Декоративні багаторічники у квітникарстві Центральної України: таксономічне різноманіття, структурний аналіз, успішність натуралізації чужорідних видів

This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the taxonomic diversity, acclimatization processes, and naturalization success of ornamental herbaceous perennials and semi-woody plants in Central Ukraine. The role of these plants in regional floriculture and the ecological risks associated with thei...

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Дата:	2025
Автори:	Shynder, Oleksandr, Kostruba, Tetiana, Pereboichuk, Oksana, Glukhova, Svitlana
Формат:	Стаття
Мова:	Англійська
Опубліковано:	M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the NAS of Ukraine 2025
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Назва журналу:	Plant Introduction
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Plant Introduction

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author	Shynder, Oleksandr Kostruba, Tetiana Pereboichuk, Oksana Glukhova, Svitlana
author_facet	Shynder, Oleksandr Kostruba, Tetiana Pereboichuk, Oksana Glukhova, Svitlana
author_sort	Shynder, Oleksandr
baseUrl_str	https://www.plantintroduction.org/index.php/pi/oai
collection	OJS
datestamp_date	2025-07-27T21:03:35Z
description	This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the taxonomic diversity, acclimatization processes, and naturalization success of ornamental herbaceous perennials and semi-woody plants in Central Ukraine. The role of these plants in regional floriculture and the ecological risks associated with their introduction are discussed. It was found that regional floriculture probably has a long history, but the first specific records on the study object appeared at the end of the 18th century. The research revealed that 794 species, subspecies, and hybrids from 301 genera and 70 families are cultivated in the regional floriculture. The largest number of species and infraspecific taxa belong to the families Asteraceae (11.6 %), Asparagaceae (6.5 %), Lamiaceae (6.5 %), Ranunculaceae (6.0 %), and Crassulaceae (5.3 %). The most represented genera are Allium (25 species), Iris (19 species and hybrids), and Primula (14 species and hybrids). It was found that 84.5 % of the studied species and infraspecific taxa are ergasiophytes, while 15.5 % are native plants, often represented by cultivars, reflecting the predominance of introduced species and cultivars in the assortment of ornamental plants. Among the plants used in floriculture in Central Ukraine, herbaceous perennials species constitute the largest group (77.5 %), while the presence of semi-woody plants (5.1 %) and annual and biennial plants (17.4 %) is significantly lower. The distribution of native species by range types covers all major elements of the natural flora, but species with European (23.6 %), Eurasian (19.5 %), and European-Mediterranean (13.9 %) distribution patterns are the most frequently cultivated. Among ergasiophytes, most species and infraspecies have Asian (28.0 %), Mediterranean (19.4 %), and American (19.1 %) origin, with a significant proportion of hybrids and cultigenous species (11.2 %). Overall, species from all geographic regions, including tropical and oceanic zones, are represented in floriculture.An essential aspect of the study was assessing the acclimatization and naturalization degrees of ornamental alien plants. The scheme for overcoming limiting barriers by alien species was supplemented with a model describing the acclimatization of ergasiophytes and their escape beyond cultivated areas. The acclimatization of ergasiophytes in this study is considered a controlled process that is ongoing simultaneously with spontaneous naturalization. It was found that 44.9 % of ergasiophytes achieved complete acclimatization, 15.4 % penetrated beyond cultivation sites, becoming ergasiophygophytes, 2.7 % naturalized, and 1.5 % acquired invasive status. For example, invasive plants include Helianthus tuberosus, Reynoutria japonica, and Solidago canadensis. Potentially invasive species requiring monitoring and further study comprise Corydalis caucasica, Petrosedum orientale, Symphyotrichum × versicolor, Thladiantha dubia, and others.
doi_str_mv	10.46341/PI2025002
first_indexed	2025-07-17T12:54:27Z
format	Article
fulltext	© The Authors. This content is provided under CC BY 4.0 license. Plant Introduction, 105/106, 60–102 (2025) RESEARCH ARTICLE Ornamental perennials in floriculture of Central Ukraine: taxonomic diversity, structural analysis, and naturalization success of alien species Oleksandr Shynder 1, , Tetiana Kostruba 1, Oksana Pereboichuk 1, Svitlana Glukhova 2 1 M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Sadovo-Botanichna str. 1, 01103 Kyiv, Ukraine; shinderoleksandr@gmail.com 2 Syrets Dendrological Park, Tyraspolska str. 43, 02000 Kyiv, Ukraine Received: 01.02.2025 \| Accepted: 14.06.2025 \| Published online: 18.06.2025 Abstract This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the taxonomic diversity, acclimatization processes, and naturalization success of ornamental herbaceous perennials and semi-woody plants in Central Ukraine. The role of these plants in regional floriculture and the ecological risks associated with their introduction are discussed. It was found that regional floriculture probably has a long history, but the first specific records on the study object appeared at the end of the 18th century. The research revealed that 794 species, subspecies, and hybrids from 301 genera and 70 families are cultivated in the regional floriculture. The largest number of species and infraspecific taxa belong to the families Asteraceae (11.6 %), Asparagaceae (6.5 %), Lamiaceae (6.5 %), Ranunculaceae (6.0 %), and Crassulaceae (5.3 %). The most represented genera are Allium (25 species), Iris (19 species and hybrids), and Primula (14 species and hybrids). It was found that 84.5 % of the studied species and infraspecific taxa are ergasiophytes, while 15.5 % are native plants, often represented by cultivars, reflecting the predominance of introduced species and cultivars in the assortment of ornamental plants. Among the plants used in floriculture in Central Ukraine, herbaceous perennials species constitute the largest group (77.5 %), while the presence of semi-woody plants (5.1 %) and annual and biennial plants (17.4 %) is significantly lower. The distribution of native species by range types covers all major elements of the natural flora, but species with European (23.6 %), Eurasian (19.5 %), and European-Mediterranean (13.9 %) distribution patterns are the most frequently cultivated. Among ergasiophytes, most species and infraspecies have Asian (28.0 %), Mediterranean (19.4 %), and American (19.1 %) origin, with a significant proportion of hybrids and cultigenous species (11.2 %). Overall, species from all geographic regions, including tropical and oceanic zones, are represented in floriculture. An essential aspect of the study was assessing the acclimatization and naturalization degrees of ornamental alien plants. The scheme for overcoming limiting barriers by alien species was supplemented with a model describing the acclimatization of ergasiophytes and their escape beyond cultivated areas. The acclimatization of ergasiophytes in this study is considered a controlled process that is ongoing simultaneously with spontaneous naturalization. It was found that 44.9 % of ergasiophytes achieved complete acclimatization, 15.4 % penetrated beyond cultivation sites, becoming ergasiophygophytes, 2.7 % naturalized, and 1.5 % acquired invasive status. For example, invasive plants include Helianthus tuberosus, Reynoutria japonica, and Solidago canadensis. Potentially invasive species requiring monitoring and further study comprise Corydalis caucasica, Petrosedum orientale, Symphyotrichum × versicolor, Thladiantha dubia, and others. Keywords: biodiversity, hemerophytes, cultivated plants, flora, introduction, ergasiophytes, plant invasions, Kyiv, Cherkasy Oblast, climate change, ecological risks https://doi.org/10.46341/PI2025002 UDC 581.5 : 581.524.34 : 635.9 (477) Plant Introduction • 105/106 61 Ornamental perennials in floriculture of Central Ukraine Authors’ contributions: O. Shynder made a research plan. O. Shynder and T. Kostruba conducted most of the field research and performed the analysis. O. Pereboichuk corrected the inventory list. O. Pereboichuk and S. Glukhova studied the acclimatization of ornamental ergasiophytes in Kyiv City. Funding: The work has been conducted within the following research program of the Department of Natural Flora of the M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine 2020–2024 “Botanical and geographical principles of protection of floristic diversity” (state registration number 0120U000174). Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest. Introduction Ornamental plants constitute the largest group of cultivated species (Philip & Lord, 2003; Brickell, 2011; Mashkovska, 2015; Byalt et al., 2019; Shynder, 2022). These are predominantly introduced exotic and highly decorative native plants. Globally, approximately 60,000 plant species are used in ornamental horticulture, making the registration of this taxonomic diversity a critical issue (Mashkovska, 2015). In Western Europe, an effort to standardize information on cultivated ornamental plants resulted in the publication of the “European Garden Flora” (Cullen et al., 2011), serving as a valuable reference for a broad audience of botanists and floriculturists. Inventory studies of ornamental plants across specific administrative or geographic regions have been conducted in only a few countries, such as Belarus (Lunina et al., 2010). In Ukraine, numerous publications address the species and cultivar diversity of ornamental perennials, yet these works rarely take the form of comprehensive ‘floras’ (Grodzinsky, 1985). More frequently, they appear as catalogs (Gorobets, 2009; Mashkovska, 2015; Glukhova et al., 2016) or species and cultivar lists from specific collections. The most comprehensive study of ornamental plants in urban and human floriculture in Ukraine remains the works of Barbarich (1945, 1972), though these are outdated in terms of contemporary taxonomic diversity. Currently, research in this field is linked mainly to general floristic studies of urban floras (Moysiyenko, 1997; Arkushyna & Popova, 2010; Vasylyeva et al., 2019a, 2019b) or has a localized focus (Yanchuk et al., 2000; Shabarova et al., 2002; Herasymiuk, 2012). Shynder (2022) realized a detailed inventory and analysis of cultivated plant flora in the Rzhyshchiv territorial community (Kyiv Oblast), revealing the dominance of ornamental plants in terms of the number of taxa. Today, the range of ornamental plants in Ukraine continuously expands with new ergasiophytes introduced from abroad, native adapted species, and artificially created interspecific and intergeneric hybrids. As of 2008, the collection of ornamental plants at the M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden (Kyiv) contained over 600 species and, together with cultivars, exceeded 4,000 collection names (Gorobets et al., 2008). The consolidated catalog of ornamental perennials growing in botanical gardens and arboreta of Ukraine (Mashkovska, 2015) comprises over 12,000 entries, including more than 4,200 species and hybrids. New cultivars spread through introduction centers (botanical gardens and arboreta), commercial nurseries, and mass horticulture. However, no comprehensive data exist on the taxonomic composition of plants used in floriculture at the national or regional level. Thus, a modern inventory of the taxonomic diversity of ornamental plants in specific regions is both timely and relevant. Moreover, given the issue of plant invasions (Maryushkina, 2002; Abduloyeva & Karpenko, 2009; Burda, 2013; Gubar & Koniakin, 2020; Kalusová et al., 2024), particularly the spread of escaped cultivated plants (Mosyakin, 1991; Zavialova, 2017; Protopopova & Shevera, 2014, 2019; Nāburga & Evarts-Bunders, 2019; Mosyakin & Mosyakin, 2021), assessing the naturalization degrees of ergasiophytes and their potential invasiveness is crucial. This is particularly relevant for the largest group among cultivated plants – ornamental perennials (Chorna, 2006b, 2020; Chorna & Kostruba, 2019; Kostruba et al., 2021; Orlov et al., 2024). This study aimed to comprehensively investigate the taxonomic diversity, structural characteristics, and geographic origins of ornamental herbaceous and semi-woody perennials cultivated in floriculture of Central Ukraine, with particular attention to the 62 Plant Introduction • 105/106 Shynder et al. degree of acclimatization and naturalization success of alien species. A brief history of floriculture in Central Ukraine In Ukraine, ornamental gardening and folk floriculture have been well-developed for centuries. According to interpreted written and unwritten sources from the Kyivan Rus period, some researchers suggest the existence of gardens at princely courts. It is assumed that during their campaigns in the Black Sea region, Old Rus princes and their retinue undoubtedly encountered local gardens and could have brought exotic plants back to Kyiv. With the Christianization of Rus under Volodymyr the Great, religious artifacts, books, statues, and possibly plants were systematically imported from Byzantium and cultivated in the first gardens. Byzantine missionary monks could have contributed to horticulture development, particularly in establishing monastery gardens (Bilous, 2001; Dudarets, 2019). However, specific confirmed references from that period mention only food crops. There is sufficient reason to believe that fruit growing was already well- developed among the Slavs in the first millennium, while vegetable gardens in the Kyiv area were recorded in chronicles from the mid-12th century (Dovzhenok, 1961). This has been confirmed by archaeobotanical data (Kozlovska et al., 2013), although the range of vegetable and fruit crops was still quite limited. During the 14th–16th centuries, monastic gardens expanded significantly. These gardens included fruit-bearing and medicinal plants and flowers used for landscape beautification and were of symbolic importance in religious rituals. Traditional folk ritual songs, ornaments, and decorative patterns provide additional evidence of ornamental flowers in everyday culture (Polonska-Vasylenko, 1993; Kostruba, 2020). Some ‘flowers’ are mentioned in the “Tale of Igor’s Campaign” (1187), in a passage associated with the Stuhna River (a tributary of the Dnipro south of Kyiv): “Flowers have wilted in sorrow” (Partytskiy, 1884: p. 31), but it is likely that this refers to wild plants. Thus, no concrete historical records or archaeological evidence confirm cultivating ornamental flowers in Kyivan Rus (Dovzhenok, 1961; Pashkevych, 1991). Furthermore, Old Rus chronicles rarely described nature and plants (Bilous, 2001). Consequently, it can only be hypothesized that flowers were grown in princely and noble courts and in monastery gardens during that period. In the mid-17th century, the military engineer Beauplan (1660) did not mention ornamental plants in his descriptions of Ukraine. However, he recorded observing wild Prunus fruticosa and P. tenella in the Dnipro River valley and introduced them to his residence in Bar (Vinnytsia Oblast) for fruit production. This suggests that, in earlier times, cultivated plants were primarily valued for their practical use. The first naturalist to document ornamental plants in Ukraine was Güldenstädt (1791), who reported species such as peonies, roses, ornamental sage, tulips, and carnations in the southern part of recent Cherkasy Oblast in 1774. By the late 18th century, aristocratic estate gardens and parks began to emerge in Ukraine, often featuring numerous ornamental ergasiophytes introduced from various regions. Among them, notable were “Sofiivka” in Uman (Cherkasy Oblast) (Kosenko & Mitin, 1995) and “Oleksandria” in Bila Tserkva (Kyiv Oblast) (Doiko et al., 2013). From that period onward, the assortment of ornamental perennials expanded significantly (Paczoski, 1887; Kostruba & Chorna, 2021a; Kostruba, 2024c). Montresor (1881) compiled a list of about 270 highly ornamental native species recommended for garden cultivation. By the late 19th century, around 50 of these species were frequently grown in the Central Ukraine region. Traditional folk gardens incorporated aromatic and medicinal plants such as mint and thyme and plants associated with protective folklore, including periwinkle and poppy. Over time, ergasiophytes like lovage, balsam, and hollyhock became widely cultivated, forming the basis of traditional Ukrainian floriculture by the turn of the 20th century (Kostruba, 2020; Kostruba & Chorna, 2021a). During the 20th century, the variety of cultivated ornamental plants expanded significantly, with flowers being grown even during the challenging post-war years. Dubniak (1924) documented popular ornamental perennials in the vicinity of Myrhorod (Poltava Oblast), including Dahlia × cultorum, Iris × germanica, Paeonia officinalis, Aquilegia vulgaris, and Lilium bulbiferum, Plant Introduction • 105/106 63 Ornamental perennials in floriculture of Central Ukraine alongside native species such as Convallaria majalis, Thymus sp. (sub nom. T. vulgaris), and Vinca minor. Traditional Ukrainian gardens also commonly included aromatic and medicinal plants such as Mentha × piperita, Ruta graveolens, and Levisticum officinalis. Additionally, new ornamental species like Hyacinthus orientalis and Narcissus pseudonarcissus, which lacked traditional ethnographic associations, began appearing in home gardens. By the early 20th century, some researchers had already noted that certain ornamental ergasiophytes exhibited a tendency toward naturalization and escape from cultivation. For instance, Oksiiuk (1924) recorded spontaneously spreading alien species such as Heliopsis scabra, Rudbeckia laciniata, and Sedum spurium in the “Oleksandria” Dendrological Park. Thus, by the first quarter of the 20th century, the role of ornamental gardens in facilitating the escape of alien plants had been recognized (Kotov, 1928). By the late 1930s, a defined assortment of species had been established for commercial and private ornamental horticulture in Ukraine. Bonetskyi (1927) classified floral plants into those of primary industrial significance and those of secondary economic value. Significant contributions to the study of ornamental plants in Ukraine were made by Barbarich (1938, 1940, 1945, 1972). His research focused on the Polissia, Donbas, and other regions of Ukraine. At that time, the assortment of cultivated ornamental herbaceous plants in Central Ukraine and other parts of Ukraine was still relatively limited, with species requiring minimal maintenance being the most widespread. In total, Barbarich documented around 100 species of ornamental annual and perennial herbs in villages and district centers of Kyiv and Zhytomyr oblasts, with only 15–20 species being the most commonly encountered (Barbarich, 1938). Later, his survey of 35 cities in Ukraine identified 360 ornamental plants, 172 of which were herbaceous (Barbarich, 1945). He emphasized the need to introduce more native perennial ornamental plants into cultivation, including species such as Anemone sylvestris, Asparagus officinalis, Campanula glomerata, C. persicifolia, Leucanthemum vulgare, Lilium martagon, and Primula veris – many of which remain popular in ornamental gardening in the Central Ukraine region today. Thus, by the mid-20th century, a core assortment of ornamental perennials had been established in Ukraine’s floriculture, along with initial recommendations for introducing native ornamental species into cultivation. Ongoing research on ornamental perennials continues in major research institutions for plant introduction and acclimatization in Central Ukraine. In particular, such investigations are realized at the M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the NAS of Ukraine (Grodzinsky, 1985; Kokhno, 1997; Gorobets et al., 2008), the O.V. Fomin Botanical Garden of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv (Berezkina, 2007), the National Dendrological Park “Sofiivka” of the NAS of Ukraine (Kosenko, 2000), the “Oleksandria” State Dendrological Park of the NAS of Ukraine (Galkin, 2013), and the Syrets Dendrological Park (Glukhova et al., 2016, 2019). Specialized studies in this area and other parts of Ukraine have focused on specific taxonomic groups, including monocots (Shvets, 2006; Buidin & Skrypka, 2009; Pavlova et al., 2011; Shcherbacova, 2014) and dicots (Moroz, 1983; Buidin, 2004; Berezkina, 2007; Muzychuk & Prokopchuk, 2005; Horai, 2007; Muzychuk & Pereboichuk, 2009; Andrukh, 2016; Mashkovska & Pereboichuk, 2019), as well as ecological-biomorphological groups (Sydoruk & Sydoruk, 1992; Horbenko & Hrynyk, 2010; Pavlenko, 2016; Alyokhin et al., 2021) of ornamental perennials. Research also covers the status of specific collections of taxa and cultivars (Slepchenko, 2001; Skybitska & Mohyliak, 2003; Krytska et al., 2010; Shynder, 2010; Alekhin et al., 2011; Fedorchuk et al., 2012; Leshcheniuk, 2014; Rakhmetov, 2015; Mazura et al., 2020; Mamchur et al., 2023). Inventory studies of species and cultivars used in floriculture and urban landscaping have primarily been local (Karmazin & Lyskovych, 1978; Mashtaler et al., 2011; Ishchuk, 2012; Shynder, 2022) or focused on specific aspects of landscaping (Kushnir, 2005). It should be noted separately that there is a controversial aspect in the study of ornamental plants – they are often not considered part of the group of cultivated (economically significant) plants (Vulf, 1987; Nechitaylo et al., 2005). With the introduction of many new ergasiophytes, monitoring the spontaneous spread of ornamental ergasiophytes beyond cultivation has become increasingly 64 Plant Introduction • 105/106 Shynder et al. important (Chorna, 2006b; Nāburga & Evarts- Bunders, 2019). Many new species appearing in the spontaneous flora of Ukraine are ergasiophygophytes, introduced initially as ornamentals (Mosyakin, 1991; Mosyakin & Yavorska, 2002; Protopopova & Shevera, 2014). Reports on the new findings of escapees ornamental plants appear annually (Zavialova, 2008; Shynder & Negrash, 2020; Biliavskyi, 2021; Kolomiychuk & Shynder, 2021; Moysiyenko et al., 2023; Koniakin et al., 2023; von Raab-Straube & Raus, 2024; Shynder et al., 2024c) or highlight high acclimatization rates and potential for naturalization of ornamental ergasiophytes (Klymenko et al., 2019; Shynder, 2019). Thus, as an essential element of Ukrainian culture, floriculture dates back to Kyivan Rus. Over time, it has evolved into a multifaceted field, deeply rooted in local traditions while embracing modern innovations and scientific advancements. Material and methods The study area is located in Central Ukraine and corresponds to the forest-steppe part of the historical-geographical region known as the Middle Dnipro region (in Ukrainian spelling – Serednye Prydniprovya). Administratively, this includes the Cherkasy Oblast and the southern districts (within the Forest-Steppe zone) of Kyiv City and Kyiv Oblast (Fig. 1). The physical-geographical boundary between Mixed Forest (better known as Polissya or Polesia natural region) and Forest-Steppe zones was determined following Marynych et al. (2003), with refinements for the territory of Kyiv and its surroundings (Shynder et al., 2024a; Davydov, 2025). The study objects were ornamental herbaceous perennials and semi-woody plants recorded in municipal and private flower gardens, parks, and other landscaped areas. It is acknowledged that the diversity of ornamental plants lacks strict boundaries. However, the authors applied several constraints to ensure methodological consistency and minimize subjectivity. Scientific, amateur, and commercial (sales-oriented) plant collections, which are typically enclosed and focused more on taxonomic saturation than decorative effect, were excluded from the analysis. From a biomorphological perspective, the list includes typical perennial herbs, including those that overwinter in protected locations as perennating storage organs (e.g., Canna × hybrida, Chrysanthemum × morifolium, Ranunculus asiaticus, species of Dahlia, Eucomis, Oxalis, etc.). The study also incorporates semi-woody plants belonging to transitional groups between herbaceous and woody plants, such as low and dwarf subshrubs (the tallest plant analyzed in this group is Elsholtzia stauntonii), and low- growing bamboo (Pleioblastus variegatus), which are functionally treated as perennials due to their similar horticultural uses. The cultivation techniques and applications of these plants are identical, and they are not separated in practical landscaping (Brickell, 2011). Meanwhile, low-growing shrubs with winter-hardy and relatively long-lived skeletal branches (e.g., species of Cotoneaster, Dasiphora, and Opuntia) were excluded from this analysis, as were woody vines and tall-growing bamboo species (Kokhno & Trofymenko, 2005). According to the Raunkiaer’s (1907) classification, the study objects encompass the following eco- biomorphs: nanophanerophytes (lowest shrubs), chamaephytes (herbaceous and semi-woody plants), hemicryptophytes, and cryptophytes (polycarpic perennials). However, a detailed analysis of these biomorphs has not been conducted. Perennial aquatic plants, which are increasingly popular in gardens (e.g., Pontederia cordata, Thalia dealbata, species and cultivars of Nuphar, Nymphaea, etc.), were not considered in this study (Mazur, 2000; Golub & Golub, 2002; Didukh & Mazur, 2013; Chikov, 2016). These plants are primarily classified as a distinct life form (Chorna, 2006a), specifically hydrophytes, following Raunkiaer’s (1907) classification, making their diversity a separate research matter. Short-lived ornamental plants and perennials cultivated as annuals or biennials (e.g., Bellis perennis, Dianthus barbatus, and Verbena bonariensis) were addressed in a separate publication (Kostruba, 2024a). To compile the annotated checklist (Appendix), we utilized data from our field surveys, some of which have been already previously published (Kostruba & Chorna, 2021b; Shynder, 2022; Didenko et al., 2024; Plant Introduction • 105/106 65 Ornamental perennials in floriculture of Central Ukraine Kostruba, 2024a, 2024b; Shynder et al., 2024c). Additional sources included observation aggregators such as iNaturalist (2025) and UkrBin (2025), as well as fragmentary literature on the topic (Shabarova et al., 2002; Tatarchuk et al., 2012; Mazura et al., 2020; Boiko, 2024). We used taxonomic guides on cultivated ornamental plants (Kosenko, 2000; Philip & Lord, 2003; Berezkina et al., 2007; Gorobets et al., 2008; Doiko et al., 2013) and identification keys (Grossheim, 1949; Fedorov, 1974–1987; Tzvelev, 1989–1994, 1996–2004; Flora of North America Editorial Committee, 1993–2023; Cullen et al., 2011). Some taxonomic groups were further examined using specialized publications on Allium (Vvedensky, 1935; Khassanov & Fritsch, 1994; Fritsch & Abbasi, 2013), Artemisia (Boiko, 2011), Crassulaceae (Gallo & Zika, 2014; Bomble, 2016), Paeonia (Shiyan, 2011), Poaceae (Tzvelev & Probatova, 2019), Symphyotrichum (Hoffmann, 1996), Tulipa (Vvedensky, 1971), among others. We also consulted atlases and photographic albums (Bonnier et al., 1990; Gorobets, 2009; Brickell, 2011; Rothmaler, 2017; Onuk et al., 2021) and other reference materials, along with herbarium collections from KWHA and UM and expert consultations. Applied nomenclature follows the World Checklist of Vascular Plants (Govaerts, 2023) cross-verified using Plants of the World Online database (POWO, 2025). Specific taxonomic groups were checked against specialized databases like the International Crassulaceae Network (ICN, 2025) or Hosta Library (Brashear & Meyer, 2025). Complex hybrids are listed as distinct units under the generic name with the designation ‘× hybridum hort.’ or another similar identifier in case of homonymy. The study includes cultivated (and escaped from cultivation) plants species categorized into two major immigration groups: (1) hemerophytes – especially introduced (for cultivation) alien plants outside their natural ranges (Holub & Jirásek, 1967; Pyšek et al., 2004); and (2) native plants that have long been present in introduction populations, spreading primarily through gardeners and garden centers rather than direct transplantation from natural habitats (e.g., Alkekengi officinarum, Galanthus nivalis, and Sempervivum ruthenicum). Additionally, species of native flora cultivated as introduced cultivars (e.g., Ranunculus repens ‘Flore Pleno’ and Sedum acre ‘Golden Carpet’) were included. Figure 1. Study area mapped within Ukraine. 66 Plant Introduction • 105/106 Shynder et al. To assess the tendency of hemerophytes to naturalize, the study employed the key terms of Naegeli & Thellung (1905): ergasiophyte – a cultivated alien plant that is cared for, and ergasiophygophyte – an escaped plant that spontaneously grows in locations where it was not planted. Acclimatization levels were evaluated using a simplified version of the introduction success scale for woody plants (Kokhno, 1983), with three levels: low (weak acclimatization, up to 40 points, characterized by poor winter and drought resistance), medium (satisfactory to good acclimatization, 41–80 points, with sufficient winter and drought resistance and flowering), and high (complete acclimatization, 81–100 points, exhibiting winter and drought resistance, viable seed production, and self-seeding). Highly acclimatized alien plants are classified as ‘acclimatized ergasiophytes’ (Shynder, 2019; Chorna et al., 2021; Shynder et al., 2024b). These are cultivated plants that have reached a high stage of acclimatization and are capable of local reproduction (by seed or vegetatively) in the area where they were planted and cared for but in new places, away from the place of primary cultivation (approximately the entire site where homogeneous maintained conditions are created), new diaspores have not yet been recorded. Similar to this group of ergasiophytes are ergasiolipophytes or cultural relics in the sense of Naegeli & Thellung (1905), not in the sense of Holub & Jirásek (1967) or Pyšek et al. (2004). Monitoring these plants is essential in studying floristic diversity, given their potential to escape from cultivation (Doiko et al., 2021; Kolomiychuk & Shynder, 2021; Shynder et al., 2022). Ergasiophygophytes are part of the adventive fraction of flora and can be classified according to naturalization degrees (Schroeder, 1969; Kornaś, 1978; Pyšek et al., 2004), with the addition of ‘colonophytes’ group. The term ‘colonophytes’ was introduced by Rikli (1903), and is currently used as one of the stages of naturalization of alien plants (Mosyakin, 1996; Mosyakin & Yavorska, 2002). These are further divided into (1) casual alien plants or unstable elements (or non-naturalized alien plants) of the adventive fraction (subdivided into ephemerophytes and colonophytes, both included in this study); and (2) naturalized alien plants or stable elements of the adventive fraction of flora (subdivided into epecophytes and agriophytes though not distinguished here due to methodological limitations). Epecophytes are the plants spreading within transformed vegetation and agriophytes – the plants spreading within natural and ruderal vegetation (Schroeder, 1969; Kornaś, 1978). Among naturalized ergasiophygophytes, invasive species were identified primarily based on regional scientific publications (Protopopova et al., 2002; Burda et al., 2015; Shevera, 2017; Zavialova, 2017; Protopopova & Shevera, 2019). Native plants were classified based on their botanical-geographical distribution (Kleopov, 1990), while alien plants were grouped by general geographic origin (Protopopova, 1991; Mosyakin & Yavorska, 2002). Additional methodological guidelines (Lunina et al., 2010; Byalt et al., 2019; Vasylyeva et al., 2019a, 2019b; Yena, 2020) and previously acquired experience in inventorying cultivated plants (Glukhova et al., 2016; Shynder, 2022) were also applied. Results and discussion Taxonomic diversity and structure of flora A total of 794 taxa (species, subspecies, and hybrids) of ornamental herbaceous perennials and semi-woody plants belonging to 301 genera from 70 families were recorded (Appendix). These included two species of horsetails, nine species of ferns, 233 taxa and hybrids of monocots, and 550 taxa and hybrids of dicots. Together with previously published data on short-lived ornamental plants (Kostruba, 2024a), the total number of cultivated ornamental herbaceous perennials and semi-woody plants used in floriculture in the studied area reaches 961 units. Although ornamental plants represent the largest group among cultivated plants (e.g., Shynder (2022) reported that in the Rzhyshchiv community of Kyiv Oblast, ornamental plants accounted for 68.9 % of all cultivated species), their diversity is lower than that of the spontaneous flora. According to Chopyk et al. (1998), who provided conservative estimates, the total flora of the Middle Dnieper region comprises 2,009 species. Thus, the taxonomic diversity of cultivated plants is currently lower than natural ones (excluding scientific, commercial, Plant Introduction • 105/106 67 Ornamental perennials in floriculture of Central Ukraine and other collections). Nevertheless, the detected quantity is still high. For comparison, in the floriculture of Belarus (Lunina, 2001; Lunina et al., 2010), the cultivated flora comprises about 500 species of herbaceous perennials, 35 of which are native and 435 – are ergasiophytes, with approximately 650 ornamental plant species and infraspecific taxa totally listed. Among the recorded ornamental plants, 703 are full-fledged taxa (species and subspecies, along with several varieties), and at least 91 hybrids (including simple hybrids and heterogeneous hybrid cultivar complexes of various origins), many of which have accepted names. The high number of hybrids among cultivated plants complicates an objective analysis of their diversity compared to natural floras. However, this is a key feature of cultivated floras, and analyzing cultivated plants with the same methods as wild plants allows for an assessment of changes in the structure of domesticated species. One of the most significant differences is the predominance of hybrids among cultivated plants, 11.5 % of which were counted. This figure is undoubtedly underestimated if one hypothetically considers all parental combinations used in breeding the cultivars in the study area (and thus the actual level of genetic diversity present), but it provides a comprehensible and standardized approach. The dominant family in the studied dataset (Table 1) is Asteraceae, a trend that aligns with natural floras (Protopopova, 1991; Grechyshkina, 2010; Shynder et al., 2021). However, the ranking of subsequent families is quite similar to that reported for ornamental plants in Belarus (Lunina et al., 2010). The high number of cultivated species representing Crassulaceae and Saxifragaceae families, which are relatively small in the natural flora of Ukraine, is noteworthy. The increased overall proportion of monocots (29.1 %) among ornamental plants also deserves attention. At the same time, large families such as Apiaceae, Brassicaceae, Cyperaceae, and Fabaceae contain relatively few ornamental species and infraspecies. In most cases, dominant families are those rich in large-flowered, insect-pollinated species attractive for cultivation. Poaceae is an exception, valued for its distinctive growth habit, making it desirable for various Family Number of taxa % Asteraceae 92 11.6 Asparagaceae 52 6.5 Lamiaceae 52 6.5 Ranunculaceae 48 6.0 Crassulaceae 42 5.3 Liliaceae 35 4.4 Poaceae 35 4.4 Amaryllidaceae 34 4.3 Rosaceae 32 4.0 Iridaceae 29 3.7 Saxifragaceae 29 3.7 Total 480 60.5 Table 1. Leading families of ornamental perennials in floriculture of Central Ukraine. flower beds and gardens. At least 13 families represented in the dataset (including Aizoaceae, Mazaceae, and Saururaceae) are exotic to the flora of Ukraine. Among cultivated ornamental perennials, the most species-rich genera are Allium (25 species), Iris (19 species and hybrids), Primula (14 species and hybrids), Campanula, Salvia, Tulipa, and Viola (each four with 13 species and hybrids), Geranium and Hylotelephium (11 species and hybrids each), and Carex, Hosta, and Lilium (each three with 10 taxa). Among cultivated plants used in the floriculture of Central Ukraine, 743 taxa (77.5 %) are herbaceous perennials, while 51 taxa (5.1 %) are semi-woody plants. Additionally, 167 taxa (17.4 %) are short-lived ornamental plants (Kostruba, 2024a). This ratio is generally characteristic of both natural flora (Grechyshkina, 2010; Shynder et al., 2021) and the cultivated flora of the region (Shynder, 2022). However, the disproportionately high share of subshrubs highlights their overall attractiveness and suitability for ornamental gardening. The study also revealed that a significant proportion of alien cultivated plants exhibit low acclimatization levels due to the region’s temperate climate, which includes harsh winters (Osadchyi et al., 2010). As a result, many perennials and even shrubs introduced from warmer regions are grown 68 Plant Introduction • 105/106 Shynder et al. Range Number of taxa % European 29 23.6 Eurasian 24 19.5 European- Mediterranean 17 13.9 Mediterranean 14 11.4 Holarctic 11 8.9 Eurasian steppe 9 7.3 Boreal 8 6.5 Palearctic 6 4.9 European-Siberian 3 2.4 multiregional 2 1.6 Total 123 100.0 Table 2. Distribution of native ornamental perennials in floriculture of Central Ukraine by natural range types. as annuals in Ukrainian temperate zones (Vasylyeva et al., 2019a; Kostruba, 2024a). However, 23 facultative perennial plants are also cultivated, which require winter protection, although more such plants are in specialized collections. By immigration type, 671 species, subspecies, and hybrids (84.5 %) are classified as ergasiophytes, while 123 species and subspecies (15.5 %) are formally native to the study region. However, over half of these native taxa are represented by non-native cultivars. In practical floristics, it is generally not customary to consider the origin of intraspecific forms (including cultivars) separately from the species (or subspecies) when addressing typical research tasks. In general, a large number of native species are classified as ornamental plants (Moroz, 1970; Sydoruk, 1970; Zelinka & Shymanska, 1976; Antonyuk et al., 1977; Cherniak et al., 1998; Glukhov et al., 2010; Pereboichuk et al., 2021). Popovych et al. (2018) identified 2,982 species in the natural flora of Ukraine as possessing ornamental properties (65.9 % of the entire Ukrainian flora), with 1,420 of these species naturally occurring in the Forest-Steppe zone. However, only a small fraction of these native plants are practically cultivated in gardens. It has often been noted that many rare and endangered species possess high ornamental value. In fact, the aesthetic appeal of these species has been one of the factors leading to the decline of natural populations and even their extinction (Sobko & Gaponenko, 1996; Didenko, 2000; Michailovich, 2011). Therefore, cultivating rare ornamental species of local origin is one of the measures for their conservation, provided that these domesticated populations have long been established in cultivation and are propagated in gardens without being supplemented with new plants from the wild, which would otherwise lead to further declines in natural populations (Pereboichuk, 2023; Kostruba, 2024b). The distribution of cultivated plants by their natural ranges is highly diverse (Table 2). The geographical distribution of native flora taxa generally encompasses all major geographical elements of the natural flora (Shynder et al., 2021), and among native ornamental plants, there is no pronounced geographical specificity. The use of native species will remain relevant in landscaping, particularly through cultivating highly ornamental rare plants and simple (non-hybrid) varieties of local species (Antonyuk et al., 1977). The geographical distribution of alien ornamental plants (Table 3) is even more diverse, particularly due to the presence of many ergasiophytes of African and Oceanian origin. However, the majority originate from Asia, the regions of the Ancient Mediterranean, and the Americas. Among Asian plants, 100 taxa (14.9 %) have been introduced from East Asia, 17 (2.5 %) from the Caucasus, and 13 (1.9 %) from the Far East (Eastern Siberia). The largest proportion of the ergasiophytes of American origin is from North America, accounting for 122 taxa (18.2 %). There is also a high percentage of cultivated plants of cultigenous (hybrid) origin and European (primarily Central and Western European) origin. This diverse spectrum with a high representation of these groups is generally characteristic of the flora of cultivated plants (Byalt et al., 2019; Shynder, 2022). The geographical origin of ornamental plants in Belarus (Lunina et al., 2010) closely resembles these data, indicating common patterns in the overall pool of introduced plants in regions of Eastern Europe. Interestingly, the geographical spectra of the adventive fractions of spontaneous floras (Protopopova, 1991; Mosyakin & Yavorska, 2002; Shynder Plant Introduction • 105/106 69 Ornamental perennials in floriculture of Central Ukraine Origin Number of taxa % Asian 188 28.0 Mediterranean 130 19.4 American 128 19.1 cultigenous 75 11.2 European 71 10.6 European- Mediterranean 19 2.8 African 10 1.5 Eurasian steppe 10 1.5 Eurasian 9 1.3 Boreal 7 1.0 Mediterranean-Asian 7 1.0 Oceanic 5 0.7 Holarctic 4 0.6 European-Siberian 3 0.4 Paleotropic 2 0.3 Eurasian desert 1 0.2 Palearctic 1 0.2 multiregional 1 0.2 Total 671 100.0 Table 3. Distribution of alien ornamental perennials plants by geographical origin.et al., 2021) are generally less diverse. However, they also predominantly consist of alien plants of American, Asian, and Mediterranean origin, whereas spontaneous floras in our region include almost no wild plants from the Southern Hemisphere. The proportion of non- native plants of hybrid (cultigenous) origin in the adventive fraction is significantly lower, primarily because many hybrids are sterile and do not tend to naturalize. The overall geographical spectrum of cultivated herbaceous perennials and semi-woody plants is presented in Fig. 2. It illustrates the poly-regional nature and global diversity of species used for landscaping in Central Ukraine. It is anticipated that, with the continued warming of the local climate, the proportion of thermophilic perennials from tropical and subtropical regions in floriculture will increase, as they are already frequently used in landscaping in European countries with warmer climates (Cullen et al., 2011) and are commonly grown under greenhouses in our region (Vasylyeva et al., 2019a). Acclimatization and naturalization of hemerophytes and their invasions At the end of the 20th century, awareness of the issue of cultivated plants spreading beyond the boundaries of introduction Figure 2. Geographical spectrum of ornamental perennials in floriculture of Central Ukraine. 70 Plant Introduction • 105/106 Shynder et al. facilities began to grow. Among the wild- growing plants, escaped ornamental cultivars were increasingly recorded (Mosyakin, 1991; Mosyakin & Yavorska, 2002; Burda, 2013; Orlov, 2019; Strgulc Krajšek et al., 2020). Over 60 species of ornamental short-life and perennial plants have already been discovered in the flora of the Middle Dnieper region (Chopyk et al., 1998). Subsequently, the number of ornamental ergasiophygophytes escaping from cultivation increased continuously (Koniakin et al., 2023; Shynder et al., 2024с). Among the ornamental plants promoted for landscaping in Ukraine, highly invasive species remain present. According to the monitoring study of Rusanova & Bengus (2020), 79 actively marketed ornamental species have already become invasive in Ukraine. The expanding diversity of plant nursery assortments and the import of new floricultural species drive this trend. The mass introduction of new ergasiophytes facilitates their naturalization and contributes to further plant invasions (Protopopova, 1988; Protopopova et al., 2002; Burda, 2013; Protopopova & Shevera, 2013, 2014; Burda et al., 2015; Zavialova, 2017). At present, these negative phenomena have been exacerbated by global climate change, which has accelerated the naturalization of many species, particularly those originating from warmer regions (Didukh & Chorney, 2016; Nāburga & Evarts-Bunders, 2019; Rakhmetov & Zaimenko, 2022). The general process of naturalization of alien plants is multi-staged, beginning with their introduction into new environmental conditions. This study focuses on the naturalization of ergasiophytes that have escaped from cultivation after initially being introduced for horticulture. In the practice of targeted plant introduction in scientific research institutions in Eastern Europe, primarily botanical gardens, one of the main objectives is the acclimatization of ergasiophytes – defined as the process by which a species adapts to new ecological conditions. During the cultivation of plants in botanical gardens, the assessment of successful acclimatization has been a key issue, and a simple but effective yet universal methodology for this purpose was developed by Kokhno (1983). Within this framework, naturalization is considered the highest stage of acclimatization (Kharkevich, 1966; Kokhno & Kurdyuk, 1994). However, regarding ergasiophytes, the concept of naturalization is not practically applicable, as these plants are deliberately planted and cultivated in specifically designed environments. Richardson et al. (2000) analyzed various definitions of the term ‘naturalization’ in the context of plant invasions. Hence, wild alien plants (in this case, escapes from cultivation, i.e., ergasiophygophytes) are considered those in the process of naturalization. A commonly used classification of the degrees of naturalization of adventive plants is based on their level of adaptation to local conditions and their penetration into new ecosystems (Schroeder, 1969; Kornaś, 1978; Mosyakin, 1996; Mosyakin & Yavorska, 2002). At the stage of initial spontaneous introduction into a new environment, alien plants are considered accidental elements of the spontaneous flora. At this stage, they are classified as ephemerophytes (Schroeder, 1969) or colonophytes, as the next stage of naturalization (Mosyakin, 1996). Successful establishment in new habitats and subsequent expansion indicate that an alien plant has become naturalized and is now a stable element of the flora. At this stage, depending on the type of habitat into which these species have penetrated, they are divided into epecophytes (spreading within transformed vegetation) and agriophytes (spreading within natural and ruderal vegetation) (Schroeder, 1969; Kornaś, 1978). Naturalized plants with high reproductive capacity and spreading aggressively are classified as ‘invasive’, while those that significantly alter ecosystems are distinguished as ‘transformers’ (Richardson et al., 2000; Pyšek et al., 2004). To analyze the set of ornamental ergasiophytes and assess their contribution to the adventive fraction of the flora, we accept the approach of Eastern European researchers, who claimed that acclimatization and naturalization of cultivated alien plants are closely linked and constitute stages of a single process (Kharkevich, 1966; Kokhno & Kurdyuk, 1994; Burda, 2013). However, these two stages have long been studied separately, hindering the formation of a unified conceptual approach for a standardized study of the entire process of cultivated plant acclimatization and their subsequent naturalization beyond cultivation. Notably, Richardson et al. (2000) developed a Plant Introduction • 105/106 71 Ornamental perennials in floriculture of Central Ukraine scheme widely recognized today and unified for introducing, naturalizing, and invading alien plants, providing a detailed description of these categories. However, the authors did not give a standard single name for the long process of gradual overcoming by a species of many limiting barriers. In this scheme, naturalization begins after an alien plant spontaneously crosses the ‘environmental barrier’ and physically survives in the new conditions. The proposed model is primarily designed for the spontaneous progression of an alien species through various barriers. For example, the explanation states that the introduction of ‘casual alien plants’ (i.e., overcoming the ‘geographical barrier’ in the scheme) occurs through ‘waifs’ or ‘persisting after cultivation’. The scheme of Richardson et al. (2000) does not incorporate cultivated plants, but cultivation facilitates the process by which an alien plant overcomes geographical, environmental, and often reproductive barriers. This means that it undergoes acclimatization (and, in some cases, reaches the naturalization stage) under controlled conditions. Depending on the success of an ergasiophyte’s acclimatization, its spontaneous spread beyond cultivation may signify either the return to initial geographical barrier A or the immediate transition to overcoming higher barriers (Fig. 3). This explains the high invasive potential of many ergasiophytes, as they can skip the initial barriers (after escaping from cultivation). Essentially, the acclimatization of ergasiophytes should be considered a controlled process (as it occurs under cultivation), which runs parallel to the spontaneous introduction and naturalization of alien plants. We illustrate how this process unfolds in the modified scheme (Fig. 3) based on Richardson et al. (2000). Importantly, this scheme is universal to extend its application to both spontaneously introduced species and cultivated plants undergoing acclimatization. Ergasiophytes with low acclimatization potential may be inadvertently introduced into spontaneous habitats (e.g., through plant debris), effectively crossing the geographical barrier A. However, it is most likely that these plants will disappear at the stage of ephemerophytes, failing to survive the first adverse conditions of drought or winter. An example of this phenomenon includes certain Figure 3. Acclimatization and naturalization of ornamental perennials concerning their potential ability to overcome key limiting barriers. The original scheme of Richardson et al. (2000) supplemented with an additional insert (see explanation in the text). tropical plants whose rhizomes or shoots were discarded from greenhouses and managed to take root in plant waste disposal sites. Ergasiophytes with medium acclimatization have already overcome the environmental barrier B under cultivation conditions. However, if cultivation ceases, they will have to struggle for survival again at the ephemerophyte stage, making further naturalization unlikely. In contrast, fully acclimatized ergasiophytes, in our view, are capable of spontaneously crossing not only the initial geographical barrier A, environmental barrier B, and reproductive barrier C but also the dispersal barrier D (Fig. 3). Examples include Clematis vitalba and Solidago canadensis. In most cases, the acclimatized ergasiophytes have a high potential to escape from cultivation and undergo further naturalization, which is why monitoring this group is crucial. It is also important to note that the formation of self-seeding and vegetative reproduction at the cultivation site is not considered an escape from cultivation 72 Plant Introduction • 105/106 Shynder et al. (Shynder, 2019). This understanding aligns with the definition of the term ‘ergasiophygophyte’ – a foreign plant transitions into this category when it establishes itself in a new location, not at the site of intentional introduction, where it remains classified as an ‘ergasiophyte’ (Naegeli & Thellung, 1905). Hence, based on the assessment of acclimatization levels among the studied sample of ergasiophytes, 26 taxa (3.9 %) were found to have low acclimatization, 344 taxa (51.2 %) had moderate acclimatization, and 301 taxa (44.9 %) exhibited high acclimatization. Among the highly acclimatized ergasiophytes, 193 taxa and hybrids were recorded as self- seeding, 48 as self-seeding (in some cases, with probable vegetative reproduction), and 60 as reproducing vegetatively. From a total number, 103 taxa (15.4 %) of ergasiophygoephytes were recorded beyond cultivation within the study area. Of these, 101 taxa were acclimatized ergasiophytes in cultivation; one had moderate acclimatization (Hylotelephium × mottramianum), and one species exhibited low acclimatization (Albuca bracteata). Among the ergasiophygoephytes, based on their degree of naturalization, 85 taxa (12.7 %) were identified as casual species and hybrids, including 34 ephemerophytes (5.1 %) and 51 colonophytes (7.4 %). Additionally, 18 taxa (2.7 %) were classified as naturalized species. Among the naturalized plants in the study area, seven invasive have been identified as such by experts (Zavialova, 2017; Protopopova & Shevera, 2019; Didenko et al., 2022): Asclepias syriaca, Helianthus tuberosus, Lupinus polyphyllus, Reynoutria japonica, Saponaria officinalis, Solidago canadensis, and Zizania latifolia, as well as Rudbeckia laciniata and Symphyotrichum × salignum. However, according to our data, the latter two species do not exhibit expansion within the studied region. Additionally, Acorus calamus and Arrhenatherum elatius were classified as invasive species for Ukraine (Protopopova & Shevera, 2019). However, Acorus calamus naturalized in Ukraine long before the cultivation of its ornamental cultivars began, while Arrhenatherum elatius is native to the study area in frames of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe natural region (Prokudin et al., 1977). Therefore, there is no reason to consider these species as invasive in this study. Moreover, the nothospecies Reynoutria × bohemica has been considered a potentially invasive species (Zavialova, 2017; Shevera, 2017). However, according to recent data, it behaves as a naturalized expansive species in the study area and is more widely distributed than the already established invasive species R. japonica. For this reason, we also classify R. × bohemica as an invasive plant. Thus, the total number of invasive plants among the ornamental herbaceous ergasiophygophytes in the study area is 10, accounting for 10.7 % of their total number and 1.5 % of the overall diversity of ornamental herbaceous perennials and semi-woody plants. Based on expert assessments (Zavialova, 2017), the following species have been classified as potentially invasive: Helianthus × laetiflorus, Mirabilis nyctaginea, Silphium perfoliatum, Solidago gigantea, Symphyotrichum novae- angliae, and S. novi-belgii. We fully agree with this classification for the mentioned species. Additionally, based on our research, we also consider the following species to be potentially invasive: Corydalis caucasica, Petrosedum orientale, Symphyotrichum × versicolor, and Thladiantha dubia, which are currently undergoing expansion (Kostruba et al., 2021; Shynder et al., 2023b). Furthermore, a gradual increase in the occurrence of certain colonophytes (i.e., Allium tuberosum, Lathyrus latifolius, and Symphytum caucasicum) has been observed, indicating their progressive naturalization and the possibility of classifying them as potentially invasive species. Thus, ornamental perennials serve as one of the sources of invasive plant enrichment in the flora. However, considering they represent the largest group among cultivated plants, their overall contribution to the group of invasive species remains relatively small. For instance, among the 64 highly invasive plant species in Ukraine (Protopopova & Shevera, 2019), 33 are ergasiophygophytes, but only seven of them are ornamental perennials. Among the 17 transformer species recorded in protected areas of the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine (Burda et al., 2015), only one species (i.e., Solidago canadensis) belongs to the group of ornamental perennials. As shown in Fig. 4, the proportion of different groups of the studied plants, based on acclimatization and naturalization levels, aligns well with the ecological ‘rule of ten’ (Williamson, 1993). According to this rule, 1 in 10 Plant Introduction • 105/106 73 Ornamental perennials in floriculture of Central Ukraine of those alien appears in the wild (introduced or casual), 1 in 10 of those introduced becomes established, and 1 in 10 of those established becomes a pest (Williamson, 1993; Williamson & Fitter, 1996), particularly when considering some adjustments previously noted for the population of escaped plants (Williamson & Fitter, 1996). Conclusions For the first time in Ukraine, the taxonomic composition of ornamental herbaceous perennials and subshrubs used in floriculture of a particular region (Central Ukraine) has been studied. The annotated flora includes 794 species and infraspecies of herbaceous perennials and semi-woody plants from 301 genera and 70 families used in floriculture. Among them, 84.5 % are ergasiophytes, while 15.5 % belong to native flora. Overall, perennials (77.5 %) represent the largest biomorphological group among ornamental herbs and subshrubs. In the geographic spectrum of native ornamental plants, European (23.6 %), Eurasian (19.5 %), and European-Mediterranean (13.9 %) species and infraspecies dominate. Among ergasiophytes, Asian (28.0 %), Mediterranean (19.4 %), and American (19.1 %) representatives are most prevalent. The proportion of hybrids and cultigenous species in the overall floriculture flora reaches 11.2 %, indicating an active use of hybrid-origin cultivars in floriculture. For the first time, the essence of the acclimatization process of ergasiophytes and their escape from cultivation has been analyzed within the framework of the limiting barrier model for alien species. The acclimatization of cultivated plants is considered a controlled process that occurs parallel to spontaneous naturalization. It was found that among the studied decorative ergasiophytes, 44.9 % are fully acclimatized, 51.2 % have moderate or low acclimatization, which restricts their spread without care, and 3.9 % exhibit weak or unstable acclimatization. Overall, 15.4 % of ergasiophytes have escaped cultivation and become ergasiophygoephytes. Among them, 2.7 % of taxa have already naturalized, and 1.5 % have become invasive, including Asclepias syriaca, Helianthus tuberosus, Reynoutria japonica, Solidago canadensis, 671 301 103 18 10 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 Er ga si op hy te s Ac cl im at iz ed e rg as io ph yt es Er ga si op hy go ph yt es N at ur al ize d In va si ve Figure 4. Distribution of ornamental perennials by acclimatization and naturalization stages in Central Ukraine. Zizania latifolia, etc. However, while ornamental plants are a significant source of plant invasions, their relative proportion of invasive species remains comparatively low. Based on this study, several naturalized and casual species have been identified as expanding and potentially invasive, including Allium tuberosum, Corydalis caucasica, Lathyrus latifolius, Petrosedum orientale, Symphyotrichum × versicolor, Symphytum caucasicum, and Thladiantha dubia. Acknowledgements The authors express their sincere gratitude to D. Davydov, J. Fuchs, Y. Pirogov, and other researchers and enthusiasts for their assistance in plant identification on the iNaturalist platform. The authors thank I. Didenko, T. Sydoruk, and T. Shvets for acquaintance with the collections of ornamental perennials of the National Dendrological Park “Sofiivka” of the NAS of Ukraine (Uman, Cherkasy Oblast). 74 Plant Introduction • 105/106 Shynder et al. The authors thank T. Kravets, O. Svystun, Z. Gerkiyal, T. Mamchur, and M. Parubok for their kind help during the work with collections of the botanical nursery of the Uman National University of Horticulture. The authors thank N. Doiko and L. Kalashnikova for their kind help during the processing of the collections of the State Dendrological Park “Oleksandria” of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (Bila Tserkva, Kyiv Oblast). Finally, the authors thank A. Gorai and V. Gorobets for their consultations and valuable insights regarding specific ornamental perennials. 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Designations: Imm – immigration element of the flora: hemerophyte native (cv.) – represented by cultivars Accl. – degree of acclimatization: low med. – medium high self-seed. – self-seeding abund. self-seed. – abundant self-seeding veg. spread. – vegetative spread pot. prop. cutt. – potentially propagates by cuttings Spont. – spontaneous spread: casual (ephemerophyte, colonophyte) naturalized Plant Introduction • 105/106 83 Ornamental perennials in floriculture of Central Ukraine invasive potent. invas. – potentially invasive L.f. – life form: herb. perennial subshrub Range – natural area (for native plants): Boreal Euras – Eurasian Euro – European Euro-Med – European-Mediterranean Euro-Sib – European-Siberian Holarct – Holarctic Med – Mediterranean (in a broad sense, see Kleopov, 1990) Multi – multiregional (incl. cosmopolitan) PArct – Palearctic Steppe – Eurasian steppe Origin (for hemerophytes): Afr – African Am – American As – Asian Boreal Desert – Eurasian desert Euras – Eurasian Euro – European Euro-Med – European-Mediterranean Euro-Sib – European-Siberian Holarct – Holarctic Med – Mediterranean (in a broad sense, see Kleopov, 1990), Med-As – Mediterranean-Asian Multi – multiregional Oc – Oceanic PArct – Palearctic Ptrop – Paleotropic Steppe – Eurasian steppe cult. – cultigenous: (NZ) – New Zealand (Caucas) – Caucasus (Sib) – Siberia (fe) – far east (c) – central (e) – eastern (s) – southern (w) – western. Horsetails Equisetaceae 1. Equisetum hyemale L. – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Multi 2. Equisetum telmateia Ehrh. – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euro-Med Ferns Aspleniaceae 3. Asplenium ceterach L. (= Ceterach officinarum Willd.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro-Med 4. Asplenium scolopendrium L. (= Phyllitis scolopendrium (L.) Newman). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med Athyriaceae 5. Athyrium niponicum (Mett.) Hance. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e) 84 Plant Introduction • 105/106 Shynder et al. Dryopteridaceae 6. Dryopteris dilatata (Hoffm.) A.Gray. – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euro 7. Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Holarct Onocleaceae 8. Onoclea sensibilis L. – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Holarct 9. Onoclea struthiopteris (L.) Roth (= Matteuccia struthiopteris (L.) Tod.). – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Boreal Osmundaceae 10. Osmunda regalis L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Multi (Euro-Med-Afr) Polypodiaceae 11. Polystichum setiferum (Forssk.) T.Moore ex Woynar. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro-Med Angiospermae Monocots Acoraceae 12. Acorus calamus L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – Spont.: naturalized, invasive. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(s) 13. Acorus gramineus Aiton. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e) Alismataceae 14. Alisma plantago-aquatica L. – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: PArct Amaryllidaceae 15. Allium aflatunense B.Fedtsch. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – Spont.: casual (ephemerophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(c) 16. Allium altissimum Regel. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – Spont.: casual (colonophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(c) 17. Allium ascalonicum L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med 18. Allium caeruleum Pall. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed, veg. spread.). – Spont.: casual (colonophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(c) 19. Allium carinatum L. subsp. pulchellum (G.Don) Bonnier & Layens. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med 20. Allium cristophii Trautv. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(c) 21. Allium giganteum Regel. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(c) 22. Allium grande Lipsky. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(c) 23. Allium karataviense Regel. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(c) 24. Allium lusitanicum Lam. (= A. montanum Schmidt). – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euro 25. Allium moly L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med 26. Allium narcissiflorum Vill. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med 27. Allium nutans L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – Spont.: casual (colonophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(Sib.) 28. Allium oreophilum C.A.Mey. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(c) 29. Allium paradoxum (M.Bieb.) G.Don. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(w) 30. Allium pervestitum Klokov. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Steppe 31. Allium porrum L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(w) 32. Allium rosenorum R.M.Fritsch (= A. rosenbachianum auct. non Regel). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self- seed.). – Spont.: casual (colonophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(c) 33. Allium schoenoprasum L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Boreal 34. Allium siculum (Ucria) Lindl subsp. dioscoridis (Sm.) K.Richt. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med 35. Allium sphaerocephalon L. – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Med 36. Allium stipitatum Regel. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(c) 37. Allium strictum Schrad. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euras 38. Allium tuberosum Rottler ex Spreng. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed., veg. spread.). – Spont.: casual (colonophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e) 39. Allium ursinum L. – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euro 40. Galanthus elwesii Hook. f. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med 41. Galanthus nivalis L. – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euro 42. Galanthus plicatus M.Bieb. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed., veg. spread.). – Spont.: casual (colonophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med(e) Plant Introduction • 105/106 85 Ornamental perennials in floriculture of Central Ukraine 43. Leucojum aestivum L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro-Med 44. Leucojum vernum L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro 45. Narcissus assoanus Dufour ex Schult. & Schult.f. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro 46. Narcissus poeticus L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro 47. Narcissus tazetta L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med-As(s) 48. Narcissus × hybridus hort. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult. Araceae 49. Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott s.l. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: low. – L.f.: perennial (facult.). – Origin: Am(n) Asparagaceae 50. Agave amica (Medik.) Thiede & Govaerts (= Polianthes tuberosa L.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) 51. Albuca bracteata (Thunb.) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt (= Ornithogalum caudatum Aiton). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: low. – Spont.: , casual? (ephemerophyte). – L.f.: perennial (facult.). – Origin: Afr. – Note. The species was recorded in the territory of Cherkasy Oblast (Hulyaygorodok village) as an escapee from amateur cultivation, collected in 1895 (Montresor, 1898). Apparently, it was an casual plant, likely introduced beyond cultivation with plant waste. 52. Anthericum liliago L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med 53. Asparagus tenuifolius Lam. – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Med 54. Camassia cusickii S.Wats. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) 55. Camassia leichtlinii (Baker) S.Watson. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) 56. Convallaria majalis L. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Holarct 57. Dichelostemma ida-maia (Alph.Wood) Greene. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) 58. Disporopsis pernyi (Hua) Diels. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e) 59. Eucomis autumnalis (Mill.) Chitt. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: low. – L.f.: perennial (facult.). – Origin: Afr 60. Eucomis vandermerwei I.Verd. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: low. – L.f.: perennial (facult.). – Origin: Afr 61. Hosta × lancifolia hort. (= H. × lancifolia (Thunb.) Engl.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e). – Note. A sterile plant, which is also considered a cultivar ‘Lanceolata’, is likely derived from H. sieboldii (Brashear & Meyer, 2025). 62. Hosta longipes (Franch. & Sav.) Matsum. var. gracillima (F.Maek.) N.Fujita (= H. gracillima F.Maek.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e) 63. Hosta minor (Baker) Nakai. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e) 64. Hosta plantaginea (Lam.) Asch. (= Funkia japonica (Thunb.) Druce). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(fe) 65. Hosta sieboldiana (Hook.) Engl. (= H. fortunei (Baker) L.H.Bailey, Hosta crispula F.Maek. (cv.)). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e) 66. Hosta sieboldii (Paxton) J.W.Ingram (= H. albomarginata (Hook.) Ohwi). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e) 67. Hosta × undulata hort. (= H. × undulata (Otto & A.Dietr.) L.H.Bailey). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e). – Note. ‘Undulata’ 68. Hosta ventricosa Stearn. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e) 69. Hosta venusta F.Maek. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e) 70. Hosta × hybrida hort. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult. 71. Hyacinthoides hispanica (Mill.) Roth. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro 72. Hyacinthus orientalis L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(w) 73. Liriope muscari (Decne.) L.H.Bailey:. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e) 74. Muscari armeniacum H.J.Veitch. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed., veg. spread.). – Spont.: casual (colonophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med 75. Muscari aucheri (Boiss.) Baker. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med(e) 76. Muscari botryoides (L.) Mill. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – Spont.: casual (ephemerophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro-Med 77. Muscari comosum (L.) Mill. (= Leopoldia comosa (L.) Parl.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med 78. Muscari latifolium J.Kirk. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med(e) 79. Muscari neglectum Guss. ex Ten. – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euro-Med 80. Muscari tenuiflorum Tausch (= Leopoldia tenuiflora (Tausch) Heldr.). – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Med 81. Muscarimia muscari (L.) Losinsk. (= M. moschatum Willd.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(w) 82. Ophiopogon japonicus (Thunb.) Ker Gawl. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e) 83. Ophiopogon planiscapus Nakai. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e) 84. Ornithogalum boucheanum (Kunth) Asch. – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Med. – Note. Cultivated outside its natural range and easily propagated by self-sowing (Shynder et al., 2023a). 85. Ornithogalum fimbriatum Willd. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med 86 Plant Introduction • 105/106 Shynder et al. 86. Ornithogalum nutans L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med 87. Ornithogalum orthophyllum Ten. subsp. kochii (Parl.) Zahar. (= O. gussonii auct. non Ten.). – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Med 88. Ornithogalum umbellatum L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro 89. Polygonatum humile Fisch. ex Maxim. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e) 90. Polygonatum latifolium (Jacq.) Desf. – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euro 91. Polygonatum multiflorum (L.) All. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Holarct 92. Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euras. – Note. ‘Variegatum’ 93. Puschkinia scilloides Adams. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – Spont.: casual (colonophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med 94. Scilla luciliae (Boiss.) Speta (= Chionodoxa luciliae Boiss.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med(w) 95. Scilla monanthos K.Koch. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med 96. Scilla siberica Andrews. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Med 97. Triteleia laxa Benth. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) 98. Yucca filamentosa L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: subshrub. – Origin: Am(n) 99. Yucca flaccida Haw. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: subshrub. – Origin: Am(n) 100. Yucca glauca Nutt. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: subshrub. – Origin: Am(n) 101. Yucca gloriosa L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: subshrub. – Origin: Am(n) Asphodeliaceae 102. Eremurus fuscus (O.Fedtsch.) Vved. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(c) 103. Eremurus × isabellinus R.Vilm. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult. 104. Eremurus spectabilis M.Bieb. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med 105. Eremurus stenophyllus (Boiss. & Buhse) Baker subsp. stenophyllus. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(c) 106. Eremurus stenophyllus subsp. aurantiacus (Baker) Wendelbo (= E. aurantiacus Baker). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(cs) 107. Hemerocallis citrina Baroni. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e) 108. Hemerocallis fulva (L.) L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e) 109. Hemerocallis × hybrida Bergmans. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult. 110. Hemerocallis lilioasphodelus L. (= H. flava L.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e) 111. Hemerocallis middendorffii Trautv. & C.A.Mey. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e) 112. Kniphofia × hybrida Gumbl. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult. 113. Kniphofia uvaria (L.) Oken. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Afr Cannaceae 114. Canna × hybrida Rodigas (= C. × generalis L.H.Bailey). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: low. – L.f.: perennial (facult.). – Origin: cult. Colchicaceae 115. Colchicum autumnale L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – Spont.: casual (ephemerophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro 116. Colchicum speciosum Steven. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med Commelinaceae 117. Tradescantia × andersoniana W.Ludw. & Rohweder hort. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – Spont.: casual (ephemerophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult. 118. Tradescantia virginiana L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) Cyperaceae 119. Carex brevicollis DC. – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Med 120. Carex buchananii Berggr. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Oc(NZ) 121. Carex comans Berggr. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Oc(NZ) 122. Carex grayi J.Carey. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) 123. Carex morrowii Boott. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e) 124. Carex muskingumensis Schwein. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) 125. Carex oshimensis Nakai. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e) 126. Carex pendula Huds. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med 127. Carex pseudocyperus L. – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Holarct 128. Carex talbotii Kottaim. (= C. berggrenii Petrie). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Oc(NZ) 129. Eleocharis acicularis (L.) Roem. & Schult. – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Holarct Plant Introduction • 105/106 87 Ornamental perennials in floriculture of Central Ukraine Dioscoreaceae 130. Dioscorea nipponica Makino. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e) Iridaceae 131. Crocosmia × crocosmiiflora (Lemoine) N.E.Br. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult. 132. Crocus angustifolius Weston. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med 133. Crocus banaticus J.Gay. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro 134. Crocus chrysanthus (Herb.) Herb. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med 135. Crocus flavus Weston. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med 136. Crocus heuffelianus Herb. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro 137. Crocus sieberi J.Gay. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med 138. Crocus speciosus M.Bieb. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med 139. Crocus vernus (L.) Hill. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro 140. Crocus × hybridus hort. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult. 141. Gladiolus × colvillei Sweet. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: low. – L.f.: perennial (facult.). – Origin: cult. 142. Gladiolus × hybridus C.Morren. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: low. – L.f.: perennial (facult.). – Origin: cult. 143. Gladiolus × garden hybrid hort. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: low. – L.f.: perennial (facult.). – Origin: cult. 144. Iris aphylla L. var. hungarica (Waldst. & Kit.) D.Dubovik (= I. hungarica Waldst. & Kit.). – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Med 145. Iris bucharica Foster (= Juno bucharica (Foster) Vved.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(c) 146. Iris domestica (L.) Goldblatt & Mabb. (= Belamcanda chinensis (L.) DC.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self- seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e) 147. Iris ensata Thunb. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(fe) 148. Iris × germanica L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed., veg. spread.). – Spont.: casual (colonophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro 149. Iris graminea L. – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euro 150. Iris × hollandica H.R.Wehrh. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult. 151. Iris × hybrida Retz. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.?, veg. spread.). – Spont.: casual (ephemerophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult. 152. Iris lactea Pall. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e) 153. Iris orientalis Mill. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med 154. Iris pseudacorus L. – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: PArct 155. Iris pumila L. – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Steppe 156. Iris reticulata M.Bieb. (= Iridodictyum reticulatum (M.Bieb.) Rodion.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med 157. Iris sanguinea Hornem. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e) 158. Iris sibirica L. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euro-Sib 159. Iris spuria L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro-Med 160. Iris variegata L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med 161. Iris versicolor L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) 162. Iris × garden hybrid hort. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult. 163. Ixia × hybrida hort. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult. 164. Sisyrinchium angustifolium Mill. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) 165. Sisyrinchium montanum Greene. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – Spont.: casual (colonophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) 166. Sisyrinchium septentrionale E.P.Bicknell. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) 167. Sparaxis tricolor (Schneev.) Ker Gawl. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Afr 168. Tigridia pavonia (L.f.) Redouté. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(c) Juncaceae 169. Juncus effusus L. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Holarct 170. Luzula pilosa (L.) Willd. – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euro-Sib Liliaceae 171. Erythronium californicum Purdy. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) 172. Erythronium dens-canis L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med 173. Erythronium tuolumnense Applegate. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) 174. Fritillaria acmopetala Boiss. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med 175. Fritillaria imperialis L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(c) 176. Fritillaria meleagris L. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euro 177. Fritillaria michailovskyi Fomin. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med(e) 178. Fritillaria uva-vulpis Rix. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med 179. Lilium bulbiferum L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med 88 Plant Introduction • 105/106 Shynder et al. 180. Lilium candidum L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med 181. Lilium henryi Baker. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e) 182. Lilium × hollandicum Bergmans. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult. 183. Lilium lancifolium Thunb. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e) 184. Lilium martagon L. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euro-Sib 185. Lilium pensylvanicum Ker Gawl. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e) 186. Lilium regale E.H.Wilson. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e) 187. Lilium speciosum Thunb. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e) 188. Lilium × hybridum hort. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult. 189. Tricyrtis hirta (Thunb.) Hook. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e) 190. Tricyrtis latifolia Maxim. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e) 191. Tricyrtis macropoda Miq. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e) 192. Tricyrtis × hybrida hort. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult. 193. Tulipa biflora Pall. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Desert 194. Tulipa bifloriformis Vved. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(c) 195. Tulipa fosteriana W.Irving. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(c) 196. Tulipa gesneriana L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med(e) 197. Tulipa greigii Regel. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(c) 198. Tulipa humilis Herb. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med 199. Tulipa kaufmanniana Regel. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(c) 200. Tulipa orphanidea Boiss. ex Heldr. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med 201. Tulipa saxatilis Sieber ex Spreng. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med(e) 202. Tulipa suaveolens Roth (= T. schrenkii Regel). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Steppe 203. Tulipa sylvestris L. subsp. australis (Link) Pamp. (= T. biebersteiniana Schult. & Schult., T. quercetorum Klokov & Zoz). – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Med 204. Tulipa tarda Stapf. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(c) 205. Tulipa × hybrida hort. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult. Melanthiaceae 206. Trillium luteum (Muhl.) Harb. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) Orchidaceae 207. Bletilla striata (Thunb.) Rchb.f. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e) 208. Cypripedium macranthos Sw. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euras 209. Cypripedium parviflorum Salisb. var. pubescens (Willd.) O.W.Knight (= C. pubescens Willd.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) Poaceae 210. Achnatherum bromoides (L.) P.Beauv. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med 211. Agrostis stolonifera L. – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: PArct 212. Arrhenatherum elatius (L.) P.Beauv. ex J.Presl & C.Presl. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euro- Med. – Note. This species is classified as invasive in Ukraine (Protopopova & Shevera, 2019). However, in the studied region, it is native (Prokudin et al., 1977). 213. Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Torr. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) 214. Bouteloua gracilis (Kunth) Lag. ex Griffiths. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) 215. Calamagrostis × acutiflora (Schrad.) DC. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult. 216. Cenchrus alopecuroides (L.) Thunb. (= Pennisetum alopecuroides (L.) Spreng.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e) 217. Cenchrus orientalis (Rich.) Morrone (= Pennisetum orientale Rich.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med-As(s) 218. Chasmanthium latifolium (Michx.) H.O.Yates. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) 219. Cortaderia selloana (Schult. & Schult.f.) Asch. & Graebn. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: low. – L.f.: perennial (facult.). – Origin: Am(n). – Note. It is not a winter-hardy plant in our region, but it can nevertheless occasionally be found in collections, store offers, and private and municipal flower gardens. 220. Deschampsia cespitosa (L.) P.Beauv. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Holarct 221. Festuca cinerea Vill. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med 222. Festuca cretacea T.I.Popov ex Proskor. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Steppe 223. Festuca gautieri (Hack.) K.Richt. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med 224. Festuca glauca Vill. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med 225. Festuca pallens Host. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro 226. Hakonechloa macra (Munro) Honda. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e) 227. Helictotrichon sempervirens (Vill.) Pilg. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro(w) 228. Holcus mollis L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro Plant Introduction • 105/106 89 Ornamental perennials in floriculture of Central Ukraine 229. Imperata cylindrica (L.) P.Beauv. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: PTrop 230. Leymus arenarius (L.) Hochst. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Boreal(Euro) 231. Leymus racemosus (Lam.) Tzvelev. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – Spont.: casual (ephemerophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Steppe 232. Lolium multiflorum Lam. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – Spont.: casual (ephemerophyte). – L.f.: perennial (short-life). – Origin: Med-As(c) 233. Melica altissima L. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Steppe. – Note. ‘Atropurpurea’ 234. Miscanthus × longiberbis (Hack.) Nakai (= M. giganteus J.M.Greef & Deuter ex Hodk. & Renvoize). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult. 235. Miscanthus sacchariflorus (Maxim.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex Franch. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed, veg. spread.). – Spont.: casual (ephemerophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e) 236. Miscanthus sinensis Andersson. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e) 237. Nassella tenuissima (Trin.) Barkworth (= Stipa tenuissima Trin.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) 238. Panicum virgatum L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) 239. Phalaris arundinacea L. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Holarct 240. Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Multi. – Note. ‘Variegatus’ 241. Pleioblastus variegatus (J.Dix) Makino. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: subshrub. – Origin: As(e) 242. Sporobolus michauxianus (Hitchc.) P.M.Peterson & Saarela. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) 243. Tripidium ravennae (L.) H.Scholz. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med-As(ws) 244. Zizania latifolia (Griseb.) Hance ex F.Muell. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – Spont.: naturalized, invasive. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e) Eudicots Acanthaceae 245. Acanthus hungaricus (Borbás) Baen. (= A. balcanicus Heywood & I.Richardson). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med 246. Acanthus mollis L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med Aizoaceae 247. Delosperma cooperi (Hook.f.) L.Bolus. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Afr 248. Delosperma nubigenum (Schltr.) L.Bolus. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Afr Apiaceae 249. Aegopodium podagraria L. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euro. – Note. ‘Variegatum’ 250. Astrantia major L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro 251. Eryngium planum L. – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euras 252. Levisticum officinale W.D.J.Koch. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – Spont.: casual (colonophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(w) 253. Heracleum lehmannianum Bunge. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(cs) Apocynaceae 254. Amsonia tabernaemontana Walter. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) 255. Apocynum cannabinum L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed., veg. spread.). – Spont.: casual (colonophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) 256. Asclepias syriaca L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – Spont.: naturalized, invasive. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) 257. Asclepias tuberosa L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) 258. Vinca herbacea Waldst. & Kit. – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Med 259. Vinca major L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med 260. Vinca minor L. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euro-Med Asteraceae 261. Achillea filipendulina Lam. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med-As(c) 262. Achillea millefolium L. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Boreal 263. Achillea ptarmica L. (= Ptarmica vulgaris Blakw. ex DC.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Boreal. – Note. This species in its natural habitat was recorded in the northern part of Kyiv Oblast, within the Polissya zone (Sytnik, 1984). In the studied region, it is not native. 264. Achillea tomentosa L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med 265. Antennaria dioica (L.) Gaertn. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Boreal 90 Plant Introduction • 105/106 Shynder et al. 266. Archanthemis marschalliana (Willd.) Lo Presti & Oberpr. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med 267. Artemisia abrotanum L. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: subshrub. – Range: Euras 268. Artemisia dracunculus L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.?). – Spont.: casual (ephemerophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euras 269. Artemisia genipi Stechm. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med 270. Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) 271. Artemisia schmidtiana Maxim. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: subshrub. – Origin: As(e) 272. Artemisia vulgaris agg. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e). – Note. ‘Janlim’ 273. Aster alpinus L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Holarct 274. Aster tongolensis Franch. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e) 275. Centaurea fuscomarginata (K.Koch) Juz. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Steppe 276. Centaurea macrocephala Muss.Puschk. ex Willd. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med 277. Centaurea mollis Waldst. & Kit. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – Spont.: casual (ephemerophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro 278. Centaurea montana L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro 279. Centaurea scabiosa L. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euras 280. Chrysanthemum indicum L. (= C. koraiense Nakai). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: low. – L.f.: perennial (facult.). – Origin: As(e). – Note. It is possible that the pure species (rather than hybrids) is absent in our area. 281. Chrysanthemum × morifolium (Ramat.) Hemsl. (= Dendranthema × hortorum Bailey). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: low. – L.f.: perennial (facult.). – Origin: As(e) 282. Coreopsis auriculata L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) 283. Coreopsis lanceolata L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – Spont.: casual (colonophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) 284. Coreopsis verticillata L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) 285. Dahlia × cultorum Thorsrud & Reisaeter. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: low. – L.f.: perennial (facult.). – Origin: cult. 286. Dahlia imperialis Roezl ex Ortgies. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: low. – L.f.: perennial (facult.). – Origin: Am(n) 287. Doronicum caucasicum M.Bieb. (= D. orientale Hoffm.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med 288. Doronicum × excelsum (N.E.Br.) Stace. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro 289. Doronicum pardalianches L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro-Med 290. Echinacea angustifolia DC. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) 291. Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Nutt. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) 292. Echinacea paradoxa Britton × E. sp. garden hybrid hort. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) 293. Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – Spont.: casual (ephemerophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) 294. Echinacea × hybrida hort. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult. 295. Echinops bannaticus Rochel ex Schrad. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (abund. self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med 296. Echinops sphaerocephalus L. – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euras 297. Emilia coccinea (Sims) G.Don. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Afr 298. Erigeron speciosus (Lindl.) DC. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) 299. Erigeron × hybridus hort. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult. 300. Eupatorium cannabinum L. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euro-Med 301. Eutrochium maculatum (L.) E.E.Lamont. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) 302. Farfugium japonicum (L.) Kitam. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: low. – L.f.: perennial (facult.). – Origin: As(e) 303. Felicia amelloides (L.) Voss. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: low. – L.f.: perennial (facult.). – Origin: Afr 304. Gaillardia aristata Pursh. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (abund. self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) 305. Helenium autumnale L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) 306. Helianthus × laetiflorus Pers. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed., veg. spread.). – Spont.: casual (colonophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) 307. Helianthus tuberosus L. var. subcanescens A.Gray (= H. subcanescens (A.Gray) E.Watson). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed., veg. spread.). – Spont.: naturalized, invasive. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n). – Note. As an independent species, H. subcanescens was classified as potentially invasive (Zavialova, 2017). 308. Heliopsis helianthoides (L.) Sweet var. scabra (Dunal) Fernald (= Heliopsis scabra Dunal). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – Spont.: casual (colonophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) 309. Hieracium bifidum Kit. ex Hornem. s.l. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro 310. Hieracium maculatum Schrank. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro-Med 311. Inula helenium L. – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euras Plant Introduction • 105/106 91 Ornamental perennials in floriculture of Central Ukraine 312. Leontopodium nivale (Ten.) A.Huet ex Hand.-Mazz. subsp. alpinum (Cass.) Greuter (= L. alpinum Cass.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro 313. Leucanthemum maximum (Ramond) DC. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – Spont.: casual (ephemerophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro 314. Leucanthemum × superbum (Bergmans ex J.W.Ingram) D.H.Kent. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult. 315. Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euro 316. Liatris spicata (L.) Willd. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) 317. Ligularia dentata (A.Gray) H.Hara. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e) 318. Ligularia macrophylla (Ledeb.) DC. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(c) 319. Ligularia przewalskii (Maxim.) Diels. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e) 320. Ligularia sibirica (L.) Cass. (= L. bucovinensis Nakai). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro-Sib 321. Ligularia stenocephala (Maxim.) Matsum. & Koidz. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e) 322. Petasites albus (L.) Gaertn. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro-Med 323. Petasites hybridus (L.) G.Gaertn., B.Mey. & Scherb. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro-Med 324. Pilosella aurantiaca (L.) F.W.Schultz & Sch.Bip. (= Hieracium aurantiacum L.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro 325. Psephellus dealbatus (Willd.) K.Koch (= Centaurea dealbata Willd.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.?, veg. spread.). – Spont.: casual (colonophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(Cauc.) 326. Rhaponticoides ruthenica (Lam.) M.V.Agab. & Greuter (= Centaurea ruthenica Lam.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Steppe 327. Rudbeckia laciniata L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed., veg. spread.). – Spont.: casual (colonophyte), invasive. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) 328. Santolina chamaecyparissus L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med 329. Santolina virens Mill. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: subshrub. – Origin: Med 330. Senecio nemorensis L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euras 331. Senecio ovatus (G.Gaertn., B.Mey. & Scherb.) Willd. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro 332. Serratula coronata L. – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euras 333. Silphium perfoliatum L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed., veg. spread.). – Spont.: casual (colonophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) 334. Silphium terebinthinaceum Jacq. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) 335. Solidago canadensis L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – Spont.: naturalized, invasive. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) 336. Solidago gigantea Aiton (= Solidago serotina Aiton). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed., veg. spread.). – Spont.: casual (colonophyte), potent. invas. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) 337. Solidago × hybrida hort. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult. 338. Symphyotrichum × salignum (Willd.) G.L.Nesom (= Aster × salignus Willd.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self- seed., veg. spread.). – Spont.: casual (colonophyte), invasive. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult. 339. Symphyotrichum × versicolor (Willd.) G.L.Nesom (= Aster versicolor Willd). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self- seed., veg. spread.). – Spont.: naturalized. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult. 340. Symphyotrichum dumosum (L.) G.L.Nesom × S. sp. hybrid hort. (= Aster dumosus auct. non Hoffm.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – Spont.: casual (ephemerophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult. 341. Symphyotrichum ericoides (L.) G.L.Nesom. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) 342. Symphyotrichum lanceolatum (Willd.) G.L.Nesom (= Aster lanceolatus Willd.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed., veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) 343. Symphyotrichum novae-angliae (L.) G.L.Nesom (= Aster novae-angliae L.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self- seed., veg. spread.). – Spont.: casual (ephemerophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) 344. Symphyotrichum novi-belgii (L.) G.L.Nesom (= Aster novi-belgii L.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed., veg. spread.). – Spont.: casual (colonophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) 345. Symphyotrichum × hybridum hort. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult. 346. Tanacetum balsamita L. (= Pyrethrum majus (Desf.) Tzvelev). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.?, veg. spread.). – Spont.: casual (ephemerophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med(e) 347. Tanacetum coccineum (Willd.) Grierson (= Pyrethrum roseum (Adams) M.Bieb.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med(e)-As(c) 348. Tanacetum macrophyllum (Waldst. & Kit.) Sch.Bip. (= Pyrethrum macrophyllum (Waldst. & Kit.) Willd.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(Cauc.) 349. Tanacetum partheniifolium (Willd.) Sch.Bip. (= Pyrethrum partheniifolium Willd.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – Spont.: casual (colonophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med 350. Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Sch.Bip. (= Pyrethrum parthenium (L.) Sm.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self- seed.). – Spont.: casual (colonophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med 351. Telekia speciosa (Schreb.) Baumg. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med(e) 352. Vernonia gigantea (Walter) Trel. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) 92 Plant Introduction • 105/106 Shynder et al. Berberidaceae 353. Epimedium grandiflorum C.Morren. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e) 354. Epimedium pinnatum Fisch. ex DC. subsp. colchicum (Boiss.) N.Busch. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(Cauc.) 355. Epimedium × rubrum C.Morren. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult. 356. Epimedium × youngianum Fisch. & C.A.Mey. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e) 357. Epimedium × hybridum hort. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult. Bignoniaceae 358. Incarvillea delavayi Bureau & Franch. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e) Boraginaceae 359. Aegonychon purpurocaeruleum (L.) Holub (= Lithospermum purpureo-coeruleum L.). – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euro-Med 360. Brunnera macrophylla (Adams) I.M.Johnst. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(Cauc.) 361. Brunnera sibirica Steven. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(Sib.) 362. Myosotis alpestris F.W.Schmidt. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (abund. self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euras 363. Omphalodes verna Moench. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med 364. Pulmonaria longifolia (Bastard) Boreau. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro 365. Pulmonaria officinalis L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro 366. Pulmonaria rubra Schott. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro 367. Pulmonaria saccharata Mill. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro 368. Pulmonaria × hybrida hort. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult. 369. Symphytum asperum Lepech. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed., veg. spread.). – Spont.: casual (colonophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(Cauc.) 370. Symphytum caucasicum M.Bieb. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed., veg. spread.). – Spont.: casual (colonophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(Cauc.) Brassicaceae 371. Aethionema grandiflorum Boiss. & Hohen. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: subshrub. – Origin: Med 372. Alyssum montanum L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: subshrub. – Origin: Euro 373. Arabis alpina L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Holarct 374. Arabis caucasica Willd. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: subshrub. – Origin: Med 375. Arabis procurrens Waldst. & Kit. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro 376. Aubrieta × cultorum Bergmans. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: subshrub. – Origin: cult. 377. Aubrieta deltoidea (L.) DC. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med 378. Aurinia saxatilis (L.) Desv. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euro-Med 379. Crambe maritima L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro-Med 380. Draba aizoides L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: subshrub. – Origin: Euro 381. Draba bruniifolia Steven. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: subshrub. – Origin: Med 382. Hornungia alpina (L.) O.Appel subsp. brevicaulis (Spreng.) O.Appel (= Hutchinsia alpina R.Br. subsp. brevicaulis (Hoppe) Arcangeli). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med 383. Iberis saxatilis L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: subshrub. – Origin: Med 384. Iberis sempervirens L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: subshrub. – Origin: Med 385. Lunaria rediviva L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – Spont.: casual (ephemerophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro 386. Pachyphragma macrophyllum (Hoffm.) N.Busch. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(Cauc.) Buxaceae 387. Pachysandra terminalis Siebold & Zucc. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e) Campanulaceae 388. Campanula alliariifolia Willd. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med 389. Campanula bononiensis L. – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euras 390. Campanula carpatica Jacq. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro 391. Campanula glomerata L. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euras 392. Campanula lactiflora M.Bieb. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med 393. Campanula latifolia L. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euro-Med 394. Campanula persicifolia L. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euro 395. Campanula portenschlagiana Schult. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med 396. Campanula poscharskyana Degen. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med 397. Campanula punctata Lam. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e) 398. Campanula tatrae Borbás. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro Plant Introduction • 105/106 93 Ornamental perennials in floriculture of Central Ukraine 399. Campanula zangezura (Lipsky) Kolak. & Serdyuk. (= Symphyandra zangezura Lipsky). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(w) 400. Campanula × hybrida hort. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult. – Note. ‘Pink Octopus’, etc. 401. Lobelia siphilitica L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) 402. Platycodon grandiflorus (Jacq.) A.DC. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e) Caprifoliaceae 403. Lomelosia caucasica (M.Bieb.) Greuter & Burdet. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(w) 404. Valeriana rubra L. (= Centranthus ruber (L.) DC.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med Caryophyllaceae 405. Cerastium arvense L. – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Holarct 406. Cerastium biebersteinii DC. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med 407. Cerastium tomentosum L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread., self-seed.?). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med 408. Dianthus deltoides L. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euro 409. Dianthus gratianopolitanus Vill. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: subshrub. – Origin: Euro 410. Dianthus plumarius L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med 411. Dianthus superbus L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: subshrub. – Origin: Euras 412. Gypsophila paniculata L. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euras 413. Gypsophila repens L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro 414. Petrorhagia saxifraga (L.) Link. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – Spont.: casual (colonophyte). – L.f.: subshrub. – Origin: Med 415. Sagina hawaiensis Pax (= S. subulata (Sw.) C.Presl). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro 416. Saponaria ocymoides L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (abund. self-seed.). – L.f.: subshrub. – Origin: Euro 417. Saponaria officinalis L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed., veg. spread.). – Spont.: naturalized, invasive. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med 418. Silene chalcedonica (L.) E.H.L.Krause (= Lychnis chalcedonica L.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – Spont.: casual (ephemerophyte). – L.f.: perennial (short-life). – Origin: Euro-Sib 419. Silene uniflora Roth. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Boreal 420. Viscaria vulgaris Bernh. (= Steris viscaria (L.) Raf.). – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euro Cistaceae 421. Helianthemum apenninum (L.) Mill. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: subshrub. – Origin: Euro 422. Helianthemum nummularium (L.) Mill. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: subshrub. – Origin: Euro-Med 423. Helianthemum × hybridum hort. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: subshrub. – Origin: cult. Convolvulaceae 424. Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: low. – L.f.: perennial (facult.). – Origin: Am(c) Crassulaceae 425. Hylotelephium cauticola (Praeger) H.Ohba. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(fe) 426. Hylotelephium × cordifolium (Baker) J. Uher (= H. maximum × H. spectabile, Sedum cordifolium Baker). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed., pot. prop. cutt.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult. 427. Hylotelephium cyaneum (Rudolph) H.Ohba. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(fe) 428. Hylotelephium erythrostictum (Miq.) H.Ohba. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(fe) 429. Hylotelephium ewersii (Ledeb.) H.Ohba. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. (pot. prop. cutt.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(c) 430. Hylotelephium maximum (L.) J.Holub subsp. maximum. – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euro-Med 431. Hylotelephium × mottramianum J.M.H.Shaw & R.Stephenson. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. (pot. prop. cutt.). – Spont.: casual (ephemerophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult. – Note. ‘Herbstfreude’ 432. Hylotelephium pluricaule (Maxim.) H.Ohba. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e) 433. Hylotelephium spectabile (Boreau) H.Ohba. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e) 434. Hylotelephium vulgare (Haw.) Holub (= Sedum fabaria W.D.J.Koch). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro. – Note. The type species of the genus, Hylotelephium telephium (L.) H.Ohba (= Sedum purpureum (L.) Schult.), is unstable and not cultivated under local conditions, though it is one of the parents of several cultivars. 435. Hylotelephium × hybridum hort. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult. 436. Petrosedum forsterianum (Sm.) Grulich. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro 437. Petrosedum ochroleucum (Chaix) Niederle. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro 94 Plant Introduction • 105/106 Shynder et al. 438. Petrosedum orientale (‘t Hart) Grulich. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed., veg. spread.). – Spont.: naturalized, potent. invas. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro 439. Petrosedum rupestre (L.) P.V.Heath (= Sedum reflexum L., Petrosedum reflexum (L.) Grulich). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed., veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro 440. Petrosedum sediforme (Jacq.) Grulich. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med 441. Phedimus aizoon (L.) ‘t Hart (= Sedum aizoon L.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – Spont.: casual (colonophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(fe) 442. Phedimus ellacombeanus (Praeger) ‘t Hart. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e) 443. Phedimus hybridus (L.) ‘t Hart (= Sedum hybridum L.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.?, veg. spread.). – Spont.: casual (ephemerophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(fe) 444. Phedimus kamtschaticus (Fisch. & C.A.Mey.) ‘t Hart. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(fe) 445. Phedimus middendorffianus (Maxim.) ‘t Hart. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e) 446. Phedimus spurius (M.Bieb.) ‘t Hart (= Sedum spurium M.Bieb.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – Spont.: casual (colonophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(Cauc.) 447. Phedimus spurius subsp. oppositifolius (Sims) L.Gallo (= Sedum oppositifolium Sims., Phedimus crenatus (Desf.) V.V.Byalt). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(Cauc.). – Note. The taxon is no longer recognized as an independent species (POWO, 2025). 448. Phedimus stolonifer (S.G.Gmel.) ‘t Hart. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(Cauc.) 449. Rhodiola pachyclados (Aitch. ex Hemsl.) H.Ohba. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(s) 450. Sedum acre L. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euro 451. Sedum album L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.?, veg. spread.). – Spont.: casual (colonophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro 452. Sedum anglicum Huds. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro 453. Sedum dasyphyllum L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med 454. Sedum mexicanum Britton. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: low. – L.f.: perennial (facult.). – Origin: Am(n) 455. Sedum pallidum M.Bieb. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed., veg. spread.). – Spont.: naturalized. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med 456. Sedum sarmentosum Bunge. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e) 457. Sedum sexangulare L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed, veg. spread.). – Spont.: naturalized. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro-Med. – Note. No natural habitats are known in the studied territory. It was first reported for Uman city (Rogovich, 1855; Andrzejowski, 1861), likely originating from “Sofiyivka” Park as an hemerophyte. 458. Sempervivum × alatum Scheele nothosubsp. alatum (= Sempervivum × funkii Le Jol. ex Nyman). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro 459. Sempervivum arachnoideum L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro 460. Sempervivum calcareum Jord. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med 461. Sempervivum × comollii Rota. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro 462. Sempervivum globiferum L. subsp. globiferum. – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euro 463. Sempervivum globiferum subsp. hirtum (L.) ‘t Hart & Bleij (= Jovibarba hirta (L.) Opiz). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro 464. Sempervivum ruthenicum Koch ex Schnittsp. & Lehm. – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euro 465. Sempervivum tectorum L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (pot. prop. cutt.). – Spont.: casual (ephemerophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro 466. Sempervivum × hybridum hort. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult. Cucurbitaceae 467. Thladiantha dubia Bunge. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.?, veg. spread.). – Spont.: casual (colonophyte), potent. invas. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e) Euphorbiaceae 468. Euphorbia cyparissias L. – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euro-Med 469. Euphorbia epithymoides L. (= E. polychroma A.Kern.). – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euro 470. Euphorbia mesembryanthemifolia Jacq. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: subshrub. – Origin: Am(s) 471. Euphorbia myrsinites L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med Fabaceae 472. Baptisia australis (L.) R.Br. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) 473. Desmodium canadense (L.) DC. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) 474. Galega orientalis Lam. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed., veg. spread.). – Spont.: casual (colonophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(Cauc.) 475. Glycyrrhiza glabra L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.?, veg. spread.). – Spont.: casual (colonophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med Plant Introduction • 105/106 95 Ornamental perennials in floriculture of Central Ukraine 476. Lathyrus latifolius L. (= Lathyrus megalanthus Stendel.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed., veg. spread.). – Spont.: casual (colonophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med 477. Lathyrus tuberosus L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed, veg. spread.). – Spont.: naturalized. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(c) 478. Lupinus perennis L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – Spont.: casual (ephemerophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) 479. Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – Spont.: naturalized, invasive. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) 480. Trifolium repens L. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: PArct 481. Trifolium rubens L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – Spont.: casual (ephemerophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro Geraniaceae 482. Geranium × cantabrigiense P.F.Yeo. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult. 483. Geranium dalmaticum (Beck) Rech.f. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med 484. Geranium himalayense Klotzsch – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(s) 485. Geranium macrorrhizum L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med 486. Geranium maculatum L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) 487. Geranium nepalense Sweet. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e) 488. Geranium phaeum L. – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euro-Med 489. Geranium pyrenaicum Burm.f. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – Spont.: casual (colonophyte). – L.f.: perennial (short-life). – Origin: Med 490. Geranium ruprechtii (Woronow) Grossh. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(Cauc.) 491. Geranium sanguineum L. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euro 492. Geranium wallichianum D.Don ex Sweet. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(s) Hypericaceae 493. Hypericum androsaemum L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: subshrub. – Origin: Med 494. Hypericum ascyron L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Holarct 495. Hypericum calycinum L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: subshrub. – Origin: Med 496. Hypericum olympicum L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med 497. Hypericum patulum Thumb. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e) Lamiaceae 498. Agastache foeniculum (Pursh) Kuntze (= Lophanthus anisatus (Nutt.) Benth.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) 499. Agastache rugosa (Fisch. & C.A.Mey.) Kuntze. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(s) 500. Ajuga pyramidalis L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro 501. Ajuga reptans L. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euro-Med 502. Betonica macrantha K.Koch. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med 503. Clinopodium menthifolium (Host) Merino subsp. ascendens (Jord.) Govaerts (= Calamintha menthifolia Host.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – Spont.: casual (ephemerophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro-Med 504. Clinopodium nepeta (L.) Kuntze (= Calamintha nepeta (L.) Savi). – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euro-Med 505. Elsholtzia stauntonii Benth. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: subshrub. – Origin: As(e) 506. Hyssopus officinalis L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – Spont.: casual (colonophyte). – L.f.: subshrub. – Origin: Med 507. Lamium galeobdolon L. subsp. argentatum (Smejkal) J.Duvign. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro 508. Lamium maculatum (L.) L. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euro 509. Lavandula angustifolia Mill. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: subshrub. – Origin: Med 510. Lavandula × intermedia Emeric ex Loisel. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: subshrub. – Origin: Med 511. Melissa officinalis L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – Spont.: casual (ephemerophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med 512. Mentha × piperita L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.?, veg. spread.). – Spont.: casual (colonophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult. 513. Mentha spicata L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed., veg. spread.). – Spont.: casual (colonophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med 514. Mentha suaveolens Ehrh. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro-Med 515. Monarda didyma L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) 516. Monarda fistulosa L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) 517. Monarda × hybrida hort. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult. 518. Nepeta cataria L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – Spont.: casual (colonophyte). – L.f.: perennial (short-life). – Origin: Med 519. Nepeta × faasenii Bergmans ex Stearn. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult. 96 Plant Introduction • 105/106 Shynder et al. 520. Nepeta grandiflora M.Bieb. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed., veg. spread.). – Spont.: casual (colonophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(Cauc.) 521. Nepeta racemosa Lam. (= N. transcaucasica Grossh.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – Spont.: casual (colonophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(w) 522. Origanum laevigatum Boiss. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med 523. Origanum rotundifolium Boiss. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med 524. Origanum vulgare L. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euras 525. Phlomoides tuberosa (L.) Moench. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Steppe 526. Phlomis russeliana (Sims) Lag. ex Benth. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med(e) 527. Physostegia virginiana (L.) Benth. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) 528. Prunella grandiflora (L.) Turra. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euro 529. Salvia abrotanoides (Kar.) Sytsma (= Perovskia abrotanoides Kar.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: subshrub. – Origin: As(cs) 530. Salvia × floriferior Dolat. & Ziel. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: subshrub. – Origin: cult. 531. Salvia glutinosa L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro-Med 532. Salvia nemorosa L. subsp. nemorosa. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Steppe 533. Salvia nutans L. – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Steppe 534. Salvia officinalis L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: subshrub. – Origin: Med 535. Salvia rosmarinus Spenn. (= Rosmarinus officinalis L.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: low. – L.f.: subshrub. – Origin: Med 536. Salvia scrophulariifolia (Bunge) B.T.Drew (= Perovskia scrophulariifolia Bunge). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: subshrub. – Origin: As(c) 537. Salvia × sylvestris L. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euro-Med 538. Salvia tomentosa Mill. (= S. grandiflora Etl.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med. – Note. In the Uman city (Cherkasy Oblast) the species has acclimatized and is self-seeding. 539. Salvia verbenaca L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med 540. Salvia virgata Jacq. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med-As(c) 541. Salvia yangii B.T.Drew (= Perovskia atriplicifolia Benth.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: subshrub. – Origin: As(s) 542. Satureja montana L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: subshrub. – Origin: Med 543. Stachys byzantina K.Koch (= S. lanata Jacq.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed, veg. spread.). – Spont.: casual (colonophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(w) 544. Teucrium chamaedrys L. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: subshrub. – Range: Med 545. Teucrium orientale L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med 546. Thymus × citriodorus (Pers.) Schreb. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: subshrub. – Origin: Euro 547. Thymus pulegioides L. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: subshrub. – Range: Euro 548. Thymus serpyllum L. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: subshrub. – Range: Boreal 549. Thymus vulgaris L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: subshrub. – Origin: Euro Linaceae 550. Linum austriacum L. – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Med 551. Linum perenne L. – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euras Malvaceae 552. Althaea cannabina L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro-Med 553. Althaea officinalis L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – Spont.: naturalized. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(c) 554. Hibiscus hybridus F.Dietr. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Ptrop 555. Hibiscus moscheutos L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) 556. Kitaibelia vitifolia Willd. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med 557. Malva thuringiaca (L.) Vis. (= Lavatera thuringiaca L.). – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euras 558. Ripariosida hermaphrodita (L.) Weakley & D.B.Poind. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) Mazaceae 559. Mazus miquelii Makino. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e) Nyctaginaceae 560. Mirabilis nyctaginea (Michx.) MacMill. (= Oxybaphus nyctagineus (Michx.) Sweet). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – Spont.: naturalized, potent. invas. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) Onagraceae 561. Oenothera fruticosa L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) 562. Oenothera lindheimeri (Engelm. & A.Gray) W.L.Wagner & Hoch (= Gaura lindheimeri Engelm. & A.Gray). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) 563. Oenothera longissima Rydb. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: perennial (short-life). – Origin: Am(n) Plant Introduction • 105/106 97 Ornamental perennials in floriculture of Central Ukraine 564. Oenothera macrocarpa Nutt. (= O. missouriensis Sims). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) 565. Oenothera pilosella Raf. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – Spont.: casual (ephemerophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) 566. Oenothera speciosa Nutt. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (abund. self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) Oxalidaceae 567. Oxalis corniculata L. var. atropurpurea Planch. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed., veg. spread.). – Spont.: naturalized. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(c) 568. Oxalis lasiandra Zucc. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: low. – L.f.: perennial (facult.). – Origin: Am(n) 569. Oxalis tetraphylla Cav. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: low. – L.f.: perennial (facult.). – Origin: Am(n) 570. Oxalis triangularis A.St.-Hil. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: low. – L.f.: perennial (facult.). – Origin: Am(s) 571. Oxalis violacea L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: low. – L.f.: perennial (facult.). – Origin: Am(n) Paeoniaceae 572. Paeonia anomala L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(Sib.) 573. Paeonia lactiflora Pall. (= P. albiflora Pall.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e) 574. Paeonia officinalis L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med 575. Paeonia tenuifolia L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Steppe 576. Paeonia × hybrida hort. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult. Papaveraceae 577. Corydalis caucasica DC. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – Spont.: naturalized, potent. invas. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(Cauc.) 578. Corydalis cava (L.) Schweigg. & Körte subsp. marschalliana (Willd.) Hayek (= C. marschalliana (Pall. ex Willd.) Pers.). – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Med 579. Corydalis nobilis (L.) Pers. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(Sib.) 580. Dicentra formosa (Andrews) Walp. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) 581. Dicentra × hybrida hort. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult. 582. Lamprocapnos spectabilis (L.) Fukuhara (= Dicentra spectabilis (L.) Lem.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self- seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e) 583. Macleaya cordata (Willd.) R.Br. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e) 584. Macleaya microcarpa (Maxim.) Fedde. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e) 585. Papaver atlanticum (Ball) Coss. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro 586. Papaver lateritium K.Koch × P. orientale hybrid hort. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult. 587. Papaver orientale L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – Spont.: casual (ephemerophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(w) 588. Papaver setiferum Goldblatt (= P. orientale auct. non L., P. pseudo-orientale (Fedde) Medw.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – Spont.: casual (ephemerophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(w) 589. Pseudo-fumaria lutea (L.) Borkh. (= Corydalis lutea (L.) DC.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed., veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med 590. Sanguinaria canadensis L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) Phytolaccaceae 591. Phytolacca acinosa Roxb. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – Spont.: naturalized. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e) 592. Phytolacca americana L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – Spont.: casual (colonophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) Phrymaceae 593. Erythranthe guttata (DC.) G.L.Nesom. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) Plantaginaceae 594. Chelone glabra L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) 595. Chelone lyonii Pursh. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) 596. Chelone obliqua L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) 597. Cymbalaria muralis G.Gaertn., B.Mey. & Scherb. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – Spont.: casual (ephemerophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med 598. Digitalis grandiflora Mill. – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euro 599. Globularia bisnagarica L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro-Med 600. Globularia cordifolia L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med 601. Globularia trichosantha Fisch. & C.A.Mey. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med 98 Plant Introduction • 105/106 Shynder et al. 602. Penstemon barbatus (Cav.) Roth. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) 603. Penstemon campanulatus (Cav.) Willd. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) 604. Penstemon cobaea Nutt. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) 605. Penstemon digitalis Nutt. ex Sims. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) 606. Penstemon hirsutus (L.) Willd. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (abund. self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) 607. Penstemon pinifolius Greene. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) 608. Penstemon × hybridus hort. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) 609. Plantago major L. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: PArct. – Note. ‘Rubrifolia’ 610. Veronica armena Boiss. & A.Huet. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med 611. Veronica austriaca L. s.l. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euro-Med 612. Veronica gentianoides Vahl. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med 613. Veronica incana L. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euras 614. Veronica longifolia L. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Boreal 615. Veronica officinalis L. – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euro 616. Veronica prostrata L. – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euras 617. Veronica spicata L. subsp. spicata. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euras 618. Veronica teucrium L. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euras 619. Veronicastrum sibiricum (L.) Pennell. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e) 620. Veronicastrum virginicum (L.) Farw. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) Plumbaginaceae 621. Armeria maritima (Mill.) Willd. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: subshrub. – Origin: Boreal 622. Armeria pseudarmeria (Murray) Mansf. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: subshrub. – Origin: Euro 623. Ceratostigma plumbaginoides Bunge. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e) 624. Goniolimon tataricum (L.) Boiss. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Steppe 625. Limonium platyphyllum Lincz. – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Steppe 626. Limonium sareptanum (A.K.Becker) Gams. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Steppe Polemoniaceae 627. Phlox amoena Sims. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) 628. Phlox divaricata L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) 629. Phlox paniculata L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – Spont.: casual (ephemerophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) 630. Phlox × procumbens Lehm. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult. 631. Phlox subulata L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) 632. Polemonium caeruleum L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Boreal 633. Polemonium reptans L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) Polygonaceae 634. Bistorta affinis (D.Don) Greene (= Polygonum affine D.Don). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(s) 635. Bistorta amplexicaulis (D.Don) Greene. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(s) 636. Reynoutria × bohemica Chrtek & Chrtková. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed., veg. spread.). – Spont.: naturalized, invasive. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult. 637. Reynoutria japonica Houtt. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed., veg. spread.). – Spont.: casual (colonophyte), invasive. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(fe) 638. Reynoutria sachalinensis (F.Schmidt) Nakai. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed., veg. spread.). – Spont.: casual (colonophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(fe) 639. Rheum palmatum L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e) 640. Rumex sanguineus L. var. sanguineus. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (abund. self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro Primulaceae 641. Cyclamen coum Mill. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: low. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med 642. Cyclamen purpurascens Mill. (= C. europaeum L.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med 643. Lysimachia atropurpurea L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med 644. Lysimachia ciliata L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) 645. Lysimachia clethroides Duby. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e) 646. Lysimachia nummularia L. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euro 647. Lysimachia punctata L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – Spont.: casual (ephemerophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro Plant Introduction • 105/106 99 Ornamental perennials in floriculture of Central Ukraine 648. Lysimachia verticillaris Biehler (= L. verticillata M.Bieb.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med 649. Lysimachia vulgaris L. – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euras 650. Primula auricula L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro 651. Primula × bullesiana Bees. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult. 652. Primula denticulata Sm. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(s) 653. Primula elatior (L.) Hill. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro 654. Primula japonica A.Gray. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e) 655. Primula juliae Kusn. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(Cauc.) 656. Primula meadia (L.) A.R.Mast & Reveal. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) 657. Primula × polyantha Mill. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult. 658. Primula × pubescens (Wulfen) Loisel. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult. 659. Primula sieboldii É.Morren. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e) 660. Primula veris L. subsp. veris. – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euro 661. Primula veris subsp. macrocalyx (Bunge) Lüdi (= P. macrocalyx Bunge). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self- seed.). – Spont.: casual (colonophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euras 662. Primula vulgaris Huds. (= P. acaulis (L.) Hill). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med. – Note. An isolated natural locality exists in the northwestern part of Kyiv Oblast, within the Polissya zone (Melnyk et al., 2015); but in the studied region, it is not natural. 663. Primula × hybrida hort. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult. Ranunculaceae 664. Aconitum carmichaelii Debeaux. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e) 665. Aconitum napellus L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med 666. Actaea simplex (DC.) Wormsk. ex Prantl. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e) 667. Actaea spicata L. – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euro 668. Adonis vernalis L. – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Steppe 669. Anemonastrum canadense (L.) Mosyakin. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) 670. Anemonastrum dichotomum (L.) Mosyakin (= Anemone dichotoma L.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e) 671. Anemone coronaria L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: low. – L.f.: perennial (facult.). – Origin: Med 672. Anemone nemorosa L. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euro 673. Anemone ranunculoides L. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euro 674. Anemone sylvestris L. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euras. – Note. ‘Plena’ 675. Anemonoides blanda (Schott & Kotschy) Holub (= Anemone blanda Schott & Kotschy). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med 676. Aquilegia atrata W.D.J.Koch. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (abund. self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro 677. Aquilegia chrysantha A.Gray. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (abund. self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) 678. Aquilegia flabellata Siebold & Zucc. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(fe) 679. Aquilegia olympica Boiss. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(w) 680. Aquilegia vulgaris L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – Spont.: casual (colonophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro 681. Aquilegia × hybrida hort. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult. 682. Caltha palustris L. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Boreal 683. Clematis heracleifolia DC. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e) 684. Clematis hexapetala Pall. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(s) 685. Clematis integrifolia L. – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Steppe 686. Delphinium × cultorum Voss. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult. 687. Delphinium cuneatum Spreng. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Steppe 688. Delphinium elatum L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euras 689. Delphinium grandiflorum L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e) 690. Eranthis hyemalis (L.) Salisb. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med 691. Eriocapitella hupehensis (Lemoine) Christenh. & Byng (= Anemone hupehensis (Lemoine) Lemoine). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e) 692. Eriocapitella × hybrida (L.H.Bailey) Christenh. & Byng (= Anemone japonica auct. non (Thunb.) Siebold & Zucc.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e) 693. Eriocapitella japonica (Thunb.) Nakai (= Anemone japonica (Thunb.) Siebold & Zucc.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e) 694. Helleborus argutifolius Viv. (= H. corsicus Willd. ex Mabille). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med 695. Helleborus foetidus L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro 696. Helleborus × hybridus Voss. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult. 697. Helleborus niger L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro 698. Helleborus odorus Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med 699. Helleborus orientalis Lam. (= H. caucasicus A.Braun). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – Spont.: casual (ephemerophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(Cauc.) 100 Plant Introduction • 105/106 Shynder et al. 700. Helleborus purpurascens Waldst. & Kit. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro 701. Hepatica nobilis Schreb. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro 702. Pulsatilla vulgaris Mill. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro 703. Ranunculus asiaticus L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: low. – L.f.: perennial (facult.). – Origin: Med 704. Ranunculus illyricus L. – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Steppe 705. Ranunculus repens L. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euras. – Note. ‘Plena’ 706. Thalictrum aquilegiifolium L. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euro 707. Thalictrum delavayi Franch. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e) 708. Thalictrum flavum L. – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Boreal 709. Thalictrum lucidum L. – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euro 710. Trollius asiaticus L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euras 711. Trollius × hybrida hort. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult. Rosaceae 712. Acaena buchananii Hook.f. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: subshrub. – Origin: Oc(NZ) 713. Acaena microphylla Hook.f. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: subshrub. – Origin: Oc(NZ) 714. Alchemilla alpina L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Boreal 715. Alchemilla mollis (Buser) Rothm. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med 716. Aruncus dioicus (Walter) Fernald. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed?. veg. spread.). – Spont.: casual (colonophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro 717. Aruncus sylvester Kostel. ex Maxim. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(fe) 718. Aruncus × hybridus hort. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult. 719. ×Comagaria rosea (Mabb.) Büscher & G.H.Loos. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult. 720. Drymocallis rupestris (L.) Soják (= Potentilla rupestris L.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: PArct 721. Filipendula digitata (Willd.) Bergmans (= F. palmata (Pall.) Maxim.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(fe) 722. Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euras. – Note. ‘Variegata’ 723. Filipendula vulgaris Moench. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: PArct 724. Fragaria × ananassa (Duchesne ex Weston) Duchesne ex Rozier. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed., veg. spread.). – Spont.: casual (ephemerophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult. 725. Fragaria moschata Duchesne ex Weston. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – Spont.: casual (colonophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro-Sib 726. Fragaria vesca L. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Boreal 727. Fragaria viridis Weston. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euras 728. Geum coccineum Sm. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Med 729. Geum quellyon Sweet (= G. chiloense Balbis.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(s) 730. Geum × hybridum hort. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult. 731. Potentilla alba L. – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euras 732. Potentilla atrosanguinea G.Lodd. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(s) 733. Potentilla gracilis Douglas ex Hook. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) 734. Potentilla indica (Andrews) Th.Wolf (= Duchesnea indica (Andrews) Focke). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed., veg. spread.). – Spont.: casual (colonophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e) 735. Potentilla nepalensis Hook. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (abund. self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Afr 736. Potentilla recta L. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Med 737. Potentilla × hybrida hort. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult. 738. Sanguisorba albiflora (Makino) Makino. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e) 739. Sanguisorba canadensis L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) 740. Sanguisorba minor Scop. subsp. minor (= Poterium sanguisorba L.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – Spont.: casual (ephemerophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro-Med 741. Sanguisorba officinalis L. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Holarct 742. Sanguisorba tenuifolia Fisch. ex Link. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e) 743. Sanguisorba × hybrida hort. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult. Rubiaceae 744. Galium rubioides L. – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euras 745. Phuopsis stylosa (Trin.) G.Nicholson. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: subshrub. – Origin: As(w) Rutaceae 746. Ruta graveolens L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: subshrub. – Origin: Med Saururaceae 747. Houttuynia cordata Thunb. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e) Plant Introduction • 105/106 101 Ornamental perennials in floriculture of Central Ukraine Saxifragaceae 748. Astilbe × arendsii hort. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult. 749. Astilbe chinensis (Maxim.) Franch. & Sav. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e) 750. Astilbe × rosea Van Waveren & Kruijff (= A. × arendsii Arends). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult. 751. Astilbe rubra Hook.f. & Thomson. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(s) 752. Astilbe × hybrida hort. ex Ievinya & Lusinya. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult. 753. Bergenia crassifolia (L.) Fritsch. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(Sib.) 754. Bergenia stracheyi (Hook.fil. & Thomson) Engl. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(s) 755. Darmera peltata (Torr. ex Benth.) Voss (= Peltiphyllum peltatum (Torr. ex Benth.) Engl.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: low. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) 756. Heuchera americana L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) 757. Heuchera cylindrica Douglas. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) 758. Heuchera maxima Greene. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) 759. Heuchera micrantha Douglas. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) 760. Heuchera sanguinea Engelm. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) 761. Heuchera villosa Michx. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) 762. Heuchera × hybrida hort. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult. 763. ×Heucherella alba (Lemoine) Stearn. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) 764. Rodgersia aesculifolia Batalin. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e) 765. Rodgersia podophylla A.Gray. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e) 766. Rodgersia sambucifolia Hemsl. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e) 767. Rodgersia × hybrida hort. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult. 768. Saxifraga × arendsii Engl. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult. 769. Saxifraga crustata Vest. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: subshrub. – Origin: Med 770. Saxifraga hostii Tausch. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: subshrub. – Origin: Med 771. Saxifraga paniculata Mill. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Holarct 772. Saxifraga rosacea Moench. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: subshrub. – Origin: Euro 773. Saxifraga umbrosa L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro 774. Saxifraga × hybrida hort. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult. 775. Tiarella cordifolia L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) 776. Tiarella × hybrida hort. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult. Solanaceae 777. Alkekengi officinarum Moench (= Physalis alkekengi L.). – Imm.: native. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euro-Med 778. Alkekengi officinarum var. franchetii (Mast.) R.J.Wang. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e) 779. Physochlaina orientalis (M.Bieb.) G.Don. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(Cauc.) 780. Physochlaina physaloides (L.) G.Don. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e) Verbenaceae 781. Verbena macdougalii A.Heller. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) Violaceae 782. Viola acuminata Ledeb. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e) 783. Viola alba Besser. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro-Med 784. Viola canadensis L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) 785. Viola coreana × V. spp. hybrid hort. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult. – Note. ‘Mars’ 786. Viola cornuta L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Euro 787. Viola grypoceras A.Gray. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(e) 788. Viola labradorica Schrank. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) 789. Viola odorata L. – Imm.: native (cv.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Range: Euro-Med 790. Viola odorata × V. spp. hybrid hort. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (veg. spread.). – Spont.: casual (colonophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: cult. 791. Viola palmata L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) 792. Viola prionantha Bunge s.l. (= Viola hissarica Juz.). – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(c) 793. Viola sororia Willd. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: high (self-seed.). – Spont.: casual (colonophyte). – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: Am(n) 794. Viola uniflora L. – Imm.: hemerophyte. – Accl.: med. – L.f.: herb. perennial. – Origin: As(Sib.) 102 Plant Introduction • 105/106 Shynder et al. Декоративні багаторічники у квітникарстві Центральної України: таксономічне різноманіття, структурний аналіз, успішність натуралізації чужорідних видів Олександр Шиндер 1, , Тетяна Коструба 1, Оксана Перебойчук 1, Світлана Глухова 2 1 Національний ботанічний сад імені М.М. Гришка НАН України, вул. Садово-Ботанічна, 1, Київ, 01103, Україна; shinderoleksandr@gmail.com 2 Сирецький дендрологічний парк, вул. Тираспольська, 43, Київ, 02000, Україна Це дослідження містить комплексний аналіз таксономічної різноманітності та процесів акліматизації і натуралізації багаторічних декоративних трав’яних і напівздерев’янілих рослин Центральної України. Розглянуто роль цих рослин у регіональному квітникарстві та екологічні ризики, пов’язані з їх інтродукцією. За низкою джерел простежена історія розвитку квітникарства у регіоні. Відзначено, що воно має досить давню історію, але перші конкретні відомості про об’єкт дослідження з’явилися у кінці 18 ст. Виявлено, що у квітникарстві на території південних районів м. Київ і Київської області та Черкаської області культивується 794 видів, підвидів і гібридів із 301 роду та 70 родин. Найбільше таксонів відносяться до родин: Asteraceae (11,6 %), Asparagaceae (6,5 %), Lamiaceae (6,5 %), Ranunculaceae (6,0 %) та Crassulaceae (5,3 %). Найбільше зустрічається представників родів: Allium (25 видів), Iris (19 видів і гібридів) та Primula (14 видів і гібридів). Було встановлено, що 84,5 % досліджених таксонів є ергазіофітами, а 15,5 % – місцеві види, які часто представлені сортами, що відображає переважання інтродукованих видів і сортів у асортименті декоративних рослин. Серед рослин, які використовуються у квітникарстві Центральної України, багаторічні трав’яні рослини є найбільшою групою (77,5 %), а частки напівздерев’янілих рослин (5,1 %) та одно- і малорічнних рослин (17,4 %) значно менші. Розподіл місцевих рослин за типами їх ареалів охоплює всі основні елементи природної флори, але найчастіше культивуються види з європейським (23,6 %), євразійським (19,5 %) та європейсько-середземноморським (13,9 %) типами ареалів. Серед ергазіофітів найбільше мають азійське (28,0 %), средземноморське (19,4 %) та американське (19,1 %) походження, а також досить висока частка гібридів і видів культигенного походження (11,2 %). А в цілому, у квітникарстві представлені види із усіх регіонів, у тому числі тропічних та океанічного. Важливим аспектом дослідження була оцінка ступеня акліматизації та натуралізації декоративних чужорідних рослин. Було доповнено схему подолання чужорідними видами лімітуючих бар’єрів схемою акліматизації ергазіофітів та їх втечею за межі культури. Акліматизація ергазіофітів розглядається як контрольований процес, паралельний спонтанній натуралізації. Виявлено, що 44,9 % ергазіофітів досягли ступенів повної акліматизації, 15,4 % проникли за межі ділянок культивування, ставши ергазіофігофітами, 2,7 % стали натуралізованими, а 1,5 % набули інвазійного статусу. Прикладами інвазійних видів є Helianthus tuberosus, Reynoutria japonica та Solidago canadensis. До потенційно інвазійних видів, які потребують моніторингу та додаткового вивчення належать Corydalis caucasica, Petrosedum orientale, Symphyotrichum × versicolor, Thladiantha dubia та деякі інші. Ключові слова: біорізноманіття, гемерофіти, культивовані рослини, флора, інтродукція, ергазіофіти, фітоінвазії, Київ, Черкаська область, зміни клімату, екологічні ризики
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spelling	oai:ojs2.plantintroduction.org:article-16522025-07-27T21:03:35Z Ornamental perennials in floriculture of Central Ukraine: taxonomic diversity, structural analysis, and naturalization success of alien species Декоративні багаторічники у квітникарстві Центральної України: таксономічне різноманіття, структурний аналіз, успішність натуралізації чужорідних видів Shynder, Oleksandr Kostruba, Tetiana Pereboichuk, Oksana Glukhova, Svitlana This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the taxonomic diversity, acclimatization processes, and naturalization success of ornamental herbaceous perennials and semi-woody plants in Central Ukraine. The role of these plants in regional floriculture and the ecological risks associated with their introduction are discussed. It was found that regional floriculture probably has a long history, but the first specific records on the study object appeared at the end of the 18th century. The research revealed that 794 species, subspecies, and hybrids from 301 genera and 70 families are cultivated in the regional floriculture. The largest number of species and infraspecific taxa belong to the families Asteraceae (11.6 %), Asparagaceae (6.5 %), Lamiaceae (6.5 %), Ranunculaceae (6.0 %), and Crassulaceae (5.3 %). The most represented genera are Allium (25 species), Iris (19 species and hybrids), and Primula (14 species and hybrids). It was found that 84.5 % of the studied species and infraspecific taxa are ergasiophytes, while 15.5 % are native plants, often represented by cultivars, reflecting the predominance of introduced species and cultivars in the assortment of ornamental plants. Among the plants used in floriculture in Central Ukraine, herbaceous perennials species constitute the largest group (77.5 %), while the presence of semi-woody plants (5.1 %) and annual and biennial plants (17.4 %) is significantly lower. The distribution of native species by range types covers all major elements of the natural flora, but species with European (23.6 %), Eurasian (19.5 %), and European-Mediterranean (13.9 %) distribution patterns are the most frequently cultivated. Among ergasiophytes, most species and infraspecies have Asian (28.0 %), Mediterranean (19.4 %), and American (19.1 %) origin, with a significant proportion of hybrids and cultigenous species (11.2 %). Overall, species from all geographic regions, including tropical and oceanic zones, are represented in floriculture.An essential aspect of the study was assessing the acclimatization and naturalization degrees of ornamental alien plants. The scheme for overcoming limiting barriers by alien species was supplemented with a model describing the acclimatization of ergasiophytes and their escape beyond cultivated areas. The acclimatization of ergasiophytes in this study is considered a controlled process that is ongoing simultaneously with spontaneous naturalization. It was found that 44.9 % of ergasiophytes achieved complete acclimatization, 15.4 % penetrated beyond cultivation sites, becoming ergasiophygophytes, 2.7 % naturalized, and 1.5 % acquired invasive status. For example, invasive plants include Helianthus tuberosus, Reynoutria japonica, and Solidago canadensis. Potentially invasive species requiring monitoring and further study comprise Corydalis caucasica, Petrosedum orientale, Symphyotrichum × versicolor, Thladiantha dubia, and others. Це дослідження містить комплексний аналіз таксономічної різноманітності та процесів акліматизації і натуралізації багаторічних декоративних трав’яних і напівздерев’янілих рослин Центральної України. Розглянуто роль цих рослин у регіональному квітникарстві та екологічні ризики, пов’язані з їх інтродукцією. За низкою джерел простежена історія розвитку квітникарства у регіоні. Відзначено, що воно має досить давню історію, але перші конкретні відомості про об’єкт дослідження з’явилися у кінці 18 ст. Виявлено, що у квітникарстві на території південних районів м. Київ і Київської області та Черкаської області культивується 794 видів, підвидів і гібридів із 301 роду та 70 родин. Найбільше таксонів відносяться до родин: Asteraceae (11,6 %), Asparagaceae (6,5 %), Lamiaceae (6,5 %), Ranunculaceae (6,0 %) та Crassulaceae (5,3 %). Найбільше зустрічається представників родів: Allium (25 видів), Iris (19 видів і гібридів) та Primula (14 видів і гібридів). Було встановлено, що 84,5 % досліджених таксонів є ергазіофітами, а 15,5 % – місцеві види, які часто представлені сортами, що відображає переважання інтродукованих видів і сортів у асортименті декоративних рослин. Серед рослин, які використовуються у квітникарстві Центральної України, багаторічні трав’яні рослини є найбільшою групою (77,5 %), а частки напівздерев’янілих рослин (5,1 %) та одно- і малорічнних рослин (17,4 %) значно менші. Розподіл місцевих рослин за типами їх ареалів охоплює всі основні елементи природної флори, але найчастіше культивуються види з європейським (23,6 %), євразійським (19,5 %) та європейсько-середземноморським (13,9 %) типами ареалів. Серед ергазіофітів найбільше мають азійське (28,0 %), средземноморське (19,4 %) та американське (19,1 %) походження, а також досить висока частка гібридів і видів культигенного походження (11,2 %). А в цілому, у квітникарстві представлені види із усіх регіонів, у тому числі тропічних та океанічного.Важливим аспектом дослідження була оцінка ступеня акліматизації та натуралізації декоративних чужорідних рослин. Було доповнено схему подолання чужорідними видами лімітуючих бар’єрів схемою акліматизації ергазіофітів та їх втечею за межі культури. Акліматизація ергазіофітів розглядається як контрольований процес, паралельний спонтанній натуралізації. Виявлено, що 44,9 % ергазіофітів досягли ступенів повної акліматизації, 15,4 % проникли за межі ділянок культивування, ставши ергазіофігофітами, 2,7 % стали натуралізованими, а 1,5 % набули інвазійного статусу. Прикладами інвазійних видів є Helianthus tuberosus, Reynoutria japonica та Solidago canadensis. До потенційно інвазійних видів, які потребують моніторингу та додаткового вивчення належать Corydalis caucasica, Petrosedum orientale, Symphyotrichum × versicolor, Thladiantha dubia та деякі інші. M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the NAS of Ukraine 2025-06-18 Article Article application/pdf https://www.plantintroduction.org/index.php/pi/article/view/1652 10.46341/PI2025002 Plant Introduction; No 105/106 (2025); 60-102 Інтродукція Рослин; № 105/106 (2025); 60-102 2663-290X 1605-6574 10.46341/PI105-106 en https://www.plantintroduction.org/index.php/pi/article/view/1652/1566 Copyright (c) 2025 Oleksandr Shynder, Tetiana Kostruba, Oksana Pereboichuk, Svitlana Glukhova http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
spellingShingle	Shynder, Oleksandr Kostruba, Tetiana Pereboichuk, Oksana Glukhova, Svitlana Декоративні багаторічники у квітникарстві Центральної України: таксономічне різноманіття, структурний аналіз, успішність натуралізації чужорідних видів
title	Декоративні багаторічники у квітникарстві Центральної України: таксономічне різноманіття, структурний аналіз, успішність натуралізації чужорідних видів
title_alt	Ornamental perennials in floriculture of Central Ukraine: taxonomic diversity, structural analysis, and naturalization success of alien species
title_full	Декоративні багаторічники у квітникарстві Центральної України: таксономічне різноманіття, структурний аналіз, успішність натуралізації чужорідних видів
title_fullStr	Декоративні багаторічники у квітникарстві Центральної України: таксономічне різноманіття, структурний аналіз, успішність натуралізації чужорідних видів
title_full_unstemmed	Декоративні багаторічники у квітникарстві Центральної України: таксономічне різноманіття, структурний аналіз, успішність натуралізації чужорідних видів
title_short	Декоративні багаторічники у квітникарстві Центральної України: таксономічне різноманіття, структурний аналіз, успішність натуралізації чужорідних видів
title_sort	декоративні багаторічники у квітникарстві центральної україни: таксономічне різноманіття, структурний аналіз, успішність натуралізації чужорідних видів
url	https://www.plantintroduction.org/index.php/pi/article/view/1652
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Декоративні багаторічники у квітникарстві Центральної України: таксономічне різноманіття, структурний аналіз, успішність натуралізації чужорідних видів

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