Антимікробний скринінг етанольного екстракту листків Ficus carica L. (Moraceae) – давньої плодової рослини
In the present study, ethanolic extracts of Ficus carica L. leaves were tested for their antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 700603), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), and Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (AT...
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M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the NAS of Ukraine
2017
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Plant Introduction| _version_ | 1860121115389591552 |
|---|---|
| author | Tkachenko, H.M. Buyun, L.I. Osadowski, Z. Honcharenko, V.I. Prokopiv, A.I. |
| author_facet | Tkachenko, H.M. Buyun, L.I. Osadowski, Z. Honcharenko, V.I. Prokopiv, A.I. |
| author_sort | Tkachenko, H.M. |
| baseUrl_str | https://www.plantintroduction.org/index.php/pi/oai |
| collection | OJS |
| datestamp_date | 2019-11-11T08:14:11Z |
| description | In the present study, ethanolic extracts of Ficus carica L. leaves were tested for their antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 700603), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), and Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae (ATCC 49619) as well as fungus Candida albicans. The leaves of F. carica were collected in M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden (Kyiv, Ukraine). Antimicrobial activity was determined using the agar diffusion method. Crude extracts of Ficus carica leaves have shown a wide spectrum of antimicrobial activities. The ethanolic extract of F. carica leaves exhibited mild antimicrobial activity against the Gram-positive bacteria (10.4 mm of inhibition zone diameter for methicillin-re sistant Staphylococcus aureus and 14.28 mm for Staphylococcus aureus), and the Gram-negative bacteria (13.25 mm for Escherichia coli). Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus pneumoniae appeared to be less sensitive to the extract, the inhibition zones were 9.75 mm, 8.69 mm and 8.56 mm, respectively. The antimicrobial activity of leaves extract is possibly could be explained by the presence of flavonoids, steroid, saponins and/or tannins. These plants have great medicinal potential for the therapy of infection. Further investigation is necessary to identify those bioactive compounds, which will be a platform for clinical applications.
These findings are important in order to evaluate the significance of collections of tropical plants maintained under glass house conditions at botanical gardens of Ukraine and to plan the conservation strategy by establishment of national collections of plants with valuable characteristics with the prospects of their use as sources of antimicrobial agents. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.5281/zenodo.2283589 |
| first_indexed | 2025-07-17T12:39:36Z |
| format | Article |
| fulltext |
78 ISSN 1605-6574. Інтродукція рослин, 2017, № 1
UDC 615.012.1: 582.949.2: 581.3
H.M. TKACHENKO 1, L.I. BUYUN 2, Z. OSADOWSKI 1,
V.I. HONCHARENKO 4, A.I. PROKOPIV 3, 4
1 Institute of Biology and Environmental Protection, Pomeranian University in Slupsk
Poland, Slupsk, Arciszewski Str., 22b, 76-200
2 M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
Ukraine, 01014 Kyiv, Timiryazevska Str., 1
3 Botanical Garden of Ivan Franko Lviv National University, Ukraine, 79014 Lviv, M. Cheremshyny Str., 44
4 Ivan Franko Lviv National University, Ukraine, 79014 Lviv, M. Cheremshyny Str., 44
ANTIMICROBIAL SCREENING OF THE ETHANOLIC
LEAVES EXTRACT OF FICUS CARICA L. (MORACEAE) —
AN ANCIENT FRUIT PLANT
In the present study, ethanolic extracts of Ficus carica L. leaves were tested for their antibacterial activity against Gram-negative
bacteria Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 700603), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), and Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922),
Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus
pneumoniae (ATCC 49619) as well as fungus Candida albicans. The leaves of F. carica were collected in M.M. Gryshko Na-
tional Botanical Garden (Kyiv, Ukraine). Antimicrobial activity was determined using the agar diffusion method. Crude extracts
of Ficus carica leaves have shown a wide spectrum of antimicrobial activities. The ethanolic extract of F. carica leaves exhibited
mild antimicrobial activity against the Gram-positive bacteria (10.4 mm of inhibition zone diameter for methicillin-re sistant
Staphylococcus aureus and 14.28 mm for Staphylococcus aureus), and the Gram-negative bacteria (13.25 mm for Escherichia
coli). Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus pneumoniae appeared to be less sensitive to the ex-
tract, the inhibition zones were 9.75 mm, 8.69 mm and 8.56 mm, respectively. The antimicrobial activity of leaves extract is
possibly could be explained by the presence of flavonoids, steroid, saponins and/or tannins. These plants have great medicinal
potential for the therapy of infection. Further investigation is necessary to identify those bioactive compounds, which will
be a platform for clinical applications.
These findings are important in order to evaluate the significance of collections of tropical plants maintained under glass house
conditions at botanical gardens of Ukraine and to plan the conservation strategy by establishment of national collections of plants
with valuable characteristics with the prospects of their use as sources of antimicrobial agents.
Key words: Ficus carica, leaf extracts, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli,
Streptococcus pneumoniae, antimicrobial activity.
© H.M. TKACHENKO, L.I. BUYUN, Z. OSADOWSKI,
V.I. HONCHARENKO, A.I. PROKOPIV, 2017
Introduction
The genus Ficus, comprising about 800 species of
various life forms (trees, shrubs, and lianas) and
life habits (terrestrials, epiphytes) in the family Mo-
raceae, has a wide distribution and multiple uses in
most tropical and subtropical regions throughout
the world [6]. Some Ficus species are reported to
be among the oldest human food sources.
The most widely cultivated Ficus species is F. ca-
rica or common fig. F. carica L. is typical Medi-
terranean fruit species, widely spread in near East,
African, and South European countries, which is
closely related both genetically and morphologi-
cally to number of wild Ficus which occur widely
through the Mediterranean basin [45]. Plants of
F. carica are xerophytes with interesting leaf struc-
ture, unique among Mediterranean trees [26].
Since ancient times fig fruits have provided a valu-
able food for people and animals in the Mediter-
ranean region [40].
Fig (F. carica L.) is one of the most important
fruit species of Mediterranean countries. Turkey is
the major fig producer and exporter in the world
with a total production of 270,830 t of figs (26 %
of the world production [7].
Fossil evidence suggests that the common fig (F. ca-
rica L.) has been cultivated for over 11,000 years,
79ISSN 1605-6574. Інтродукція рослин, 2017, № 1
Antimicrobial screening of the ethanolic leaves extract of Ficus carica L. (Moraceae) — an ancient fruit plant
possibly predating cereal grains, and thousands
of cultivars of this species have been developed
worldwide [24].
Domestication is though to have occurred in a
number of regions within the Mediterranean ba-
sin starting in the Early Neolithic period [24].
From this region, cultivated figs spread worldwide
throughout suitable climates — reaching England
before 1548, China by 1550, Mexico in 1560 and
finally the USA in 1769 (cit. by Morton (1987)
[28]). While reproduction in the wild occurs due
to pollination and the germination of viable seeds,
under domestication F. carica varieties are a clone
of female tree propagated vegetatively through
cuttings. Some figs varieties require pollination for
successful fruit set while other varieties may pro-
duce seedless fig fruits without pollination [45].
Figs, borne on small trees, are considered one
of the classic fruits of the Mediterranean basin
[40]. Domestication of F. carica was associated
with a considerable increase in the size of the fruit
(syconium) and its sugar content, as well as a cha-
racteristic shift to parthenocarpy or vegetative
propagation [45].
F. carica is dispersed by birds and mammals
and is an important food source for frugivorous
animals in some areas [6].
It is deciduous or large shrub, growing to a
height of 6.9—10.0 m, with smooth grey bark [34].
Its fragrant leaves are 12—25 cm long and 10—18 cm
across, and deeply lobed with three or five lobes
(Fig. 1).
The small orifice (ostiole) visible on the middle
of the fruit (Fig. 2, 3) is a narrow passage, which
allows the specialized fig wasp to enter the fruit
and pollinate the flower, where after the fruit grows
seeds [34].
F. carica has been traditionally used for its me-
dicinal properties as metabolic, cardiovascular,
respiratory, antispasmodic, and anti-inflammato-
ry agents [25]. It was shown that various parts of
the plant like bark, leaves, tender shoots, fruits,
seeds, and latex of F. carica are medicinally im-
portant in different disorders [25, 34]. Leaves,
fruits, and roots of F. carica are used in native me-
dicinal system in different disorders such as gas-
trointestinal (colic, indigestion, loss of appetite,
and diarrhea), respiratory (sore throats, cough,
and bronchial problems), inflammatory, and car-
diovascular disorders [25].
Such various treated properties of F. carica can
be explained by presence of compounds with anti-
oxidative and antimicrobial activity. Indeed, phy-
tochemical studies on F. carica revealed the pre-
sence of numerous bioactive compounds such as
phenolic compounds, phytosterols, organic acids,
anthocyanin composition, triterpenoids, couma rins,
and volatile compounds such as hydrocarbons,
aliphatic alcohols, and few other classes of sec-
ondary metabolites from different parts of F. cari-
ca [25]. The detection of ethanolic extract and
latex of fig revealed the presence of flavonoids,
terpenes and steroids, alkaloids, saponins and tan-
Fig. 1. Leaf morphology of F. carica: a — adaxial leaf sur-
face; b — abaxial leaf surface
Fig. 2. An external view of F. carica syconium
a b
80 ISSN 1605-6574. Інтродукція рослин, 2017, № 1
H.M. Tkachenko, L.I. Buyun, Z. Osadowski, V.I. Honcharenko, A.I. Prokopiv
nins which possess diverse biological effect like
antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial
activities [4].
Ficus carica has been reported to have anti-di-
abetic, hypoglycemic [8], hepatoprotective [15],
an tispasmodic [10], antipyretic [31], antibacterial
[11], antifungal [19], antioxidant, anti-inflam-
matory, vulnerary, antitumor and antihelmintic
[34] effects.
Fresh plant materials, crude extracts, and iso-
lated components of F. carica have also shown a
wide spectrum of antimicrobial activity [2, 18, 19,
21, 22]. Considering that other Ficus species have
antimicrobial activity, the present investigation was
undertaken to test the efficacy of ethanolic extract
prepared from F. carica leaves against Gram-posi-
tive and Gram-negative bacteria as well as fungus
Candida albicans to determine the possible use of
this plant in preventing infections.
Material and methods
The leaves of F. carica were collected in M.M. Grysh-
ko National Botanical Garden (Kyiv, Uk raine)
during March, 2015. The whole collection of
tropical and subtropical plants at M.M. Gryshko
National Botanical Garden (including Ficus spp.
plants) has the status of a National Heritage Col-
lection of Ukraine. The collected leaves were
brought into the laboratory for antimicrobial
studies.
Preparation of plant extracts. Freshly leaves we re
washed, weighted, crushed, and homogenized in
96 % ethanol (in proportion 1:10) at room tem-
perature. All extracts were then filtered and stored
at 4 °C until use.
Bacterial test strain and growth conditions. Anti-
microbial activity was determined using the agar
diffusion method (Bauer et al., 1966). Gram-nega-
tive bacteria Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 700603),
Pseu domonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), and Esche-
richia coli (ATCC 25922), as well as Gram-positive
bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923),
methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Strep-
tococcus pneumoniae (ATCC 49619) were used as
test organisms. The cultivation medium was tryp-
ticase soy agar (Oxoid, UK), supplemented with
10% defibrinated sheep blood. Cultures were
grown aerobically for 24 h at 37 °C. The cultures
were later diluted with sterile solution of 0.9 %
normal saline to approximate the density of 0.5
McFarland standard. The McFarland standard was
prepared by inoculating colonies of the bacterial
test strain in sterile saline and adjusting the cell
density to the specified concentration.
Determination of antibacterial activity of plant
extracts by the disk diffusion method. Antimicro-
bial activity was determined using the agar disk
diffusion assay [1]. Culture of S. aureus was in-
oculated onto Mueller-Hinton (MH) agar plates.
Sterile filter paper discs impregnated with 50 μL
of extract dilutions were applied over each of the
culture plates. Isolates of bacteria were then incu-
Fig. 3. The structure of F. carica syconium: a — an internal
view of a longitudinal cross-section of the syconium; b —
a close view of the female flowers enclosed in the syconium.
The stereoscope image (b) was taken with Stemi 2000 C
microscope (Carl Zeiss, Germany)
a
b
81ISSN 1605-6574. Інтродукція рослин, 2017, № 1
Antimicrobial screening of the ethanolic leaves extract of Ficus carica L. (Moraceae) — an ancient fruit plant
bated at 37 °C for 24 h. The plates were then ob-
served for the zone of inhibition produced by the
antibacterial activity of various ethanolic extract
obtained from leaves of F. carica. A negative con-
trol disc impregnated with 50 μL of sterile ethanol
was used in each experiment. At the end of the
period, the inhibition zones formed were meas-
ured in millimeters using the vernier. For each
extract, 8 replicates were assayed. The plates were
observed and photographs were taken. Zone di-
ameters were determined and averaged. The fun-
gal organism used for the present study was Can-
dida albicans. The plates were incubated at 27 oC
for 24 hrs. The plates were then observed for the
zone of inhibition produced by the antifungal ac-
tivity of F. carica. All statistical calculation was
performed on separate data from each bacterial
strains. The following zone diameter criteria were
used to assign susceptibility or resistance of bac-
teria to the phytochemicals tested: Susceptible
(S) ≥ 15 mm, Intermediate (I) — 11—14 mm, and
Resistant (R) ≤ 10 mm [30].
Results and discussion
The results of screening study of antimicrobial
activity of ethanolic extracts obtained from F. ca-
rica leaves are presented in Fig. 4 and 5.
Our results showed that the ethanolic extract of
F. carica leaves exhibited mild antimicrobial acti-
vity against the Gram-positive bacteria (10.4 mm
of inhibition zone diameter for methicillin-resist-
ant Staphylococcus aureus and 14.28 mm for Sta-
phylococcus aureus) (Fig. 4), and the Gram-ne-
gative bacteria (13.25 mm for Escherichia coli)
(Fig. 5A). Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas
aeruginosa and Streptococcus pneumoniae appeared
to be less sensitive to the extract, the inhibition
zones were 9.75 mm, 8.69 mm and 8.56 mm, re-
spectively (Fig. 4).
The in vitro antimicrobial activity of ethanolic
extract obtained from F. carica leaves could pro-
vide with potentially useful information for devel-
oping novel compounds with antibiotic properties.
Indeed, Ficus species could be used as a possible
way to treat diseases caused by multidrug-resistant
bacteria [32]. The combination of the methanolic
extract obtained from fig leaves with oxacillin or
ampicillin has successfully been used for its syner-
gistic effects against methicillin-resistant S. aureus
(MRSA) [23]. The antimicrobial activity of F. ca-
rica extracts has been reported [2, 18, 21, 22].
The ethanolic leaf extract and latex of fig was ef-
fective against six bacterial strains, two Gram-po-
si tive (S. aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes) and four
Gram-ne gative (K. pneumonae, P. aeruginosa, Sal-
mo nella typhi, E. coli), and three fungal strains (Can-
dida albicans, Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus niger)
[2]. The ethanolic extract of leaves exhibited strong
activity against S. aureus and S. typhi (13 mm, 14 mm),
and the fungi F. oxysporum (16 mm), whereas the
latex showed higher activity against these bacteria
(15 mm) for each of them, and the fungi A. niger
Fig. 4. Antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extract obtained from F. carica leaves against bac-
terial strains measured as inhibition zone diameter (M ± m), n = 8
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Fungal strains
82 ISSN 1605-6574. Інтродукція рослин, 2017, № 1
H.M. Tkachenko, L.I. Buyun, Z. Osadowski, V.I. Honcharenko, A.I. Prokopiv
(18 mm). K. pneumonae and E. coli seemed to be
resistant to both extract which showed (8 mm, 9 mm)
and (11 mm, 10 mm) with ethanolic extract and
latex, respectively [2].
R. Jasmine and co-workers (2014) [11] have also
evaluated two different extracts of F. carica against
drug resistant human pathogens (E. coli, P. aerugi-
nosa, Streptococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., K. pneu-
moniae, S. typhi, S. paratyphi). The ethanolic ex-
tract of F. carica showed good antimicrobial effect
against the organisms than the methanolic extract.
The zones of inhibition ranged from 3—11 mm,
where the maximum activity of 15 mm was record-
ed against Pseudomonas spp. and 11 mm against
Salmonella spp., suggesting the efficiency of the
plant against drug resistant bacteria [11]. Hiba
Hazim Hamid Al-Yousuf (2012) [17] have demon-
strated that F. carica was effective against Gram-
positive (Bacillus subtilis, S. aureus, B. megaterium)
and Gram-negative bacterial strains (P. aerugino-
sa, E. coli and Proteus vulgaris). Methanolic extract
of F. carica was more effective against B. mega te-
rium among Gram-positive strains and E. coli among
Gram-negative strains [17].
On the other hand, the methanolic extract of
F. carica showed a strong antibacterial activity
against oral bacteria. The combination effects of
methanolic extract with ampicillin or gentamicin
were synergistic against oral bacteria that showed
that figs could act as a natural antibacterial agent
(Jeong et al., 2009). L.A. Houda and co-workers
[19] have evaluated methanolic, hexanoic, chlo-
roformic and ethyl acetate extracts of F. carica
latex against five bacteria species (Enterococcus fe-
calis, Citobacter freundei, P. aeruginosa, E. coli and
Proteus mirabilis) and seven strains of fungi. The
methanolic extract had no effect against bacteria
except for P. mirabilis while the ethyl acetate ex-
tract had inhibition effect on the multiplication of
five bacteria species. For the opportunist pathoge-
nic yeasts, ethyl acetate and chlorophormic frac-
tions showed a very strong inhibition (100 %);
methanolic fraction had a total inhibition against
Candida albicans (100 %) at a concentration of
500 μg/ml and a negative effect against Cryptococ-
cus neoformans. Microsporum canis was strongly
inhibited with methanolic extract (75 %) and to-
tally with ethyl acetate extract at a concentration
of 750 μg/ml. Hexanoic extract showed medium
results [19].
The results from the present study agree well with
those of I.R. Khaleel and co-workers [2] who found
antimicrobial activity of ethanolic leaf extract and
latex of F. carica against six bacterial strains, two
Gram-positive (S. aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes)
and four Gram-negative (K. pneumonia, P. aerugi-
nosa, Salmonella typhi, E. coli), and three fungal
strains (C. albicans, Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergil-
lus niger). The results of these researchers showed
that the ethanolic extract of F. carica leaves exhib-
ited the strong activity against the Gram-positi-
ve bacteria (S. aureus — 13 mm in diameter of
in hibition zone), and the Gram-negative bacteria
(S. typhi, 14 mm), while it showed moderate ac-
tivity against S. pyogenes, P. aeruginosa which re-
corded 12 mm and 11 mm, respectively. K. pneu-
Fig. 5. Antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extract obtained from F. carica leaves
against Gram-positive bacterial strain (a — Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-nega-
tive bacterial strains (b — Escherichia coli) measured as inhibition zone diameter
a b
83ISSN 1605-6574. Інтродукція рослин, 2017, № 1
Antimicrobial screening of the ethanolic leaves extract of Ficus carica L. (Moraceae) — an ancient fruit plant
moniae and E. coli appeared to be less sensitive to
the extracts, the inhibition zone were 8 mm and
9 mm, respectively [3].
J.Wang and co-workers [39] have demonstrated
that leaves water extract and ethanolic and hex-
ane fractions from methanolic extracts have anti-
viral effect against human herpesvirus 1 (HSV-1).
Extracts obtained from F. carica were possible
candidates as herbal medicines for herpes virus,
echovirus and adenovirus infectious diseases. In vit-
ro an tiviral potential activity of five extracts (meth-
anolic, hexanic, ethyl acetate, hexane-ethyl ace-
tate, and chloroformic) against herpes simplex
type 1 (HSV-1), echovirus type 11 (ECV-11) and
adenovirus (ADV) for adsorption and penetration,
intracellular inhibition and virucidal activity, eval-
uating the capacity of the extracts to inhibit the
replication of viruses was studied by Lazreg Aref
and co-workers [21]. The hexanic and hexane-
ethyl acetate extracts inhibited multiplication of
viruses at concentrations of 78 μg/mL. Interest-
ingly, that all extracts had no cytotoxic effect on
Vero cells at all tested concentrations [21].
Moreover, the 80 % methanolic extract from the
leaves of F. carica has been screened against Myco-
bacterium tuberculosis H37R and exhibited anti-
tuberculosis activity with Minimal Inhibitory Con-
centration (MIC) value of 1600 μg/mL [16]. The
leaf extract of F. carica showed the strongest nema-
ticidal activity as 74.3, 96.2, and 98.4 % mortality,
respectively, within 72 hrs [29]. The leaves acetone
extracts of F. carica also showed antibacterial ac-
tivity against plant pathogens, i.e. Staphylococcus
species. The extract possessed antifungal activity
against Fusarium solani, F. lareritium, F. roseum,
Da poruthe nonurai and Bipolaris leersiae [37].
S. Hada et al. [18] also revealed that some phe-
nolic compounds isolated from F. carica exhibit
anticaries activity either due to growth inhibition
against Streptococcus mutans or due to the inhibi-
tion of glucosyltransferases. The antibacterial ef-
fects may be related to the presence of flavonoids
[18]. Indeed, phytochemical studies on F. carica
revealed the presence of numerous bioactive com-
pounds such as phenolic compounds, phytoster-
ols, organic acids, anthocyanin composition, tri-
terpenoids, coumarins, and volatile compounds
such as hydrocarbons, aliphatic alcohols, and few
other classes of secondary metabolites from differ-
ent parts of F. carica [25]. A.P. Oliveira and co-
workers [12] analyzed the metabolite profiling on
the leaves, pulps and peels of two Portuguese white
varieties of F. carica. All samples presented a simi-
lar phenolic profile composed by 3-o- and 5-o-caf-
feoylquinic acids, ferulic acid, quercetin-3-o-glu-
coside, quercetin-3-o-rutinoside, psoralen and
bergapten. 3-o-caffeoylquinic acid and quercetin-
3-o-glucoside are described for the first time in
this species. Leaves’ organic acids profile present-
ed oxalic, citric, malic, quinic, shikimic and fu-
maric acids, while in pulps and peels quinic acid
was absent [13]. Various volatile constituents of
five Portuguese varieties of F. carica fruits (pulps
and peels) have been isolated which include alde-
hydes: 3-methyl-butanal, 2-methyl-butanal, (E)-
2-pentanal, hexanal, heptanal, octanal, and non-
anal, alcohols: 1-penten-3-ol, 3-methylbutanol,
benzyl alcohol, (E)-2-nonenol, and phenylethyl
alcohol, ketone: 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, esters:
methyl hexanoate, methyl salicylate, and ethyl
salicylate, monoterpenes: limonene, menthol, α-pi-
nene, β-pinene, linalool, eucalyptol, se squit er pe-
nes: α-cubenene, copaene, β-caryo phyl lene, τ-muu-
rolene, τ-cadinene, and germacrene D, norisopre-
noid: β-cyclocitral, and miscellaneous compounds:
eugenol [12].
Organic acids, sugars, chlorogenic acid, cate-
chin, epicatechin, kaempferol-3-o-glucoside, lu-
teolin-8-C-glucoside, and total phenolic contents
in the sun-dried and oven-dried figs were deter-
mined by A. Slatnar et al. [9]. Fruit from the F. ca-
rica contains numerous phenolics (ferulic, caffeoy-
l quinic acid, and quercetin glycosides) and organic
acids (malic, citric, fumaric, oxalic, quinic, shi ki-
mic, and chlorogenic acids) [20]. The fruit extract
showed its efficacy in antioxidant, anti-inflamma-
tory, anti-ulcerogenic, hepatoprotective, and gast-
ro protective activities [5]. Moreover, pentane ext-
racts from the fig of F. carica contain numerous
vo latile compounds: benzyl aldehyde, benzyl alco-
hol, furanoid, linalool, pyranoid (trans), cinnamic
aldehyde, indole, cinnamic alcohol, eugenol, and
trans- caryophyllenes sesquiterpene: germacrene D,
hyd roxyl caryophyllene, angelicin, and bergapten [43].
84 ISSN 1605-6574. Інтродукція рослин, 2017, № 1
H.M. Tkachenko, L.I. Buyun, Z. Osadowski, V.I. Honcharenko, A.I. Prokopiv
Leaves were always the most effective part,
which seems to be related with phenolics com-
pounds content. The leaves of F. carica consist of
various volatile compounds which are identified
and distributed by distinct chemical classes, such
as aldehydes: methyl-butanal, 2-methylbutanal,
(E)-2-pentanal, hexanal, and (E)-2-hexanal, alco-
hols: 1-penten-3-ol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, 2-me-
thylbutanol, heptanol, benzyl alcohol, (E)-2-no-
nen-1-ol, and phenylethyl alcohol, ketone: 3-pen-
tanone, esters: methyl butanoate, methyl hex-
anoate, hexyl acetate, ethyl benzoate, and methyl
salicylate, monoterpenes: limonene and menthol,
sesquiterpenes: α-cubenene, α-guaiene, α-ylan-
gene, copaene, β-bourbonene, β-elemene, α-gur-
junene, β-caryophyllene, β-cubebene, aromaden-
drene, α-caryophyllene, τ-muurolene, τ-cadinene,
α-muurolene, germacrene D, and (+)-ledene, no-
risoprenoid: β-cyclocitral, and miscellaneous com-
pounds: psoralen [12]. Moreover, only the leaves
possessed the capacity to scavenge superoxide
radical [12].
In our study, the antibacterial activity of ethanol-
ic extract of F. carica leaves is possibly linked to the
presence of flavonoids, steroid, saponins and/or
tannins. The high antimicrobial activity may per-
haps due to leaves content of rutin, quercetin,
luteolin, phenolic acids and phytosterols [35].
Antibacterial activity of tannins and saponins
isolated from plant species are well documented
[14]. The presence of flavonoids and polyphenols
is the basis for the analgesic and anti-inflammato-
ry activities of various parts of F. carica including
the fruit, latex, bark, roots, and leaves [27, 33].
Fever may be a result of infection or a result of one
of the sequels of tissue damage, inflammation,
graft rejection, or other disease states [31]. Nu-
merous researchers found that ethanolic extract of
F. carica leaves possesses a significant antipyretic
effect with comparable effects to that of paraceta-
mol. In addition, the total phenolic content is sig-
nificantly different among the different vegetal
parts with the leaves reported to contain the high-
est levels [27]. The methanolic extract of the leaves
has also been shown to exhibit the highest antioxi-
dant potential [5]. Pharmacological and chemical
studies have also demonstrated the antineoplastic
or anti-inflammatory activity of both the crude
extract and pure compounds [13].
The antimicrobial activity of purified flavonoids
may result in susceptibility differences against spe-
cies with different origins and background [41].
This could explain the difference in sensitivity to
F. carica extract between S. aureus, S. aureus MRSA
and E. coli used in this work and a previously test-
ed other species of Ficus [42]. The highest anti-
bacterial potential of F. carica could be explained
by the amount of flavonoids present. However, the
activity showed by ethanolic extract of F. carica
may result from the interactions of different
polyphenols. Most studies on the antimicrobial
potential of polyphenols have focused on the in-
hibitory activity of individual components. We
have shown that the interactions between various
compounds can alter the antimicrobial effective-
ness of the F. carica flavonoids against Gram-
positive and Gram-negative bacteria and fungus
C. albicans. The inhibitory effect of phenolics
could be explained by absorption to cell mem-
branes, interactions with enzymes, substrate and
metal ion deprivation [36]. Direct interaction be-
tween the two compounds may result in changes
of the structural conformation thus reducing the
inhibitory activity. The antagonistic interaction
observed with all combinations against L. mono-
cytogenes may be the result of a number of mecha-
nisms such as competition for target sites or inhi-
bition of uptake by the cells [3]. On the other
hand, the synergism observed between flavanone
and phenolic acid against S. aureus and S. ente-
rica, between flavanone and epicatechin against
S. enterica and S. aureus and between phenolic
acid and epicatechin against S. aureus could be
because of their combined reaction with the cell
membrane as a possible primary target site [38].
Conclusions
The obtained results indicated the therapeutic im-
portance of Ficus carica leaves as an antimicrobial
agent against some microbial infections, such as
Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa,
Klebsiella pneumoniae, and E. coli as well as fungus
Candida albicans which recognized as a global no-
socomial problem.
85ISSN 1605-6574. Інтродукція рослин, 2017, № 1
Antimicrobial screening of the ethanolic leaves extract of Ficus carica L. (Moraceae) — an ancient fruit plant
Thus, F. carica has a great medicinal potential
for the therapy of infections induced by Gram-
po sitive and Gram-negative bacteria as well as
fungi. Further investigation is necessary to identify
those bioactive compounds, which will be a plat-
form for clinical applications. However, further
studies need to be performed to understand the
precise mechanisms responsible for interactions
between compounds in ethanolic extract of F. ca-
rica responsible for its antibacterial activity.
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Recommended by N.A. Pavlyuchenko
Received 18.11.2016
87ISSN 1605-6574. Інтродукція рослин, 2017, № 1
Antimicrobial screening of the ethanolic leaves extract of Ficus carica L. (Moraceae) — an ancient fruit plant
Г.М. Ткаченко 1, Л.І. Буюн 2, З. Осадовський 1,
В.І. Гончаренко 4, A.I. Прокопів 3, 4
1 Інститут біології та охорони середовища,
Поморська академія в Слупську,
Польща, м. Слупськ
2 Національний ботанічний сад імені М.М. Гришка
НАН України, Україна, м. Київ
3 Ботанічний сад Львівського національного
університету імені Івана Франка, Україна, м. Львів
4 Львівський національний університет
імені Івана Франка, Україна, м. Львів
АНТИМІКРОБНИЙ СКРИНІНГ
ЕТАНОЛЬНОГО ЕКСТРАКТУ ЛИСТКІВ
FICUS CARICA L. (MORACEAE) —
ДАВНЬОЇ ПЛОДОВОЇ РОСЛИНИ
Досліджено антимікробну активність етанольного екс-
тракту, отриманого з листків F. carica L., щодо грам-
негативних (Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 700603), Pseu-
domonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Escherichia coli (ATCC
25922)) та грам-позитивних (Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC
25923), метицилін-резистентний штам Staphylococcus
aureus та Streptococcus pneumoniae (ATCC 49619)) мікро-
організмів, а також мікроскопічного гриба Candida
albicans. Листки були зібрані в Національному ботаніч-
ному саду імені М.М. Гришка (Київ, Україна). Анти-
мікробну активність визначали за допомогою диско-
ди фузійного методу. Неочищені екстракти листків
Ficus carica виявили широкий спектр антимікробної
активності. Зокрема для етанольного екстракту лист-
ків F. carica характерна помірна антибактеріальна ак-
тивність щодо грам-позитивних (діаметр зони інгібу-
вання росту метицилін-резистентного штаму Staphylo-
coccus aureus — 10,4 мм, Staphylococcus aureus — 14,28 мм)
та грам-негативних бактерій (13,25 мм для Escherichia
coli). Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa та Strep-
tococcus pneumoniae виявилися менш чутливими до дії
екстракту — зона інгібування становила 9,75, 8,69 і 8,56 мм
відповідно. Антимікробна активність екстрактів лист-
ків зумовлена, ймовірно, наявністю в екстрактах фла-
воноїдів, стероїдів, сапонінів та/або танінів. Отже, F. cari-
ca має значний потенціал для лікування інфекційних
захворювань. Подальші дослідження потребують іден-
тифікації біологічно активних сполук, на основі яких
будуть розроблені препарати для застосування у клі-
нічній практиці.
Результати цього дослідження є важливими для
оцінки значення оранжерейних колекцій рослин тро-
пікогенних флор, у ботанічних садах України, а також
для реалізації стратегії збереження рослин з цінними
властивостями шляхом створення та підтримки на-
ціональних колекцій рослин, які становлять значний
інтерес для використання як джерела антимікробних
засобів.
Ключові слова: Ficus carica, екстракти листків, Kleb-
siella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococ-
cus aureus, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pneumoniae, ан-
ти мікробна активність.
Г.М. Ткаченко 1, Л.И. Буюн 2, З. Осадовский 1,
В.И. Гончаренко 4, A.И. Прокопив 3, 4
1 Институт биологии и охраны среды, Поморская
академия в Слупске, Польша, г. Слупск
2 Национальный ботанический сад имени
Н.Н. Гришко НАН Украины, Украина, г. Киев
3 Ботанический сад Львовского национального
университета имени Ивана Франко, Украина, г. Львов
4 Львовский национальный университет
имени Ивана Франко, Украина, г. Львов
АНТИМИКРОБНЫЙ СКРИНИНГ
ЭТАНОЛЬНОГО ЭКСТРАКТА ЛИСТЬЕВ
FICUS CARICA L. (MORACEAE) — ДРЕВНЕГО
ПЛОДОВОГО РАСТЕНИЯ
Исследована антимикробная активность этанольного
экстракта, полученного из листьев F. carica L., в от-
ношении грам-отрицательных (Klebsiella pneumoniae
(ATCC 700603), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) и
Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922)), грам-положительных
(Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), метициллин-ре-
зистентный штамм Staphylococcus aureus и Streptococcus
pneumoniae (ATCC 49619)) микроорганизмов, а также
микроскопического гриба Candida albicans. Листья бы-
ли собраны в Национальном ботаническом саду име-
ни Н.Н. Гришко (г. Киев, Украина). Антимикробную
активность определяли с помощью дис ко- диф фу зион-
ного метода. Неочищенные экстракты листьев Ficus
carica выявили широкий спектр антимикробной ак-
тивности. В частности, для этанольного экстракта ли-
стьев F. carica характерна умеренная антибактериаль-
ная активность относительно грам-положительных
(диаметр зоны ингибирования для ме ти циллин-ре зис-
тентного штамма Staphylococcus aureus — 10,4 мм и для
Staphylococcus aureus — 14,28 мм) и грам-отрицательных
микроорганизмов (13,25 мм для Esc herichia coli). Kleb-
siella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa и Streptococcus
pneumoniae оказались менее чувствительными к дей-
ствию экстракта — зона ингибирования составляла
9,75, 8,69 и 8,56 мм соответственно. Антимикробная
активность экстрактов листьев обусловлена, вероятно,
содержанием в экстрактах флавоноидов, стероидов,
сапонинов и/или таннинов. Таким образом, F. carica
об ладает мощным потенциалом для лечения инфекци-
онных заболеваний. Дальнейшие исследования тре-
буют идентификации биологически активных соеди-
нений, на основе которых будут разработаны препара-
ты для применения в клинической практике.
Результаты этого исследования являются важными
для оценки значения оранжерейных коллекций расте-
ний тропикогенных флор в ботанических садах Украи-
ны, а также для реализации стратегии сохранения био-
разнообразия растений путем создания и поддержания
национальных коллекций растений, представляющих
значительный интерес с точки зрения их использова-
ния как источника антимикробных препаратов.
Ключевые слова: Ficus carica, экстракты листьев, Kleb-
siella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus
aureus, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pneumoniae, анти-
микробная активность.
|
| id | oai:ojs2.plantintroduction.org:article-98 |
| institution | Plant Introduction |
| keywords_txt_mv | keywords |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-07-17T12:39:36Z |
| publishDate | 2017 |
| publisher | M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the NAS of Ukraine |
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| resource_txt_mv | wwwplantintroductionorg/e9/206dee96c597167007f98f2c457299e9.pdf |
| spelling | oai:ojs2.plantintroduction.org:article-982019-11-11T08:14:11Z Antimicrobial screening of the ethanolic leaves extract of Ficus carica L. (Moraceae) – an ancient fruit plant Антимікробний скринінг етанольного екстракту листків Ficus carica L. (Moraceae) – давньої плодової рослини Tkachenko, H.M. Buyun, L.I. Osadowski, Z. Honcharenko, V.I. Prokopiv, A.I. In the present study, ethanolic extracts of Ficus carica L. leaves were tested for their antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 700603), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), and Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae (ATCC 49619) as well as fungus Candida albicans. The leaves of F. carica were collected in M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden (Kyiv, Ukraine). Antimicrobial activity was determined using the agar diffusion method. Crude extracts of Ficus carica leaves have shown a wide spectrum of antimicrobial activities. The ethanolic extract of F. carica leaves exhibited mild antimicrobial activity against the Gram-positive bacteria (10.4 mm of inhibition zone diameter for methicillin-re sistant Staphylococcus aureus and 14.28 mm for Staphylococcus aureus), and the Gram-negative bacteria (13.25 mm for Escherichia coli). Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus pneumoniae appeared to be less sensitive to the extract, the inhibition zones were 9.75 mm, 8.69 mm and 8.56 mm, respectively. The antimicrobial activity of leaves extract is possibly could be explained by the presence of flavonoids, steroid, saponins and/or tannins. These plants have great medicinal potential for the therapy of infection. Further investigation is necessary to identify those bioactive compounds, which will be a platform for clinical applications. These findings are important in order to evaluate the significance of collections of tropical plants maintained under glass house conditions at botanical gardens of Ukraine and to plan the conservation strategy by establishment of national collections of plants with valuable characteristics with the prospects of their use as sources of antimicrobial agents. Антимікробний скринінг етанольного екстракту листків Ficus carica L. (Moraceae) – давньої плодової рослини   Досліджено антимікробну активність етанольного екстракту, отриманого з листків F. carica L., щодо грам-негативних (Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 700603), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922)) та грам-позитивних (Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), метицилін-резистентний штам Staphylococcus aureus та Streptococcus pneumoniae (ATCC 49619)) мікроорганізмів, а також мікроскопічного гриба Candida albicans. Листки були зібрані в Національному ботанічному саду імені М.М. Гришка (Київ, Україна). Антимікробну активність визначали за допомогою дискоди фузійного методу. Неочищені екстракти листків Ficus carica виявили широкий спектр антимікробної активності. Зокрема для етанольного екстракту листків F. carica характерна помірна антибактеріальна активність щодо грам-позитивних (діаметр зони інгібування росту метицилін-резистентного штаму Staphylococcus aureus – 10,4 мм, Staphylococcus aureus – 14,28 мм) та грам-негативних бактерій (13,25 мм для Escherichia coli). Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa та Streptococcus pneumoniae виявилися менш чутливими до дії екстракту – зона інгібування становила 9,75, 8,69 і 8,56 мм відповідно. Антимікробна активність екстрактів листків зумовлена, ймовірно, наявністю в екстрактах флавоноїдів, стероїдів, сапонінів та/або танінів. Отже, F. carica має значний потенціал для лікування інфекційних захворювань. Подальші дослідження потребують ідентифікації біологічно активних сполук, на основі яких будуть розроблені препарати для застосування у клінічній практиці. Результати цього дослідження є важливими для оцінки значення оранжерейних колекцій рослин тропікогенних флор, у ботанічних садах України, а також для реалізації стратегії збереження рослин з цінними властивостями шляхом створення та підтримки національних колекцій рослин, які становлять значний інтерес для використання як джерела антимікробних засобів. M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the NAS of Ukraine 2017-03-01 Article Article application/pdf https://www.plantintroduction.org/index.php/pi/article/view/98 10.5281/zenodo.2283589 Plant Introduction; Vol 73 (2017); 78-87 Інтродукція Рослин; Том 73 (2017); 78-87 2663-290X 1605-6574 10.5281/zenodo.3378873 en https://www.plantintroduction.org/index.php/pi/article/view/98/90 Copyright (c) 2018 The Author(s) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 |
| spellingShingle | Tkachenko, H.M. Buyun, L.I. Osadowski, Z. Honcharenko, V.I. Prokopiv, A.I. Антимікробний скринінг етанольного екстракту листків Ficus carica L. (Moraceae) – давньої плодової рослини |
| title | Антимікробний скринінг етанольного екстракту листків Ficus carica L. (Moraceae) – давньої плодової рослини |
| title_alt | Antimicrobial screening of the ethanolic leaves extract of Ficus carica L. (Moraceae) – an ancient fruit plant |
| title_full | Антимікробний скринінг етанольного екстракту листків Ficus carica L. (Moraceae) – давньої плодової рослини |
| title_fullStr | Антимікробний скринінг етанольного екстракту листків Ficus carica L. (Moraceae) – давньої плодової рослини |
| title_full_unstemmed | Антимікробний скринінг етанольного екстракту листків Ficus carica L. (Moraceae) – давньої плодової рослини |
| title_short | Антимікробний скринінг етанольного екстракту листків Ficus carica L. (Moraceae) – давньої плодової рослини |
| title_sort | антимікробний скринінг етанольного екстракту листків ficus carica l. (moraceae) – давньої плодової рослини |
| url | https://www.plantintroduction.org/index.php/pi/article/view/98 |
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