Порівняльна оцінка вмісту вітаміну С та карбогідратів у плодах видів роду Ribes L.
The features of the biochemical composition (i.e., content of ascorbic acid and carbohydrates) have been determined in ripe fruits of five Ribes species (i.e., R. aureum, R. nigrum, R. alpinum, R. tenue, and R. rubrum). The plants were grown for many years in the collection of the “Оlexandria” State...
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M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the NAS of Ukraine
2025
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| author | Soloshenko, Victoriia |
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| description | The features of the biochemical composition (i.e., content of ascorbic acid and carbohydrates) have been determined in ripe fruits of five Ribes species (i.e., R. aureum, R. nigrum, R. alpinum, R. tenue, and R. rubrum). The plants were grown for many years in the collection of the “Оlexandria” State Dendrological Park of the NAS of Ukraine. Among the studied species, the highest content of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) was recorded in R. nigrum fruits (185.4 ± 19.0 mg/100 g), while the lowest was in R. tenue fruits (8.8 ± 1.4 mg/100 g). The highest content of carbohydrates was recorded in R. aureum fruits (9.7 ± 0.6 %), while the lowest was in R. rubrum fruits (1.8 ± 0.1 %). Over 60 % of the total sugar content was represented by invert sugars – fructose prevails, and glucose was much less present. The obtained results have practical value and can be applied in plant breeding to obtain adapted interspecific hybrids and new promising varieties of the genus Ribes. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.46341/PI2025003 |
| first_indexed | 2025-07-28T04:16:18Z |
| format | Article |
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Plant Introduction, 107, 15–20 (2025)
© The Authors. This content is provided under CC BY 4.0 license.
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Comparative assessment of the content of vitamin C and carbohydrates
in the fruits of Ribes L. species
Victoriia Soloshenko
The “Оlexandria” State Dendrological Park, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Bila Tserkva-13, Kyiv region 09113, Ukraine;
miss456@ukr.net
Received: 04.02.2025 | Accepted: 09.06.2025 | Published online: 28.07.2025
Abstract
The features of the biochemical composition (i.e., content of ascorbic acid and carbohydrates) have been
determined in ripe fruits of five Ribes species (i.e., R. aureum, R. nigrum, R. alpinum, R. tenue, and R. rubrum).
The plants were grown for many years in the collection of the “Оlexandria” State Dendrological Park of the
NAS of Ukraine. Among the studied species, the highest content of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) was recorded
in R. nigrum fruits (185.4 ± 19.0 mg/100 g), while the lowest was in R. tenue fruits (8.8 ± 1.4 mg/100 g). The
highest content of carbohydrates was recorded in R. aureum fruits (9.7 ± 0.6 %), while the lowest was in
R. rubrum fruits (1.8 ± 0.1 %). Over 60 % of the total sugar content was represented by invert sugars –
fructose prevails, and glucose was much less present. The obtained results have practical value and can
be applied in plant breeding to obtain adapted interspecific hybrids and new promising varieties of the
genus Ribes.
Keywords: Ribes, “Оlexandria” State Dendrological Park, biochemical composition, carbohydrates, vitamin C
https://doi.org/10.46341/PI2025003
UDC 581.192.2 : 631.524.6/9.634.1/7 : (477.41)
Funding: The financing of laboratory research was carried out at its own expense. The work was carried out within the framework
of the dissertation research: “Species of the genus Ribes L. in the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine: introduction, bioecological
features, prospects of use”.
Competing Interests: The author declares no conflict of interest.
Introduction
The introduction and cultivation of plants
of various species of the genus Ribes L.
(Grossulariaceae) using new varieties to create
cultivars with a complex of valuable economic
and biological characteristics adapted to local
conditions is an urgent task. Considering that,
organic acids and tannins contained in the
fruits of various species of the genus Ribes
contribute to reducing the effects of radiation
exposure on the human body, kill pathogenic
flora. Ribes fruits contain a complex of essential
biologically active substances (BAS), including
vitamins B1, B2, B3 (PP), B5, B6, B9, B12, C
(ascorbic acid), E (tocopherol), flavonoids,
trace elements, organic acids, sugars (sucrose,
fructose, glucose), pectin substances (Nour
et al., 2011).
The biochemical composition of Ribes
species has been the focus of much research
for the last two decades (Mattila et al., 2011;
Petrisor et al., 2013; Mackėla et al., 2015;
Çolak & Alan, 2017; Islam, 2019; Sun et al.,
2021; Karaklajic-Stajic et al., 2023). However,
it was briefly investigated in Ukraine only
ISSN 1605-6574, e-ISSN 2663-290X
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7360-8493
16 Plant Introduction • 107
Solochenko
recently (Yezhov & Grynyk, 2020a, 2020b).
The biochemical composition of fruits in Ribes
species is mostly a hereditary feature, but it can
vary in different soil and climatic conditions
(Petrisor et al., 2013; Islam, 2019; Karaklajic-
Stajic et al., 2023). Therefore, accumulation
of the biologically active substances in the
Ribes fruits is a crucial topic investigated and
represented here for the “Оlexandria” State
Dendrological Park of the NAS of Ukraine.
Among all the studied species, R. nigrum L.
serves as one of the most important natural
sources of vitamin C. The berries of R. nigrum
have a high content of this vitamin (on average
200–300 mg per 100 g of fresh fruit), which
significantly exceeds the content in citrus
fruits (oranges and lemons). In particular,
the content of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) in
the most popular fruits consumed in Ukraine
and Europe is following: orange or lemon
(40 mg/100 g), raspberry (30 mg/100 g),
apple (7 mg/100 g), pear (4 mg/100 g), grape
(3 mg/100 g) (Dasgupta & Klein, 2014).
The uniqueness of currants lies in their
diverse action – they are both a source of
vitamins and minerals, as well as an antiseptic
and a detoxifying agent (Rizwana et al., 2022;
WebMD, 2024). Unpretentiousness to soil
and climatic conditions, winter and drought
resistance, resistance to pests and diseases
make currants a desirable crop for cultivation
in the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine.
Valuable economic characteristics of
various species of the genus Ribes are
their high yield, early fruiting, and annual
abundant fruiting. Currant bushes have a
long generation period and, provided that
the proper agricultural techniques are used,
can bear fruit for up to 20–35 years (Kokhno,
2002). The fruits of R. aureum Pursh, R. nigrum,
and R. rubrum L. are suitable for consumption
fresh, frozen, dried, and are also used to make
jams, marmalades, pastilles, juices, jellies,
fillings for sweets, etc. (Wynia, 2011; Bashta &
Ivchuk, 2020; Osokina et al., 2024).
The research was aimed at conducting
a comparative analysis of the biochemical
composition (i.e., content of vitamin C and
carbohydrates) of ripe fruits of Ribes species
in the “Оlexandria” State Dendrological Park of
the NAS of Ukraine (Right-Bank Forest-Steppe
of Ukraine) and comparing the obtained
results with published data from different
natural climatic conditions.
Material and methods
Five Ribes species from the collection of the
“Оlexandria” State Dendrological Park of
the NAS of Ukraine, representing different
genotypes (i.e., R. aureum, R. nigrum,
R. alpinum L., R. tenue Janczewski, and
R. rubrum) were investigated in the 2024
vegetation season.
Biochemical studies covered the content
of vitamin C and carbohydrates in ripe fruits
and were conducted in the laboratory of the
Service and Analytical Center “Institute of
Plant Health” (Cherkasy, Ukraine) following the
Testing Protocol (2022).
The “Оlexandria” State Dendrological Park
of the NAS of Ukraine is located within the
nature zone of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe
of Ukraine. The climate of the study area
is temperate continental. Gray forest soils
(podzolized alfisols) prevail in the territory
of the “Оlexandria” State Dendrological Park
of the NAS of Ukraine. Although the humus
horizon in these soils is thick (50–60 cm in
some places), it contains only 1.2–2.8 % humus
(Deriy & Semczekov, 1958).
Results and discussion
For the first time, the genus Ribes in the
“Оlexandria” State Dendrological Park of the
NAS of Ukraine was presented in 1958 by the
R. alpinum. Planting material was obtained
from the Central Republican Botanical Garden
in Kyiv (currently M.M. Gryshko National
Botanical Garden of the NAS of Ukraine). Ribes
alpinum seedlings were planted in curtains
in the landscapes of the “Оlexandria” State
Dendrological Park of the NAS of Ukraine.
Later, seedlings and seeds were obtained from
the Chisinau Botanical Garden of the Republic
of Moldova and the O.V. Fomin Botanical
Garden of the Taras Shevchenko National
University of Kyiv.
Today, in the “Оlexandria” State
Dendrological Park of the NAS of Ukraine,
the collection of currants includes eight
Ribes species (Galkin, 2013), which grow
in the collection areas Fruticetum and Sad
Mur (Table 1). The plants have undergone
a successful multi-year introduction trial,
demonstrating high winter hardiness and
drought tolerance (Mezhenskyj et al., 2007),
Plant Introduction • 107 17
Comparative assessment of the content of vitamin C and carbohydrates in Ribes fruits
but not all bear fruit. In R. spicatum, the
number of produced fruits was small, so this
species was not included in the current study.
The natural and climatic conditions of the
Right-Bank Forest-Steppe are characterized
by a temperate continental, relatively warm
climate, with an unstable moisture regime
over the past decades. Due to climate change
caused by global warming, with a change in
the average annual temperature, according
to Kalashnikova (2021), the boundary of
climatic zones is significantly shifting, and the
“Оlexandria” State Dendrological Park of the
NAS of Ukraine can already be characterized
as belonging to the more arid Northern Steppe
zone. For the last decade, the average annual
temperature here has increased from +7.5 °C
to +10.4 °C. The number of days with high
temperatures (so called ‘heat waves’), when
the daytime temperature exceeds 30–35 °C,
has significantly increased too (Ivaniuta,
2020; Kalashnikova, 2021; Kalashnikova et al.,
2024). According to the results of long-term
observations of the Bila Tserkva weather
station (BSCGO, 2024), 562 mm of precipitation
fell yearly, most of which fell in the spring
and summer period. The average annual
relative humidity is 76 %. The annual amount
of moisture that arrives with atmospheric
precipitation approximately equals the
evaporation. A characteristic feature of the
winter period is the alternation of frosts
with thaws, which in some years provoked
premature vegetation of plants and caused
damage by subsequent frosts (Kalashnikova,
2021).
The vitamin C in currant fruits is more
actively synthesized in cooler summers, and
the carbohydrate content, on the contrary,
increases in years with dry, hot summers
(Woznicki et al., 2015).
We compared the biochemical composition
of ripe fruits of the genus Ribes based on
literary sources and the results of our
laboratory investigations (Table 2). The plants
we used for comparison were grown in the
same (Yezhov & Grynyk, 2020a, 2020b) or
similar climatic conditions with brown soils
(IzV, 2025). We also used data on R. aureum
from China (Sun et al., 2021), where the climate
is characterized as cold semi-desert, with
grey-cinnamon (chestnut) and brown forest
soils. For two species, R. alpinum and R. tenue,
we measured the content of vitamin C for the
first time and did not find respective published
data. We also measured the content of
carbohydrates in the fruits of R. alpinum and
R. tenue for the first time.
It was shown that the investigated
parameters of ripe fruits of the genus Ribes
Nr Species Introduction
to the park,
year
Growing
location,
quarters
Life form Exist in
2024
Winter
hardiness
group
Drought
tolerance
group
Fruiting
1 R. alpinum L. 1956 9, 15, 25, 27, F bush + VIII VII +
2 R. aureum Pursh 1969 28 bush + VII VIIІ +
3 R. komarovii Pojark. 1964 F bush + VII V –
4 R. mandschuricum
(Maxim.) Kom.
1956 27 bush + VII V –
5 R. nigrum L. 1959 F, М bush + VIIІ VI +
6 R. spicatum Robson 1964 F bush + VII VI +
7 R. tenue Jancz. 1964 F, 27 bush + VII V +
8 R. rubrum L. 1959 М bush + VIIІ VI +
Table 1. Inventory of the genus Ribes in the “Оlexandria” State Dendrological Park of the NAS of Ukraine.
Notes. Collection areas: F – Fruticetum; M – Sad Mur. Winter hardiness (Mezhenskyj, 2007): VII – high: all
flowers have frozen out or fruits have fallen off due to winter damage but one-year sprouts are not frozen
out; VIII – very high: only up to 50% of flower buds frozen out. Drought tolerance (Mezhenskyj, 2007):
V – medium: only up to 50 % of the leaves are damaged or fallen; VI – from medium to high: only individual
leaves have local damage; VII – high: leaves lose turgor, but quickly restore it; VIIІ – very high: plants have
special adaptation mechanisms, i.e., react by folding or changing the orientation of the leaf blades.
18 Plant Introduction • 107
Solochenko
in the “Оlexandria” State Dendrological
Park of the NAS of Ukraine mostly lay within
the reported (Kaijalainen et al., 2009; Sun
et al., 2013; Yezhov & Grynyk, 2020a, 2020b;
Karaklajic-Stajic et al., 2023) diapasons.
However, some values for R. nigrum, R. aureum,
and R. rubrum significantly differ from those
reported before.
The biochemical composition of fruits
is a hereditary species trait, but may vary
depending on weather conditions. For
example, the vitamin C in currant fruits is
more actively synthesized in cooler summers,
and the carbohydrate content, on the contrary,
increases in years with arid, hot summers
(Zheng et al., 2009).
We have established that the largest mass
of one fruit (berry) is possessed by the fruits
of R. nigrum (Table 2) – this explains the
great popularity of varieties of this species
and their excellent use for consumption.
According to Yezhov et al. (2020a), R. nigrum
also has the largest mass (up to 2.5 g). Ribes
nigrum takes first place in terms of ascorbic
acid (vitamin C) content, both according
to literary data (up to 373 mg/100 g) and
according to the results of our research
(185.4 ± 19.1 mg/100 g). The highest content
of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) in the fruits of
R. nigrum, which we found, is due to the wet
and cool weather during fruit ripening in the
year of research (Zheng, 2013).
In general, the content of carbohydrates
(sugars) in the fruits of the five investigated
Ribes species varied from 1.8 % to 9.7 %. These
figures are slightly lower than the reported
data (from 2 to 14.5 %).
It was found that the fruits of the North
American species, R. aureum, as well as
the fruits of R. nigrum (Kaijalainen et al.,
2009; Yezhov et al., 2020a), accumulate
the most carbohydrates. In contrast, the
fruits of R. rubrum accumulate the least
carbohydrates. It was especially valuable
to find that over 90 % of the total sugar
content is represented by invert sugars, with
fructose predominating compared to glucose
(Mezhenskyj et al., 2007).
Conclusions
We summarize that the ripe fruits of various
Ribes species have a complex chemical
composition and contain a valuable complex of
biologically active substances. It is known that
the main acids in currants are citric, malic,
and ascorbic (vitamin C). The highest content
of ascorbic acid, both according to literature
data (up to 373 mg/100 g) and according to
the results of our research (185.4 mg/100 g),
was recorded in the fruits of R. nigrum.
The highest content of carbohydrates was
recorded in fruits of R. aureum (9.7 ± 0.6 %),
which is characterized by the highest drought
tolerance (IV group according to Mezhensky’s
scale) and is a promising species in modern
conditions of increasing xerophytization of
the climate in the study area. For two species,
R. alpinum and R. tenue, we measured the
content of vitamin C and carbohydrates for
the first time.
Species Average weight of one fruit, g Vitamin C, mg/100 g Carbohydrates, %
Current
study
Published
data *
Current
study
Published
data *
Current
study
Published
data *
R. nigrum L. 2.3 ± 0.2 0.6–2.5 185.4 ± 19.1 87.1–373 8.5 ± 0.5 14.5
R. aureum Pursh 1.9 ± 0.3 0.9–2 19.3 ± 2.8 28–40.1 9.7 ± 0.6 12.3
R. alpinum L. 1.4 ± 0.1 0.3–1.5 9.0 ± 1.5 – 6.5 ± 0.4 –
R. rubrum L. 1.6 ± 0.2 0.5–0.9 22.4 ± 3.2 14.9–96.3 1.8 ± 0.1 2.0
R. tenue Jancz. 0.9 ± 0.1 0.3–0.9 6.4 ± 0.4 – 8.8 ± 1.4 –
Table 2. Comparative analysis of biochemical composition of the fruits in the studied Ribes species.
Notes. * – Published data includes the feature values gathered and combined from several sources (i.e.,
Kaijalainen et al., 2009; Sun et al., 2013; Yezhov et al., 2020a, 2020b; Karaklajic-Stajic et al., 2023). The bold
font indicates the values that are out of the ranges reported before.
Plant Introduction • 107 19
Comparative assessment of the content of vitamin C and carbohydrates in Ribes fruits
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20 Plant Introduction • 107
Solochenko
Порівняльна оцінка вмісту вітаміну С та карбогідратів у плодах видів роду Ribes L.
Вікторія Солошенко
Державний дендрологічний парк “Олександрія” НАН України, Біла Церква-13, Київська обл., 09113,
Україна; miss456@ukr.net
Було встановлено особливості біохімічного складу (а саме, вмісту аскорбінової кислоти та вуглеводів)
стиглих плодів п’яти видів родини Ribes (R. aureum, R. nigrum, R. alpinum, R. tenue та R. rubrum). Рослини
вирощувалися протягом багатьох років у колекції Державного дендрологічного парку “Олександрія”
НАН України. Серед досліджуваних видів найвищий вміст аскорбінової кислоти (вітаміну С) було
зафіксовано у плодах R. nigrum (185,4 ± 19,0 мг/100 г), найнижчий – у плодах R. tenue (8,8 ± 1,4 мг/100 г).
Найвищий вміст вуглеводів було зафіксовано у плодах R. aureum (9,7 ± 0,6 %), а найнижчий – у плодах
R. rubrum (1,8 ± 0,1 %). Понад 60 % загального вмісту цукру було представлено інвертованим цукром, у
якому переважала фруктоза, а глюкози було значно менше. Отримані результати мають практичну
цінність і можуть бути застосовані в селекції рослин для отримання адаптованих міжвидових
гібридів та нових перспективних сортів роду Ribes.
Ключові слова: Ribes, Державний дендрологічний парк “Олександрія”, біохімічний склад, карбогідрати, вітамін С
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https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27072186
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2021.114166
https://www.webmd.com/diet/health-benefits-black-currant
https://www.webmd.com/diet/health-benefits-black-currant
https://doi.org/10.1080/09064710.2015.1052093
https://doi.org/10.1080/09064710.2015.1052093
https://doi.org/10.35205/0558-1125-2020-75-18-31
https://doi.org/10.35205/0558-1125-2020-75-18-31
https://doi.org/10.35205/978-966-96574-43-5
https://doi.org/10.35205/978-966-96574-43-5
https://finna.fi/Record/fikka.4205966
https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.3682
https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.3682
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| id | oai:ojs2.plantintroduction.org:article-1660 |
| institution | Plant Introduction |
| keywords_txt_mv | keywords |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2026-02-08T08:11:56Z |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| publisher | M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the NAS of Ukraine |
| record_format | ojs |
| resource_txt_mv | wwwplantintroductionorg/ba/bbeeda1f0192b782ac4df2bf2a2891ba.pdf |
| spelling | oai:ojs2.plantintroduction.org:article-16602025-12-27T15:10:16Z Comparative assessment of the content of vitamin C and carbohydrates in the fruits of Ribes L. species Порівняльна оцінка вмісту вітаміну С та карбогідратів у плодах видів роду Ribes L. Soloshenko, Victoriia The features of the biochemical composition (i.e., content of ascorbic acid and carbohydrates) have been determined in ripe fruits of five Ribes species (i.e., R. aureum, R. nigrum, R. alpinum, R. tenue, and R. rubrum). The plants were grown for many years in the collection of the “Оlexandria” State Dendrological Park of the NAS of Ukraine. Among the studied species, the highest content of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) was recorded in R. nigrum fruits (185.4 ± 19.0 mg/100 g), while the lowest was in R. tenue fruits (8.8 ± 1.4 mg/100 g). The highest content of carbohydrates was recorded in R. aureum fruits (9.7 ± 0.6 %), while the lowest was in R. rubrum fruits (1.8 ± 0.1 %). Over 60 % of the total sugar content was represented by invert sugars – fructose prevails, and glucose was much less present. The obtained results have practical value and can be applied in plant breeding to obtain adapted interspecific hybrids and new promising varieties of the genus Ribes. Було встановлено особливості біохімічного складу (а саме, вмісту аскорбінової кислоти та вуглеводів) стиглих плодів п’яти видів родини Ribes (R. aureum, R. nigrum, R. alpinum, R. tenue та R. rubrum). Рослини вирощувалися протягом багатьох років у колекції Державного дендрологічного парку “Олександрія” НАН України. Серед досліджуваних видів найвищий вміст аскорбінової кислоти (вітаміну С) було зафіксовано у плодах R. nigrum (185,4 ± 19,0 мг/100 г), найнижчий – у плодах R. tenue (8,8 ± 1,4 мг/100 г). Найвищий вміст вуглеводів було зафіксовано у плодах R. aureum (9,7 ± 0,6 %), а найнижчий – у плодах R. rubrum (1,8 ± 0,1 %). Понад 60 % загального вмісту цукру було представлено інвертованим цукром, у якому переважала фруктоза, а глюкози було значно менше. Отримані результати мають практичну цінність і можуть бути застосовані в селекції рослин для отримання адаптованих міжвидових гібридів та нових перспективних сортів роду Ribes. M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the NAS of Ukraine 2025-07-27 Article Article application/pdf https://www.plantintroduction.org/index.php/pi/article/view/1660 10.46341/PI2025003 Plant Introduction; No 107 (2025); 15-20 Інтродукція Рослин; № 107 (2025); 15-20 2663-290X 1605-6574 en https://www.plantintroduction.org/index.php/pi/article/view/1660/1568 Copyright (c) 2025 Victoriia Solochenko http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 |
| spellingShingle | Soloshenko, Victoriia Порівняльна оцінка вмісту вітаміну С та карбогідратів у плодах видів роду Ribes L. |
| title | Порівняльна оцінка вмісту вітаміну С та карбогідратів у плодах видів роду Ribes L. |
| title_alt | Comparative assessment of the content of vitamin C and carbohydrates in the fruits of Ribes L. species |
| title_full | Порівняльна оцінка вмісту вітаміну С та карбогідратів у плодах видів роду Ribes L. |
| title_fullStr | Порівняльна оцінка вмісту вітаміну С та карбогідратів у плодах видів роду Ribes L. |
| title_full_unstemmed | Порівняльна оцінка вмісту вітаміну С та карбогідратів у плодах видів роду Ribes L. |
| title_short | Порівняльна оцінка вмісту вітаміну С та карбогідратів у плодах видів роду Ribes L. |
| title_sort | порівняльна оцінка вмісту вітаміну с та карбогідратів у плодах видів роду ribes l. |
| url | https://www.plantintroduction.org/index.php/pi/article/view/1660 |
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