Декоративні багаторічники у квітникарстві Центральної України: таксономічне різноманіття, структурний аналіз, успішність натуралізації чужорідних видів
This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the taxonomic diversity, acclimatization processes, and naturalization success of ornamental herbaceous perennials and semi-woody plants in Central Ukraine. The role of these plants in regional floriculture and the ecological risks associated with thei...
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M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the NAS of Ukraine
2025
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| author | Shynder, Oleksandr Kostruba, Tetiana Pereboichuk, Oksana Glukhova, Svitlana |
| author_facet | Shynder, Oleksandr Kostruba, Tetiana Pereboichuk, Oksana Glukhova, Svitlana |
| author_sort | Shynder, Oleksandr |
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| datestamp_date | 2025-07-27T21:03:35Z |
| description | This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the taxonomic diversity, acclimatization processes, and naturalization success of ornamental herbaceous perennials and semi-woody plants in Central Ukraine. The role of these plants in regional floriculture and the ecological risks associated with their introduction are discussed. It was found that regional floriculture probably has a long history, but the first specific records on the study object appeared at the end of the 18th century. The research revealed that 794 species, subspecies, and hybrids from 301 genera and 70 families are cultivated in the regional floriculture. The largest number of species and infraspecific taxa belong to the families Asteraceae (11.6 %), Asparagaceae (6.5 %), Lamiaceae (6.5 %), Ranunculaceae (6.0 %), and Crassulaceae (5.3 %). The most represented genera are Allium (25 species), Iris (19 species and hybrids), and Primula (14 species and hybrids). It was found that 84.5 % of the studied species and infraspecific taxa are ergasiophytes, while 15.5 % are native plants, often represented by cultivars, reflecting the predominance of introduced species and cultivars in the assortment of ornamental plants. Among the plants used in floriculture in Central Ukraine, herbaceous perennials species constitute the largest group (77.5 %), while the presence of semi-woody plants (5.1 %) and annual and biennial plants (17.4 %) is significantly lower. The distribution of native species by range types covers all major elements of the natural flora, but species with European (23.6 %), Eurasian (19.5 %), and European-Mediterranean (13.9 %) distribution patterns are the most frequently cultivated. Among ergasiophytes, most species and infraspecies have Asian (28.0 %), Mediterranean (19.4 %), and American (19.1 %) origin, with a significant proportion of hybrids and cultigenous species (11.2 %). Overall, species from all geographic regions, including tropical and oceanic zones, are represented in floriculture.An essential aspect of the study was assessing the acclimatization and naturalization degrees of ornamental alien plants. The scheme for overcoming limiting barriers by alien species was supplemented with a model describing the acclimatization of ergasiophytes and their escape beyond cultivated areas. The acclimatization of ergasiophytes in this study is considered a controlled process that is ongoing simultaneously with spontaneous naturalization. It was found that 44.9 % of ergasiophytes achieved complete acclimatization, 15.4 % penetrated beyond cultivation sites, becoming ergasiophygophytes, 2.7 % naturalized, and 1.5 % acquired invasive status. For example, invasive plants include Helianthus tuberosus, Reynoutria japonica, and Solidago canadensis. Potentially invasive species requiring monitoring and further study comprise Corydalis caucasica, Petrosedum orientale, Symphyotrichum × versicolor, Thladiantha dubia, and others. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.46341/PI2025002 |
| first_indexed | 2025-07-17T12:54:27Z |
| format | Article |
| fulltext |
© The Authors. This content is provided under CC BY 4.0 license.
Plant Introduction, 105/106, 60–102 (2025)
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Ornamental perennials in floriculture of Central Ukraine: taxonomic
diversity, structural analysis, and naturalization success of alien species
Oleksandr Shynder 1, *, Tetiana Kostruba 1, Oksana Pereboichuk 1, Svitlana Glukhova 2
1 M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Sadovo-Botanichna str. 1, 01103 Kyiv, Ukraine;
* shinderoleksandr@gmail.com
2 Syrets Dendrological Park, Tyraspolska str. 43, 02000 Kyiv, Ukraine
Received: 01.02.2025 | Accepted: 14.06.2025 | Published online: 18.06.2025
Abstract
This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the taxonomic diversity, acclimatization processes, and
naturalization success of ornamental herbaceous perennials and semi-woody plants in Central Ukraine.
The role of these plants in regional floriculture and the ecological risks associated with their introduction are
discussed. It was found that regional floriculture probably has a long history, but the first specific records
on the study object appeared at the end of the 18th century. The research revealed that 794 species,
subspecies, and hybrids from 301 genera and 70 families are cultivated in the regional floriculture. The
largest number of species and infraspecific taxa belong to the families Asteraceae (11.6 %), Asparagaceae
(6.5 %), Lamiaceae (6.5 %), Ranunculaceae (6.0 %), and Crassulaceae (5.3 %). The most represented genera
are Allium (25 species), Iris (19 species and hybrids), and Primula (14 species and hybrids). It was found
that 84.5 % of the studied species and infraspecific taxa are ergasiophytes, while 15.5 % are native plants,
often represented by cultivars, reflecting the predominance of introduced species and cultivars in the
assortment of ornamental plants. Among the plants used in floriculture in Central Ukraine, herbaceous
perennials species constitute the largest group (77.5 %), while the presence of semi-woody plants (5.1 %)
and annual and biennial plants (17.4 %) is significantly lower. The distribution of native species by range
types covers all major elements of the natural flora, but species with European (23.6 %), Eurasian (19.5 %),
and European-Mediterranean (13.9 %) distribution patterns are the most frequently cultivated. Among
ergasiophytes, most species and infraspecies have Asian (28.0 %), Mediterranean (19.4 %), and American
(19.1 %) origin, with a significant proportion of hybrids and cultigenous species (11.2 %). Overall, species
from all geographic regions, including tropical and oceanic zones, are represented in floriculture.
An essential aspect of the study was assessing the acclimatization and naturalization degrees of
ornamental alien plants. The scheme for overcoming limiting barriers by alien species was supplemented
with a model describing the acclimatization of ergasiophytes and their escape beyond cultivated areas.
The acclimatization of ergasiophytes in this study is considered a controlled process that is ongoing
simultaneously with spontaneous naturalization. It was found that 44.9 % of ergasiophytes achieved
complete acclimatization, 15.4 % penetrated beyond cultivation sites, becoming ergasiophygophytes,
2.7 % naturalized, and 1.5 % acquired invasive status. For example, invasive plants include Helianthus
tuberosus, Reynoutria japonica, and Solidago canadensis. Potentially invasive species requiring monitoring
and further study comprise Corydalis caucasica, Petrosedum orientale, Symphyotrichum × versicolor, Thladiantha
dubia, and others.
Keywords: biodiversity, hemerophytes, cultivated plants, flora, introduction, ergasiophytes, plant invasions, Kyiv, Cherkasy Oblast,
climate change, ecological risks
https://doi.org/10.46341/PI2025002
UDC 581.5 : 581.524.34 : 635.9 (477)
Plant Introduction • 105/106 61
Ornamental perennials in floriculture of Central Ukraine
Authors’ contributions: O. Shynder made a research plan. O. Shynder and T. Kostruba conducted most of the field research and
performed the analysis. O. Pereboichuk corrected the inventory list. O. Pereboichuk and S. Glukhova studied the acclimatization of
ornamental ergasiophytes in Kyiv City.
Funding: The work has been conducted within the following research program of the Department of Natural Flora of the M.M.
Gryshko National Botanical Garden, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine 2020–2024 “Botanical and geographical principles of
protection of floristic diversity” (state registration number 0120U000174).
Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Introduction
Ornamental plants constitute the largest group
of cultivated species (Philip & Lord, 2003;
Brickell, 2011; Mashkovska, 2015; Byalt et al.,
2019; Shynder, 2022). These are predominantly
introduced exotic and highly decorative native
plants. Globally, approximately 60,000 plant
species are used in ornamental horticulture,
making the registration of this taxonomic
diversity a critical issue (Mashkovska, 2015).
In Western Europe, an effort to standardize
information on cultivated ornamental plants
resulted in the publication of the “European
Garden Flora” (Cullen et al., 2011), serving as
a valuable reference for a broad audience of
botanists and floriculturists.
Inventory studies of ornamental plants
across specific administrative or geographic
regions have been conducted in only a few
countries, such as Belarus (Lunina et al., 2010).
In Ukraine, numerous publications address the
species and cultivar diversity of ornamental
perennials, yet these works rarely take the
form of comprehensive ‘floras’ (Grodzinsky,
1985). More frequently, they appear as catalogs
(Gorobets, 2009; Mashkovska, 2015; Glukhova
et al., 2016) or species and cultivar lists from
specific collections. The most comprehensive
study of ornamental plants in urban and
human floriculture in Ukraine remains the
works of Barbarich (1945, 1972), though these
are outdated in terms of contemporary
taxonomic diversity. Currently, research in
this field is linked mainly to general floristic
studies of urban floras (Moysiyenko, 1997;
Arkushyna & Popova, 2010; Vasylyeva et al.,
2019a, 2019b) or has a localized focus (Yanchuk
et al., 2000; Shabarova et al., 2002; Herasymiuk,
2012). Shynder (2022) realized a detailed
inventory and analysis of cultivated plant
flora in the Rzhyshchiv territorial community
(Kyiv Oblast), revealing the dominance of
ornamental plants in terms of the number of
taxa.
Today, the range of ornamental plants
in Ukraine continuously expands with new
ergasiophytes introduced from abroad, native
adapted species, and artificially created
interspecific and intergeneric hybrids. As
of 2008, the collection of ornamental plants
at the M.M. Gryshko National Botanical
Garden (Kyiv) contained over 600 species
and, together with cultivars, exceeded 4,000
collection names (Gorobets et al., 2008).
The consolidated catalog of ornamental
perennials growing in botanical gardens
and arboreta of Ukraine (Mashkovska, 2015)
comprises over 12,000 entries, including
more than 4,200 species and hybrids. New
cultivars spread through introduction centers
(botanical gardens and arboreta), commercial
nurseries, and mass horticulture. However, no
comprehensive data exist on the taxonomic
composition of plants used in floriculture at
the national or regional level. Thus, a modern
inventory of the taxonomic diversity of
ornamental plants in specific regions is both
timely and relevant.
Moreover, given the issue of plant invasions
(Maryushkina, 2002; Abduloyeva & Karpenko,
2009; Burda, 2013; Gubar & Koniakin, 2020;
Kalusová et al., 2024), particularly the spread
of escaped cultivated plants (Mosyakin, 1991;
Zavialova, 2017; Protopopova & Shevera,
2014, 2019; Nāburga & Evarts-Bunders, 2019;
Mosyakin & Mosyakin, 2021), assessing the
naturalization degrees of ergasiophytes
and their potential invasiveness is crucial.
This is particularly relevant for the largest
group among cultivated plants – ornamental
perennials (Chorna, 2006b, 2020; Chorna &
Kostruba, 2019; Kostruba et al., 2021; Orlov
et al., 2024).
This study aimed to comprehensively
investigate the taxonomic diversity, structural
characteristics, and geographic origins of
ornamental herbaceous and semi-woody
perennials cultivated in floriculture of Central
Ukraine, with particular attention to the
62 Plant Introduction • 105/106
Shynder et al.
degree of acclimatization and naturalization
success of alien species.
A brief history of floriculture in Central
Ukraine
In Ukraine, ornamental gardening and folk
floriculture have been well-developed for
centuries. According to interpreted written
and unwritten sources from the Kyivan
Rus period, some researchers suggest the
existence of gardens at princely courts. It
is assumed that during their campaigns in
the Black Sea region, Old Rus princes and
their retinue undoubtedly encountered local
gardens and could have brought exotic plants
back to Kyiv. With the Christianization of
Rus under Volodymyr the Great, religious
artifacts, books, statues, and possibly plants
were systematically imported from Byzantium
and cultivated in the first gardens. Byzantine
missionary monks could have contributed
to horticulture development, particularly in
establishing monastery gardens (Bilous, 2001;
Dudarets, 2019). However, specific confirmed
references from that period mention only
food crops. There is sufficient reason to
believe that fruit growing was already well-
developed among the Slavs in the first
millennium, while vegetable gardens in the
Kyiv area were recorded in chronicles from
the mid-12th century (Dovzhenok, 1961). This
has been confirmed by archaeobotanical data
(Kozlovska et al., 2013), although the range
of vegetable and fruit crops was still quite
limited.
During the 14th–16th centuries, monastic
gardens expanded significantly. These gardens
included fruit-bearing and medicinal plants
and flowers used for landscape beautification
and were of symbolic importance in religious
rituals. Traditional folk ritual songs, ornaments,
and decorative patterns provide additional
evidence of ornamental flowers in everyday
culture (Polonska-Vasylenko, 1993; Kostruba,
2020). Some ‘flowers’ are mentioned in the
“Tale of Igor’s Campaign” (1187), in a passage
associated with the Stuhna River (a tributary
of the Dnipro south of Kyiv): “Flowers have
wilted in sorrow” (Partytskiy, 1884: p. 31), but it
is likely that this refers to wild plants.
Thus, no concrete historical records or
archaeological evidence confirm cultivating
ornamental flowers in Kyivan Rus (Dovzhenok,
1961; Pashkevych, 1991). Furthermore, Old Rus
chronicles rarely described nature and plants
(Bilous, 2001). Consequently, it can only be
hypothesized that flowers were grown in
princely and noble courts and in monastery
gardens during that period.
In the mid-17th century, the military
engineer Beauplan (1660) did not mention
ornamental plants in his descriptions of
Ukraine. However, he recorded observing
wild Prunus fruticosa and P. tenella in the
Dnipro River valley and introduced them to
his residence in Bar (Vinnytsia Oblast) for
fruit production. This suggests that, in earlier
times, cultivated plants were primarily valued
for their practical use. The first naturalist to
document ornamental plants in Ukraine was
Güldenstädt (1791), who reported species such
as peonies, roses, ornamental sage, tulips,
and carnations in the southern part of recent
Cherkasy Oblast in 1774.
By the late 18th century, aristocratic
estate gardens and parks began to emerge
in Ukraine, often featuring numerous
ornamental ergasiophytes introduced from
various regions. Among them, notable were
“Sofiivka” in Uman (Cherkasy Oblast) (Kosenko
& Mitin, 1995) and “Oleksandria” in Bila Tserkva
(Kyiv Oblast) (Doiko et al., 2013). From that
period onward, the assortment of ornamental
perennials expanded significantly (Paczoski,
1887; Kostruba & Chorna, 2021a; Kostruba,
2024c). Montresor (1881) compiled a list of
about 270 highly ornamental native species
recommended for garden cultivation. By the
late 19th century, around 50 of these species
were frequently grown in the Central Ukraine
region. Traditional folk gardens incorporated
aromatic and medicinal plants such as mint and
thyme and plants associated with protective
folklore, including periwinkle and poppy. Over
time, ergasiophytes like lovage, balsam, and
hollyhock became widely cultivated, forming
the basis of traditional Ukrainian floriculture
by the turn of the 20th century (Kostruba,
2020; Kostruba & Chorna, 2021a).
During the 20th century, the variety of
cultivated ornamental plants expanded
significantly, with flowers being grown
even during the challenging post-war
years. Dubniak (1924) documented popular
ornamental perennials in the vicinity of
Myrhorod (Poltava Oblast), including Dahlia ×
cultorum, Iris × germanica, Paeonia officinalis,
Aquilegia vulgaris, and Lilium bulbiferum,
Plant Introduction • 105/106 63
Ornamental perennials in floriculture of Central Ukraine
alongside native species such as Convallaria
majalis, Thymus sp. (sub nom. T. vulgaris),
and Vinca minor. Traditional Ukrainian
gardens also commonly included aromatic and
medicinal plants such as Mentha × piperita,
Ruta graveolens, and Levisticum officinalis.
Additionally, new ornamental species
like Hyacinthus orientalis and Narcissus
pseudonarcissus, which lacked traditional
ethnographic associations, began appearing in
home gardens.
By the early 20th century, some researchers
had already noted that certain ornamental
ergasiophytes exhibited a tendency toward
naturalization and escape from cultivation.
For instance, Oksiiuk (1924) recorded
spontaneously spreading alien species such
as Heliopsis scabra, Rudbeckia laciniata,
and Sedum spurium in the “Oleksandria”
Dendrological Park. Thus, by the first quarter
of the 20th century, the role of ornamental
gardens in facilitating the escape of alien
plants had been recognized (Kotov, 1928).
By the late 1930s, a defined assortment of
species had been established for commercial
and private ornamental horticulture in Ukraine.
Bonetskyi (1927) classified floral plants into
those of primary industrial significance and
those of secondary economic value. Significant
contributions to the study of ornamental
plants in Ukraine were made by Barbarich
(1938, 1940, 1945, 1972). His research focused
on the Polissia, Donbas, and other regions
of Ukraine. At that time, the assortment of
cultivated ornamental herbaceous plants in
Central Ukraine and other parts of Ukraine
was still relatively limited, with species
requiring minimal maintenance being the most
widespread. In total, Barbarich documented
around 100 species of ornamental annual and
perennial herbs in villages and district centers
of Kyiv and Zhytomyr oblasts, with only 15–20
species being the most commonly encountered
(Barbarich, 1938). Later, his survey of 35 cities
in Ukraine identified 360 ornamental plants,
172 of which were herbaceous (Barbarich,
1945). He emphasized the need to introduce
more native perennial ornamental plants into
cultivation, including species such as Anemone
sylvestris, Asparagus officinalis, Campanula
glomerata, C. persicifolia, Leucanthemum
vulgare, Lilium martagon, and Primula veris –
many of which remain popular in ornamental
gardening in the Central Ukraine region today.
Thus, by the mid-20th century, a core
assortment of ornamental perennials had been
established in Ukraine’s floriculture, along
with initial recommendations for introducing
native ornamental species into cultivation.
Ongoing research on ornamental
perennials continues in major research
institutions for plant introduction and
acclimatization in Central Ukraine. In
particular, such investigations are realized
at the M.M. Gryshko National Botanical
Garden of the NAS of Ukraine (Grodzinsky,
1985; Kokhno, 1997; Gorobets et al., 2008),
the O.V. Fomin Botanical Garden of Taras
Shevchenko National University of Kyiv
(Berezkina, 2007), the National Dendrological
Park “Sofiivka” of the NAS of Ukraine (Kosenko,
2000), the “Oleksandria” State Dendrological
Park of the NAS of Ukraine (Galkin, 2013), and
the Syrets Dendrological Park (Glukhova et al.,
2016, 2019). Specialized studies in this area and
other parts of Ukraine have focused on specific
taxonomic groups, including monocots
(Shvets, 2006; Buidin & Skrypka, 2009; Pavlova
et al., 2011; Shcherbacova, 2014) and dicots
(Moroz, 1983; Buidin, 2004; Berezkina, 2007;
Muzychuk & Prokopchuk, 2005; Horai, 2007;
Muzychuk & Pereboichuk, 2009; Andrukh,
2016; Mashkovska & Pereboichuk, 2019), as
well as ecological-biomorphological groups
(Sydoruk & Sydoruk, 1992; Horbenko &
Hrynyk, 2010; Pavlenko, 2016; Alyokhin et al.,
2021) of ornamental perennials. Research also
covers the status of specific collections of taxa
and cultivars (Slepchenko, 2001; Skybitska &
Mohyliak, 2003; Krytska et al., 2010; Shynder,
2010; Alekhin et al., 2011; Fedorchuk et al.,
2012; Leshcheniuk, 2014; Rakhmetov, 2015;
Mazura et al., 2020; Mamchur et al., 2023).
Inventory studies of species and cultivars used
in floriculture and urban landscaping have
primarily been local (Karmazin & Lyskovych,
1978; Mashtaler et al., 2011; Ishchuk, 2012;
Shynder, 2022) or focused on specific aspects
of landscaping (Kushnir, 2005). It should be
noted separately that there is a controversial
aspect in the study of ornamental plants –
they are often not considered part of the
group of cultivated (economically significant)
plants (Vulf, 1987; Nechitaylo et al., 2005).
With the introduction of many new
ergasiophytes, monitoring the spontaneous
spread of ornamental ergasiophytes
beyond cultivation has become increasingly
64 Plant Introduction • 105/106
Shynder et al.
important (Chorna, 2006b; Nāburga & Evarts-
Bunders, 2019). Many new species appearing
in the spontaneous flora of Ukraine are
ergasiophygophytes, introduced initially
as ornamentals (Mosyakin, 1991; Mosyakin
& Yavorska, 2002; Protopopova & Shevera,
2014). Reports on the new findings of
escapees ornamental plants appear annually
(Zavialova, 2008; Shynder & Negrash, 2020;
Biliavskyi, 2021; Kolomiychuk & Shynder, 2021;
Moysiyenko et al., 2023; Koniakin et al., 2023;
von Raab-Straube & Raus, 2024; Shynder et al.,
2024c) or highlight high acclimatization rates
and potential for naturalization of ornamental
ergasiophytes (Klymenko et al., 2019; Shynder,
2019).
Thus, as an essential element of Ukrainian
culture, floriculture dates back to Kyivan Rus.
Over time, it has evolved into a multifaceted
field, deeply rooted in local traditions while
embracing modern innovations and scientific
advancements.
Material and methods
The study area is located in Central Ukraine
and corresponds to the forest-steppe part of
the historical-geographical region known as
the Middle Dnipro region (in Ukrainian spelling
– Serednye Prydniprovya). Administratively,
this includes the Cherkasy Oblast and the
southern districts (within the Forest-Steppe
zone) of Kyiv City and Kyiv Oblast (Fig. 1). The
physical-geographical boundary between
Mixed Forest (better known as Polissya or
Polesia natural region) and Forest-Steppe
zones was determined following Marynych
et al. (2003), with refinements for the territory
of Kyiv and its surroundings (Shynder et al.,
2024a; Davydov, 2025).
The study objects were ornamental
herbaceous perennials and semi-woody plants
recorded in municipal and private flower
gardens, parks, and other landscaped areas. It is
acknowledged that the diversity of ornamental
plants lacks strict boundaries. However,
the authors applied several constraints to
ensure methodological consistency and
minimize subjectivity. Scientific, amateur, and
commercial (sales-oriented) plant collections,
which are typically enclosed and focused
more on taxonomic saturation than decorative
effect, were excluded from the analysis.
From a biomorphological perspective,
the list includes typical perennial herbs,
including those that overwinter in protected
locations as perennating storage organs
(e.g., Canna × hybrida, Chrysanthemum ×
morifolium, Ranunculus asiaticus, species of
Dahlia, Eucomis, Oxalis, etc.). The study also
incorporates semi-woody plants belonging
to transitional groups between herbaceous
and woody plants, such as low and dwarf
subshrubs (the tallest plant analyzed in this
group is Elsholtzia stauntonii), and low-
growing bamboo (Pleioblastus variegatus),
which are functionally treated as perennials
due to their similar horticultural uses. The
cultivation techniques and applications
of these plants are identical, and they are
not separated in practical landscaping
(Brickell, 2011). Meanwhile, low-growing
shrubs with winter-hardy and relatively
long-lived skeletal branches (e.g., species of
Cotoneaster, Dasiphora, and Opuntia) were
excluded from this analysis, as were woody
vines and tall-growing bamboo species
(Kokhno & Trofymenko, 2005). According
to the Raunkiaer’s (1907) classification, the
study objects encompass the following eco-
biomorphs: nanophanerophytes (lowest
shrubs), chamaephytes (herbaceous and
semi-woody plants), hemicryptophytes, and
cryptophytes (polycarpic perennials). However,
a detailed analysis of these biomorphs has not
been conducted.
Perennial aquatic plants, which are
increasingly popular in gardens (e.g.,
Pontederia cordata, Thalia dealbata, species
and cultivars of Nuphar, Nymphaea, etc.),
were not considered in this study (Mazur,
2000; Golub & Golub, 2002; Didukh & Mazur,
2013; Chikov, 2016). These plants are primarily
classified as a distinct life form (Chorna,
2006a), specifically hydrophytes, following
Raunkiaer’s (1907) classification, making
their diversity a separate research matter.
Short-lived ornamental plants and perennials
cultivated as annuals or biennials (e.g., Bellis
perennis, Dianthus barbatus, and Verbena
bonariensis) were addressed in a separate
publication (Kostruba, 2024a).
To compile the annotated checklist
(Appendix), we utilized data from our field
surveys, some of which have been already
previously published (Kostruba & Chorna,
2021b; Shynder, 2022; Didenko et al., 2024;
Plant Introduction • 105/106 65
Ornamental perennials in floriculture of Central Ukraine
Kostruba, 2024a, 2024b; Shynder et al., 2024c).
Additional sources included observation
aggregators such as iNaturalist (2025) and
UkrBin (2025), as well as fragmentary literature
on the topic (Shabarova et al., 2002; Tatarchuk
et al., 2012; Mazura et al., 2020; Boiko, 2024).
We used taxonomic guides on cultivated
ornamental plants (Kosenko, 2000; Philip &
Lord, 2003; Berezkina et al., 2007; Gorobets
et al., 2008; Doiko et al., 2013) and identification
keys (Grossheim, 1949; Fedorov, 1974–1987;
Tzvelev, 1989–1994, 1996–2004; Flora of North
America Editorial Committee, 1993–2023;
Cullen et al., 2011). Some taxonomic groups
were further examined using specialized
publications on Allium (Vvedensky, 1935;
Khassanov & Fritsch, 1994; Fritsch & Abbasi,
2013), Artemisia (Boiko, 2011), Crassulaceae
(Gallo & Zika, 2014; Bomble, 2016), Paeonia
(Shiyan, 2011), Poaceae (Tzvelev & Probatova,
2019), Symphyotrichum (Hoffmann, 1996),
Tulipa (Vvedensky, 1971), among others. We
also consulted atlases and photographic
albums (Bonnier et al., 1990; Gorobets, 2009;
Brickell, 2011; Rothmaler, 2017; Onuk et al.,
2021) and other reference materials, along
with herbarium collections from KWHA and
UM and expert consultations.
Applied nomenclature follows the World
Checklist of Vascular Plants (Govaerts, 2023)
cross-verified using Plants of the World Online
database (POWO, 2025). Specific taxonomic
groups were checked against specialized
databases like the International Crassulaceae
Network (ICN, 2025) or Hosta Library (Brashear
& Meyer, 2025). Complex hybrids are listed as
distinct units under the generic name with
the designation ‘× hybridum hort.’ or another
similar identifier in case of homonymy.
The study includes cultivated (and
escaped from cultivation) plants species
categorized into two major immigration
groups: (1) hemerophytes – especially
introduced (for cultivation) alien plants
outside their natural ranges (Holub & Jirásek,
1967; Pyšek et al., 2004); and (2) native plants
that have long been present in introduction
populations, spreading primarily through
gardeners and garden centers rather than
direct transplantation from natural habitats
(e.g., Alkekengi officinarum, Galanthus nivalis,
and Sempervivum ruthenicum). Additionally,
species of native flora cultivated as introduced
cultivars (e.g., Ranunculus repens ‘Flore
Pleno’ and Sedum acre ‘Golden Carpet’) were
included.
Figure 1. Study area mapped within Ukraine.
66 Plant Introduction • 105/106
Shynder et al.
To assess the tendency of hemerophytes to
naturalize, the study employed the key terms
of Naegeli & Thellung (1905): ergasiophyte –
a cultivated alien plant that is cared for, and
ergasiophygophyte – an escaped plant that
spontaneously grows in locations where it
was not planted. Acclimatization levels were
evaluated using a simplified version of the
introduction success scale for woody plants
(Kokhno, 1983), with three levels: low (weak
acclimatization, up to 40 points, characterized
by poor winter and drought resistance),
medium (satisfactory to good acclimatization,
41–80 points, with sufficient winter and
drought resistance and flowering), and high
(complete acclimatization, 81–100 points,
exhibiting winter and drought resistance,
viable seed production, and self-seeding).
Highly acclimatized alien plants are classified
as ‘acclimatized ergasiophytes’ (Shynder,
2019; Chorna et al., 2021; Shynder et al., 2024b).
These are cultivated plants that have reached
a high stage of acclimatization and are capable
of local reproduction (by seed or vegetatively)
in the area where they were planted and cared
for but in new places, away from the place
of primary cultivation (approximately the
entire site where homogeneous maintained
conditions are created), new diaspores have
not yet been recorded. Similar to this group
of ergasiophytes are ergasiolipophytes or
cultural relics in the sense of Naegeli &
Thellung (1905), not in the sense of Holub &
Jirásek (1967) or Pyšek et al. (2004). Monitoring
these plants is essential in studying floristic
diversity, given their potential to escape from
cultivation (Doiko et al., 2021; Kolomiychuk &
Shynder, 2021; Shynder et al., 2022).
Ergasiophygophytes are part of the
adventive fraction of flora and can be
classified according to naturalization degrees
(Schroeder, 1969; Kornaś, 1978; Pyšek et al.,
2004), with the addition of ‘colonophytes’
group. The term ‘colonophytes’ was
introduced by Rikli (1903), and is currently
used as one of the stages of naturalization
of alien plants (Mosyakin, 1996; Mosyakin &
Yavorska, 2002). These are further divided into
(1) casual alien plants or unstable elements (or
non-naturalized alien plants) of the adventive
fraction (subdivided into ephemerophytes and
colonophytes, both included in this study); and
(2) naturalized alien plants or stable elements
of the adventive fraction of flora (subdivided
into epecophytes and agriophytes though
not distinguished here due to methodological
limitations). Epecophytes are the plants
spreading within transformed vegetation and
agriophytes – the plants spreading within
natural and ruderal vegetation (Schroeder,
1969; Kornaś, 1978). Among naturalized
ergasiophygophytes, invasive species were
identified primarily based on regional scientific
publications (Protopopova et al., 2002; Burda
et al., 2015; Shevera, 2017; Zavialova, 2017;
Protopopova & Shevera, 2019).
Native plants were classified based on their
botanical-geographical distribution (Kleopov,
1990), while alien plants were grouped by
general geographic origin (Protopopova,
1991; Mosyakin & Yavorska, 2002). Additional
methodological guidelines (Lunina et al.,
2010; Byalt et al., 2019; Vasylyeva et al., 2019a,
2019b; Yena, 2020) and previously acquired
experience in inventorying cultivated plants
(Glukhova et al., 2016; Shynder, 2022) were also
applied.
Results and discussion
Taxonomic diversity and structure of flora
A total of 794 taxa (species, subspecies,
and hybrids) of ornamental herbaceous
perennials and semi-woody plants belonging
to 301 genera from 70 families were recorded
(Appendix). These included two species of
horsetails, nine species of ferns, 233 taxa and
hybrids of monocots, and 550 taxa and hybrids
of dicots.
Together with previously published data
on short-lived ornamental plants (Kostruba,
2024a), the total number of cultivated
ornamental herbaceous perennials and
semi-woody plants used in floriculture in
the studied area reaches 961 units. Although
ornamental plants represent the largest group
among cultivated plants (e.g., Shynder (2022)
reported that in the Rzhyshchiv community
of Kyiv Oblast, ornamental plants accounted
for 68.9 % of all cultivated species), their
diversity is lower than that of the spontaneous
flora. According to Chopyk et al. (1998), who
provided conservative estimates, the total
flora of the Middle Dnieper region comprises
2,009 species. Thus, the taxonomic diversity
of cultivated plants is currently lower than
natural ones (excluding scientific, commercial,
Plant Introduction • 105/106 67
Ornamental perennials in floriculture of Central Ukraine
and other collections). Nevertheless, the
detected quantity is still high. For comparison,
in the floriculture of Belarus (Lunina, 2001;
Lunina et al., 2010), the cultivated flora
comprises about 500 species of herbaceous
perennials, 35 of which are native and 435 –
are ergasiophytes, with approximately 650
ornamental plant species and infraspecific
taxa totally listed.
Among the recorded ornamental plants, 703
are full-fledged taxa (species and subspecies,
along with several varieties), and at least
91 hybrids (including simple hybrids and
heterogeneous hybrid cultivar complexes of
various origins), many of which have accepted
names. The high number of hybrids among
cultivated plants complicates an objective
analysis of their diversity compared to
natural floras. However, this is a key feature
of cultivated floras, and analyzing cultivated
plants with the same methods as wild plants
allows for an assessment of changes in the
structure of domesticated species. One
of the most significant differences is the
predominance of hybrids among cultivated
plants, 11.5 % of which were counted. This
figure is undoubtedly underestimated if
one hypothetically considers all parental
combinations used in breeding the cultivars
in the study area (and thus the actual level of
genetic diversity present), but it provides a
comprehensible and standardized approach.
The dominant family in the studied
dataset (Table 1) is Asteraceae, a trend that
aligns with natural floras (Protopopova, 1991;
Grechyshkina, 2010; Shynder et al., 2021).
However, the ranking of subsequent families is
quite similar to that reported for ornamental
plants in Belarus (Lunina et al., 2010). The high
number of cultivated species representing
Crassulaceae and Saxifragaceae families,
which are relatively small in the natural flora
of Ukraine, is noteworthy. The increased
overall proportion of monocots (29.1 %) among
ornamental plants also deserves attention. At
the same time, large families such as Apiaceae,
Brassicaceae, Cyperaceae, and Fabaceae
contain relatively few ornamental species and
infraspecies.
In most cases, dominant families are those
rich in large-flowered, insect-pollinated
species attractive for cultivation. Poaceae
is an exception, valued for its distinctive
growth habit, making it desirable for various
Family Number of
taxa
%
Asteraceae 92 11.6
Asparagaceae 52 6.5
Lamiaceae 52 6.5
Ranunculaceae 48 6.0
Crassulaceae 42 5.3
Liliaceae 35 4.4
Poaceae 35 4.4
Amaryllidaceae 34 4.3
Rosaceae 32 4.0
Iridaceae 29 3.7
Saxifragaceae 29 3.7
Total 480 60.5
Table 1. Leading families of ornamental perennials
in floriculture of Central Ukraine.
flower beds and gardens. At least 13 families
represented in the dataset (including
Aizoaceae, Mazaceae, and Saururaceae) are
exotic to the flora of Ukraine.
Among cultivated ornamental perennials,
the most species-rich genera are Allium (25
species), Iris (19 species and hybrids), Primula
(14 species and hybrids), Campanula, Salvia,
Tulipa, and Viola (each four with 13 species
and hybrids), Geranium and Hylotelephium (11
species and hybrids each), and Carex, Hosta,
and Lilium (each three with 10 taxa).
Among cultivated plants used in the
floriculture of Central Ukraine, 743 taxa
(77.5 %) are herbaceous perennials, while
51 taxa (5.1 %) are semi-woody plants.
Additionally, 167 taxa (17.4 %) are short-lived
ornamental plants (Kostruba, 2024a). This ratio
is generally characteristic of both natural flora
(Grechyshkina, 2010; Shynder et al., 2021) and
the cultivated flora of the region (Shynder,
2022). However, the disproportionately high
share of subshrubs highlights their overall
attractiveness and suitability for ornamental
gardening. The study also revealed that a
significant proportion of alien cultivated
plants exhibit low acclimatization levels due
to the region’s temperate climate, which
includes harsh winters (Osadchyi et al., 2010).
As a result, many perennials and even shrubs
introduced from warmer regions are grown
68 Plant Introduction • 105/106
Shynder et al.
Range Number of
taxa
%
European 29 23.6
Eurasian 24 19.5
European-
Mediterranean
17 13.9
Mediterranean 14 11.4
Holarctic 11 8.9
Eurasian steppe 9 7.3
Boreal 8 6.5
Palearctic 6 4.9
European-Siberian 3 2.4
multiregional 2 1.6
Total 123 100.0
Table 2. Distribution of native ornamental
perennials in floriculture of Central Ukraine by
natural range types.
as annuals in Ukrainian temperate zones
(Vasylyeva et al., 2019a; Kostruba, 2024a).
However, 23 facultative perennial plants
are also cultivated, which require winter
protection, although more such plants are in
specialized collections.
By immigration type, 671 species,
subspecies, and hybrids (84.5 %) are classified
as ergasiophytes, while 123 species and
subspecies (15.5 %) are formally native to the
study region. However, over half of these
native taxa are represented by non-native
cultivars. In practical floristics, it is generally
not customary to consider the origin of
intraspecific forms (including cultivars)
separately from the species (or subspecies)
when addressing typical research tasks. In
general, a large number of native species are
classified as ornamental plants (Moroz, 1970;
Sydoruk, 1970; Zelinka & Shymanska, 1976;
Antonyuk et al., 1977; Cherniak et al., 1998;
Glukhov et al., 2010; Pereboichuk et al., 2021).
Popovych et al. (2018) identified 2,982 species
in the natural flora of Ukraine as possessing
ornamental properties (65.9 % of the entire
Ukrainian flora), with 1,420 of these species
naturally occurring in the Forest-Steppe zone.
However, only a small fraction of these native
plants are practically cultivated in gardens.
It has often been noted that many rare and
endangered species possess high ornamental
value. In fact, the aesthetic appeal of these
species has been one of the factors leading
to the decline of natural populations and
even their extinction (Sobko & Gaponenko,
1996; Didenko, 2000; Michailovich, 2011).
Therefore, cultivating rare ornamental
species of local origin is one of the measures
for their conservation, provided that these
domesticated populations have long been
established in cultivation and are propagated
in gardens without being supplemented
with new plants from the wild, which would
otherwise lead to further declines in natural
populations (Pereboichuk, 2023; Kostruba,
2024b).
The distribution of cultivated plants by their
natural ranges is highly diverse (Table 2). The
geographical distribution of native flora taxa
generally encompasses all major geographical
elements of the natural flora (Shynder
et al., 2021), and among native ornamental
plants, there is no pronounced geographical
specificity. The use of native species will
remain relevant in landscaping, particularly
through cultivating highly ornamental rare
plants and simple (non-hybrid) varieties of
local species (Antonyuk et al., 1977).
The geographical distribution of alien
ornamental plants (Table 3) is even more
diverse, particularly due to the presence of
many ergasiophytes of African and Oceanian
origin. However, the majority originate from
Asia, the regions of the Ancient Mediterranean,
and the Americas. Among Asian plants, 100
taxa (14.9 %) have been introduced from East
Asia, 17 (2.5 %) from the Caucasus, and 13 (1.9 %)
from the Far East (Eastern Siberia). The largest
proportion of the ergasiophytes of American
origin is from North America, accounting
for 122 taxa (18.2 %). There is also a high
percentage of cultivated plants of cultigenous
(hybrid) origin and European (primarily Central
and Western European) origin. This diverse
spectrum with a high representation of these
groups is generally characteristic of the flora
of cultivated plants (Byalt et al., 2019; Shynder,
2022). The geographical origin of ornamental
plants in Belarus (Lunina et al., 2010) closely
resembles these data, indicating common
patterns in the overall pool of introduced plants
in regions of Eastern Europe. Interestingly,
the geographical spectra of the adventive
fractions of spontaneous floras (Protopopova,
1991; Mosyakin & Yavorska, 2002; Shynder
Plant Introduction • 105/106 69
Ornamental perennials in floriculture of Central Ukraine
Origin Number of
taxa
%
Asian 188 28.0
Mediterranean 130 19.4
American 128 19.1
cultigenous 75 11.2
European 71 10.6
European-
Mediterranean
19 2.8
African 10 1.5
Eurasian steppe 10 1.5
Eurasian 9 1.3
Boreal 7 1.0
Mediterranean-Asian 7 1.0
Oceanic 5 0.7
Holarctic 4 0.6
European-Siberian 3 0.4
Paleotropic 2 0.3
Eurasian desert 1 0.2
Palearctic 1 0.2
multiregional 1 0.2
Total 671 100.0
Table 3. Distribution of alien ornamental perennials
plants by geographical origin.et al., 2021) are generally less diverse. However,
they also predominantly consist of alien
plants of American, Asian, and Mediterranean
origin, whereas spontaneous floras in our
region include almost no wild plants from the
Southern Hemisphere. The proportion of non-
native plants of hybrid (cultigenous) origin in
the adventive fraction is significantly lower,
primarily because many hybrids are sterile and
do not tend to naturalize.
The overall geographical spectrum
of cultivated herbaceous perennials and
semi-woody plants is presented in Fig. 2. It
illustrates the poly-regional nature and global
diversity of species used for landscaping in
Central Ukraine. It is anticipated that, with the
continued warming of the local climate, the
proportion of thermophilic perennials from
tropical and subtropical regions in floriculture
will increase, as they are already frequently
used in landscaping in European countries
with warmer climates (Cullen et al., 2011) and
are commonly grown under greenhouses in
our region (Vasylyeva et al., 2019a).
Acclimatization and naturalization of
hemerophytes and their invasions
At the end of the 20th century, awareness
of the issue of cultivated plants spreading
beyond the boundaries of introduction
Figure 2. Geographical spectrum of ornamental perennials in floriculture of Central Ukraine.
70 Plant Introduction • 105/106
Shynder et al.
facilities began to grow. Among the wild-
growing plants, escaped ornamental cultivars
were increasingly recorded (Mosyakin, 1991;
Mosyakin & Yavorska, 2002; Burda, 2013; Orlov,
2019; Strgulc Krajšek et al., 2020). Over 60
species of ornamental short-life and perennial
plants have already been discovered in the
flora of the Middle Dnieper region (Chopyk
et al., 1998). Subsequently, the number of
ornamental ergasiophygophytes escaping
from cultivation increased continuously
(Koniakin et al., 2023; Shynder et al., 2024с).
Among the ornamental plants promoted for
landscaping in Ukraine, highly invasive species
remain present. According to the monitoring
study of Rusanova & Bengus (2020), 79 actively
marketed ornamental species have already
become invasive in Ukraine. The expanding
diversity of plant nursery assortments and
the import of new floricultural species drive
this trend. The mass introduction of new
ergasiophytes facilitates their naturalization
and contributes to further plant invasions
(Protopopova, 1988; Protopopova et al., 2002;
Burda, 2013; Protopopova & Shevera, 2013,
2014; Burda et al., 2015; Zavialova, 2017). At
present, these negative phenomena have been
exacerbated by global climate change, which
has accelerated the naturalization of many
species, particularly those originating from
warmer regions (Didukh & Chorney, 2016;
Nāburga & Evarts-Bunders, 2019; Rakhmetov &
Zaimenko, 2022).
The general process of naturalization of
alien plants is multi-staged, beginning with
their introduction into new environmental
conditions. This study focuses on the
naturalization of ergasiophytes that have
escaped from cultivation after initially
being introduced for horticulture. In the
practice of targeted plant introduction in
scientific research institutions in Eastern
Europe, primarily botanical gardens, one of
the main objectives is the acclimatization of
ergasiophytes – defined as the process by
which a species adapts to new ecological
conditions. During the cultivation of plants
in botanical gardens, the assessment of
successful acclimatization has been a key
issue, and a simple but effective yet universal
methodology for this purpose was developed
by Kokhno (1983). Within this framework,
naturalization is considered the highest
stage of acclimatization (Kharkevich, 1966;
Kokhno & Kurdyuk, 1994). However, regarding
ergasiophytes, the concept of naturalization
is not practically applicable, as these plants
are deliberately planted and cultivated in
specifically designed environments.
Richardson et al. (2000) analyzed various
definitions of the term ‘naturalization’ in the
context of plant invasions. Hence, wild alien
plants (in this case, escapes from cultivation,
i.e., ergasiophygophytes) are considered
those in the process of naturalization.
A commonly used classification of the
degrees of naturalization of adventive plants
is based on their level of adaptation to
local conditions and their penetration into
new ecosystems (Schroeder, 1969; Kornaś,
1978; Mosyakin, 1996; Mosyakin & Yavorska,
2002). At the stage of initial spontaneous
introduction into a new environment, alien
plants are considered accidental elements
of the spontaneous flora. At this stage, they
are classified as ephemerophytes (Schroeder,
1969) or colonophytes, as the next stage of
naturalization (Mosyakin, 1996). Successful
establishment in new habitats and subsequent
expansion indicate that an alien plant has
become naturalized and is now a stable
element of the flora. At this stage, depending
on the type of habitat into which these
species have penetrated, they are divided into
epecophytes (spreading within transformed
vegetation) and agriophytes (spreading within
natural and ruderal vegetation) (Schroeder,
1969; Kornaś, 1978). Naturalized plants with
high reproductive capacity and spreading
aggressively are classified as ‘invasive’, while
those that significantly alter ecosystems are
distinguished as ‘transformers’ (Richardson
et al., 2000; Pyšek et al., 2004).
To analyze the set of ornamental
ergasiophytes and assess their contribution
to the adventive fraction of the flora, we
accept the approach of Eastern European
researchers, who claimed that acclimatization
and naturalization of cultivated alien plants are
closely linked and constitute stages of a single
process (Kharkevich, 1966; Kokhno & Kurdyuk,
1994; Burda, 2013). However, these two stages
have long been studied separately, hindering
the formation of a unified conceptual approach
for a standardized study of the entire process
of cultivated plant acclimatization and their
subsequent naturalization beyond cultivation.
Notably, Richardson et al. (2000) developed a
Plant Introduction • 105/106 71
Ornamental perennials in floriculture of Central Ukraine
scheme widely recognized today and unified
for introducing, naturalizing, and invading
alien plants, providing a detailed description
of these categories. However, the authors did
not give a standard single name for the long
process of gradual overcoming by a species
of many limiting barriers. In this scheme,
naturalization begins after an alien plant
spontaneously crosses the ‘environmental
barrier’ and physically survives in the new
conditions. The proposed model is primarily
designed for the spontaneous progression
of an alien species through various barriers.
For example, the explanation states that
the introduction of ‘casual alien plants’ (i.e.,
overcoming the ‘geographical barrier’ in the
scheme) occurs through ‘waifs’ or ‘persisting
after cultivation’.
The scheme of Richardson et al. (2000)
does not incorporate cultivated plants, but
cultivation facilitates the process by which
an alien plant overcomes geographical,
environmental, and often reproductive
barriers. This means that it undergoes
acclimatization (and, in some cases, reaches
the naturalization stage) under controlled
conditions. Depending on the success of an
ergasiophyte’s acclimatization, its spontaneous
spread beyond cultivation may signify either
the return to initial geographical barrier A
or the immediate transition to overcoming
higher barriers (Fig. 3). This explains the high
invasive potential of many ergasiophytes,
as they can skip the initial barriers (after
escaping from cultivation). Essentially, the
acclimatization of ergasiophytes should be
considered a controlled process (as it occurs
under cultivation), which runs parallel to the
spontaneous introduction and naturalization
of alien plants. We illustrate how this process
unfolds in the modified scheme (Fig. 3) based
on Richardson et al. (2000). Importantly, this
scheme is universal to extend its application
to both spontaneously introduced species and
cultivated plants undergoing acclimatization.
Ergasiophytes with low acclimatization
potential may be inadvertently introduced
into spontaneous habitats (e.g., through plant
debris), effectively crossing the geographical
barrier A. However, it is most likely that
these plants will disappear at the stage of
ephemerophytes, failing to survive the first
adverse conditions of drought or winter. An
example of this phenomenon includes certain
Figure 3. Acclimatization and naturalization of
ornamental perennials concerning their potential
ability to overcome key limiting barriers. The
original scheme of Richardson et al. (2000)
supplemented with an additional insert (see
explanation in the text).
tropical plants whose rhizomes or shoots were
discarded from greenhouses and managed to
take root in plant waste disposal sites.
Ergasiophytes with medium acclimatization
have already overcome the environmental
barrier B under cultivation conditions.
However, if cultivation ceases, they will
have to struggle for survival again at the
ephemerophyte stage, making further
naturalization unlikely. In contrast, fully
acclimatized ergasiophytes, in our view, are
capable of spontaneously crossing not only the
initial geographical barrier A, environmental
barrier B, and reproductive barrier C but
also the dispersal barrier D (Fig. 3). Examples
include Clematis vitalba and Solidago
canadensis. In most cases, the acclimatized
ergasiophytes have a high potential to
escape from cultivation and undergo further
naturalization, which is why monitoring
this group is crucial. It is also important to
note that the formation of self-seeding and
vegetative reproduction at the cultivation site
is not considered an escape from cultivation
72 Plant Introduction • 105/106
Shynder et al.
(Shynder, 2019). This understanding aligns with
the definition of the term ‘ergasiophygophyte’
– a foreign plant transitions into this category
when it establishes itself in a new location, not
at the site of intentional introduction, where it
remains classified as an ‘ergasiophyte’ (Naegeli
& Thellung, 1905).
Hence, based on the assessment of
acclimatization levels among the studied
sample of ergasiophytes, 26 taxa (3.9 %) were
found to have low acclimatization, 344 taxa
(51.2 %) had moderate acclimatization, and 301
taxa (44.9 %) exhibited high acclimatization.
Among the highly acclimatized ergasiophytes,
193 taxa and hybrids were recorded as self-
seeding, 48 as self-seeding (in some cases,
with probable vegetative reproduction), and
60 as reproducing vegetatively.
From a total number, 103 taxa (15.4 %) of
ergasiophygoephytes were recorded beyond
cultivation within the study area. Of these,
101 taxa were acclimatized ergasiophytes in
cultivation; one had moderate acclimatization
(Hylotelephium × mottramianum), and one
species exhibited low acclimatization (Albuca
bracteata). Among the ergasiophygoephytes,
based on their degree of naturalization, 85
taxa (12.7 %) were identified as casual species
and hybrids, including 34 ephemerophytes
(5.1 %) and 51 colonophytes (7.4 %). Additionally,
18 taxa (2.7 %) were classified as naturalized
species.
Among the naturalized plants in the study
area, seven invasive have been identified as
such by experts (Zavialova, 2017; Protopopova
& Shevera, 2019; Didenko et al., 2022):
Asclepias syriaca, Helianthus tuberosus,
Lupinus polyphyllus, Reynoutria japonica,
Saponaria officinalis, Solidago canadensis,
and Zizania latifolia, as well as Rudbeckia
laciniata and Symphyotrichum × salignum.
However, according to our data, the latter two
species do not exhibit expansion within the
studied region. Additionally, Acorus calamus
and Arrhenatherum elatius were classified
as invasive species for Ukraine (Protopopova
& Shevera, 2019). However, Acorus calamus
naturalized in Ukraine long before the
cultivation of its ornamental cultivars began,
while Arrhenatherum elatius is native to
the study area in frames of the Right-Bank
Forest-Steppe natural region (Prokudin
et al., 1977). Therefore, there is no reason
to consider these species as invasive in this
study. Moreover, the nothospecies Reynoutria
× bohemica has been considered a potentially
invasive species (Zavialova, 2017; Shevera,
2017). However, according to recent data, it
behaves as a naturalized expansive species in
the study area and is more widely distributed
than the already established invasive species
R. japonica. For this reason, we also classify
R. × bohemica as an invasive plant. Thus, the
total number of invasive plants among the
ornamental herbaceous ergasiophygophytes
in the study area is 10, accounting for 10.7 %
of their total number and 1.5 % of the overall
diversity of ornamental herbaceous perennials
and semi-woody plants.
Based on expert assessments (Zavialova,
2017), the following species have been classified
as potentially invasive: Helianthus × laetiflorus,
Mirabilis nyctaginea, Silphium perfoliatum,
Solidago gigantea, Symphyotrichum novae-
angliae, and S. novi-belgii. We fully agree
with this classification for the mentioned
species. Additionally, based on our research,
we also consider the following species to
be potentially invasive: Corydalis caucasica,
Petrosedum orientale, Symphyotrichum ×
versicolor, and Thladiantha dubia, which are
currently undergoing expansion (Kostruba
et al., 2021; Shynder et al., 2023b). Furthermore,
a gradual increase in the occurrence of certain
colonophytes (i.e., Allium tuberosum, Lathyrus
latifolius, and Symphytum caucasicum) has
been observed, indicating their progressive
naturalization and the possibility of classifying
them as potentially invasive species.
Thus, ornamental perennials serve as one of
the sources of invasive plant enrichment in the
flora. However, considering they represent the
largest group among cultivated plants, their
overall contribution to the group of invasive
species remains relatively small. For instance,
among the 64 highly invasive plant species
in Ukraine (Protopopova & Shevera, 2019), 33
are ergasiophygophytes, but only seven of
them are ornamental perennials. Among the
17 transformer species recorded in protected
areas of the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine (Burda
et al., 2015), only one species (i.e., Solidago
canadensis) belongs to the group of ornamental
perennials. As shown in Fig. 4, the proportion
of different groups of the studied plants, based
on acclimatization and naturalization levels,
aligns well with the ecological ‘rule of ten’
(Williamson, 1993). According to this rule, 1 in 10
Plant Introduction • 105/106 73
Ornamental perennials in floriculture of Central Ukraine
of those alien appears in the wild (introduced
or casual), 1 in 10 of those introduced becomes
established, and 1 in 10 of those established
becomes a pest (Williamson, 1993; Williamson
& Fitter, 1996), particularly when considering
some adjustments previously noted for the
population of escaped plants (Williamson &
Fitter, 1996).
Conclusions
For the first time in Ukraine, the taxonomic
composition of ornamental herbaceous
perennials and subshrubs used in floriculture
of a particular region (Central Ukraine) has
been studied. The annotated flora includes
794 species and infraspecies of herbaceous
perennials and semi-woody plants from 301
genera and 70 families used in floriculture.
Among them, 84.5 % are ergasiophytes,
while 15.5 % belong to native flora. Overall,
perennials (77.5 %) represent the largest
biomorphological group among ornamental
herbs and subshrubs. In the geographic
spectrum of native ornamental plants,
European (23.6 %), Eurasian (19.5 %), and
European-Mediterranean (13.9 %) species and
infraspecies dominate. Among ergasiophytes,
Asian (28.0 %), Mediterranean (19.4 %), and
American (19.1 %) representatives are most
prevalent. The proportion of hybrids and
cultigenous species in the overall floriculture
flora reaches 11.2 %, indicating an active use of
hybrid-origin cultivars in floriculture.
For the first time, the essence of the
acclimatization process of ergasiophytes and
their escape from cultivation has been analyzed
within the framework of the limiting barrier
model for alien species. The acclimatization
of cultivated plants is considered a controlled
process that occurs parallel to spontaneous
naturalization. It was found that among the
studied decorative ergasiophytes, 44.9 % are
fully acclimatized, 51.2 % have moderate or
low acclimatization, which restricts their
spread without care, and 3.9 % exhibit weak
or unstable acclimatization. Overall, 15.4 %
of ergasiophytes have escaped cultivation
and become ergasiophygoephytes. Among
them, 2.7 % of taxa have already naturalized,
and 1.5 % have become invasive, including
Asclepias syriaca, Helianthus tuberosus,
Reynoutria japonica, Solidago canadensis,
671
301
103
18 10
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Er
ga
si
op
hy
te
s
Ac
cl
im
at
iz
ed
e
rg
as
io
ph
yt
es
Er
ga
si
op
hy
go
ph
yt
es
N
at
ur
al
ize
d
In
va
si
ve
Figure 4. Distribution of ornamental perennials by
acclimatization and naturalization stages in Central
Ukraine.
Zizania latifolia, etc. However, while
ornamental plants are a significant source
of plant invasions, their relative proportion
of invasive species remains comparatively
low. Based on this study, several naturalized
and casual species have been identified as
expanding and potentially invasive, including
Allium tuberosum, Corydalis caucasica,
Lathyrus latifolius, Petrosedum orientale,
Symphyotrichum × versicolor, Symphytum
caucasicum, and Thladiantha dubia.
Acknowledgements
The authors express their sincere gratitude
to D. Davydov, J. Fuchs, Y. Pirogov, and other
researchers and enthusiasts for their assistance
in plant identification on the iNaturalist
platform. The authors thank I. Didenko,
T. Sydoruk, and T. Shvets for acquaintance
with the collections of ornamental perennials
of the National Dendrological Park “Sofiivka” of
the NAS of Ukraine (Uman, Cherkasy Oblast).
74 Plant Introduction • 105/106
Shynder et al.
The authors thank T. Kravets, O. Svystun,
Z. Gerkiyal, T. Mamchur, and M. Parubok for
their kind help during the work with collections
of the botanical nursery of the Uman National
University of Horticulture. The authors thank
N. Doiko and L. Kalashnikova for their kind
help during the processing of the collections of
the State Dendrological Park “Oleksandria” of
the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
(Bila Tserkva, Kyiv Oblast). Finally, the authors
thank A. Gorai and V. Gorobets for their
consultations and valuable insights regarding
specific ornamental perennials.
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Appendix. Annotated list of ornamental herbaceous perennial and semi-woody plants in floriculture of
Central Ukraine (Kyiv City, Cherkasy Oblast and Kyiv Oblast).
Designations:
Imm – immigration element of the flora:
hemerophyte
native
(cv.) – represented by cultivars
Accl. – degree of acclimatization:
low
med. – medium
high
self-seed. – self-seeding
abund. self-seed. – abundant self-seeding
veg. spread. – vegetative spread
pot. prop. cutt. – potentially propagates by cuttings
Spont. – spontaneous spread:
casual (ephemerophyte, colonophyte)
naturalized
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Ornamental perennials in floriculture of Central Ukraine
invasive
potent. invas. – potentially invasive
L.f. – life form:
herb. perennial
subshrub
Range – natural area (for native plants):
Boreal
Euras – Eurasian
Euro – European
Euro-Med – European-Mediterranean
Euro-Sib – European-Siberian
Holarct – Holarctic
Med – Mediterranean (in a broad sense, see Kleopov, 1990)
Multi – multiregional (incl. cosmopolitan)
PArct – Palearctic
Steppe – Eurasian steppe
Origin (for hemerophytes):
Afr – African
Am – American
As – Asian
Boreal
Desert – Eurasian desert
Euras – Eurasian
Euro – European
Euro-Med – European-Mediterranean
Euro-Sib – European-Siberian
Holarct – Holarctic
Med – Mediterranean (in a broad sense, see Kleopov, 1990),
Med-As – Mediterranean-Asian
Multi – multiregional
Oc – Oceanic
PArct – Palearctic
Ptrop – Paleotropic
Steppe – Eurasian steppe
cult. – cultigenous:
(NZ) – New Zealand
(Caucas) – Caucasus
(Sib) – Siberia
(fe) – far east
(c) – central
(e) – eastern
(s) – southern
(w) – western.
Horsetails
Equisetaceae
1. Equisetum hyemale L. – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Multi
2. Equisetum telmateia Ehrh. – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euro-Med
Ferns
Aspleniaceae
3. Asplenium ceterach L. (= Ceterach officinarum Willd.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. –
Origin: Euro-Med
4. Asplenium scolopendrium L. (= Phyllitis scolopendrium (L.) Newman). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.:
herb. perennial. – Origin: Med
Athyriaceae
5. Athyrium niponicum (Mett.) Hance. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e)
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Dryopteridaceae
6. Dryopteris dilatata (Hoffm.) A.Gray. – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euro
7. Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Holarct
Onocleaceae
8. Onoclea sensibilis L. – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Holarct
9. Onoclea struthiopteris (L.) Roth (= Matteuccia struthiopteris (L.) Tod.). – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range:
Boreal
Osmundaceae
10. Osmunda regalis L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Multi (Euro-Med-Afr)
Polypodiaceae
11. Polystichum setiferum (Forssk.) T.Moore ex Woynar. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. –
Origin: Euro-Med
Angiospermae
Monocots
Acoraceae
12. Acorus calamus L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – Spont.: naturalized, invasive. – L.f.: herb.
perennial. – Origin: As(s)
13. Acorus gramineus Aiton. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e)
Alismataceae
14. Alisma plantago-aquatica L. – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: PArct
Amaryllidaceae
15. Allium aflatunense B.Fedtsch. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – Spont.: casual (ephemerophyte). –
L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(c)
16. Allium altissimum Regel. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – Spont.: casual (colonophyte). – L.f.: herb.
perennial. – Origin: As(c)
17. Allium ascalonicum L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med
18. Allium caeruleum Pall. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed, veg. spread.). – Spont.: casual (colonophyte).
– L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(c)
19. Allium carinatum L. subsp. pulchellum (G.Don) Bonnier & Layens. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.).
– L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med
20. Allium cristophii Trautv. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(c)
21. Allium giganteum Regel. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(c)
22. Allium grande Lipsky. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(c)
23. Allium karataviense Regel. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(c)
24. Allium lusitanicum Lam. (= A. montanum Schmidt). – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euro
25. Allium moly L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med
26. Allium narcissiflorum Vill. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med
27. Allium nutans L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – Spont.: casual (colonophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial.
– Origin: As(Sib.)
28. Allium oreophilum C.A.Mey. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(c)
29. Allium paradoxum (M.Bieb.) G.Don. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(w)
30. Allium pervestitum Klokov. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Steppe
31. Allium porrum L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(w)
32. Allium rosenorum R.M.Fritsch (= A. rosenbachianum auct. non Regel). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-
seed.). – Spont.: casual (colonophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(c)
33. Allium schoenoprasum L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Boreal
34. Allium siculum (Ucria) Lindl subsp. dioscoridis (Sm.) K.Richt. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.:
herb. perennial. – Origin: Med
35. Allium sphaerocephalon L. – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Med
36. Allium stipitatum Regel. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(c)
37. Allium strictum Schrad. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euras
38. Allium tuberosum Rottler ex Spreng. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed., veg. spread.). – Spont.: casual
(colonophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e)
39. Allium ursinum L. – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euro
40. Galanthus elwesii Hook. f. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med
41. Galanthus nivalis L. – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euro
42. Galanthus plicatus M.Bieb. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed., veg. spread.). – Spont.: casual (colonophyte).
– L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med(e)
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43. Leucojum aestivum L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro-Med
44. Leucojum vernum L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro
45. Narcissus assoanus Dufour ex Schult. & Schult.f. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin:
Euro
46. Narcissus poeticus L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro
47. Narcissus tazetta L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med-As(s)
48. Narcissus × hybridus hort. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult.
Araceae
49. Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott s.l. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: low. – L.f.: perennial (facult.). – Origin: Am(n)
Asparagaceae
50. Agave amica (Medik.) Thiede & Govaerts (= Polianthes tuberosa L.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb.
perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
51. Albuca bracteata (Thunb.) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt (= Ornithogalum caudatum Aiton). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.:
low. – Spont.: , casual? (ephemerophyte). – L.f.: perennial (facult.). – Origin: Afr. – Note. The species was recorded
in the territory of Cherkasy Oblast (Hulyaygorodok village) as an escapee from amateur cultivation, collected in
1895 (Montresor, 1898). Apparently, it was an casual plant, likely introduced beyond cultivation with plant waste.
52. Anthericum liliago L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med
53. Asparagus tenuifolius Lam. – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Med
54. Camassia cusickii S.Wats. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
55. Camassia leichtlinii (Baker) S.Watson. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
56. Convallaria majalis L. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Holarct
57. Dichelostemma ida-maia (Alph.Wood) Greene. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin:
Am(n)
58. Disporopsis pernyi (Hua) Diels. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e)
59. Eucomis autumnalis (Mill.) Chitt. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: low. – L.f.: perennial (facult.). – Origin: Afr
60. Eucomis vandermerwei I.Verd. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: low. – L.f.: perennial (facult.). – Origin: Afr
61. Hosta × lancifolia hort. (= H. × lancifolia (Thunb.) Engl.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb.
perennial. – Origin: As(e). – Note. A sterile plant, which is also considered a cultivar ‘Lanceolata’, is likely derived
from H. sieboldii (Brashear & Meyer, 2025).
62. Hosta longipes (Franch. & Sav.) Matsum. var. gracillima (F.Maek.) N.Fujita (= H. gracillima F.Maek.). – Imm.:
hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e)
63. Hosta minor (Baker) Nakai. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e)
64. Hosta plantaginea (Lam.) Asch. (= Funkia japonica (Thunb.) Druce). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.).
– L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(fe)
65. Hosta sieboldiana (Hook.) Engl. (= H. fortunei (Baker) L.H.Bailey, Hosta crispula F.Maek. (cv.)). – Imm.: hemerophyte.
– Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e)
66. Hosta sieboldii (Paxton) J.W.Ingram (= H. albomarginata (Hook.) Ohwi). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg.
spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e)
67. Hosta × undulata hort. (= H. × undulata (Otto & A.Dietr.) L.H.Bailey). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.).
– L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e). – Note. ‘Undulata’
68. Hosta ventricosa Stearn. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e)
69. Hosta venusta F.Maek. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e)
70. Hosta × hybrida hort. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult.
71. Hyacinthoides hispanica (Mill.) Roth. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro
72. Hyacinthus orientalis L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(w)
73. Liriope muscari (Decne.) L.H.Bailey:. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e)
74. Muscari armeniacum H.J.Veitch. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed., veg. spread.). – Spont.: casual
(colonophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med
75. Muscari aucheri (Boiss.) Baker. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med(e)
76. Muscari botryoides (L.) Mill. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – Spont.: casual (ephemerophyte). – L.f.:
herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro-Med
77. Muscari comosum (L.) Mill. (= Leopoldia comosa (L.) Parl.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial.
– Origin: Med
78. Muscari latifolium J.Kirk. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med(e)
79. Muscari neglectum Guss. ex Ten. – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euro-Med
80. Muscari tenuiflorum Tausch (= Leopoldia tenuiflora (Tausch) Heldr.). – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range:
Med
81. Muscarimia muscari (L.) Losinsk. (= M. moschatum Willd.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial.
– Origin: As(w)
82. Ophiopogon japonicus (Thunb.) Ker Gawl. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e)
83. Ophiopogon planiscapus Nakai. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e)
84. Ornithogalum boucheanum (Kunth) Asch. – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Med. – Note. Cultivated
outside its natural range and easily propagated by self-sowing (Shynder et al., 2023a).
85. Ornithogalum fimbriatum Willd. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med
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86. Ornithogalum nutans L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med
87. Ornithogalum orthophyllum Ten. subsp. kochii (Parl.) Zahar. (= O. gussonii auct. non Ten.). – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb.
perennial. – Range: Med
88. Ornithogalum umbellatum L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro
89. Polygonatum humile Fisch. ex Maxim. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e)
90. Polygonatum latifolium (Jacq.) Desf. – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euro
91. Polygonatum multiflorum (L.) All. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Holarct
92. Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euras. – Note. ‘Variegatum’
93. Puschkinia scilloides Adams. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – Spont.: casual (colonophyte). – L.f.:
herb. perennial. – Origin: Med
94. Scilla luciliae (Boiss.) Speta (= Chionodoxa luciliae Boiss.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.:
herb. perennial. – Origin: Med(w)
95. Scilla monanthos K.Koch. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med
96. Scilla siberica Andrews. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Med
97. Triteleia laxa Benth. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
98. Yucca filamentosa L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: subshrub. – Origin: Am(n)
99. Yucca flaccida Haw. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: subshrub. – Origin: Am(n)
100. Yucca glauca Nutt. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: subshrub. – Origin: Am(n)
101. Yucca gloriosa L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: subshrub. – Origin: Am(n)
Asphodeliaceae
102. Eremurus fuscus (O.Fedtsch.) Vved. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(c)
103. Eremurus × isabellinus R.Vilm. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult.
104. Eremurus spectabilis M.Bieb. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med
105. Eremurus stenophyllus (Boiss. & Buhse) Baker subsp. stenophyllus. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb.
perennial. – Origin: As(c)
106. Eremurus stenophyllus subsp. aurantiacus (Baker) Wendelbo (= E. aurantiacus Baker). – Imm.: hemerophyte. –
Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(cs)
107. Hemerocallis citrina Baroni. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e)
108. Hemerocallis fulva (L.) L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e)
109. Hemerocallis × hybrida Bergmans. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. –
Origin: cult.
110. Hemerocallis lilioasphodelus L. (= H. flava L.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial.
– Origin: As(e)
111. Hemerocallis middendorffii Trautv. & C.A.Mey. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin:
As(e)
112. Kniphofia × hybrida Gumbl. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult.
113. Kniphofia uvaria (L.) Oken. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Afr
Cannaceae
114. Canna × hybrida Rodigas (= C. × generalis L.H.Bailey). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: low. – L.f.: perennial (facult.).
– Origin: cult.
Colchicaceae
115. Colchicum autumnale L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – Spont.: casual (ephemerophyte). – L.f.:
herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro
116. Colchicum speciosum Steven. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med
Commelinaceae
117. Tradescantia × andersoniana W.Ludw. & Rohweder hort. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – Spont.:
casual (ephemerophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult.
118. Tradescantia virginiana L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
Cyperaceae
119. Carex brevicollis DC. – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Med
120. Carex buchananii Berggr. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Oc(NZ)
121. Carex comans Berggr. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Oc(NZ)
122. Carex grayi J.Carey. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
123. Carex morrowii Boott. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e)
124. Carex muskingumensis Schwein. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
125. Carex oshimensis Nakai. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e)
126. Carex pendula Huds. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med
127. Carex pseudocyperus L. – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Holarct
128. Carex talbotii Kottaim. (= C. berggrenii Petrie). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin:
Oc(NZ)
129. Eleocharis acicularis (L.) Roem. & Schult. – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Holarct
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Dioscoreaceae
130. Dioscorea nipponica Makino. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e)
Iridaceae
131. Crocosmia × crocosmiiflora (Lemoine) N.E.Br. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin:
cult.
132. Crocus angustifolius Weston. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med
133. Crocus banaticus J.Gay. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro
134. Crocus chrysanthus (Herb.) Herb. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med
135. Crocus flavus Weston. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med
136. Crocus heuffelianus Herb. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro
137. Crocus sieberi J.Gay. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med
138. Crocus speciosus M.Bieb. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med
139. Crocus vernus (L.) Hill. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro
140. Crocus × hybridus hort. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult.
141. Gladiolus × colvillei Sweet. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: low. – L.f.: perennial (facult.). – Origin: cult.
142. Gladiolus × hybridus C.Morren. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: low. – L.f.: perennial (facult.). – Origin: cult.
143. Gladiolus × garden hybrid hort. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: low. – L.f.: perennial (facult.). – Origin: cult.
144. Iris aphylla L. var. hungarica (Waldst. & Kit.) D.Dubovik (= I. hungarica Waldst. & Kit.). – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb.
perennial. – Range: Med
145. Iris bucharica Foster (= Juno bucharica (Foster) Vved.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial.
– Origin: As(c)
146. Iris domestica (L.) Goldblatt & Mabb. (= Belamcanda chinensis (L.) DC.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-
seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e)
147. Iris ensata Thunb. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(fe)
148. Iris × germanica L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed., veg. spread.). – Spont.: casual (colonophyte). –
L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro
149. Iris graminea L. – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euro
150. Iris × hollandica H.R.Wehrh. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult.
151. Iris × hybrida Retz. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.?, veg. spread.). – Spont.: casual (ephemerophyte).
– L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult.
152. Iris lactea Pall. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e)
153. Iris orientalis Mill. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med
154. Iris pseudacorus L. – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: PArct
155. Iris pumila L. – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Steppe
156. Iris reticulata M.Bieb. (= Iridodictyum reticulatum (M.Bieb.) Rodion.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.:
herb. perennial. – Origin: Med
157. Iris sanguinea Hornem. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e)
158. Iris sibirica L. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euro-Sib
159. Iris spuria L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro-Med
160. Iris variegata L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med
161. Iris versicolor L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
162. Iris × garden hybrid hort. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult.
163. Ixia × hybrida hort. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult.
164. Sisyrinchium angustifolium Mill. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
165. Sisyrinchium montanum Greene. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – Spont.: casual (colonophyte). –
L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
166. Sisyrinchium septentrionale E.P.Bicknell. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. –
Origin: Am(n)
167. Sparaxis tricolor (Schneev.) Ker Gawl. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Afr
168. Tigridia pavonia (L.f.) Redouté. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(c)
Juncaceae
169. Juncus effusus L. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Holarct
170. Luzula pilosa (L.) Willd. – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euro-Sib
Liliaceae
171. Erythronium californicum Purdy. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
172. Erythronium dens-canis L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med
173. Erythronium tuolumnense Applegate. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
174. Fritillaria acmopetala Boiss. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med
175. Fritillaria imperialis L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(c)
176. Fritillaria meleagris L. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euro
177. Fritillaria michailovskyi Fomin. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med(e)
178. Fritillaria uva-vulpis Rix. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med
179. Lilium bulbiferum L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med
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180. Lilium candidum L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med
181. Lilium henryi Baker. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e)
182. Lilium × hollandicum Bergmans. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult.
183. Lilium lancifolium Thunb. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e)
184. Lilium martagon L. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euro-Sib
185. Lilium pensylvanicum Ker Gawl. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e)
186. Lilium regale E.H.Wilson. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e)
187. Lilium speciosum Thunb. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e)
188. Lilium × hybridum hort. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult.
189. Tricyrtis hirta (Thunb.) Hook. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e)
190. Tricyrtis latifolia Maxim. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e)
191. Tricyrtis macropoda Miq. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e)
192. Tricyrtis × hybrida hort. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult.
193. Tulipa biflora Pall. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Desert
194. Tulipa bifloriformis Vved. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(c)
195. Tulipa fosteriana W.Irving. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(c)
196. Tulipa gesneriana L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med(e)
197. Tulipa greigii Regel. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(c)
198. Tulipa humilis Herb. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med
199. Tulipa kaufmanniana Regel. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(c)
200. Tulipa orphanidea Boiss. ex Heldr. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med
201. Tulipa saxatilis Sieber ex Spreng. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med(e)
202. Tulipa suaveolens Roth (= T. schrenkii Regel). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Steppe
203. Tulipa sylvestris L. subsp. australis (Link) Pamp. (= T. biebersteiniana Schult. & Schult., T. quercetorum Klokov &
Zoz). – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Med
204. Tulipa tarda Stapf. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(c)
205. Tulipa × hybrida hort. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult.
Melanthiaceae
206. Trillium luteum (Muhl.) Harb. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
Orchidaceae
207. Bletilla striata (Thunb.) Rchb.f. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e)
208. Cypripedium macranthos Sw. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euras
209. Cypripedium parviflorum Salisb. var. pubescens (Willd.) O.W.Knight (= C. pubescens Willd.). – Imm.: hemerophyte.
– Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
Poaceae
210. Achnatherum bromoides (L.) P.Beauv. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med
211. Agrostis stolonifera L. – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: PArct
212. Arrhenatherum elatius (L.) P.Beauv. ex J.Presl & C.Presl. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euro-
Med. – Note. This species is classified as invasive in Ukraine (Protopopova & Shevera, 2019). However, in the studied
region, it is native (Prokudin et al., 1977).
213. Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Torr. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
214. Bouteloua gracilis (Kunth) Lag. ex Griffiths. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
215. Calamagrostis × acutiflora (Schrad.) DC. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. –
Origin: cult.
216. Cenchrus alopecuroides (L.) Thunb. (= Pennisetum alopecuroides (L.) Spreng.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med.
– L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e)
217. Cenchrus orientalis (Rich.) Morrone (= Pennisetum orientale Rich.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.).
– L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med-As(s)
218. Chasmanthium latifolium (Michx.) H.O.Yates. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
219. Cortaderia selloana (Schult. & Schult.f.) Asch. & Graebn. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: low. – L.f.: perennial (facult.).
– Origin: Am(n). – Note. It is not a winter-hardy plant in our region, but it can nevertheless occasionally be found
in collections, store offers, and private and municipal flower gardens.
220. Deschampsia cespitosa (L.) P.Beauv. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Holarct
221. Festuca cinerea Vill. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med
222. Festuca cretacea T.I.Popov ex Proskor. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. –
Origin: Steppe
223. Festuca gautieri (Hack.) K.Richt. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med
224. Festuca glauca Vill. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med
225. Festuca pallens Host. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro
226. Hakonechloa macra (Munro) Honda. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e)
227. Helictotrichon sempervirens (Vill.) Pilg. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. –
Origin: Euro(w)
228. Holcus mollis L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro
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Ornamental perennials in floriculture of Central Ukraine
229. Imperata cylindrica (L.) P.Beauv. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: PTrop
230. Leymus arenarius (L.) Hochst. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Boreal(Euro)
231. Leymus racemosus (Lam.) Tzvelev. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – Spont.: casual (ephemerophyte).
– L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Steppe
232. Lolium multiflorum Lam. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – Spont.: casual (ephemerophyte). – L.f.:
perennial (short-life). – Origin: Med-As(c)
233. Melica altissima L. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Steppe. – Note. ‘Atropurpurea’
234. Miscanthus × longiberbis (Hack.) Nakai (= M. giganteus J.M.Greef & Deuter ex Hodk. & Renvoize). – Imm.:
hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult.
235. Miscanthus sacchariflorus (Maxim.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex Franch. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed, veg.
spread.). – Spont.: casual (ephemerophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e)
236. Miscanthus sinensis Andersson. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin:
As(e)
237. Nassella tenuissima (Trin.) Barkworth (= Stipa tenuissima Trin.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb.
perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
238. Panicum virgatum L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
239. Phalaris arundinacea L. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Holarct
240. Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Multi. – Note.
‘Variegatus’
241. Pleioblastus variegatus (J.Dix) Makino. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: subshrub. – Origin:
As(e)
242. Sporobolus michauxianus (Hitchc.) P.M.Peterson & Saarela. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb.
perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
243. Tripidium ravennae (L.) H.Scholz. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. –
Origin: Med-As(ws)
244. Zizania latifolia (Griseb.) Hance ex F.Muell. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – Spont.: naturalized,
invasive. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e)
Eudicots
Acanthaceae
245. Acanthus hungaricus (Borbás) Baen. (= A. balcanicus Heywood & I.Richardson). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high
(self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med
246. Acanthus mollis L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med
Aizoaceae
247. Delosperma cooperi (Hook.f.) L.Bolus. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Afr
248. Delosperma nubigenum (Schltr.) L.Bolus. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Afr
Apiaceae
249. Aegopodium podagraria L. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euro. – Note. ‘Variegatum’
250. Astrantia major L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro
251. Eryngium planum L. – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euras
252. Levisticum officinale W.D.J.Koch. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – Spont.: casual (colonophyte). –
L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(w)
253. Heracleum lehmannianum Bunge. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(cs)
Apocynaceae
254. Amsonia tabernaemontana Walter. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
255. Apocynum cannabinum L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed., veg. spread.). – Spont.: casual
(colonophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
256. Asclepias syriaca L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – Spont.: naturalized, invasive. – L.f.: herb.
perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
257. Asclepias tuberosa L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
258. Vinca herbacea Waldst. & Kit. – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Med
259. Vinca major L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med
260. Vinca minor L. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euro-Med
Asteraceae
261. Achillea filipendulina Lam. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med-As(c)
262. Achillea millefolium L. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Boreal
263. Achillea ptarmica L. (= Ptarmica vulgaris Blakw. ex DC.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial.
– Origin: Boreal. – Note. This species in its natural habitat was recorded in the northern part of Kyiv Oblast, within
the Polissya zone (Sytnik, 1984). In the studied region, it is not native.
264. Achillea tomentosa L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med
265. Antennaria dioica (L.) Gaertn. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Boreal
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266. Archanthemis marschalliana (Willd.) Lo Presti & Oberpr. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial.
– Origin: Med
267. Artemisia abrotanum L. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: subshrub. – Range: Euras
268. Artemisia dracunculus L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.?). – Spont.: casual (ephemerophyte). – L.f.:
herb. perennial. – Origin: Euras
269. Artemisia genipi Stechm. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med
270. Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
271. Artemisia schmidtiana Maxim. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: subshrub. – Origin: As(e)
272. Artemisia vulgaris agg. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e). –
Note. ‘Janlim’
273. Aster alpinus L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Holarct
274. Aster tongolensis Franch. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e)
275. Centaurea fuscomarginata (K.Koch) Juz. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial.
– Origin: Steppe
276. Centaurea macrocephala Muss.Puschk. ex Willd. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb.
perennial. – Origin: Med
277. Centaurea mollis Waldst. & Kit. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – Spont.: casual (ephemerophyte).
– L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro
278. Centaurea montana L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro
279. Centaurea scabiosa L. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euras
280. Chrysanthemum indicum L. (= C. koraiense Nakai). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: low. – L.f.: perennial (facult.). –
Origin: As(e). – Note. It is possible that the pure species (rather than hybrids) is absent in our area.
281. Chrysanthemum × morifolium (Ramat.) Hemsl. (= Dendranthema × hortorum Bailey). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.:
low. – L.f.: perennial (facult.). – Origin: As(e)
282. Coreopsis auriculata L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
283. Coreopsis lanceolata L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – Spont.: casual (colonophyte). – L.f.: herb.
perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
284. Coreopsis verticillata L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
285. Dahlia × cultorum Thorsrud & Reisaeter. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: low. – L.f.: perennial (facult.). – Origin: cult.
286. Dahlia imperialis Roezl ex Ortgies. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: low. – L.f.: perennial (facult.). – Origin: Am(n)
287. Doronicum caucasicum M.Bieb. (= D. orientale Hoffm.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial.
– Origin: Med
288. Doronicum × excelsum (N.E.Br.) Stace. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro
289. Doronicum pardalianches L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro-Med
290. Echinacea angustifolia DC. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
291. Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Nutt. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
292. Echinacea paradoxa Britton × E. sp. garden hybrid hort. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial.
– Origin: Am(n)
293. Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – Spont.: casual (ephemerophyte).
– L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
294. Echinacea × hybrida hort. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult.
295. Echinops bannaticus Rochel ex Schrad. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (abund. self-seed.). – L.f.: herb.
perennial. – Origin: Med
296. Echinops sphaerocephalus L. – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euras
297. Emilia coccinea (Sims) G.Don. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Afr
298. Erigeron speciosus (Lindl.) DC. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
299. Erigeron × hybridus hort. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult.
300. Eupatorium cannabinum L. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euro-Med
301. Eutrochium maculatum (L.) E.E.Lamont. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
302. Farfugium japonicum (L.) Kitam. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: low. – L.f.: perennial (facult.). – Origin: As(e)
303. Felicia amelloides (L.) Voss. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: low. – L.f.: perennial (facult.). – Origin: Afr
304. Gaillardia aristata Pursh. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (abund. self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin:
Am(n)
305. Helenium autumnale L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
306. Helianthus × laetiflorus Pers. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed., veg. spread.). – Spont.: casual
(colonophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
307. Helianthus tuberosus L. var. subcanescens A.Gray (= H. subcanescens (A.Gray) E.Watson). – Imm.: hemerophyte. –
Accl.: high (self-seed., veg. spread.). – Spont.: naturalized, invasive. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n). – Note.
As an independent species, H. subcanescens was classified as potentially invasive (Zavialova, 2017).
308. Heliopsis helianthoides (L.) Sweet var. scabra (Dunal) Fernald (= Heliopsis scabra Dunal). – Imm.: hemerophyte. –
Accl.: high (self-seed.). – Spont.: casual (colonophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
309. Hieracium bifidum Kit. ex Hornem. s.l. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. –
Origin: Euro
310. Hieracium maculatum Schrank. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin:
Euro-Med
311. Inula helenium L. – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euras
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312. Leontopodium nivale (Ten.) A.Huet ex Hand.-Mazz. subsp. alpinum (Cass.) Greuter (= L. alpinum Cass.). – Imm.:
hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro
313. Leucanthemum maximum (Ramond) DC. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – Spont.: casual
(ephemerophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro
314. Leucanthemum × superbum (Bergmans ex J.W.Ingram) D.H.Kent. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb.
perennial. – Origin: cult.
315. Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euro
316. Liatris spicata (L.) Willd. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
317. Ligularia dentata (A.Gray) H.Hara. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e)
318. Ligularia macrophylla (Ledeb.) DC. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(c)
319. Ligularia przewalskii (Maxim.) Diels. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e)
320. Ligularia sibirica (L.) Cass. (= L. bucovinensis Nakai). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. –
Origin: Euro-Sib
321. Ligularia stenocephala (Maxim.) Matsum. & Koidz. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. –
Origin: As(e)
322. Petasites albus (L.) Gaertn. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro-Med
323. Petasites hybridus (L.) G.Gaertn., B.Mey. & Scherb. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb.
perennial. – Origin: Euro-Med
324. Pilosella aurantiaca (L.) F.W.Schultz & Sch.Bip. (= Hieracium aurantiacum L.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high
(self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro
325. Psephellus dealbatus (Willd.) K.Koch (= Centaurea dealbata Willd.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.?,
veg. spread.). – Spont.: casual (colonophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(Cauc.)
326. Rhaponticoides ruthenica (Lam.) M.V.Agab. & Greuter (= Centaurea ruthenica Lam.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.:
high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Steppe
327. Rudbeckia laciniata L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed., veg. spread.). – Spont.: casual (colonophyte),
invasive. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
328. Santolina chamaecyparissus L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med
329. Santolina virens Mill. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: subshrub. – Origin: Med
330. Senecio nemorensis L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euras
331. Senecio ovatus (G.Gaertn., B.Mey. & Scherb.) Willd. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. –
Origin: Euro
332. Serratula coronata L. – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euras
333. Silphium perfoliatum L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed., veg. spread.). – Spont.: casual (colonophyte).
– L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
334. Silphium terebinthinaceum Jacq. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
335. Solidago canadensis L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – Spont.: naturalized, invasive. – L.f.: herb.
perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
336. Solidago gigantea Aiton (= Solidago serotina Aiton). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed., veg. spread.). –
Spont.: casual (colonophyte), potent. invas. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
337. Solidago × hybrida hort. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult.
338. Symphyotrichum × salignum (Willd.) G.L.Nesom (= Aster × salignus Willd.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-
seed., veg. spread.). – Spont.: casual (colonophyte), invasive. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult.
339. Symphyotrichum × versicolor (Willd.) G.L.Nesom (= Aster versicolor Willd). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-
seed., veg. spread.). – Spont.: naturalized. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult.
340. Symphyotrichum dumosum (L.) G.L.Nesom × S. sp. hybrid hort. (= Aster dumosus auct. non Hoffm.). – Imm.:
hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – Spont.: casual (ephemerophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult.
341. Symphyotrichum ericoides (L.) G.L.Nesom. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
342. Symphyotrichum lanceolatum (Willd.) G.L.Nesom (= Aster lanceolatus Willd.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high
(self-seed., veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
343. Symphyotrichum novae-angliae (L.) G.L.Nesom (= Aster novae-angliae L.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-
seed., veg. spread.). – Spont.: casual (ephemerophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
344. Symphyotrichum novi-belgii (L.) G.L.Nesom (= Aster novi-belgii L.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.,
veg. spread.). – Spont.: casual (colonophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
345. Symphyotrichum × hybridum hort. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult.
346. Tanacetum balsamita L. (= Pyrethrum majus (Desf.) Tzvelev). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.?, veg.
spread.). – Spont.: casual (ephemerophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med(e)
347. Tanacetum coccineum (Willd.) Grierson (= Pyrethrum roseum (Adams) M.Bieb.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med.
– L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med(e)-As(c)
348. Tanacetum macrophyllum (Waldst. & Kit.) Sch.Bip. (= Pyrethrum macrophyllum (Waldst. & Kit.) Willd.). – Imm.:
hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(Cauc.)
349. Tanacetum partheniifolium (Willd.) Sch.Bip. (= Pyrethrum partheniifolium Willd.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.:
high (self-seed.). – Spont.: casual (colonophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med
350. Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Sch.Bip. (= Pyrethrum parthenium (L.) Sm.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-
seed.). – Spont.: casual (colonophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med
351. Telekia speciosa (Schreb.) Baumg. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med(e)
352. Vernonia gigantea (Walter) Trel. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
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Berberidaceae
353. Epimedium grandiflorum C.Morren. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e)
354. Epimedium pinnatum Fisch. ex DC. subsp. colchicum (Boiss.) N.Busch. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.:
herb. perennial. – Origin: As(Cauc.)
355. Epimedium × rubrum C.Morren. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult.
356. Epimedium × youngianum Fisch. & C.A.Mey. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e)
357. Epimedium × hybridum hort. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult.
Bignoniaceae
358. Incarvillea delavayi Bureau & Franch. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e)
Boraginaceae
359. Aegonychon purpurocaeruleum (L.) Holub (= Lithospermum purpureo-coeruleum L.). – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb.
perennial. – Range: Euro-Med
360. Brunnera macrophylla (Adams) I.M.Johnst. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial.
– Origin: As(Cauc.)
361. Brunnera sibirica Steven. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(Sib.)
362. Myosotis alpestris F.W.Schmidt. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (abund. self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. –
Origin: Euras
363. Omphalodes verna Moench. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med
364. Pulmonaria longifolia (Bastard) Boreau. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro
365. Pulmonaria officinalis L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro
366. Pulmonaria rubra Schott. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro
367. Pulmonaria saccharata Mill. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro
368. Pulmonaria × hybrida hort. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult.
369. Symphytum asperum Lepech. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed., veg. spread.). – Spont.: casual
(colonophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(Cauc.)
370. Symphytum caucasicum M.Bieb. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed., veg. spread.). – Spont.: casual
(colonophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(Cauc.)
Brassicaceae
371. Aethionema grandiflorum Boiss. & Hohen. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: subshrub. – Origin: Med
372. Alyssum montanum L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: subshrub. – Origin: Euro
373. Arabis alpina L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Holarct
374. Arabis caucasica Willd. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: subshrub. – Origin: Med
375. Arabis procurrens Waldst. & Kit. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro
376. Aubrieta × cultorum Bergmans. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: subshrub. – Origin: cult.
377. Aubrieta deltoidea (L.) DC. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med
378. Aurinia saxatilis (L.) Desv. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euro-Med
379. Crambe maritima L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro-Med
380. Draba aizoides L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: subshrub. – Origin: Euro
381. Draba bruniifolia Steven. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: subshrub. – Origin: Med
382. Hornungia alpina (L.) O.Appel subsp. brevicaulis (Spreng.) O.Appel (= Hutchinsia alpina R.Br. subsp. brevicaulis
(Hoppe) Arcangeli). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med
383. Iberis saxatilis L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: subshrub. – Origin: Med
384. Iberis sempervirens L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: subshrub. – Origin: Med
385. Lunaria rediviva L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – Spont.: casual (ephemerophyte). – L.f.: herb.
perennial. – Origin: Euro
386. Pachyphragma macrophyllum (Hoffm.) N.Busch. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. –
Origin: As(Cauc.)
Buxaceae
387. Pachysandra terminalis Siebold & Zucc. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e)
Campanulaceae
388. Campanula alliariifolia Willd. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med
389. Campanula bononiensis L. – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euras
390. Campanula carpatica Jacq. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro
391. Campanula glomerata L. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euras
392. Campanula lactiflora M.Bieb. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med
393. Campanula latifolia L. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euro-Med
394. Campanula persicifolia L. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euro
395. Campanula portenschlagiana Schult. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med
396. Campanula poscharskyana Degen. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med
397. Campanula punctata Lam. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e)
398. Campanula tatrae Borbás. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro
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Ornamental perennials in floriculture of Central Ukraine
399. Campanula zangezura (Lipsky) Kolak. & Serdyuk. (= Symphyandra zangezura Lipsky). – Imm.: hemerophyte. –
Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(w)
400. Campanula × hybrida hort. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult. – Note. ‘Pink
Octopus’, etc.
401. Lobelia siphilitica L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
402. Platycodon grandiflorus (Jacq.) A.DC. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. –
Origin: As(e)
Caprifoliaceae
403. Lomelosia caucasica (M.Bieb.) Greuter & Burdet. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. –
Origin: As(w)
404. Valeriana rubra L. (= Centranthus ruber (L.) DC.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb.
perennial. – Origin: Med
Caryophyllaceae
405. Cerastium arvense L. – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Holarct
406. Cerastium biebersteinii DC. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med
407. Cerastium tomentosum L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread., self-seed.?). – L.f.: herb. perennial. –
Origin: Med
408. Dianthus deltoides L. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euro
409. Dianthus gratianopolitanus Vill. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: subshrub. – Origin: Euro
410. Dianthus plumarius L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med
411. Dianthus superbus L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: subshrub. – Origin: Euras
412. Gypsophila paniculata L. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euras
413. Gypsophila repens L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro
414. Petrorhagia saxifraga (L.) Link. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – Spont.: casual (colonophyte). – L.f.:
subshrub. – Origin: Med
415. Sagina hawaiensis Pax (= S. subulata (Sw.) C.Presl). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. –
Origin: Euro
416. Saponaria ocymoides L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (abund. self-seed.). – L.f.: subshrub. – Origin: Euro
417. Saponaria officinalis L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed., veg. spread.). – Spont.: naturalized, invasive.
– L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med
418. Silene chalcedonica (L.) E.H.L.Krause (= Lychnis chalcedonica L.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). –
Spont.: casual (ephemerophyte). – L.f.: perennial (short-life). – Origin: Euro-Sib
419. Silene uniflora Roth. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Boreal
420. Viscaria vulgaris Bernh. (= Steris viscaria (L.) Raf.). – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euro
Cistaceae
421. Helianthemum apenninum (L.) Mill. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: subshrub. – Origin: Euro
422. Helianthemum nummularium (L.) Mill. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: subshrub. – Origin:
Euro-Med
423. Helianthemum × hybridum hort. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: subshrub. – Origin: cult.
Convolvulaceae
424. Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: low. – L.f.: perennial (facult.). – Origin: Am(c)
Crassulaceae
425. Hylotelephium cauticola (Praeger) H.Ohba. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(fe)
426. Hylotelephium × cordifolium (Baker) J. Uher (= H. maximum × H. spectabile, Sedum cordifolium Baker). – Imm.:
hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed., pot. prop. cutt.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult.
427. Hylotelephium cyaneum (Rudolph) H.Ohba. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(fe)
428. Hylotelephium erythrostictum (Miq.) H.Ohba. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(fe)
429. Hylotelephium ewersii (Ledeb.) H.Ohba. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. (pot. prop. cutt.). – L.f.: herb. perennial.
– Origin: As(c)
430. Hylotelephium maximum (L.) J.Holub subsp. maximum. – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euro-Med
431. Hylotelephium × mottramianum J.M.H.Shaw & R.Stephenson. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. (pot. prop. cutt.).
– Spont.: casual (ephemerophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult. – Note. ‘Herbstfreude’
432. Hylotelephium pluricaule (Maxim.) H.Ohba. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e)
433. Hylotelephium spectabile (Boreau) H.Ohba. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e)
434. Hylotelephium vulgare (Haw.) Holub (= Sedum fabaria W.D.J.Koch). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb.
perennial. – Origin: Euro. – Note. The type species of the genus, Hylotelephium telephium (L.) H.Ohba (= Sedum
purpureum (L.) Schult.), is unstable and not cultivated under local conditions, though it is one of the parents of
several cultivars.
435. Hylotelephium × hybridum hort. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult.
436. Petrosedum forsterianum (Sm.) Grulich. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro
437. Petrosedum ochroleucum (Chaix) Niederle. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro
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438. Petrosedum orientale (‘t Hart) Grulich. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed., veg. spread.). – Spont.:
naturalized, potent. invas. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro
439. Petrosedum rupestre (L.) P.V.Heath (= Sedum reflexum L., Petrosedum reflexum (L.) Grulich). – Imm.: hemerophyte.
– Accl.: high (self-seed., veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro
440. Petrosedum sediforme (Jacq.) Grulich. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med
441. Phedimus aizoon (L.) ‘t Hart (= Sedum aizoon L.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – Spont.: casual
(colonophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(fe)
442. Phedimus ellacombeanus (Praeger) ‘t Hart. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial.
– Origin: As(e)
443. Phedimus hybridus (L.) ‘t Hart (= Sedum hybridum L.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.?, veg. spread.).
– Spont.: casual (ephemerophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(fe)
444. Phedimus kamtschaticus (Fisch. & C.A.Mey.) ‘t Hart. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. –
Origin: As(fe)
445. Phedimus middendorffianus (Maxim.) ‘t Hart. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb.
perennial. – Origin: As(e)
446. Phedimus spurius (M.Bieb.) ‘t Hart (= Sedum spurium M.Bieb.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). –
Spont.: casual (colonophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(Cauc.)
447. Phedimus spurius subsp. oppositifolius (Sims) L.Gallo (= Sedum oppositifolium Sims., Phedimus crenatus (Desf.)
V.V.Byalt). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(Cauc.). – Note. The
taxon is no longer recognized as an independent species (POWO, 2025).
448. Phedimus stolonifer (S.G.Gmel.) ‘t Hart. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. –
Origin: As(Cauc.)
449. Rhodiola pachyclados (Aitch. ex Hemsl.) H.Ohba. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. –
Origin: As(s)
450. Sedum acre L. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euro
451. Sedum album L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.?, veg. spread.). – Spont.: casual (colonophyte). – L.f.:
herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro
452. Sedum anglicum Huds. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro
453. Sedum dasyphyllum L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med
454. Sedum mexicanum Britton. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: low. – L.f.: perennial (facult.). – Origin: Am(n)
455. Sedum pallidum M.Bieb. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed., veg. spread.). – Spont.: naturalized. – L.f.:
herb. perennial. – Origin: Med
456. Sedum sarmentosum Bunge. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e)
457. Sedum sexangulare L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed, veg. spread.). – Spont.: naturalized. – L.f.: herb.
perennial. – Origin: Euro-Med. – Note. No natural habitats are known in the studied territory. It was first reported
for Uman city (Rogovich, 1855; Andrzejowski, 1861), likely originating from “Sofiyivka” Park as an hemerophyte.
458. Sempervivum × alatum Scheele nothosubsp. alatum (= Sempervivum × funkii Le Jol. ex Nyman). – Imm.:
hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro
459. Sempervivum arachnoideum L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro
460. Sempervivum calcareum Jord. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med
461. Sempervivum × comollii Rota. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro
462. Sempervivum globiferum L. subsp. globiferum. – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euro
463. Sempervivum globiferum subsp. hirtum (L.) ‘t Hart & Bleij (= Jovibarba hirta (L.) Opiz). – Imm.: hemerophyte. –
Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro
464. Sempervivum ruthenicum Koch ex Schnittsp. & Lehm. – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euro
465. Sempervivum tectorum L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (pot. prop. cutt.). – Spont.: casual (ephemerophyte).
– L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro
466. Sempervivum × hybridum hort. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult.
Cucurbitaceae
467. Thladiantha dubia Bunge. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.?, veg. spread.). – Spont.: casual
(colonophyte), potent. invas. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e)
Euphorbiaceae
468. Euphorbia cyparissias L. – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euro-Med
469. Euphorbia epithymoides L. (= E. polychroma A.Kern.). – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euro
470. Euphorbia mesembryanthemifolia Jacq. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: subshrub. – Origin: Am(s)
471. Euphorbia myrsinites L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med
Fabaceae
472. Baptisia australis (L.) R.Br. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
473. Desmodium canadense (L.) DC. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
474. Galega orientalis Lam. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed., veg. spread.). – Spont.: casual (colonophyte).
– L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(Cauc.)
475. Glycyrrhiza glabra L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.?, veg. spread.). – Spont.: casual (colonophyte).
– L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med
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476. Lathyrus latifolius L. (= Lathyrus megalanthus Stendel.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed., veg.
spread.). – Spont.: casual (colonophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med
477. Lathyrus tuberosus L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed, veg. spread.). – Spont.: naturalized. – L.f.: herb.
perennial. – Origin: As(c)
478. Lupinus perennis L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – Spont.: casual (ephemerophyte). – L.f.: herb.
perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
479. Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – Spont.: naturalized, invasive. – L.f.:
herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
480. Trifolium repens L. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: PArct
481. Trifolium rubens L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – Spont.: casual (ephemerophyte). – L.f.: herb.
perennial. – Origin: Euro
Geraniaceae
482. Geranium × cantabrigiense P.F.Yeo. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult.
483. Geranium dalmaticum (Beck) Rech.f. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med
484. Geranium himalayense Klotzsch – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(s)
485. Geranium macrorrhizum L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med
486. Geranium maculatum L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
487. Geranium nepalense Sweet. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e)
488. Geranium phaeum L. – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euro-Med
489. Geranium pyrenaicum Burm.f. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – Spont.: casual (colonophyte). –
L.f.: perennial (short-life). – Origin: Med
490. Geranium ruprechtii (Woronow) Grossh. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(Cauc.)
491. Geranium sanguineum L. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euro
492. Geranium wallichianum D.Don ex Sweet. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(s)
Hypericaceae
493. Hypericum androsaemum L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: subshrub. – Origin: Med
494. Hypericum ascyron L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Holarct
495. Hypericum calycinum L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: subshrub. – Origin: Med
496. Hypericum olympicum L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med
497. Hypericum patulum Thumb. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e)
Lamiaceae
498. Agastache foeniculum (Pursh) Kuntze (= Lophanthus anisatus (Nutt.) Benth.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high
(self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
499. Agastache rugosa (Fisch. & C.A.Mey.) Kuntze. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial.
– Origin: As(s)
500. Ajuga pyramidalis L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro
501. Ajuga reptans L. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euro-Med
502. Betonica macrantha K.Koch. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med
503. Clinopodium menthifolium (Host) Merino subsp. ascendens (Jord.) Govaerts (= Calamintha menthifolia Host.). – Imm.:
hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – Spont.: casual (ephemerophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro-Med
504. Clinopodium nepeta (L.) Kuntze (= Calamintha nepeta (L.) Savi). – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range:
Euro-Med
505. Elsholtzia stauntonii Benth. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: subshrub. – Origin: As(e)
506. Hyssopus officinalis L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – Spont.: casual (colonophyte). – L.f.:
subshrub. – Origin: Med
507. Lamium galeobdolon L. subsp. argentatum (Smejkal) J.Duvign. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb.
perennial. – Origin: Euro
508. Lamium maculatum (L.) L. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euro
509. Lavandula angustifolia Mill. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: subshrub. – Origin: Med
510. Lavandula × intermedia Emeric ex Loisel. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: subshrub. – Origin: Med
511. Melissa officinalis L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – Spont.: casual (ephemerophyte). – L.f.: herb.
perennial. – Origin: Med
512. Mentha × piperita L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.?, veg. spread.). – Spont.: casual (colonophyte).
– L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult.
513. Mentha spicata L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed., veg. spread.). – Spont.: casual (colonophyte). –
L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med
514. Mentha suaveolens Ehrh. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro-Med
515. Monarda didyma L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
516. Monarda fistulosa L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
517. Monarda × hybrida hort. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult.
518. Nepeta cataria L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – Spont.: casual (colonophyte). – L.f.: perennial
(short-life). – Origin: Med
519. Nepeta × faasenii Bergmans ex Stearn. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult.
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520. Nepeta grandiflora M.Bieb. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed., veg. spread.). – Spont.: casual
(colonophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(Cauc.)
521. Nepeta racemosa Lam. (= N. transcaucasica Grossh.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – Spont.:
casual (colonophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(w)
522. Origanum laevigatum Boiss. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med
523. Origanum rotundifolium Boiss. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med
524. Origanum vulgare L. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euras
525. Phlomoides tuberosa (L.) Moench. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Steppe
526. Phlomis russeliana (Sims) Lag. ex Benth. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med(e)
527. Physostegia virginiana (L.) Benth. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
528. Prunella grandiflora (L.) Turra. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euro
529. Salvia abrotanoides (Kar.) Sytsma (= Perovskia abrotanoides Kar.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.:
subshrub. – Origin: As(cs)
530. Salvia × floriferior Dolat. & Ziel. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: subshrub. – Origin: cult.
531. Salvia glutinosa L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro-Med
532. Salvia nemorosa L. subsp. nemorosa. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Steppe
533. Salvia nutans L. – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Steppe
534. Salvia officinalis L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: subshrub. – Origin: Med
535. Salvia rosmarinus Spenn. (= Rosmarinus officinalis L.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: low. – L.f.: subshrub. – Origin: Med
536. Salvia scrophulariifolia (Bunge) B.T.Drew (= Perovskia scrophulariifolia Bunge). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med.
– L.f.: subshrub. – Origin: As(c)
537. Salvia × sylvestris L. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euro-Med
538. Salvia tomentosa Mill. (= S. grandiflora Etl.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial.
– Origin: Med. – Note. In the Uman city (Cherkasy Oblast) the species has acclimatized and is self-seeding.
539. Salvia verbenaca L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med
540. Salvia virgata Jacq. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med-As(c)
541. Salvia yangii B.T.Drew (= Perovskia atriplicifolia Benth.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: subshrub. –
Origin: As(s)
542. Satureja montana L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: subshrub. – Origin: Med
543. Stachys byzantina K.Koch (= S. lanata Jacq.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed, veg. spread.). – Spont.:
casual (colonophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(w)
544. Teucrium chamaedrys L. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: subshrub. – Range: Med
545. Teucrium orientale L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med
546. Thymus × citriodorus (Pers.) Schreb. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: subshrub. – Origin: Euro
547. Thymus pulegioides L. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: subshrub. – Range: Euro
548. Thymus serpyllum L. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: subshrub. – Range: Boreal
549. Thymus vulgaris L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: subshrub. – Origin: Euro
Linaceae
550. Linum austriacum L. – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Med
551. Linum perenne L. – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euras
Malvaceae
552. Althaea cannabina L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro-Med
553. Althaea officinalis L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – Spont.: naturalized. – L.f.: herb. perennial.
– Origin: As(c)
554. Hibiscus hybridus F.Dietr. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Ptrop
555. Hibiscus moscheutos L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
556. Kitaibelia vitifolia Willd. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med
557. Malva thuringiaca (L.) Vis. (= Lavatera thuringiaca L.). – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euras
558. Ripariosida hermaphrodita (L.) Weakley & D.B.Poind. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb.
perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
Mazaceae
559. Mazus miquelii Makino. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e)
Nyctaginaceae
560. Mirabilis nyctaginea (Michx.) MacMill. (= Oxybaphus nyctagineus (Michx.) Sweet). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.:
high (self-seed.). – Spont.: naturalized, potent. invas. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
Onagraceae
561. Oenothera fruticosa L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
562. Oenothera lindheimeri (Engelm. & A.Gray) W.L.Wagner & Hoch (= Gaura lindheimeri Engelm. & A.Gray). – Imm.:
hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
563. Oenothera longissima Rydb. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: perennial (short-life). – Origin: Am(n)
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Ornamental perennials in floriculture of Central Ukraine
564. Oenothera macrocarpa Nutt. (= O. missouriensis Sims). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial.
– Origin: Am(n)
565. Oenothera pilosella Raf. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – Spont.: casual (ephemerophyte). – L.f.:
herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
566. Oenothera speciosa Nutt. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (abund. self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
Oxalidaceae
567. Oxalis corniculata L. var. atropurpurea Planch. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed., veg. spread.). –
Spont.: naturalized. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(c)
568. Oxalis lasiandra Zucc. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: low. – L.f.: perennial (facult.). – Origin: Am(n)
569. Oxalis tetraphylla Cav. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: low. – L.f.: perennial (facult.). – Origin: Am(n)
570. Oxalis triangularis A.St.-Hil. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: low. – L.f.: perennial (facult.). – Origin: Am(s)
571. Oxalis violacea L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: low. – L.f.: perennial (facult.). – Origin: Am(n)
Paeoniaceae
572. Paeonia anomala L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(Sib.)
573. Paeonia lactiflora Pall. (= P. albiflora Pall.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial.
– Origin: As(e)
574. Paeonia officinalis L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med
575. Paeonia tenuifolia L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Steppe
576. Paeonia × hybrida hort. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult.
Papaveraceae
577. Corydalis caucasica DC. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – Spont.: naturalized, potent. invas. – L.f.:
herb. perennial. – Origin: As(Cauc.)
578. Corydalis cava (L.) Schweigg. & Körte subsp. marschalliana (Willd.) Hayek (= C. marschalliana (Pall. ex Willd.) Pers.).
– Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Med
579. Corydalis nobilis (L.) Pers. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(Sib.)
580. Dicentra formosa (Andrews) Walp. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
581. Dicentra × hybrida hort. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult.
582. Lamprocapnos spectabilis (L.) Fukuhara (= Dicentra spectabilis (L.) Lem.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-
seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e)
583. Macleaya cordata (Willd.) R.Br. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e)
584. Macleaya microcarpa (Maxim.) Fedde. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e)
585. Papaver atlanticum (Ball) Coss. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin:
Euro
586. Papaver lateritium K.Koch × P. orientale hybrid hort. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. –
Origin: cult.
587. Papaver orientale L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – Spont.: casual (ephemerophyte). – L.f.: herb.
perennial. – Origin: As(w)
588. Papaver setiferum Goldblatt (= P. orientale auct. non L., P. pseudo-orientale (Fedde) Medw.). – Imm.: hemerophyte.
– Accl.: high (self-seed.). – Spont.: casual (ephemerophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(w)
589. Pseudo-fumaria lutea (L.) Borkh. (= Corydalis lutea (L.) DC.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed., veg.
spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med
590. Sanguinaria canadensis L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
Phytolaccaceae
591. Phytolacca acinosa Roxb. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – Spont.: naturalized. – L.f.: herb.
perennial. – Origin: As(e)
592. Phytolacca americana L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – Spont.: casual (colonophyte). – L.f.: herb.
perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
Phrymaceae
593. Erythranthe guttata (DC.) G.L.Nesom. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
Plantaginaceae
594. Chelone glabra L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
595. Chelone lyonii Pursh. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
596. Chelone obliqua L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
597. Cymbalaria muralis G.Gaertn., B.Mey. & Scherb. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – Spont.: casual
(ephemerophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med
598. Digitalis grandiflora Mill. – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euro
599. Globularia bisnagarica L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro-Med
600. Globularia cordifolia L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med
601. Globularia trichosantha Fisch. & C.A.Mey. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial.
– Origin: Med
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602. Penstemon barbatus (Cav.) Roth. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
603. Penstemon campanulatus (Cav.) Willd. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. –
Origin: Am(n)
604. Penstemon cobaea Nutt. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
605. Penstemon digitalis Nutt. ex Sims. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
606. Penstemon hirsutus (L.) Willd. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (abund. self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. –
Origin: Am(n)
607. Penstemon pinifolius Greene. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
608. Penstemon × hybridus hort. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
609. Plantago major L. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: PArct. – Note. ‘Rubrifolia’
610. Veronica armena Boiss. & A.Huet. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med
611. Veronica austriaca L. s.l. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euro-Med
612. Veronica gentianoides Vahl. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med
613. Veronica incana L. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euras
614. Veronica longifolia L. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Boreal
615. Veronica officinalis L. – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euro
616. Veronica prostrata L. – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euras
617. Veronica spicata L. subsp. spicata. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euras
618. Veronica teucrium L. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euras
619. Veronicastrum sibiricum (L.) Pennell. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e)
620. Veronicastrum virginicum (L.) Farw. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. –
Origin: Am(n)
Plumbaginaceae
621. Armeria maritima (Mill.) Willd. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: subshrub. – Origin: Boreal
622. Armeria pseudarmeria (Murray) Mansf. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: subshrub. – Origin: Euro
623. Ceratostigma plumbaginoides Bunge. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e)
624. Goniolimon tataricum (L.) Boiss. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Steppe
625. Limonium platyphyllum Lincz. – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Steppe
626. Limonium sareptanum (A.K.Becker) Gams. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial.
– Origin: Steppe
Polemoniaceae
627. Phlox amoena Sims. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
628. Phlox divaricata L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
629. Phlox paniculata L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – Spont.: casual (ephemerophyte). – L.f.: herb.
perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
630. Phlox × procumbens Lehm. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult.
631. Phlox subulata L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
632. Polemonium caeruleum L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Boreal
633. Polemonium reptans L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
Polygonaceae
634. Bistorta affinis (D.Don) Greene (= Polygonum affine D.Don). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb.
perennial. – Origin: As(s)
635. Bistorta amplexicaulis (D.Don) Greene. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(s)
636. Reynoutria × bohemica Chrtek & Chrtková. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed., veg. spread.). – Spont.:
naturalized, invasive. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult.
637. Reynoutria japonica Houtt. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed., veg. spread.). – Spont.: casual
(colonophyte), invasive. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(fe)
638. Reynoutria sachalinensis (F.Schmidt) Nakai. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed., veg. spread.). – Spont.:
casual (colonophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(fe)
639. Rheum palmatum L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e)
640. Rumex sanguineus L. var. sanguineus. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (abund. self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial.
– Origin: Euro
Primulaceae
641. Cyclamen coum Mill. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: low. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med
642. Cyclamen purpurascens Mill. (= C. europaeum L.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb.
perennial. – Origin: Med
643. Lysimachia atropurpurea L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med
644. Lysimachia ciliata L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
645. Lysimachia clethroides Duby. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e)
646. Lysimachia nummularia L. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euro
647. Lysimachia punctata L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – Spont.: casual (ephemerophyte). – L.f.:
herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro
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Ornamental perennials in floriculture of Central Ukraine
648. Lysimachia verticillaris Biehler (= L. verticillata M.Bieb.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial.
– Origin: Med
649. Lysimachia vulgaris L. – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euras
650. Primula auricula L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro
651. Primula × bullesiana Bees. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult.
652. Primula denticulata Sm. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(s)
653. Primula elatior (L.) Hill. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro
654. Primula japonica A.Gray. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e)
655. Primula juliae Kusn. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(Cauc.)
656. Primula meadia (L.) A.R.Mast & Reveal. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
657. Primula × polyantha Mill. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult.
658. Primula × pubescens (Wulfen) Loisel. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult.
659. Primula sieboldii É.Morren. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e)
660. Primula veris L. subsp. veris. – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euro
661. Primula veris subsp. macrocalyx (Bunge) Lüdi (= P. macrocalyx Bunge). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-
seed.). – Spont.: casual (colonophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euras
662. Primula vulgaris Huds. (= P. acaulis (L.) Hill). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial.
– Origin: Med. – Note. An isolated natural locality exists in the northwestern part of Kyiv Oblast, within the Polissya
zone (Melnyk et al., 2015); but in the studied region, it is not natural.
663. Primula × hybrida hort. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult.
Ranunculaceae
664. Aconitum carmichaelii Debeaux. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e)
665. Aconitum napellus L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med
666. Actaea simplex (DC.) Wormsk. ex Prantl. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e)
667. Actaea spicata L. – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euro
668. Adonis vernalis L. – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Steppe
669. Anemonastrum canadense (L.) Mosyakin. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
670. Anemonastrum dichotomum (L.) Mosyakin (= Anemone dichotoma L.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg.
spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e)
671. Anemone coronaria L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: low. – L.f.: perennial (facult.). – Origin: Med
672. Anemone nemorosa L. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euro
673. Anemone ranunculoides L. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euro
674. Anemone sylvestris L. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euras. – Note. ‘Plena’
675. Anemonoides blanda (Schott & Kotschy) Holub (= Anemone blanda Schott & Kotschy). – Imm.: hemerophyte. –
Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med
676. Aquilegia atrata W.D.J.Koch. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (abund. self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro
677. Aquilegia chrysantha A.Gray. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (abund. self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
678. Aquilegia flabellata Siebold & Zucc. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(fe)
679. Aquilegia olympica Boiss. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(w)
680. Aquilegia vulgaris L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – Spont.: casual (colonophyte). – L.f.: herb.
perennial. – Origin: Euro
681. Aquilegia × hybrida hort. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult.
682. Caltha palustris L. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Boreal
683. Clematis heracleifolia DC. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e)
684. Clematis hexapetala Pall. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(s)
685. Clematis integrifolia L. – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Steppe
686. Delphinium × cultorum Voss. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult.
687. Delphinium cuneatum Spreng. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Steppe
688. Delphinium elatum L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euras
689. Delphinium grandiflorum L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e)
690. Eranthis hyemalis (L.) Salisb. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med
691. Eriocapitella hupehensis (Lemoine) Christenh. & Byng (= Anemone hupehensis (Lemoine) Lemoine). – Imm.:
hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e)
692. Eriocapitella × hybrida (L.H.Bailey) Christenh. & Byng (= Anemone japonica auct. non (Thunb.) Siebold & Zucc.). –
Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e)
693. Eriocapitella japonica (Thunb.) Nakai (= Anemone japonica (Thunb.) Siebold & Zucc.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. –
Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e)
694. Helleborus argutifolius Viv. (= H. corsicus Willd. ex Mabille). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.:
herb. perennial. – Origin: Med
695. Helleborus foetidus L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro
696. Helleborus × hybridus Voss. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult.
697. Helleborus niger L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro
698. Helleborus odorus Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med
699. Helleborus orientalis Lam. (= H. caucasicus A.Braun). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – Spont.:
casual (ephemerophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(Cauc.)
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Shynder et al.
700. Helleborus purpurascens Waldst. & Kit. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. –
Origin: Euro
701. Hepatica nobilis Schreb. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro
702. Pulsatilla vulgaris Mill. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro
703. Ranunculus asiaticus L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: low. – L.f.: perennial (facult.). – Origin: Med
704. Ranunculus illyricus L. – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Steppe
705. Ranunculus repens L. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euras. – Note. ‘Plena’
706. Thalictrum aquilegiifolium L. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euro
707. Thalictrum delavayi Franch. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e)
708. Thalictrum flavum L. – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Boreal
709. Thalictrum lucidum L. – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euro
710. Trollius asiaticus L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euras
711. Trollius × hybrida hort. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult.
Rosaceae
712. Acaena buchananii Hook.f. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: subshrub. – Origin: Oc(NZ)
713. Acaena microphylla Hook.f. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: subshrub. – Origin: Oc(NZ)
714. Alchemilla alpina L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Boreal
715. Alchemilla mollis (Buser) Rothm. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med
716. Aruncus dioicus (Walter) Fernald. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed?. veg. spread.). – Spont.: casual
(colonophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro
717. Aruncus sylvester Kostel. ex Maxim. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(fe)
718. Aruncus × hybridus hort. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult.
719. ×Comagaria rosea (Mabb.) Büscher & G.H.Loos. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb.
perennial. – Origin: cult.
720. Drymocallis rupestris (L.) Soják (= Potentilla rupestris L.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial.
– Origin: PArct
721. Filipendula digitata (Willd.) Bergmans (= F. palmata (Pall.) Maxim.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb.
perennial. – Origin: As(fe)
722. Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euras. – Note. ‘Variegata’
723. Filipendula vulgaris Moench. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: PArct
724. Fragaria × ananassa (Duchesne ex Weston) Duchesne ex Rozier. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.,
veg. spread.). – Spont.: casual (ephemerophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult.
725. Fragaria moschata Duchesne ex Weston. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – Spont.: casual
(colonophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro-Sib
726. Fragaria vesca L. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Boreal
727. Fragaria viridis Weston. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euras
728. Geum coccineum Sm. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med
729. Geum quellyon Sweet (= G. chiloense Balbis.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(s)
730. Geum × hybridum hort. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult.
731. Potentilla alba L. – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euras
732. Potentilla atrosanguinea G.Lodd. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(s)
733. Potentilla gracilis Douglas ex Hook. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
734. Potentilla indica (Andrews) Th.Wolf (= Duchesnea indica (Andrews) Focke). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high
(self-seed., veg. spread.). – Spont.: casual (colonophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e)
735. Potentilla nepalensis Hook. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (abund. self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Afr
736. Potentilla recta L. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Med
737. Potentilla × hybrida hort. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult.
738. Sanguisorba albiflora (Makino) Makino. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e)
739. Sanguisorba canadensis L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
740. Sanguisorba minor Scop. subsp. minor (= Poterium sanguisorba L.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.).
– Spont.: casual (ephemerophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro-Med
741. Sanguisorba officinalis L. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Holarct
742. Sanguisorba tenuifolia Fisch. ex Link. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e)
743. Sanguisorba × hybrida hort. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult.
Rubiaceae
744. Galium rubioides L. – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euras
745. Phuopsis stylosa (Trin.) G.Nicholson. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: subshrub. – Origin: As(w)
Rutaceae
746. Ruta graveolens L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: subshrub. – Origin: Med
Saururaceae
747. Houttuynia cordata Thunb. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e)
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Ornamental perennials in floriculture of Central Ukraine
Saxifragaceae
748. Astilbe × arendsii hort. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult.
749. Astilbe chinensis (Maxim.) Franch. & Sav. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e)
750. Astilbe × rosea Van Waveren & Kruijff (= A. × arendsii Arends). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb.
perennial. – Origin: cult.
751. Astilbe rubra Hook.f. & Thomson. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(s)
752. Astilbe × hybrida hort. ex Ievinya & Lusinya. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin:
cult.
753. Bergenia crassifolia (L.) Fritsch. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin:
As(Sib.)
754. Bergenia stracheyi (Hook.fil. & Thomson) Engl. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin:
As(s)
755. Darmera peltata (Torr. ex Benth.) Voss (= Peltiphyllum peltatum (Torr. ex Benth.) Engl.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. –
Accl.: low. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
756. Heuchera americana L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
757. Heuchera cylindrica Douglas. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
758. Heuchera maxima Greene. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
759. Heuchera micrantha Douglas. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
760. Heuchera sanguinea Engelm. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
761. Heuchera villosa Michx. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
762. Heuchera × hybrida hort. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult.
763. ×Heucherella alba (Lemoine) Stearn. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
764. Rodgersia aesculifolia Batalin. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e)
765. Rodgersia podophylla A.Gray. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e)
766. Rodgersia sambucifolia Hemsl. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e)
767. Rodgersia × hybrida hort. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult.
768. Saxifraga × arendsii Engl. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult.
769. Saxifraga crustata Vest. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: subshrub. – Origin: Med
770. Saxifraga hostii Tausch. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: subshrub. – Origin: Med
771. Saxifraga paniculata Mill. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Holarct
772. Saxifraga rosacea Moench. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: subshrub. – Origin: Euro
773. Saxifraga umbrosa L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro
774. Saxifraga × hybrida hort. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult.
775. Tiarella cordifolia L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
776. Tiarella × hybrida hort. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult.
Solanaceae
777. Alkekengi officinarum Moench (= Physalis alkekengi L.). – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euro-Med
778. Alkekengi officinarum var. franchetii (Mast.) R.J.Wang. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial.
– Origin: As(e)
779. Physochlaina orientalis (M.Bieb.) G.Don. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial.
– Origin: As(Cauc.)
780. Physochlaina physaloides (L.) G.Don. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. –
Origin: As(e)
Verbenaceae
781. Verbena macdougalii A.Heller. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
Violaceae
782. Viola acuminata Ledeb. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e)
783. Viola alba Besser. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro-Med
784. Viola canadensis L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
785. Viola coreana × V. spp. hybrid hort. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult. – Note. ‘Mars’
786. Viola cornuta L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro
787. Viola grypoceras A.Gray. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e)
788. Viola labradorica Schrank. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
789. Viola odorata L. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euro-Med
790. Viola odorata × V. spp. hybrid hort. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – Spont.: casual (colonophyte).
– L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult.
791. Viola palmata L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
792. Viola prionantha Bunge s.l. (= Viola hissarica Juz.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb.
perennial. – Origin: As(c)
793. Viola sororia Willd. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – Spont.: casual (colonophyte). – L.f.: herb.
perennial. – Origin: Am(n)
794. Viola uniflora L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(Sib.)
102 Plant Introduction • 105/106
Shynder et al.
Декоративні багаторічники у квітникарстві Центральної України: таксономічне
різноманіття, структурний аналіз, успішність натуралізації чужорідних видів
Олександр Шиндер 1, *, Тетяна Коструба 1, Оксана Перебойчук 1, Світлана Глухова 2
1 Національний ботанічний сад імені М.М. Гришка НАН України, вул. Садово-Ботанічна, 1, Київ,
01103, Україна; * shinderoleksandr@gmail.com
2 Сирецький дендрологічний парк, вул. Тираспольська, 43, Київ, 02000, Україна
Це дослідження містить комплексний аналіз таксономічної різноманітності та процесів акліматизації
і натуралізації багаторічних декоративних трав’яних і напівздерев’янілих рослин Центральної
України. Розглянуто роль цих рослин у регіональному квітникарстві та екологічні ризики, пов’язані з
їх інтродукцією. За низкою джерел простежена історія розвитку квітникарства у регіоні. Відзначено,
що воно має досить давню історію, але перші конкретні відомості про об’єкт дослідження з’явилися
у кінці 18 ст. Виявлено, що у квітникарстві на території південних районів м. Київ і Київської
області та Черкаської області культивується 794 видів, підвидів і гібридів із 301 роду та 70 родин.
Найбільше таксонів відносяться до родин: Asteraceae (11,6 %), Asparagaceae (6,5 %), Lamiaceae (6,5 %),
Ranunculaceae (6,0 %) та Crassulaceae (5,3 %). Найбільше зустрічається представників родів: Allium (25
видів), Iris (19 видів і гібридів) та Primula (14 видів і гібридів). Було встановлено, що 84,5 % досліджених
таксонів є ергазіофітами, а 15,5 % – місцеві види, які часто представлені сортами, що відображає
переважання інтродукованих видів і сортів у асортименті декоративних рослин. Серед рослин, які
використовуються у квітникарстві Центральної України, багаторічні трав’яні рослини є найбільшою
групою (77,5 %), а частки напівздерев’янілих рослин (5,1 %) та одно- і малорічнних рослин (17,4 %)
значно менші. Розподіл місцевих рослин за типами їх ареалів охоплює всі основні елементи
природної флори, але найчастіше культивуються види з європейським (23,6 %), євразійським
(19,5 %) та європейсько-середземноморським (13,9 %) типами ареалів. Серед ергазіофітів найбільше
мають азійське (28,0 %), средземноморське (19,4 %) та американське (19,1 %) походження, а також
досить висока частка гібридів і видів культигенного походження (11,2 %). А в цілому, у квітникарстві
представлені види із усіх регіонів, у тому числі тропічних та океанічного.
Важливим аспектом дослідження була оцінка ступеня акліматизації та натуралізації декоративних
чужорідних рослин. Було доповнено схему подолання чужорідними видами лімітуючих бар’єрів
схемою акліматизації ергазіофітів та їх втечею за межі культури. Акліматизація ергазіофітів
розглядається як контрольований процес, паралельний спонтанній натуралізації. Виявлено,
що 44,9 % ергазіофітів досягли ступенів повної акліматизації, 15,4 % проникли за межі ділянок
культивування, ставши ергазіофігофітами, 2,7 % стали натуралізованими, а 1,5 % набули інвазійного
статусу. Прикладами інвазійних видів є Helianthus tuberosus, Reynoutria japonica та Solidago canadensis.
До потенційно інвазійних видів, які потребують моніторингу та додаткового вивчення належать
Corydalis caucasica, Petrosedum orientale, Symphyotrichum × versicolor, Thladiantha dubia та деякі інші.
Ключові слова: біорізноманіття, гемерофіти, культивовані рослини, флора, інтродукція, ергазіофіти, фітоінвазії, Київ,
Черкаська область, зміни клімату, екологічні ризики
|
| id | oai:ojs2.plantintroduction.org:article-1652 |
| institution | Plant Introduction |
| keywords_txt_mv | keywords |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-07-28T04:16:14Z |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| publisher | M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the NAS of Ukraine |
| record_format | ojs |
| resource_txt_mv | wwwplantintroductionorg/2a/b4fa793125bf28aa6c09884355ec292a.pdf |
| spelling | oai:ojs2.plantintroduction.org:article-16522025-07-27T21:03:35Z Ornamental perennials in floriculture of Central Ukraine: taxonomic diversity, structural analysis, and naturalization success of alien species Декоративні багаторічники у квітникарстві Центральної України: таксономічне різноманіття, структурний аналіз, успішність натуралізації чужорідних видів Shynder, Oleksandr Kostruba, Tetiana Pereboichuk, Oksana Glukhova, Svitlana This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the taxonomic diversity, acclimatization processes, and naturalization success of ornamental herbaceous perennials and semi-woody plants in Central Ukraine. The role of these plants in regional floriculture and the ecological risks associated with their introduction are discussed. It was found that regional floriculture probably has a long history, but the first specific records on the study object appeared at the end of the 18th century. The research revealed that 794 species, subspecies, and hybrids from 301 genera and 70 families are cultivated in the regional floriculture. The largest number of species and infraspecific taxa belong to the families Asteraceae (11.6 %), Asparagaceae (6.5 %), Lamiaceae (6.5 %), Ranunculaceae (6.0 %), and Crassulaceae (5.3 %). The most represented genera are Allium (25 species), Iris (19 species and hybrids), and Primula (14 species and hybrids). It was found that 84.5 % of the studied species and infraspecific taxa are ergasiophytes, while 15.5 % are native plants, often represented by cultivars, reflecting the predominance of introduced species and cultivars in the assortment of ornamental plants. Among the plants used in floriculture in Central Ukraine, herbaceous perennials species constitute the largest group (77.5 %), while the presence of semi-woody plants (5.1 %) and annual and biennial plants (17.4 %) is significantly lower. The distribution of native species by range types covers all major elements of the natural flora, but species with European (23.6 %), Eurasian (19.5 %), and European-Mediterranean (13.9 %) distribution patterns are the most frequently cultivated. Among ergasiophytes, most species and infraspecies have Asian (28.0 %), Mediterranean (19.4 %), and American (19.1 %) origin, with a significant proportion of hybrids and cultigenous species (11.2 %). Overall, species from all geographic regions, including tropical and oceanic zones, are represented in floriculture.An essential aspect of the study was assessing the acclimatization and naturalization degrees of ornamental alien plants. The scheme for overcoming limiting barriers by alien species was supplemented with a model describing the acclimatization of ergasiophytes and their escape beyond cultivated areas. The acclimatization of ergasiophytes in this study is considered a controlled process that is ongoing simultaneously with spontaneous naturalization. It was found that 44.9 % of ergasiophytes achieved complete acclimatization, 15.4 % penetrated beyond cultivation sites, becoming ergasiophygophytes, 2.7 % naturalized, and 1.5 % acquired invasive status. For example, invasive plants include Helianthus tuberosus, Reynoutria japonica, and Solidago canadensis. Potentially invasive species requiring monitoring and further study comprise Corydalis caucasica, Petrosedum orientale, Symphyotrichum × versicolor, Thladiantha dubia, and others. Це дослідження містить комплексний аналіз таксономічної різноманітності та процесів акліматизації і натуралізації багаторічних декоративних трав’яних і напівздерев’янілих рослин Центральної України. Розглянуто роль цих рослин у регіональному квітникарстві та екологічні ризики, пов’язані з їх інтродукцією. За низкою джерел простежена історія розвитку квітникарства у регіоні. Відзначено, що воно має досить давню історію, але перші конкретні відомості про об’єкт дослідження з’явилися у кінці 18 ст. Виявлено, що у квітникарстві на території південних районів м. Київ і Київської області та Черкаської області культивується 794 видів, підвидів і гібридів із 301 роду та 70 родин. Найбільше таксонів відносяться до родин: Asteraceae (11,6 %), Asparagaceae (6,5 %), Lamiaceae (6,5 %), Ranunculaceae (6,0 %) та Crassulaceae (5,3 %). Найбільше зустрічається представників родів: Allium (25 видів), Iris (19 видів і гібридів) та Primula (14 видів і гібридів). Було встановлено, що 84,5 % досліджених таксонів є ергазіофітами, а 15,5 % – місцеві види, які часто представлені сортами, що відображає переважання інтродукованих видів і сортів у асортименті декоративних рослин. Серед рослин, які використовуються у квітникарстві Центральної України, багаторічні трав’яні рослини є найбільшою групою (77,5 %), а частки напівздерев’янілих рослин (5,1 %) та одно- і малорічнних рослин (17,4 %) значно менші. Розподіл місцевих рослин за типами їх ареалів охоплює всі основні елементи природної флори, але найчастіше культивуються види з європейським (23,6 %), євразійським (19,5 %) та європейсько-середземноморським (13,9 %) типами ареалів. Серед ергазіофітів найбільше мають азійське (28,0 %), средземноморське (19,4 %) та американське (19,1 %) походження, а також досить висока частка гібридів і видів культигенного походження (11,2 %). А в цілому, у квітникарстві представлені види із усіх регіонів, у тому числі тропічних та океанічного.Важливим аспектом дослідження була оцінка ступеня акліматизації та натуралізації декоративних чужорідних рослин. Було доповнено схему подолання чужорідними видами лімітуючих бар’єрів схемою акліматизації ергазіофітів та їх втечею за межі культури. Акліматизація ергазіофітів розглядається як контрольований процес, паралельний спонтанній натуралізації. Виявлено, що 44,9 % ергазіофітів досягли ступенів повної акліматизації, 15,4 % проникли за межі ділянок культивування, ставши ергазіофігофітами, 2,7 % стали натуралізованими, а 1,5 % набули інвазійного статусу. Прикладами інвазійних видів є Helianthus tuberosus, Reynoutria japonica та Solidago canadensis. До потенційно інвазійних видів, які потребують моніторингу та додаткового вивчення належать Corydalis caucasica, Petrosedum orientale, Symphyotrichum × versicolor, Thladiantha dubia та деякі інші. M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the NAS of Ukraine 2025-06-18 Article Article application/pdf https://www.plantintroduction.org/index.php/pi/article/view/1652 10.46341/PI2025002 Plant Introduction; No 105/106 (2025); 60-102 Інтродукція Рослин; № 105/106 (2025); 60-102 2663-290X 1605-6574 10.46341/PI105-106 en https://www.plantintroduction.org/index.php/pi/article/view/1652/1566 Copyright (c) 2025 Oleksandr Shynder, Tetiana Kostruba, Oksana Pereboichuk, Svitlana Glukhova http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 |
| spellingShingle | Shynder, Oleksandr Kostruba, Tetiana Pereboichuk, Oksana Glukhova, Svitlana Декоративні багаторічники у квітникарстві Центральної України: таксономічне різноманіття, структурний аналіз, успішність натуралізації чужорідних видів |
| title | Декоративні багаторічники у квітникарстві Центральної України: таксономічне різноманіття, структурний аналіз, успішність натуралізації чужорідних видів |
| title_alt | Ornamental perennials in floriculture of Central Ukraine: taxonomic diversity, structural analysis, and naturalization success of alien species |
| title_full | Декоративні багаторічники у квітникарстві Центральної України: таксономічне різноманіття, структурний аналіз, успішність натуралізації чужорідних видів |
| title_fullStr | Декоративні багаторічники у квітникарстві Центральної України: таксономічне різноманіття, структурний аналіз, успішність натуралізації чужорідних видів |
| title_full_unstemmed | Декоративні багаторічники у квітникарстві Центральної України: таксономічне різноманіття, структурний аналіз, успішність натуралізації чужорідних видів |
| title_short | Декоративні багаторічники у квітникарстві Центральної України: таксономічне різноманіття, структурний аналіз, успішність натуралізації чужорідних видів |
| title_sort | декоративні багаторічники у квітникарстві центральної україни: таксономічне різноманіття, структурний аналіз, успішність натуралізації чужорідних видів |
| url | https://www.plantintroduction.org/index.php/pi/article/view/1652 |
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