Аспекти термодинаміки в процесах інтродукції
The theoretical component of the introductory process from the standpoint of the laws of thermodynamics is determined. At the ecosystem level, vegetation groups with specific environmental conditions characteristic of each species have been analyzed. The information resource approach is proposed as...
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M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the NAS of Ukraine
2019
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| author | Zaimenko, N.V. |
| author_facet | Zaimenko, N.V. |
| author_sort | Zaimenko, N.V. |
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| description | The theoretical component of the introductory process from the standpoint of the laws of thermodynamics is determined. At the ecosystem level, vegetation groups with specific environmental conditions characteristic of each species have been analyzed. The information resource approach is proposed as a biotechnical analogue for the study of the structural and functional organization of ecosystems of different levels of the hierarchy and ten basic characteristics are determined from their evaluation. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.5281/zenodo.2650433 |
| first_indexed | 2025-07-17T12:48:01Z |
| format | Article |
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3ISSN 16056574. Інтродукція рослин, 2019, № 1
UDK 544.313.:[581.522.4+581.95]
N.V. ZAIMENKO
M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
Ukraine, 01014 Kyiv, Timiryazevska str., 1
THERMODYNAMICAL ASPECTS
OF THE INTRODUCTION PROCESSES
The theoretical component of the introductory process from the standpoint of the laws of thermodynamics is determined. At the eco
system level, vegetation groups with specific environmental conditions characteristic of each species have been analyzed. The in
formation resource approach is proposed as a biotechnical analogue for the study of the structural and functional organization
of ecosystems of different levels of the hierarchy and ten basic characteristics are determined from their evaluation.
Key words: introduction, laws of thermodynamics, main characteristics of ecosystem assessment, information and resource
modeling.
© N.V. ZAIMENKO, 2019
During many decades on the territory of M.M. Grysh
ko National Botanical Garden due to the unique
principle of representing live plants in botanical
and geographic areas artificial phytocoenoses clo s e
to natural with stable homeostatic introducing
populations have been formed. In accordance with
the laws of thermodynamics, any ecosystem con
sists of living organisms that are independent of
each other, with the environmental conditions
characteristic of each of them. At the same time,
each organism is directly involved in the constant
transfer of energy and mass, which occurs in a con
dition of a balanced or unbalanced state. There
fore, only thermodynamics provides a quantita
tive definition of the organization or disorganiza
tion of the ecosystem.
Ecosystems of any level of the hierarchy (from
living cells to biogeocoenoses) can be described
within the framework of a conceptual structural
model that reproduces the general principles of
life, adaptation and evolution. In this case, the
conceptual model as a biotechnical analogue of
systems of this complexity level includes two sub
systems — resource and information.
Resource substructure, according to the theory
of V.I. Vernadsky, describes the dynamics of the
balance of material and energy resources and
their ecological and physiological transforma
tions in the process of plant life. Life activity
should be considered as a process of regulation
aimed at either structuring (in the presence of
sufficient resources) or maintaining the existing
structure (with a limited amount of resources).
Information substructure reproduces the in
formation flows at different hierarchical levels for
the formation of a structured knowledge base. In
the process of plant life, the implementation of
functional information is continuously carried
out in the form of regression or adaptation, while
structural information is only partially avaibalbe
for external observation.
Our studies of the structural and functional or
ganization of ecosystems at the botanical and geo
graphical expositions made it possible to develop
conceptual models of natural and artificial biogeo
coenoses from the standpoint of the laws of thermo
dynamics and to determine the sequence of their
synthesis for climatic changes; to identify the goals
and criteria for identifying ecosystems; to construct
conceptual models of the structure of an object, in
which each subsystem corresponds to an informa
tion model and an adequate state parameter; to es
tablish the rank of the information matrix of the
state parameter and its orthogonality; to get the pri
mary information and to process it at the current
time scale; to check the system performance.
In particular, the first law is based on the fact
that ecosystems of different hierarchical levels
4 ISSN 16056574. Інтродукція рослин, 2019, № 1
N.V. Zaimenko
death of plants at the final stage. Our recent stud
ies have proved that one of the primary causes of
pinetree depletion, not only in Ukraine, but also
in Europe, is the consolidation of forest litter, it’s
very rapid destruction, which results in the accu
mulation of large volumes of ammonium nitrogen
in the soil (Fig. 1). The forest floor can be viewed
as a mixture of organic substances (cellulose, pro
teins, resins, etc.), which performs many protec
tive functions, one of the main of which is pre
venting soil compaction, preservation of ento
mophagous insects and microorganisms that in
hibit the development of pathogenic organisms,
supporting the biological balance of the forest ec
osystem. The main reasons for the accumulation
of ammoniac forms of nitrogen in the soil under
pine plantations are:
• consolidation of soil as a result of rapid de
struction of forest litter and shortterm showers;
function due to their internal energy and external
energy source. As an example, the etiology of dry
ing out is a poorly understood and unclear section
of forest pathology. The onesidedness of inter
pretations of causal relationships is generally char
acterized by a rather simplistic approach, which
explains the root cause of any factor that is under
standable by an expert. The drying of trees of one
or more species, especially at different stages of
the ontogeny, is stretched in time and space, and a
lot of factors influence the process. Taking into
consideration that those ecosystems are the most
complex biological complexes in the organic world,
the pathological process is always the interaction
of big number of organisms of different taxonomic
groups. Therefore, the problem of massive drying
of pine trees must be considered from the stand
point of synecology and biogeocenology, given that
pests and phytopathogenic microorganisms cause
Fig. 1. State of pine plants on the botanicalgeographical area “Forests of Ukrainian Plain”: A — corrupted, drying plants;
B — healthy plants
A B
5ISSN 16056574. Інтродукція рослин, 2019, № 1
Thermodynamical aspects of the introduction processes
• lighting of the forest, development of grassy
vegetation, accumulation of organic matter, for
mation of humic acids in aerobic conditions, syn
thesis of watersoluble ammonia compounds and
their penetration under drought conditions into
anaerobic zone;
• lack of moisture due to reduced rainfall and
more intensive aerobiosis during drought 3; the con
tinuous accumulation of mineral salts in the turf
horizon;
• ammonium salts, which are always present in
rainwater;
• high temperatures, which leads to overheat
ing of soil due to the rapid destruction of forest
litter;
• low content of potassium and calcium soils;
• inhibition of nitrification processes due to
high acidity of the soil.
Consequently, accumulation of ammonia ni
trogen and soil consolidation occurs in the condi
tions of destruction of forest litter, which leads to
the physiological weakening of pine plants and
makes them favorable for the settlement of insects,
phytophagous and phytopathogenic microorgan
isms. Reduction of the negative effects of ammo
nia nitrogen on the root system of pine plants can
be achieved by adding of potassium and calcium
salts. It is possible to radically solve the problem of
protection of plants of pine trees against drying
out by managing the processes of soil microbiote
development with the help of nitrification inhi
bitors, as well as siliceous mixtures that change
the composition and ratio of microorganism pop
ulations, however, it requires additional research.
In addition, it is necessary to optimize the species
composition of plants in pine plantations through
the mandatory formation and conservation of the
leveling, and in the case of overall cuttings other
wood species should be planted.
The second law indicates the irreversibility of
macroscopic processes that occur at a certain
speed. Thus, in a closed isolated ecological system,
the entropy either remains unchanged, or increas
es and in equilibrium reaches the maximum bear
ings. As an example of the second law of thermo
dynamics could serve integrated studies of varying
degrees of complexity of organisms that are in an
active physiological state under conditions of a
hermetic volume, and which enable the discovery
of the versatile effects of stress factors, including
microgravity on the vital functions and the devel
opment of living systems (Fig. 2). In a series of cos
mic and laboratory experiments that model to
some extent the influence of individual factors of
the orbital flight, one can determine the nature of
the changes occurring in different objects under
the influence of physical stress factors depending
on the nature and duration of the factor, the degree
of complexity and physiological state plants [1].
The third law of thermodynamics, or the Nerst
theorem, proves that the entropy of physicoche
mical processes within the ecosystem in the state
of thermodynamic equilibrium in the direction
of temperature parameters to absolute values re
mains unchanged. According to the general prin
ciples of the reliability of the functioning of bio
logical systems, the coordination of plant life
processes is carried out by several independent
regulatory systems, in particular electrophysiolog
ical. Agitation, which spreads in the leading tis
sues, is probably the first and the most urgent type
of connection between all organs of plants, as long
as the slower regulatory channels enter into force.
The exceptional importance of bioelectric proc
esses in the implementation of selfregulation, ad
aptation and evolution of living organisms requires
a detailed study of bioelectric potentials. The
manifestation of the third law is the very stable in
dicators of the surface biological potentials of the
Fig. 2. Japanese Garden of M.M. Gryshko National Bo
tanical Garden. Development of closed ecosystem
6 ISSN 16056574. Інтродукція рослин, 2019, № 1
N.V. Zaimenko
flower, especially its reproductive organs, which
remain unchanged in all parameters of the envi
ronment (Fig. 3).
The fourth temporary law, or the concept of
Prigozhyn, is based on the concept of dissipative
structures, that is, living organisms maintain them
selves in a state of distant from equilibrium. As an
example, there are many metabolic processes that
occur in living organisms and the chemical and
thermal equilibrium when these processes are
stopped. The principles of life cycle discretization
in the range of different durability allow us to con
sider the plant as a purposeful system in conjunc
tion with the local environment within the frame
work of the planetary system and a global source
of solar energy resources. In this case, the geno
type is presented as a purposeful system of a high
er level of hierarchy, under the control of which
is the structure formation and the choice of the
strategy of life. The phenotype is a collection of
not only morphological features, but also products
of the exchange of physiological and biochemical
processes (Fig. 4).
Thus, the system for managing the processes of
structure formation and plant life has a complex
organization, hierarchical in terms of functional
goals and mode of existence, which are laid down
in the basis of genetic knowledge.
Currently, there are two principles of thermo
dynamics that can be used to describe equilibrium
ecosystems of introductive populations. The first
principle is valid for isolated ecosystems, that is,
entropy always increases with time and approach
es to the maximum values in a state of equilibrium.
The second principle is for the open ecosystems,
in particular agrarian ones, namely: entropy de
creases over time and approaches to the minimum
values in a state of equilibrium.
Based on the above we can list ten basic charac
teristics to describe ecosystems of any hierarchical
level of complexity:
1 — the principle of maximum energy accumu
lation [2]: the systems will be controlled provided
the maximum amount of energy is available;
2 — the principle of maximum energy conser
vation [3]: accumulation of biomass;
3, 4 — maximum correspondence and realiza
tion [4]: different type of carbon fixation in plants;
Fig. 4. Destruction processes of forest ecosystem
Fig. 3. The manifestation of the third law. Blooming of
Vanda hybrida
7ISSN 16056574. Інтродукція рослин, 2019, № 1
Thermodynamical aspects of the introduction processes
5 — maximum improvement of the system [5]:
optimization of agrophysical and agrochemical
parameters of the soil;
6 — maximum bifurcation [6]: high adaptive
potential of plants;
7 — the principle of cyclicity [7], or farfrom
equelibrium: ontogenetic development of plants;
8 — hour principle [8]: the term of selfrenew
al of the ecosystem;
9 — minimal bifurcation [9]: genetically pro
grammed processes in plants;
10 — minimal responsibility and implementa
tion [10]: sensitivity of plants to stress factors.
Conclusions
Thus, the analysis of the introduction process from
the standpoint of the laws of thermodynamics
makes it possible to analyze natural and artificial
ecosystems interaction with the external environ
ment as an adaptive, purposefully developed sys
tem, taking into account that the soil and plant
groups are adapted to certain biological, geologi
cal coenoses and difficult to be approximated.
The information resource approach to the esti
mation of natural biological, geological coenoses
makes it possible to identify paramet rically the
processes of their functioning and structure for
mation using the existing modeling theory.
REFERENCES
1. Zaimenko, N.V. (2008), Naukovi pryncypy strukturno
funkcionalnogo konstruyuvannya shtuchnyh biogeo
cenoziv u systemi gruntroslynagrunt. К.: Naukova
dumka, 2008, 303 p. (Project „Naukova knyga” —
2007) ISBN 978 9660007161.
2. Lotka, A.J. (1922), Contribution to the energetics of
evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences, vol. 8, рp. 147—155.
3. Mayer, R. (1933), The law of conservation and trans
formation of energy. М.; L., p. 62.
4. Odum, E.P. (1971), Fundamentals of Ecology. Third
edition. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Co., 574 p.
5. Robert, E. (1997), Ulanowicz, Ecology, the ascendent
per spective. New York: Columbia University Press,
рр. 1—222.
6. Kondepudi, D. and Prigogine, I. (1998), Modern Ther
modynamics: From Heat Engines to Dissipative
Structures. Wiley. ISBN 9780471973942.
7. Morowitz, H.J. (1970), Entropy for Biologists. Acade
mic Press.
8. Belocon, N.I. (1954), Termodynamica. Gosudarstven
noe energeticheskoe izdatelstvo, Moscow; Leningrad,
1954, 427 p.
9. Nicolis, G. and Prigzhyn, I. (1979), Samoorganizaciya v
neravnovesnyh systemah: Ot dyssypatyvnyh srtuktur k
uporyadochennosti cherez fluktuacii. М.: Mir, 512 p.
10. Bastianoni, S. and Marchettini, N. (1997), Emergy/
exergy ratio as a measure of the level of organization of
systems. Ecological Modelling, vol. 99, pp. 33—40.
Recommended by P.E. Bulakh
Received 15.11.2018
Н.В. Заіменко
Національний ботанічний сад
імені М.М. Гришка НАН України,
Україна, м. Київ
АСПЕКТИ ТЕРМОДИНАМІКИ
В ПРОЦЕСАХ ІНТРОДУКЦІЇ
Визначено теоретичну складову інтродукційного про
цесу з позиції законів термодинаміки. На екосистем
ному рівні проаналізовано рослинні угруповання з
характерними для кожного виду умовами довкілля.
Запропоновано інформаційноресурсний підхід як біо
технічний аналог для дослідження структурнофунк
ціональної організації екосистем різного рівня ієрархії
та визначено 10 основних показників для їх оцінки.
Ключові слова: інтродукція, закони термодинаміки,
основні показники для оцінки екосистем, інфор ма
цій норесурсне моделювання.
Н.В. Заименко
Национальный ботанический сад
имени Н.Н. Гришко НАН Украины,
Украина, г. Киев
АСПЕКТЫ ТЕРМОДИНАМИКИ
В ПРОЦЕСАХ ИНТРОДУКЦИИ
Определена теоретическая составляющая интродук
ционного процесса с позиции законов термодинами
ки. На экосистемном уровне проанализированы рас
тительные сообщества с характерными для каждого
вида условиями внешней среды. Предложен ин фор
ма ционноресурсный подход как биотехнический ана
лог для исследования структурнофунк цио наль ной
организации экосистем разного уровня иерархии и
определены 10 основных показателей для их оценки.
Ключевые слова: интродукция, законы термодинами
ки, основные показатели для оценки экосистем, ин
фор мационноресурсное моделирование.
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| institution | Plant Introduction |
| keywords_txt_mv | keywords |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-07-17T12:48:01Z |
| publishDate | 2019 |
| publisher | M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the NAS of Ukraine |
| record_format | ojs |
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| spelling | oai:ojs2.plantintroduction.org:article-9632019-11-11T08:15:47Z Thermodynamical aspects of the introduction processes Аспекти термодинаміки в процесах інтродукції Zaimenko, N.V. The theoretical component of the introductory process from the standpoint of the laws of thermodynamics is determined. At the ecosystem level, vegetation groups with specific environmental conditions characteristic of each species have been analyzed. The information resource approach is proposed as a biotechnical analogue for the study of the structural and functional organization of ecosystems of different levels of the hierarchy and ten basic characteristics are determined from their evaluation. Визначено теоретичну складову інтродукційного процесу з позиції законів термодинаміки. На екосистемному рівні проаналізовано рослинні угруповання з характерними для кожного виду умовами довкілля. Запропоновано інформаційно-ресурсний підхід як біотехнічний аналог для дослідження структурно-функціональної організації екосистем різного рівня ієрархії та визначено 10 основних показників для їх оцінки. M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the NAS of Ukraine 2019-03-01 Article Article application/pdf https://www.plantintroduction.org/index.php/pi/article/view/963 10.5281/zenodo.2650433 Plant Introduction; Vol 81 (2019); 3-7 Інтродукція Рослин; Том 81 (2019); 3-7 2663-290X 1605-6574 10.5281/zenodo.3377671 en https://www.plantintroduction.org/index.php/pi/article/view/963/924 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 |
| spellingShingle | Zaimenko, N.V. Аспекти термодинаміки в процесах інтродукції |
| title | Аспекти термодинаміки в процесах інтродукції |
| title_alt | Thermodynamical aspects of the introduction processes |
| title_full | Аспекти термодинаміки в процесах інтродукції |
| title_fullStr | Аспекти термодинаміки в процесах інтродукції |
| title_full_unstemmed | Аспекти термодинаміки в процесах інтродукції |
| title_short | Аспекти термодинаміки в процесах інтродукції |
| title_sort | аспекти термодинаміки в процесах інтродукції |
| url | https://www.plantintroduction.org/index.php/pi/article/view/963 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT zaimenkonv thermodynamicalaspectsoftheintroductionprocesses AT zaimenkonv aspektitermodinamíkivprocesahíntrodukcíí |