Інтродукція Liquidambar styraciflua L. в Україні та успішність його акліматизації в Національному ботанічному саду імені М.М. Гришка НАН України
Liquidambar styraciflua L. plants were screened in all soil and climatic zones of Ukraine in artificial phytocenoses of urban areas, i.e., botanical gardens, parks, squares, green areas, residential areas, and streets.Considering L. styraciflua plants growing in the M.M. Gryshko National Botanical G...
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M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the NAS of Ukraine
2025
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Plant Introduction| _version_ | 1860145176784142336 |
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| author | Smilyanets, Nina Svitylko, Іgor |
| author_facet | Smilyanets, Nina Svitylko, Іgor |
| author_sort | Smilyanets, Nina |
| baseUrl_str | https://www.plantintroduction.org/index.php/pi/oai |
| collection | OJS |
| datestamp_date | 2025-12-27T15:10:16Z |
| description | Liquidambar styraciflua L. plants were screened in all soil and climatic zones of Ukraine in artificial phytocenoses of urban areas, i.e., botanical gardens, parks, squares, green areas, residential areas, and streets.Considering L. styraciflua plants growing in the M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the NAS of Ukraine (Kyiv) as an example, their introduction success by the acclimatization degree, including the indicators of growth, generative development, winter hardiness, and drought resistance, was calculated. The acclimatization degree of the tested plants reached 90 points, corresponding to a good acclimatization level.Hence, L. styraciflua can be recommended for use in landscape construction to create groups, alleys, or as tapeworms in parks, squares, zoos, landscaping streets, boulevards, squares, adjacent areas near houses and administrative buildings, and private estates. These plants can also be successfully applied in expositions of botanical gardens and arboretums and as objects of topiary art. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.46341/PI2025008 |
| first_indexed | 2025-09-17T09:33:47Z |
| format | Article |
| fulltext |
© The Authors. This content is provided under CC BY 4.0 license.
Plant Introduction, 107, 26–35 (2025)
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Introduction of Liquidambar styraciflua L. in Ukraine and its acclimatization
success at the M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the NAS of
Ukraine
Nina Smilyanets *, Іgor Svitylko
M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Sadovo-Botanichna str. 1, 01103 Kyiv, Ukraine;
* smilyanets.n.m@gmail.com
Received: 02.06.2025 | Accepted: 04.08.2025 | Published online: 09.08.2025
Abstract
Liquidambar styraciflua L. plants were screened in all soil and climatic zones of Ukraine in artificial
phytocenoses of urban areas, i.e., botanical gardens, parks, squares, green areas, residential areas, and
streets.
Considering L. styraciflua plants growing in the M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the NAS of
Ukraine (Kyiv) as an example, their introduction success by the acclimatization degree, including the
indicators of growth, generative development, winter hardiness, and drought resistance, was calculated.
The acclimatization degree of the tested plants reached 90 points, corresponding to a good acclimatization
level.
Hence, L. styraciflua can be recommended for use in landscape construction to create groups, alleys, or
as tapeworms in parks, squares, zoos, in landscaping streets, boulevards, squares, adjacent areas near
houses and administrative buildings, private estates. These plants can also be successfully applied in
expositions of botanical gardens and arboretums and as objects of topiary art.
Keywords: sweetgum, introduction, acclimatization, woody plants, urban landscape, habitat
https://doi.org/10.46341/PI2025008
UDC 581.522.4 + 581.95 : 582.638.21(477)
Authors’ contributions: Nina Smilyanets – conceptualization of the study, writing the manuscript – original draft, editing. Ihor Svitylko
– research observations, data analysis, review of literary sources, photographing, preparation of figures and tables, visualization,
writing, and editing the manuscript.
Funding: None.
Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Introduction
Introduction is the deliberate or accidental
transfer of organisms beyond their natural
range and adaptation to new conditions
(Grodzinskyi et al., 2012). Introduction of
plants has great theoretical and practical
value. Transfer of plants to new conditions
accelerates the processes of adaptation
and speciation. In a new environment, the
factors of evolution and patterns of plant
variability become more clearly manifested,
and, therefore, the range of used plants can
be enriched (Kokhno & Kuznetsov, 2005;
Kolesnichenko et al., 2007; Kuznetsov, 2008;
Kuznetsov et al., 2013). However, Kokhno (1999)
ISSN 1605-6574, e-ISSN 2663-290X
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https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6112-8019
Plant Introduction • 107 27
Introduction of Liquidambar styraciflua L. in Ukraine
stated that despite the success in introducing
woody plants in Ukraine, only ca. 10% of all
introduced species are more or less intensively
applied in culture. The rest remain unused,
although they form a considerable gene pool
for the future introduction.
Liquidambar styraciflua L. (Altingiaceae)
is a woody plant from the golden fund of
ornamental plants for landscaping (Kokhno,
2002). The prospects of its application for
landscaping and medicine are intensively
reported (Lebeda, 2009; Minarchenko et al.,
2019; Horbenko et al., 2022; Svitylko et al.,
2025).
This species is native to the eastern USA, as
far north as Connecticut, south to Florida, and
west to Texas. It also grows in mountainous
regions of Mexico and Central America (POWO,
2025). Seedlings from the northernmost areas
show greater cold tolerance than seedlings
from the southern parts of the USA, which
in turn show greater cold tolerance than
seedlings from Mexico or Central America
(Williams & McMillan, 1971a, 1971b; McMillan,
1974). Seedlings from the eastern parts of
the USA stop annual growth earlier and
set dormant buds earlier than plants from
Mexican habitats (McMillan & Winstead, 1976).
Seedlings from southern locations bud earlier
in spring and retain leaves longer in autumn
than seedlings from northern sources (Randel
& Winstead, 1976).
Liquidambar styraciflua plants prefer the
sun and withstand low temperatures down
to –23 °С (Brand & Lineberger, 1992). The
effect of drought on the main physiological
processes of L. styraciflua, including studies of
photosynthesis, phenological aspects, and the
level of hydration, is highlighted by Hinckley
et al. (1979), who demonstrated high plasticity
of this species.
In Ukraine, sweetgum plants are considered
highly decorative with a score of 65 out of 100
(Vlasenko, 2016).
In the 1870s, L. styraciflua was acclimatized
in the arboretum of the Botanical Garden of
the Ukrainian State Forestry University (Lviv)
but later lost (Ksendzora & Khomyak, 2023). Its
loss was recorded in the 1960s and associated
with the thickening of plantings, mismatched
forest vegetation conditions, and the harsh
influence of negative temperatures.
In the Poltava Dendrological Garden, which
was founded at the School of Horticulture,
introduction trials of L. styraciflua have been
conducted since 1904. Significant drawbacks
were mainly associated with dense planting,
but some sweetgum plants successfully
withstood (Panasenko, 2005).
The acclimatization of L. styraciflua was
also investigated at the Botanical Garden
of the Yuriy Fedkovych Chernivtsi National
University. In particular, it was noted that
adult plants are completely frost-resistant,
while the young plants in the first years freeze
up to half, and with age, only the tops of
annual shoots freeze (Kostevich, 1966). When
young plants grow from seeds, some die yearly,
but the most resistant of them remain after
wintering. Kostevich (1966) concluded that
seed sowing allows selection of the most frost-
resistant individuals, which, with age, under
the influence of new growing conditions,
become even more frost-resistant.
Winter hardiness, drought resistance, and
the resistance of L. stуraciflua to pests and
diseases were also analyzed in arboretums and
botanical gardens of the Kherson region. The
plants had no visible damage after wintering in
these conditions and were therefore classified
as winter-hardy. These plants were relatively
drought-resistant, requiring maintenance
irrigation in the driest periods (Boyko et al.,
2022).
The introduction of plants of North
American origin, including sweetgum, was
studied in Northern Bukovina. It was found
that its flowering duration depends on the
temperature and air humidity deficit during
the flowering period (Litvinenko, 2000).
Kolesnichenko et al. (2011) studied
the success of introducing 26-year-old
L. styracifluа plants in the Botanical Garden
of the National University of Life and
Environmental Sciences of Ukraine. The
authors pointed out a low adaptation level of
these plants in general. Their winter hardiness
corresponded to two or three out of five
points (half or a quarter of the length of the
apical shoot is damaged). Drought resistance
corresponded to four or five out of six points
(during the day, leaves lose turgor, but at night
it is restored, or the plant does not suffer from
drought). Reproductive ability corresponded
to only one out of six points, meaning plants
did not form generative organs.
In the M.M. Gryshko National Botanical
Garden of the NAS of Ukraine (NBG), studies on
28 Plant Introduction • 107
Smilyanets & Svitylko
the genus Liquidambar have been conducted
for many years and comprise two species –
L. styraciflua and L. orientalis Mill. (Smilyanets
& Svitylko, 2021; Smilyanets et al., 2024;
Svitylko, 2024; Svitylko & Smilyanets, 2024).
Based on archival data, seeds of L. styraciflua
were obtained from Washington in 1939. The
seeds germinated well, and seedlings were
planted in plots at the NBG (Inventory..., 1939).
However, there are no further references
regarding these plants. In 1944, a Botanical
Garden Landscaping Project was developed.
The Explanatory Note to it justified the
creation of a section ‘North America’, where
L. styraciflua was expected to be planted in
a special protected location (Documents...,
1944). In 1956, the NBG, together with the
Forest Institute, developed recommendations,
which argued the application of L. styraciflua
and L. orientalis for the Carpathian region, the
Right-Bank Forest-Steppe (western part), the
Right-Bank Steppe (near the water), Seaboard
(on rich soils), in alley plantings (boulevards),
groups in squares, parks, forest parks, solitary
and parterre plantings (Planting..., 1956).
Material and methods
The study was conducted during 2020–2024
using plants over 60 years old growing in the
NBG. Liquidambar styracifluа trees at the NBG
belong to first magnitude (Fig. 1).
NBG is located in the north of Ukraine, in
Kyiv, on the right bank of the Dnipro River. The
total area of NBG is 130 ha, and the elevation
ranges from 100 to 190 m a.s.l.
The climate in Kyiv is temperate continental
(Vakulenko et al., 2019). During the research in
2020–2024, it was relatively warm. The average
annual temperature in this period was +10.4 °C,
which is 1.4 °C warmer than the multi-year
average temperature (+9.0 °C). In all months,
except April and May, the average temperature
during the observation period was higher
than the multi-year average (Table 1). The
atmospheric precipitations during the
observation period tended to decrease and
were unevenly distributed over the months
(Table 2). Over five years (2020–2024), three
years (2020, 2021, 2022) had less precipitation
than the long-term average, and two years
(2023, 2024) had more precipitation than the
long-term average. 2020 was the driest year
(140 mm), and 2023 was the wettest (673 mm).
Liquidambar styracifluа distribution in
Ukraine was screened based on literary
sources and own surveys.
To assess the success of the introduction,
we applied the method of evaluating the
success of the introduction and the degree
of acclimatization of woody plants by Kokhno
(1968) and Kokhno & Kuznetsov (2005), which
is characterized by the acclimatization degree.
The acclimatization degree is the sum of the
indicators of growth, generative development,
winter hardiness, and drought resistance of
plants. These indicators were assessed visually
using a five-point scale. The acclimation
number was calculated using the formula:
А = G × i + Gd × i + Wh × i + Dr × i, where:
А – acclimatization degree;
G – growth;
Gd – generative development;
Wh – winter hardiness;
Dr – drought resistance;
i – importance coefficient of the trait.
Figure 1. Liquidambar styracifluа in the M.M. Gryshko
National Botanical Garden of the NAS of Ukraine.
Plant Introduction • 107 29
Introduction of Liquidambar styraciflua L. in Ukraine
Results and discussion
Liquidambar styracifluа was registered for
all soil and climatic zones of Ukraine (Fig. 2).
Positive experience of L. styraciflua application
has been recorded in the following regions:
Lviv, Ivano-Frankivsk, Zakarpattia, Ternopil,
Chernivtsi, Dnipropetrovsk, Kyiv, Cherkasy,
Chernihiv, Kharkiv, Donetsk, Odessa, Kherson,
Vinnytsia, and Autonomous Republic of
Crimea.
Sweetgum has recently gained popularity
in the landscaping of megalopolises. It is
more often applied in reconstructing old
and creating new parks (Kovalchuk, 2021). In
Kyiv, sweetgum is registered in six districts:
Obolonskyi, Shevchenkivskyi, Pecherskyi,
Holosiivskyi, Dniprovskyi, and Darnytskyi
(Fig. 3).
Generally, sweetgum in Ukraine is used
in landscape construction to create groups,
alleys, or as tapeworms in parks, squares, zoos,
in landscaping streets, boulevards, squares,
surrounding areas near administrative
buildings and houses, memorial parks, private
estates, in expositions of botanical gardens
and arboretums (Fig. 4). In Kyiv, this plant is
increasingly found in parks, botanical gardens,
and on the streets of Kyiv (Fig. 5).
Analyzing L. styraciflua plants located in the
NBG, it was found that their shoots increase
annually, and the plants grow and develop
well. They also bloom and produce fruits and
seeds with high germination rate (98 %). The
Period Months Average
annual
І ІІ ІІІ IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII
2020 0.8 2.5 6.5 9.9 12.4 21.7 21.9 21.4 18.4 12.5 3.8 –0.5 10.9
2021 –2.5 –4.5 2.7 8.0 14.3 21.3 24.6 21.1 13.5 8.4 4.8 –1.5 9.2
2022 –1.3 1.8 2.6 8.1 14.6 21.7 20.8 22.3 12.7 10.6 3.1 –0.7 9.7
2023 –0.3 –0.2 4.8 9.6 16.0 19.6 21.5 23.8 18.8 11.4 4.1 0.7 10.8
2024 –2.6 2.9 4.8 12.8 16.3 21.5 24.3 23.1 20.6 10.9 2.7 0.0 11.4
Average for
2020–2024
–1.2 0.5 5.1 9.7 14.7 21.2 22.6 22.3 16.8 10.8 3.7 –0.4 10.4
Long-term
average
(1991–2020)
–3.2 –2.3 2.5 10.0 15.8 19.5 21.3 20.4 14.9 8.6 2.6 –1.9 9.0
Table 1. Air temperature indicators in Kyiv, °С (CGO, 2024).
Period Months Total
annual
І ІІ ІІІ IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII
2020 10 9 6 5 26 14 23 9 8 15 6 9 140
2021 63 62 17 45 74 24 63 65 23 2 29 66 533
2022 52 17 9 42 33 42 40 60 63 44 99 58 559
2023 19 30 42 102 1 87 136 19 8 66 98 65 673
2024 48 48 55 78 15 135 52 24 21 63 51 52 642
Average for
2020–2024
38 33 26 54 30 60 63 35 25 38 57 50 509
Long-term
average
(1991–2020)
37 39 40 42 65 74 68 56 58 46 46 47 618
Table 2. Precipitation indicators in Kyiv, mm (CGO, 2024).
30 Plant Introduction • 107
Smilyanets & Svitylko
Figure 2. Occurrence of Liquidambar styracifluа in Ukraine. Red dots indicate confirmed localities. Climatic
zones of Ukraine: I – Polissya; II – Forest-Steppe; III – Northern and Central Steppe; IV – Southern
Steppe; V – foothill and mountainous regions of Crimea; VI – Southern coast of Crimea; VII – foothill and
mountainous regions of the Carpathians; VIII – Transcarpathia.
Figure 3. Occurrence of Liquidambar styraciflua in Kyiv. Red dots indicate confirmed localities.
Plant Introduction • 107 31
Introduction of Liquidambar styraciflua L. in Ukraine
Figure 4. Lіquidambar styraciflua in landscaping: A – Botanical Garden of Yuriy Fedkovych Chernivtsi National
University (Chernivtsi); B – Urban greening of Uzhgorod (Transcarpathian region); C – Fantasy Park “Nova
Sofiivka” (Uman, Cherkasy region); D – Botanical Garden of Odessa I.I. Mechnikov National University;
E – Private estate in Zhukyn village (Vyshgorod district, Kyiv region).
BA
C
D E
32 Plant Introduction • 107
Smilyanets & Svitylko
Figure 5. Lіquidambar styraciflua in Kyiv: A – Natalka Park (Obolonskyi district); B – Plot of medicinal plants
of the M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the NAS of Ukraine (Pecherskyi district); C – Kyiv Zoo
(Shevchenkivskyi district); D – Recreation zone near Khvylya Bridge (Obolonskyi district); E – Heydar Aliyev
Park (Shevchenkivskyi district); F – Budivelnykiv str. (Dniprovskyi district).
B
A
C D
E F
Plant Introduction • 107 33
Introduction of Liquidambar styraciflua L. in Ukraine
plants are also characterized by good winter
hardiness: shoots do not freeze (Table 3). In dry
years (2020, 2021), in July, when there were hot
and rainless days, the leaves of L. styraciflua
lost turgor but restored it without damaging
or shedding.
The acclimatization degree (Kokhno &
Kuznetsov, 2005) allows to assess the success
of L. styraciflua introduction at the NBG.
Following the proposed formula, the indicators
of growth, generative development, winter
hardiness, and drought resistance should
be multiplied by an importance coefficient
of the trait. For L. styraciflua plants growing
at the NBG, winter hardiness, importance
coefficient of the trait was ascertained at the
level 10, for generative development – 5, for
drought resistance – 3, and for growth – 2.
Hence, considering discovered success rates
(Table 3) and importance coefficients, the
acclimatization degree of L. styraciflua plants
growing at the NBG is: А = 4 × 2 + 4 × 5 + 5 × 10
+ 4 × 3 = 90. This corresponds to a good level of
acclimatization.
Conclusions
Liquidambar styracifluа has been recorded
in all soil and climatic zones of Ukraine,
namely in the following regions: Lviv, Ivano-
Frankivsk, Zakarpattia, Ternopil, Chernivtsi,
Dnipropetrovsk, Kyiv, Cherkasy, Chernihiv,
Kharkiv, Donetsk, Odessa, Kherson, and the
Autonomous Republic of Crimea.
It was found that L. styracifluа plants at
the NBG annually produce young shoots,
bloom, and form fruits and seeds with high
germination rate. They winter well, and
withstand drought.
The assessment of the introduction success
of L. styracifluа at the NBG was calculated
based on growth indicators, generative
development, winter hardiness, and drought
resistance. The acclimatization of these plants
was found to be at good level (90 points).
Hence, L. styraciflua can be recommended
for landscape construction to create groups,
alleys, or tapeworms in parks, squares,
zoos, streets, boulevards, squares, areas
near houses and administrative buildings,
and private estates. It can also be applied
in expositions of botanical gardens and
arboretums and in topiary art to form complex
and straightforward geometric figures, clipped
high hedges (living walls), arches, etc.
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Score Indicator
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Score Indicator
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Score Indicator
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Less intense
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Інтродукція Liquidambar styraciflua L. в Україні та успішність його акліматизації в
Національному ботанічному саду імені М.М. Гришка НАН України
Ніна Смілянець *, Ігор Світилко
Національний ботанічний сад імені М.М. Гришка НАН України, вул. Садово-Ботанічна, 1, Київ, 01103,
Україна; * smilyanets.n.m@gmail.com
Проведено скринінг рослин Liquidambar styraciflua L. в усіх ґрунтово-кліматичних зонах України у
штучних фітоценозах урбанізованих територій, що включають ботанічні сади, парки, сквери, зелені
зони, прибудинкові території, вулиці, площі.
На прикладі рослин L. styracifluа, що ростуть у Національному ботанічному саду імені М.М. Гришка
НАН України (м. Київ), розраховано оцінку успішності інтродукції цих рослин за акліматизаційним
числом, що включає показники росту, генеративного розвитку, зимостійкості, посухостійкості.
Ступінь акліматизації становить 90 балів, що відповідає добрій акліматизації.
Таким чином, L. styracifluа може бути рекомендованим для використання у ландшафтному будівництві
для створення груп, алей або в якості солітерів у парках, скверах, зоопарках, а також при озелененні
вулиць, бульварів, площ, територій біля будинків та адміністративних будівель, приватних садиб. Ці
рослини також можуть бути успішно застосовані в експозиціях ботанічних садів та дендропарків і в
якості об’єктів топіарного мистецтва.
Ключові слова: ліквідамбар, інтродукція, акліматизація, деревні рослини, міський ландшафт, середовище існування
https://powo.science.kew.org/
https://doi.org/10.1086/336840
https://doi.org/10.15414/ainhlq.2024.0012
https://doi.org/10.37555/2707-3114.1.2021.247728
https://doi.org/10.58407/bht.1.24.7
https://doi.org/10.46341/PI2024015
https://doi.org/10.46341/PI2024015
https://doi.org/10.21498/2518-1017.20.3.2024.311795
https://doi.org/10.21498/2518-1017.20.3.2024.311795
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2648464
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2648464
https://evnuir.vnu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/10870
https://evnuir.vnu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/10870
https://doi.org/10.1139/b71-218
https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1971.tb09941.x
https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1971.tb09941.x
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| id | oai:ojs2.plantintroduction.org:article-1664 |
| institution | Plant Introduction |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2026-02-08T08:11:57Z |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| publisher | M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the NAS of Ukraine |
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| spelling | oai:ojs2.plantintroduction.org:article-16642025-12-27T15:10:16Z Introduction of Liquidambar styraciflua L. in Ukraine and its acclimatization success at the M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the NAS of Ukraine Інтродукція Liquidambar styraciflua L. в Україні та успішність його акліматизації в Національному ботанічному саду імені М.М. Гришка НАН України Smilyanets, Nina Svitylko, Іgor Liquidambar styraciflua L. plants were screened in all soil and climatic zones of Ukraine in artificial phytocenoses of urban areas, i.e., botanical gardens, parks, squares, green areas, residential areas, and streets.Considering L. styraciflua plants growing in the M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the NAS of Ukraine (Kyiv) as an example, their introduction success by the acclimatization degree, including the indicators of growth, generative development, winter hardiness, and drought resistance, was calculated. The acclimatization degree of the tested plants reached 90 points, corresponding to a good acclimatization level.Hence, L. styraciflua can be recommended for use in landscape construction to create groups, alleys, or as tapeworms in parks, squares, zoos, landscaping streets, boulevards, squares, adjacent areas near houses and administrative buildings, and private estates. These plants can also be successfully applied in expositions of botanical gardens and arboretums and as objects of topiary art. Проведено скринінг рослин Liquidambar styraciflua L. в усіх ґрунтово-кліматичних зонах України у штучних фітоценозах урбанізованих територій, що включають ботанічні сади, парки, сквери, зелені зони, прибудинкові території, вулиці, площі.На прикладі рослин L. styracifluа, що ростуть у Національному ботанічному саду імені М.М. Гришка НАН України (м. Київ), розраховано оцінку успішності інтродукції цих рослин за акліматизаційним числом, що включає показники росту, генеративного розвитку, зимостійкості, посухостійкості. Ступінь акліматизації становить 90 балів, що відповідає добрій акліматизації.Таким чином, L. styracifluа може бути рекомендованим для використання у ландшафтному будівництві для створення груп, алей або в якості солітерів у парках, скверах, зоопарках, а також при озелененні вулиць, бульварів, площ, територій біля будинків та адміністративних будівель, приватних садиб. Ці рослини також можуть бути успішно застосовані в експозиціях ботанічних садів та дендропарків і в якості об’єктів топіарного мистецтва. M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the NAS of Ukraine 2025-08-09 Article Article application/pdf https://www.plantintroduction.org/index.php/pi/article/view/1664 10.46341/PI2025008 Plant Introduction; No 107 (2025); 26-35 Інтродукція Рослин; № 107 (2025); 26-35 2663-290X 1605-6574 en https://www.plantintroduction.org/index.php/pi/article/view/1664/1572 Copyright (c) 2025 Nina Smilyanets, Іgor Svitylko http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 |
| spellingShingle | Smilyanets, Nina Svitylko, Іgor Інтродукція Liquidambar styraciflua L. в Україні та успішність його акліматизації в Національному ботанічному саду імені М.М. Гришка НАН України |
| title | Інтродукція Liquidambar styraciflua L. в Україні та успішність його акліматизації в Національному ботанічному саду імені М.М. Гришка НАН України |
| title_alt | Introduction of Liquidambar styraciflua L. in Ukraine and its acclimatization success at the M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the NAS of Ukraine |
| title_full | Інтродукція Liquidambar styraciflua L. в Україні та успішність його акліматизації в Національному ботанічному саду імені М.М. Гришка НАН України |
| title_fullStr | Інтродукція Liquidambar styraciflua L. в Україні та успішність його акліматизації в Національному ботанічному саду імені М.М. Гришка НАН України |
| title_full_unstemmed | Інтродукція Liquidambar styraciflua L. в Україні та успішність його акліматизації в Національному ботанічному саду імені М.М. Гришка НАН України |
| title_short | Інтродукція Liquidambar styraciflua L. в Україні та успішність його акліматизації в Національному ботанічному саду імені М.М. Гришка НАН України |
| title_sort | інтродукція liquidambar styraciflua l. в україні та успішність його акліматизації в національному ботанічному саду імені м.м. гришка нан україни |
| url | https://www.plantintroduction.org/index.php/pi/article/view/1664 |
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