as a percentage relative
to the microscopic field of view to investigate
structural development during specific
vegetative periods.
Statistical analysis of the reliability and
one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with
Tukey’s test for post hoc comparisons of
the obtained results was conducted using
Microsoft Excel. Differences between the
experimental indicators were considered
statistically significant when P > 0.05.
Results and discussion
The results of the study demonstrated that
the frequency of mycorrhizal occurrence in
R. tomentosum varies depending on the season.
The lowest values were observed during the
flowering period, while the highest occurred
at the beginning and end of the vegetation
period (Table 1). During seed maturation and
flowering, the mycorrhizal frequency reached
its minimum values.
The degree of mycorrhization was highest
at the start (3.2 points) and the end (3.8 points)
of the vegetation period and lowest during
the seed maturation (2.1 points). Despite
the lower intensity of mycorrhizal infection
during this phase, it was compensated by a
more substantial development of external
hyphae. This is evidenced by a 50 % increase
in external hyphae presence compared to the
flowering period and a 15 % higher occurrence
frequency.
Characteristics Start of the
vegetation season
Flowering Seed maturation End of the
vegetation season
Occurrence frequency (%) 90 ± 1.3 63 ± 2.5 78 ± 1.8 100 ± 1.5
Degree of mycorrhization (points) 3.2 ± 0.5 2.5 ± 0.7 2.1 ± 0.5 3.8 ± 0.8
Presence of external hyphae (%) 84 ± 7.4 7 ± 0.1 60 ± 5.2 92 ± 12.2
Table 1. Indicators of mycorrhizal infection on the roots of Rhododendron tomentosum at different
phenological stages.
64 Plant Introduction • 103/104
Bielova
At the beginning of the vegetation
period, roots were densely covered with
two types of hyphae: (a) light-colored
and loosely structured; (b) dark-colored,
straight, and septate. Cells contained hyphal
coils structures (Fig. 1). During flowering,
there was less cellular filling with hyphal
coils compared to the previous phase, and
external hyphae were almost absent (Fig. 2).
In the seed maturation phase, two types
of hyphae reappeared on root surfaces,
but fewer hyphal coils were present in
endodermal cells compared to the previous
two periods. Light-colored external hyphae
displayed conidia-like structures, and dark
hyphae exhibited pronounced budding and
septation, indicating that the fungi forming
this symbiosis belong to the Ascomycota
phylum (Fig. 3).
At the end of the vegetation season,
hyphae of both types were present on the
root surface, while root cortex cells showed
the lowest mycorrhizal colonization of the
entire season (Fig. 4).
According to some reports (Haselwandter,
1987; Read, 1996), such a distribution of
mycorrhizal infection may be linked to climatic
characteristics, as humidity and drought can
regulate mycorrhizal infection development.
For instance, Australian researchers (Cairney &
Ashford, 2002) found that ericoid mycorrhizal
fungi function year-round, except during
the dry season. Bell & Pate (1996) and Hutton
et al. (1994) identified seasonal fluctuations
in the number of hair roots and mycorrhizal
infection in several ericoid plant species in
southwestern Australia. They also discovered
that the length of hair roots decreases in
summer and reappears in autumn (April) in all
the species they studied.
To align the obtained data with literature
references, the results were analyzed in
relation to weather indicators (Fig. 5).
For this purpose, the diagrams plotted
precipitation and temperature values
throughout the observation period and the
research indicators during the vegetative
season. All mycorrhizal indicators showed
an inverse correlation with temperature and
precipitation. In other words, mycorrhiza
develops better at lower temperatures, while
high humidity, resulting from increased
precipitation during the warm period, does
not positively affect its development.
Considering the obtained data and
analyzed literature, it can be assumed that
ericoid-type mycorrhiza exhibits distinct
seasonality. However, this issue requires
further study.
The presence of two types of hyphae
on the surface of R. tomentosum roots also
aligns with research on rhododendrons
collected in Europe (Vohník & Albrechtová,
2011). The authors have established that
hyphae of dark septate endophytes (DSE)
and ericoid mycorrhiza (ErM) were present
in six studied Rhododendron species.
Conclusions
Studies of the seasonal changes in the
mycorrhiza of R. tomentosum in the
Ukrainian Polissia showed that depending
on the vegetative phase, mycorrhiza
development undergoes certain quantitative
and qualitative changes. It was found
that the highest degree of mycorrhizal
development occurs at the beginning and
end of the vegetation period, which may
be related to both climatic conditions and
the plant’s phenological phases. The plant
seemingly ceases its ‘collaboration’ with
fungi during the growing season.
One hypothesis suggests that the plant
requires substantial resources during
active growth phase, thus limiting the
fungi’s carbon supply. Conversely, during
the dormancy phase, the plant restores its
carbon supply from reserves accumulated
during the growing season, receiving
mineral nutrients from the fungi, in turn,
to survive the dormancy period. This
hypothesis, however, requires further
investigation.
The coexistence of two types of
symbionts observed during this study
indicates that ericoid mycorrhiza (ErM)
alone does not fully support the plant’s
vital functions. Other types of symbionts,
including dark septate endophytes (DSE),
are also involved. However, the balance
between these types of symbiosis at
different stages of the plant’s development
and whether one type dominates during
specific periods remain open questions for
future investigations.
Plant Introduction • 103/104 65
Seasonal changes in the mycorrhizal symbiosis of Rhododendron tomentosum
BA
DC
Figure 1. Colonization of Rhododendron tomentosum cells by mycorrhizal fungi at the beginning of the
vegetation period: A – hyphal coils in the endodermal cells of the root; B, D – different types of hyphae on
the root surface; C – hypha penetrating a root cell.
66 Plant Introduction • 103/104
Bielova
BA
DC
Figure 2. Colonization of Rhododendron tomentosum cells by mycorrhizal fungi during the flowering: A, C –
root cells with hyphal coils inside; B, D – single hyphae on the root surface.
Plant Introduction • 103/104 67
Seasonal changes in the mycorrhizal symbiosis of Rhododendron tomentosum
BA
DC
Figure 3. Colonization of Rhododendron tomentosum cells by mycorrhizal fungi during the seed maturation:
A, D – prominent budding and septation of external hyphae on the root surface; B – conidial structures on
the root surface; C – hyphal coils in root cortex cells.
68 Plant Introduction • 103/104
Bielova
Figure 4. Colonization of Rhododendron tomentosum cells by mycorrhizal fungi at the end of the vegetative
period: A, C – loose mycelium on the root surface; B, C – dark, septate mycelium on the root surface:
D – hyphal coils in root cortex cells.
Plant Introduction • 103/104 69
Seasonal changes in the mycorrhizal symbiosis of Rhododendron tomentosum
Figure 5. Influence of climatic factors on mycorrhiza development on Rhododendron tomentosum roots:
A – the influence of precipitations; B – the impact of temperature. To facilitate comparison with other
parameters, the mycorrhization degree values have been scaled by a factor of 10.
70 Plant Introduction • 103/104
Bielova
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423. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-009-0246-1
Сезонні зміни мікоризного симбіозу Rhododendron tomentosum Harmaja в
Українському Поліссі
Наталія Бєлова
Національний ботанічний сад імені М.М. Гришка НАН України, вул. Садово-Ботанічна, 1, 02000, Київ,
Україна; belovan5423@gmail.com
Представлене дослідження зосереджене на мікоризних асоціаціях Rhododendron tomentosum Harmaja
з ерикоїдними мікоризними грибами, характерними для родини Ericaceae. Мікоризну колонізацію
вивчали на різних фенологічних етапах у природних популяціях R. tomentosum у Білокоровицькому
лісництві Житомирської області. Зразки відбирали на чотирьох стадіях впродовж періоду вегетації та
аналізували морфологічно і статистично. Результати дослідження показали, що колонізація досягає
максимуму на початку та в кінці вегетаційного періоду, а під час цвітіння та дозрівання насінин вона
значно знижується. Крім того, у коренях спостерігали одночасну присутність ерикоїдної мікоризи
і темно-септованих ендофітів, що вказує на складний характер симбіотичних взаємин. Отримані
дані сприяють кращому розумінню динаміки мікоризних асоціацій R. tomentosum та підкреслюють
необхідність подальших досліджень щодо сезонних і екологічних впливів на ці взаємини.
Ключові слова: Rhododendron tomentosum, Ericaceae, Полісся України, ерикоїдна мікориза, темно-септовані ендофіти, сезонні
зміни, симбіоз, бореально-субарктичні види
https://doi.org/10.1007/S10267-002-0086-8
https://doi.org/10.1007/S10267-002-0086-8
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12224-011-9098-5
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-009-0246-1
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| id | oai:ojs2.plantintroduction.org:article-1651 |
| institution | Plant Introduction |
| keywords_txt_mv | keywords |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-07-17T12:54:26Z |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| publisher | M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the NAS of Ukraine |
| record_format | ojs |
| resource_txt_mv | wwwplantintroductionorg/5e/5aa82c3620d7c656eac2a8d750a2b25e.pdf |
| spelling | oai:ojs2.plantintroduction.org:article-16512025-02-12T12:22:44Z Seasonal changes in the mycorrhizal symbiosis of Rhododendron tomentosum Harmaja in the Ukrainian Polissia Сезонні зміни мікоризного симбіозу Rhododendron tomentosum Harmaja в Українському Поліссі Bielova, Nataliia This study focuses on the mycorrhizal associations of Rhododendron tomentosum Harmaja with ericoid mycorrhizal fungi, typical for species in the Ericaceae family. The development of these symbiotic relationships varies seasonally and by habitat. Mycorrhizal colonization was studied across different phenological stages in natural populations of R. tomentosum in the Bilokorovytsky forestry, Zhytomyr region (Ukraine). Samples were taken at four stages of the growing season, analyzed morphologically, and quantitatively assessed. The results revealed that colonization peaks at the beginning and end of the vegetation period while declining during flowering and seed maturation. Additionally, we observed both ericoid mycorrhizae and dark septate endophytes (DSE) coexisting within the roots, suggesting that the symbiotic relationship is complex and influenced by multiple factors. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of mycorrhizal dynamics in R. tomentosum and highlight the need for further research on seasonal and environmental influences on these associations. Представлене дослідження зосереджене на мікоризних асоціаціях Rhododendron tomentosum Harmaja з ерикоїдними мікоризними грибами, характерними для родини Ericaceae. Мікоризну колонізацію вивчали на різних фенологічних етапах у природних популяціях R. tomentosum у Білокоровицькому лісництві Житомирської області. Зразки відбирали на чотирьох стадіях впродовж періоду вегетації та аналізували морфологічно і статистично. Результати дослідження показали, що колонізація досягає максимуму на початку та в кінці вегетаційного періоду, а під час цвітіння та дозрівання насінин вона значно знижується. Крім того, у коренях спостерігали одночасну присутність ерикоїдної мікоризи і темно-септованих ендофітів, що вказує на складний характер симбіотичних взаємин. Отримані дані сприяють кращому розумінню динаміки мікоризних асоціацій R. tomentosum та підкреслюють необхідність подальших досліджень щодо сезонних і екологічних впливів на ці взаємини. M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the NAS of Ukraine 2025-01-28 Article Article application/pdf https://www.plantintroduction.org/index.php/pi/article/view/1651 10.46341/PI2024012 Plant Introduction; No 103/104 (2024); 61-71 Інтродукція Рослин; № 103/104 (2024); 61-71 2663-290X 1605-6574 10.46341/PI103-104 en https://www.plantintroduction.org/index.php/pi/article/view/1651/1559 Copyright (c) 2025 Nataliia Bielova http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 |
| spellingShingle | Bielova, Nataliia Сезонні зміни мікоризного симбіозу Rhododendron tomentosum Harmaja в Українському Поліссі |
| title | Сезонні зміни мікоризного симбіозу Rhododendron tomentosum Harmaja в Українському Поліссі |
| title_alt | Seasonal changes in the mycorrhizal symbiosis of Rhododendron tomentosum Harmaja in the Ukrainian Polissia |
| title_full | Сезонні зміни мікоризного симбіозу Rhododendron tomentosum Harmaja в Українському Поліссі |
| title_fullStr | Сезонні зміни мікоризного симбіозу Rhododendron tomentosum Harmaja в Українському Поліссі |
| title_full_unstemmed | Сезонні зміни мікоризного симбіозу Rhododendron tomentosum Harmaja в Українському Поліссі |
| title_short | Сезонні зміни мікоризного симбіозу Rhododendron tomentosum Harmaja в Українському Поліссі |
| title_sort | сезонні зміни мікоризного симбіозу rhododendron tomentosum harmaja в українському поліссі |
| url | https://www.plantintroduction.org/index.php/pi/article/view/1651 |
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