ІННОВАЦІЙНИЙ ПІДХІД ДО ЕКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНОГО ВІДТВОРЕННЯ НОМІНАЛЬНИХ ТА АЛЬТЕРНАТИВНИХ РЕЖИМІВ ПОЖЕЖІ
Introduction. The prevention of the destruction of buildings and structures during a fire is ensured throughstrict compliance with requirements for the necessary fire resistance rating and classifi cation. To guarantee reliable and safe operation during the design and construction stages, building m...
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| author | VESELIVSKYI, R. KOVALYSHYN, V. YAKOVCHUK, R. HAVRYS, A. TARNAVSKYI, A. |
| author_facet | VESELIVSKYI, R. KOVALYSHYN, V. YAKOVCHUK, R. HAVRYS, A. TARNAVSKYI, A. |
| author_institution_txt_mv | [
{
"author": "R. VESELIVSKYI",
"institution": "Lviv State University of Life Safety"
},
{
"author": "V. KOVALYSHYN",
"institution": "Lviv State University of Life Safety"
},
{
"author": "R. YAKOVCHUK",
"institution": "Lviv State University of Life Safety"
},
{
"author": "A. HAVRYS",
"institution": "Lviv State University of Life Safety"
},
{
"author": "A. TARNAVSKYI",
"institution": "Lviv State University of Life Safety"
}
] |
| author_sort | VESELIVSKYI, R. |
| baseUrl_str | https://scinn-eng.org.ua/ojs/index.php/ni/oai |
| collection | OJS |
| datestamp_date | 2026-06-17T11:30:41Z |
| description | Introduction. The prevention of the destruction of buildings and structures during a fire is ensured throughstrict compliance with requirements for the necessary fire resistance rating and classifi cation. To guarantee reliable and safe operation during the design and construction stages, building materials and structures classified according to their reaction to fire and assessed by fire resistance class have been required.Problem Statement. Since modern testing installations (furnaces) predominantly reproduce only thetemperature regime of a standard fire, while other heating regimes remain difficult or impossible to simulate, the development and application of specialized testing installations and chambers capable of experimentally providing the required temperature exposures are highly relevant.Purpose. The purpose of this study is to investigate the possibility of experimentally reproducing the temperature effects of nominal and alternative fire regimes using an innovative experimental installation.Materials and Methods. The study has been conducted using an installation equipped with a 500 × 500 × 500 mm chamber designed to assess the fire-protective efficiency of coatings. The test specimens consist of 500 × 500 mm steel plates with fire-protective coatings. External fire, slow-heating fire, and parametric fire regimes have been modeled by regulating the power of the heating elements and adjusting the distance between the heating elements and the specimen. The parametric temperature curve fora 60 m² fire compartment has been calculated using the FIN EC soft ware package.
Results. Experimental tests have confirmed the effectiveness of reproducing nominal and alternative fire regimes using the developed installation. The design features and technical solutions have provided cont rolled regulation of chamber heating and cooling, ensuring that deviations of the temperature–time curves remain within permissible limits according to DSTU EN 1363-1:2023 and DSTU EN 1363-2:2023.Conclusions. The stable operation of the electric heating elements has ensured effective reproduction of thermalregimes with deviations of less than 10% from standard fire curves. The developed installation has demonstrated itsapplicability for assessing the fire resistance of structures, determining the effectiveness of fire-protective coatings, and developing experimental and theoretical methods for studying the thermophysical properties of materials under nominal and alternative (realistic) fire regimes. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.15407/scine22.03.066 |
| first_indexed | 2026-06-18T01:01:11Z |
| format | Article |
| fulltext |
ISSN 2409-9066. Sci. innov. 2026. 22(3)66
© Publisher PH “Akademperiodyka” of the NAS of Ukraine, 2026. Th is is an open access article
under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
https://doi.org/10.15407/scine22.03.066
VESELIVSKYI, R. B. (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3266-578X),
KOVALYSHYN, V. V. (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5463-0230),
YAKOVCHUK, R. S. (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5523-5569),
HAVRYS, A. P. (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2527-7906),
and TARNAVSKYI, A. B. (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4625-2022)
Lviv State University of Life Safety,
35, Kleparivska St., Lviv, 79007, Ukraine,
+380 32 233 3240, ldubzh.lviv@dsns.gov.ua
INNOVATIVE APPROACH
TO THE EXPERIMENTAL REPRODUCTION
OF NOMINAL AND ALTERNATIVE FIRE REGIMES
Citat ion: Veselivskyi, R. B., Kovalyshyn, V. V., Yakovchuk, R. S., Havrys, A. P., And Tarnavskyi, A. B.
(2026). Innovative Approach to the Experimental Reproduction of Nominal and Alternative Fire Re-
gi mes. Sci. innov., 22(3), 66—79. https://doi.org/10.15407/scine22.03.066
Introduction. Th e prevention of the destruction of buildings and structures during a fi re is ensured through
strict compliance with requirements for the necessary fi re resistance rating and classifi cation. To guaran-
tee reliable and safe operation during the design and construction stages, building materials and struc-
tures classifi ed according to their reaction to fi re and assessed by fi re resistance class have been required.
Problem Statement. Since modern testing installations (furnaces) predominantly reproduce only the
temperature regime of a standard fi re, while other heating regimes remain diffi cult or impossible to
simulate, the development and application of specialized testing installations and chambers capable of
experimentally providing the required temperature exposures are highly relevant.
Purpose. Th e purpose of this study is to investigate the possibility of experimentally reproducing the tem-
perature eff ects of nominal and alternative fi re regimes using an innovative experimental installation.
Materials and Methods. Th e study has been conducted using an installation equipped with a 500 ×
× 500 × 500 mm chamber designed to assess the fi re-protective effi ciency of coatings. Th e test specimens
consist of 500 × 500 mm steel plates with fi re-protective coatings. External fi re, slow-heating fi re, and
parametric fi re regimes have been modeled by regulating the power of the heating elements and adjus-
ting the distance between the heating elements and the specimen. Th e parametric temperature curve for
a 60 m² fi re compartment has been calculated using the FIN EC soft ware package.
GENERAL PROBLEMS
OF THE MODERN RESEARCH
AND INNOVATION POLICY
67ISSN 2409-9066. Sci. innov. 2026. 22(3)
Innovative Approach to the Experimental Reproduction of Nominal and Alternative Fire Regimes
Results. Experimental tests have confi rmed the eff ectiveness of reproducing nominal and alternative fi re regimes using
the developed installation. Th e design features and technical solutions have provided cont rolled regulation of chamber
heating and cooling, ensuring that deviations of the temperature–time curves remain within permissible limits accor-
ding to DSTU EN 1363-1:2023 and DSTU EN 1363-2:2023.
Conclusions. Th e stable operation of the electric heating elements has ensured eff ective reproduction of thermal
regimes with deviations of less than 10% from standard fi re curves. Th e developed installation has demonstrated its
applicability for assessing the fi re resistance of structures, determining the eff ectiveness of fi re-protective coatings, and
developing experimental and theoretical methods for studying the thermophysical properties of materials under nomi-
nal and alternative (realistic) fi re regimes.
Keywords: fi re resistance, fi re protection, nominal and alternative fi re modes, building structure, test facility, electric
heating element, civil protection and fi re safety.
According to applicable building standards in Uk-
raine and internationally, the behavior of buil-
ding structures under fire conditions must be con-
sidered at the design stage of a building or struc-
ture. A fire results in thermal exposure to building
structures, which can lead to the failure of indi-
vidual structural elements and, in severe cases,
the collapse of the entire building. Preventing the
destruction of building structures during a fire
requires strict compliance with design standards,
particularly those related to ensuring the required
fire resistance rating of structural elements.
According to [1], depending on the type of buil-
ding structure — for example, walls, partitions, or
floors — the period during which the structure
must maintain its thermal and mechanical proper-
ties is specified. These properties include integri-
ty, load-bearing capacity, and thermal insulation
capacity. For instance, a load-bearing wall in a
buil ding with the first degree of fire resistance
must maintain its performance characteristics for
150 min, whereas a load-bearing wall in a building
with the fourth degree of fire resistance is required
to maintain these properties for 30 min. This para-
meter is critical for limiting the spread of fire wi thin
and between buildings and directly affects the safe
evacuation of occupants, the protection of proper-
ty, and the effectiveness of firefighting operations.
The current state of building and structural de-
sign is characterized by a wide variety of architec-
tural, planning, and structural solutions, including
high-rise buildings, large floor areas, atriums, and
various types of staircases, roofs, and complex-
shaped coverings. In addition, modern construc-
tion widely uses both traditional building materials
and structures — such as steel and reinforced con-
c rete — and their combinations with new materials
used for cladding, finishing, or improving struc-
tural strength and durability during operation.
To ensure the reliability and safety of buildings
and structures, their design and construction requi-
re the use of building products and structural ele-
ments that are classified according to their reaction
to fire and evaluated by fire resistance class [1, 2].
Consequently, studies investigating the influence
of fire temperature regimes on the fire resistance
of building structures remain highly relevant.
Research on the fire resistance of building struc-
tures and the effectiveness of fire-protection coa-
tings is essential for ensuring the safe operation of
buildings and structures. In particular, researchers
focus on determining the influence of nominal and
alternative fire temperature regimes on the fire re-
sistance limits of building structures.
The influence of the standard fire temperature
regime on steel building structures is examined
in [3—5], where calculation-based and experimen-
tal methods for assessing the fire resistance of pro-
tected steel structures are presented. These studies
also propose methodologies for evaluating fire-
protective coatings by solving inverse heat con-
duction problems based on fire test data. In [6, 7],
the authors develop a computational system for
analyzing steel, concrete, and composite structures
68 ISSN 2409-9066. Sci. innov. 2026. 22(3)
Veselivskyi, R. B., Kovalyshyn, V. V., Yakovchuk, R. S., Havrys, A. P., and Tarnavskyi, A. B.
under standard fire conditions, demonstrating its
potential for thermostructural analysis during the
design of building structures. Furthermore, the ef-
fect of standard fire exposure on the fire resistance
of double-bonded precast concrete composite slabs,
composite floors, beams, and decks is investiga-
ted in [8—11], demonstrating the effectiveness of
composite materials and their positive influence
on the fire resistance of the studied structures.
The impact of a hydrocarbon fire on cold-rolled
steel columns was considered in [12], where the
authors used the ABAQUS software package to
develop a numerical finite element model to study
the fire resistance, structural and thermal response
of axially supported columns. Using the ANSYS
computer program, Chaojie Song et al. [13] pre-
sented an approach to studying the behavior of
prestressed reinforced concrete box girders under
the influence of hydrocarbon fire, where they pre-
sented the response of the girders to the com-
bined effect of the duration of fire exposure and
simultaneous structural loading. In study [14],
the correlation between the values of the time in-
terval for maintaining the fire resistance of pro-
tected steel structures obtained for fire exposure
under the temperature conditions of hydrocar-
bon and external fires and the values of this time
interval for the standard temperature regime was
estimated by the calculation method. Papers [15,
16] present the behavior and comparison of the
effectiveness of reactive fire protective coatings in
modeling scenarios of standard and hydrocarbon
fires. Also, studies of the fire resistance of buil-
ding structures using a hydrocarbon fire are rele-
vant to the petroleum and gas chemical industry,
which are updated and presented in [17—19].
Studies on determining the impact of the ex-
ternal fire regime and the parametric fire regime
on building structures are presented in scholarly
research papers [20—24], as a rule, the impact of
these alternative fire regimes is reproduced by the
calculation method.
Taking into account the review of publications,
it should be noted that for the study of fire resis-
tance of building structures and the effectiveness
of fire protection of coatings, the influence of not
only the standard fire regime but also the external
fire regime, hydrocarbon and parametric regimes
is used. Given the fact that modern installations
(furnaces) for research usually create the tempe-
rature of a standard fire, and the reproduction of
other heating modes is difficult, and in some cases
impossible, it is important to create and use spe-
cial installations, test chambers that can experi-
mentally reproduce both standardized and alter-
native (realistic) temperature effects.
The aim of the work is to study the possibility
of experimentally reproducing the thermal effects
of nominal and alternative fire modes using an
innovative installation, the principle of operation
of which is to heat the internal space of the fur-
nace using electric heating elements.
To achieve the set goal, the following tasks we-
re solved:
analysis of the use of standardized and alterna-
tive temperature regimes to assess the fire resis-
tance class of building structures or the fire pro-
tection effectiveness of fire-retardant coatings;
using a test installation, the principle of opera-
tion of which is to heat the internal space of the
furnace using electric heating elements, to in-
vestigate the dependence of the heating of the
rig chamber on the required temperature regime;
conduct experimental studies of the reproduci-
bility of the experimental setup of the external
fire regime, the slowly developing fire regime
and the parametric fire regime.
The scientific novelty of the work lies in estab-
lishing the heating and cooling characteristics of
an innovative installation, the principle of opera-
tion of which is to heat the internal space of the
furnace using electric heating elements during
experimental reproduction of nominal and alter-
native fire modes.
Applicable international standards for asses-
sing the fire resistance of a building structure,
which is determined by the time (in min) from
the start of the fire test, use standardized nominal
modes that correspond to a conditional fire scena-
rio. Thus, standards [25—27] provide for the pos-
69ISSN 2409-9066. Sci. innov. 2026. 22(3)
Innovative Approach to the Experimental Reproduction of Nominal and Alternative Fire Regimes
sibility of determining the fire resistance class of a
building structure according to standardized tem-
perature conditions with appropriate designa-
tions in the case of using a particular fire mode.
These temperature regimes include: standard
temperature regime, hydrocarbon fire regime with
the “HC” designation, external fire regime with the
“ef” designation, slowly developing fire regime with
the IncSlow designation, and parametric fire re-
gime. The test procedure for additional/alternative
modes regulated by [28] provides for the hea ting
conditions of building structures, the need for ex-
perimental reproduction of which arises under cer-
tain conditions when a scenario different from the
values of the temperature impact of the standard
fire mode is identified during the development of a
real fire. The graphs of the dependence of heating
curves in the modes of hydrocarbon fire, slowly de-
veloping fire (smoldering fire), external fire and the
standard temperature curve are shown in Fig. 1.
An example of a possible use of the hydrocar-
bon fire regime is in the petrochemical industry, oil
drilling platforms, nuclear power plants, etc. whe re
there is a risk of very high intensity fires, for examp-
le, due to a flammable liquid spill. Since hydro-
carbon fires are characterized by high temperatu-
res and high speed of development, when experi-
mentally reproducing this mode, the temperature
in the test furnace (installation) should vary accor-
ding to the dependence described by Eq. 1.
0.167 2.51080[1 0.325 0.675 ] 20,tT e e (1)
where: t is the time interval from the beginning
of the test, min; T is the average temperature in
the furnace, С.
The need for an experimental assessment of
the fire resistance class of building structures
un der the external fire regime can be justified
when a structure or product is exposed to a fire
within a fire compartment. For example, when it
is necessary to reproduce the impact of a fire on
the exterior of isolated exterior walls that may be
exposed to fire from different parts of the facade:
directly from inside the corresponding fire com-
Fig. 1. Curves of temperature regimes: Tst is standard temperature regime; THC is temperature regime of a hydro-
carbon fire; Tef is temperature regime of an external fire; Tincslow is temperature regime of a slowly developing fire
Te
m
pe
ra
tu
re
, °
C
200
0 0
400
600
800
1000
1200
10 20 40
Time, min
Tst
60 80 100 120
THC
Tef
Tincslow
70 ISSN 2409-9066. Sci. innov. 2026. 22(3)
Veselivskyi, R. B., Kovalyshyn, V. V., Yakovchuk, R. S., Havrys, A. P., and Tarnavskyi, A. B.
partment, from below or from the adjacent exte-
rior wall. As a rule, this fire regime can be used
to assess the fire resistance class of the building
envelope. In this case, the temperature of this cur-
ve will be described by Eq. 2.
0.32 3.8660[1 0.687 0.313 ] 20,t tT e e (2)
where: t is the time interval from the beginning
of the test, min; T is the average temperature in
the furnace, С.
The slow fire mode can be used to test struc-
tures, usually when they are combined with pro-
ducts or materials that have reactive properties. In
this case, the temperature effect on the structures
will have the peculiarity of slow heating of the test
specimen in the first 20 min from the start of the
test. The dependence of the temperature change on
time should be in accordance with Eqs. 3 and 4:
for 0 < t ≤ 21
0.25154 20T t ;
(3)
for t > 21
10345log 8 ( 20) 1 20.T t (4)
It should be noted that [26, 27] provide for the
possibility of using a parametric temperature-ti me
dependence to assess the thermal impact of a fire on
buildings and structures. When applying this regi-
me, it is assumed that a fire occurs in a compartment
up to 500 m2 without openings in the coating and a
maximum compartment height of 4 m. This tempe-
rature regime is characterized by two phases: hea-
ting and cooling. During the hea ting phase, the tem-
perature change dependence is described by Eq. 5.
g = 20 0.21325 (1 0.324 te
1.7 190.204 0.472 ),t te e
(5)
where: g is the ambient gas temperature in the fire
compartment, С;
t* = t · ;
where: t is the time of fire development, h; is
the coefficient that includes the parameters of
the fire compartment, such as specific heat ca-
pacity, thermal conductivity, density and area of
enclosing structures, area of vertical openings,
window height and specific fire load.
The cooling stage of the parametric fire regi me
is described by Eq. 6, a—c.
max max625 ( )g t t x for max 0.5t , (6, а)
max max max260 (3 ) ( )g t t t x
for max0.5 2t , (6, b)
max max260 ( )g t t x for max 2t , (6, c)
where: max is the maximum tempera ture.
3
max ,(0.2 10 / )t dt q O (С);
qt, d, s is the calculated fire load divided by the
surface area (MJ/m2); x = 1.0 if max lim ,t t or х =
= tlim . / t*
max if tmax = tlim; tlim is the time of rea ching
the maximum temperature of the paramet ric tem-
perature regime, which depends on the fire load.
The considered standardized (nominal) and al-
ternative (parametric) fire temperature regimes
make it possible to assess the fire resistance class
of building structures and to evaluate the fire-
protection effectiveness of fire-protective coatings
using both experimental and computational me-
thods. Such approaches do not contradict the
applicable standards of Ukraine or international
standards. The selection of a possible fire scena-
rio and, consequently, the corresponding tempe-
rature exposure plays a key role in the accuracy
of the calculated or experimental data obtained
regarding the duration during which a structural
system, its individual components, or a separate
structure is able to satisfy the criteria of load-
bearing and/or enclosing capacity. Traditionally,
the most comprehensive and reliable results used
by both designers and researchers have been ob-
tained through combined theoretical (computa-
tional) and experimental studies. In theoretical
studies, a computational (computer) model has
been developed that most accurately reflects the
geometric and thermophysical characteristics of
a particular building structure (or structural sys-
tem) subjected to temperature exposure accor-
ding to Eqs. (1—6). Such modeling makes it pos-
sible to obtain a substantial amount of research
data while allowing variation of key parameters,
71ISSN 2409-9066. Sci. innov. 2026. 22(3)
Innovative Approach to the Experimental Reproduction of Nominal and Alternative Fire Regimes
including fire development conditions, fire load,
air flow, compartmentalization into fire compart-
ments, and the thermal properties of enclosing
and load-bearing structures.
To confirm the results of theoretical studies, it
is necessary to obtain experimental data on the res-
ponse of an element or structure to the thermal
effects of fire for subsequent comparison. Modern
test furnaces [30] make it possible to reproduce
the standard fire temperature regime, which is lo-
gical because the experimental determination of
the fire resistance class of building structures du-
ring their use in construction is typically perfor-
med under such standardized thermal conditions.
However, previous studies [31—35] have shown
that deviations from the standard fire regime are
not uncommon. Consequently, researchers have
de veloped methods that allow temperature effects
with such deviations to be correlated with stan-
dardized conditions [36—39].
The fundamental standard [1] establishes that
calculation methods may be used to assess the
fire resistance of the structural system of build-
ings, parts of structural systems, and individual
building structures of any type; to interpolate and
extrapolate the results of fire resistance tests of
building structures; to evaluate the fire-protection
effectiveness of fire-protective coatings; and to
determine the scope of the extended application
of these results. In addition, it is possible to calcu-
late the fire resistance of building structures un-
der fire conditions other than the standard fire
regime. In such cases, approaches based on the
consideration of a conditional or real fire scenar-
io should be applied to assess fire resistance.
If the test furnace and equipment comply with
the applicable standards and are used correctly,
reproducing the standard fire condition does not
present significant difficulty. However, the experi-
mental reproduction of other nominal (standar di-
zed) and alternative (parametric) fire conditions —
such as external fire conditions, slow-heating fire
conditions, and parametric fire conditions — re-
quires special attention and further research. As
a rule, it is difficult to experimentally reproduce
the temperature–time dependencies described by
Eqs. (2—6). This difficulty arises from the design
characteristics of test furnaces, the power limita-
tions of burners, and the complexity of accurately
controlling temperature variations during heating
and cooling.
To investigate the possibility of reproducing
the standard fire temperature regime, the external
fire regime, the slowly developing fire regime, and
the parametric fire regime, an installation for de-
termining the fire protection capacity (efficiency)
of fireproof coatings and testing the fire resistance
of small fragments of building structures was de-
signed and constructed, the principle of which is
to heat the interior of the furnace using electric
heating elements [40] (hereinafter referred to as
the test installation).
The test installation is a cube with an internal
chamber measuring 500 × 500 × 500 mm. The bo-
dy is thermally insulated with vermiculite plates
(50 mm thick) covered with steel sheets. To create
a temperature effect on the test samples, a heating
radiation panel is used, which consists of three
heaters with a power of 4 kW each, powered by
220 V. The test sample is secured using special bra-
ckets, which together form a mounting system.
The sample for testing fire protection efficiency is
a square steel plate (side length 500 mm) with a
Fig. 2. Structural diagram of the test facility
Source: prepared by the authors.
Chamber
Heating elements
Mounting system
for test samples
Control and measurement
system
72 ISSN 2409-9066. Sci. innov. 2026. 22(3)
Veselivskyi, R. B., Kovalyshyn, V. V., Yakovchuk, R. S., Havrys, A. P., and Tarnavskyi, A. B.
fire-retardant coating on the side exposed to the
heat of the test chamber. It is also possible to test
other fragments of building structures (enclosing
structures) with a side length of 500 mm. To cont-
rol the temperature on the non-heated side of the
test sample, 1 to 5 thermocouples are installed. The
temperature inside the chamber is controlled by
thermocouples located at a distance of 10—15 cm
Fig. 3. Temperature and time dependence of the heating of the installation chamber: Tef is normalized temperature
regime of the external fire; Tinst is the average value of 3 tests of the heating of the installation chamber
Fig. 4. Temperature and time dependence of the heating of the installation chamber: Tincslow is the normalized tem-
perature of a slowly developing fire; Tins is the average value of 3 tests of the heating of the installation chamber
Te
m
pe
ra
tu
re
, °
C
200
0
400
600
800
15105 20 25
Time, min
30 35 504540
Tinst
Tef
Te
m
pe
ra
tu
re
, °
C
200
0 0
400
600
800
1000
1200
10 20 40
Time, min
60 80 100
Tincslow
Tinst
73ISSN 2409-9066. Sci. innov. 2026. 22(3)
Innovative Approach to the Experimental Reproduction of Nominal and Alternative Fire Regimes
from the electric heating elements and at the sa-
me distance from the test sample, depending on
the conditions of the experiments.
A schematic diagram of the test setup is shown
in Fig. 2.
Using the design features of the test facility, na-
mely the ability to increase or decrease the tempe-
rature on the heating surface of the prototype using
the heating temperature regulator and the ability to
approach or remove the prototype to the radiation
panel along the guides, the standard fire tempera-
ture regime was experimentally reproduced. The
research data are presented in detail in [40], whe-
re the authors performed experimental tests and
found that the chamber of the installation warms up
evenly and according to the temperature-time de-
pendence Ts = 345 lg (8t + 1) + 20). At the same
time, temperature deviations do not exceed the per-
missible values according to DSTU EN 1363-1:2023
and DSTU EN 1363-2:2023, which takes into ac-
count the percentage deviation of the area under
the average furnace temperature curve depending
on the time interval from the start of the test.
During these studies, it was found that for the ac-
curacy and reproducibility of the heating mode in
the first 5 min, it is necessary to preheat the ins-
tallation to 600 C. This makes it possible to ob-
tain values very close to those established by the
temperature-time dependence Ts.
The next stage of the work is an experimental stu-
dy of the reproducibility of the results on the provi-
sion of the external fire mode, the slowly developing
fire mode and the parametric fire mode by the ex-
perimental installation, taking into account the pe-
culiarities of the experimental study of the repro-
ducibility of the standard fire temperature mode.
Figure 3 shows the results of the experimental
reproduction of the thermal effect of the external
fire regime, the value of the temperature change
over time of which is described by formula 2 and
graphically depicted in Fig. 1.
As can be seen from the results of the study, it was
possible to reproduce this fire mode within the to-
lerances regulated by the standards [25, 28]. Given
that this mode involves an intense temperature
increase in the first 6 min (up to 613 C), which is
higher than in the standard curve, the installation
was preheated to 700 C. This made it possible to
reproduce the peak temperature increase at the
initial stage, as predicted by dependence (2).
When reproducing the slowly developing fire re-
gime, the experimental values of the temperature
versus time were obtained, which correspond to de-
pendences (3) and (4). As required by the stan dard,
in the first 20 min of the experiment, the temperatu-
re of the thermal effect on the prototype was 380 C.
After 25 min of the experiment, the intensity of the
temperature increase was ensured by sharply in-
creasing the temperature on the thermostat and
bringing the test sample closer to the heating ele-
ments. The results of the study are shown in Fig. 4.
For the experimental reproduction of the para-
metric fire regime, a fire compartment of 60 m2
with brick enclosing structures and concrete floor
and ceiling was chosen. The fire load was assumed
to be 450 MJ/m2. This parametric fire regime was
modelled using a licensed software package [41].
The schematic floor plan of the fire compartment
is shown in Fig. 5, and the geometric and thermal
parameters of the building envelope and open-
ings are given in Table 1.
The thermophysical characteristics of the floor
and ceiling materials are accepted as for reinfor-
ced concrete structures and are as follows: density
ρ = 2400 kg/m3; specific heat c = 840 J/kg/K; ther-
mal conductivity λ = 1.5 W/m/K.
Table 1. Geometric and Thermal Parameters
of Enclosing Structures and Openings
Wall
num-
ber
Length,
m
Material (masonry) Openings
Density
ρ, kg/m3
Specifi c
heat c,
J/kg/K
Th ermal
conduc-
tivity λ,
W/m/K
Width
b, m
Height
h, m
1 10 2000 880 0.58 3 1.8
2 6 2000 880 0.58 2 1.6
3 10 2000 880 0.58 3 2.0
4 6 2000 880 0.58 2 2.0
74 ISSN 2409-9066. Sci. innov. 2026. 22(3)
Veselivskyi, R. B., Kovalyshyn, V. V., Yakovchuk, R. S., Havrys, A. P., and Tarnavskyi, A. B.
The fire parameters in the adopted fire com-
partment are shown in Table 2.
According to Appendix A and E [27], the result
of the calculation is the values of the parameters
that determine the parametric temperature curve
for the fire zone.
The parameter values are as follows: opening
factor (O) = 0.117 m1/2; thermal absorptivity for
the total enclosure (b) = 1453.2 J/(m2s1/2K); the
design value of the fire load density, relative to the
total boundary structures of the fire compart-
ment (qt, d) = 114.4 MJ/m2.
Time for maximum gas temperature: tmax =
= 20.0 min; tmax = tlim → fuel-controlled fire.
The parametric curve graph is described by the
functions:
g = 20 + 0.0021325 (1 0.324 te
0.013 0.1490.204 0.472 )t te e — for t within 20—0,
689.632 44.166 ( 20)g t
—
for t within 20—35,
20g — for t > 35.
where: g is the temperature, C and t is time, min.
Figure 6 shows a graph of temperature versus
time during the heating and cooling stages for a
selected fire compartment of 60 m2.
After obtaining the calculated values of the tem-
perature change of the parametric curve, the next
step is to conduct a study on the experimental re-
production of this mode. The results of the expe-
riment are shown in Fig. 7.
As shown by the obtained data, the experimen-
tally reproduced and modeled parametric fire de-
velopment regime in a fire compartment of 60 m²
are in good agreement (Figs. 6, 7). A positive out-
come of the study is the successful experimental
reproduction of the calculated temperature values
during the cooling stage. This is achieved by gra-
dually moving the specimen away from the hea-
ting elements and rapidly reducing the tempera-
ture using the thermostat.
The experimental results confirm the effective-
ness of the proposed innovative approach to the re-
production of nominal and alternative fire regimes
using the installation designed to determine the
fire-pro tection capacity (efficiency) of fire-pro tec tive
coatings and to conduct fire-resistance tests on
small fragments of building structures.
The practical significance of these results lies in
the possibility of experimentally reproducing both
standardized and alternative (realistic) temperatu-
re exposures on fragments of building structures.
This capability allows a preliminary assessment of
the fire resistance limit of such structures and enab-
les the evaluation of the fire-protection effective-
ness of fire-retardant coatings.
The studies have demonstrated that the test in-
stallation is capable of generating temperature ex-
Fig. 5. Floor plan of the fire compartment: 1—4 — wall
number of the fire compartment with Opening
Source: prepared by the authors.
Table 2. The Fire Parameters
Parameter Meaning
Time of fi re development (tlim) 20.0 min
Th e characteristic fi re load density per
unit fl oor area (qf, k)
450.0 MJ/m2
Factor of combustion (m) 0.8
Factor related to the fi re activation risk
due to the size of the compartment (δq
1
)
1.144
Factor related to the fi re activation risk
due to the type of occupancy (δq
2
)
1.000
Factor related to the diff erent active
fi re-fi ghting measures (δn)
1.000
1
2
3
4
75ISSN 2409-9066. Sci. innov. 2026. 22(3)
Innovative Approach to the Experimental Reproduction of Nominal and Alternative Fire Regimes
Te
m
pe
ra
tu
re
, °
C
100
0
200
300
400
600
800
Time, min
700
500
13
:1
8:
28
13
:1
8:
58
13
:1
9:
28
13
:1
9:
58
13
:2
0:
28
13
:2
0:
59
13
:2
1:
29
13
:2
1:
59
13
:2
2:
29
13
:2
2:
59
13
:2
3:
29
13
:2
4:
00
13
:2
4:
30
13
:2
5:
00
13
:2
5:
30
13
:2
6:
00
13
:2
6:
31
13
:2
7:
01
13
:2
7:
31
13
:2
8:
01
13
:2
8:
31
13
:2
9:
02
13
:2
9:
32
13
:3
0:
02
13
:3
0:
32
13
:3
1:
02
13
:3
1:
33
13
:3
2:
03
13
:3
2:
33
13
:3
3:
03
13
:3
3:
33
13
:3
4:
04
13
:3
4:
34
13
:3
5:
04
13
:3
5:
34
13
:3
6:
04
13
:3
6:
35
13
:3
7:
05
13
:3
7:
35
13
:3
8:
05
13
:3
8:
35
13
:3
9:
06
13
:3
9:
36
13
:4
0:
06
13
:4
0:
36
13
:4
1:
06
13
:4
1:
37
13
:4
2:
07
13
:4
2:
37
13
:4
3:
07
13
:4
3:
37
13
:4
4:
08
13
:4
4:
38
13
:4
5:
08
13
:4
5:
38
13
:4
6:
08
13
:4
6:
39
13
:4
7:
09
13
:4
7:
39
13
:4
8:
09
13
:4
8:
39
13
:4
9:
09
13
:4
9:
40
13
:5
0:
10
13
:5
0:
40
13
:5
1:
10
13
:5
1:
41
13
:5
2:
11
13
:5
2:
41
13
:5
3:
11
13
:5
3:
41
13
:5
4:
11
13
:5
4:
42
13
:5
5:
12
13
:5
5:
42
13
:5
6:
12
Fig. 6. Temperature versus time graph for a 60 m2 fire compartment
Fig. 7. Experimentally reproduced temperature and time dependence of heating of the installation chamber for a
fire compartment of 60 m2
20.0
0.0 3.0 6.0 9.0 12.0 15.0 18.0 21.0 24.0 27.0 30.0 33.0 36.0 38.7
110.0
165.0
Gas temperature
220.0
275.0
330.0
365.0
440.0
495.0
550.0
605.0
689.6
Te
m
pe
ra
tu
re
, °
C
Time, min
76 ISSN 2409-9066. Sci. innov. 2026. 22(3)
Veselivskyi, R. B., Kovalyshyn, V. V., Yakovchuk, R. S., Havrys, A. P., and Tarnavskyi, A. B.
posures that meet the requirements of the stan-
dards for assessing the fire resistance of building
structures and determining the fire-protection ef-
ficiency of fire-protective coatings. Based on the
experimental results, both nominal and alternative
fire regimes are reproduced, including the exter-
nal fire regime, the slowly developing fire regime,
and the parametric fire regime. The temperature
deviation observed during the experiments does
not exceed the permissible limits specified in
DSTU EN 1363-1:2023 and DSTU EN 1363-2:2023.
The stable operation of the electric heating ele-
ments generating the thermal exposure ensures
effective reproduction of fire regimes, with the dif-
ference between the experimentally reproduced
thermal conditions and the standardized ones re-
maining below 10%.
Further scholarly research should focus on the
mathematical description of fire temperature re-
gimes during the heating and cooling stages when
using the designed installation for determining the
fire-protection capacity (efficiency) of fire-pro tec-
tive coatings and testing the fire resistance of small
fragments of building structures. The operating
principle of the installation is based on heating
the furnace interior using electric heating elements.
For this purpose, it is necessary to experimentally
investigate the dependence of the maximum fire
temperature (regime) on the temperature genera-
ted by the heating elements of the installation and
on the width of the gap between the tested speci-
men and the electric heating elements. It is also
necessary to study the dependence of the tempera-
ture decrease time during the parametric fire regi-
me on the maximum temperature of the paramet-
ric regime and on the width of the gap between
the specimen and the electric heating elements
after the heating elements are switched off. The
obtained results provide the basis for the develop-
ment of an experimental and theoretical method
for studying the thermophysical characteristics of
fire-retardant materials when assessing the effects
of standardized and alternative fire regimes on
the fire resistance of building structures.
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Rece ived 05.05.2025
Revised 06.10.2025
Accepted 25.12.2025
79ISSN 2409-9066. Sci. innov. 2026. 22(3)
Innovative Approach to the Experimental Reproduction of Nominal and Alternative Fire Regimes
Р.Б. Веселівський (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3266-578X),
В.В. Ковалишин (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5463-0230),
Р.С. Яковчук (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5523-5569),
А.П. Гаврись (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2527-7906),
А.Б. Тарнавський (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4625-2022)
Львівський державний університет безпеки життєдіяльності,
м. Львів, вул. Клепарівська, 35, Львів, 79007, Україна,
+380 32 233 3240, ldubzh.lviv@dsns.gov.ua
ІННОВАЦІЙНИЙ ПІДХІД ДО ЕКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНОГО ВІДТВОРЕННЯ
НОМІНАЛЬНИХ ТА АЛЬТЕРНАТИВНИХ РЕЖИМІВ ПОЖЕЖІ
Вступ. Запобігання руйнуванню будівель і конструкцій під час пожежі забезпечується суворим дотриман-
ням норм щодо необхідної межі та класу вогнестійкості. Для гарантування надійної та безпечної експ луа-
тації під час проєктування і зведення слід застосовувати будівельні вироби й конструкції, класифіковані
за реакцією на вогонь і оцінені за класом вогнестійкості.
Проблематика. Оскільки сучасні установки (печі) здебільшого відтворюють лише температурний ре-
жим стандартної пожежі, а інші режими нагріву є складними або неможливими для моделювання, актуаль-
ним є створення та застосування спеціальних випробувальних установок і камер, здатних експеримен-
тально забезпечити потрібні температурні впливи.
Мета. Вивчення можливості експериментального відтворення температурного впливу номінальних та
альтернативних режимів пожежі з використанням інноваційної установки.
Матеріали й методи. Дослідження виконано на установці з камерою 500 × 500 × 500 мм для оцінки вогне-
захисної ефективності покриттів. Зразки — сталеві пластини 500 × 500 мм із покриттям. Режими зовніш-
ньої, повільно розвиваючої та параметричної пожеж моделювали регулюванням потужності нагрівальних
елементів і відстані до зразка. Параметричну криву для відсіку 60 м² розраховано у програмі FIN EC.
Результати. Експериментальні випробування підтвердили ефективність відтворення номінальних і
альтернативних режимів пожежі за допомогою розробленої установки. Конструкція та технічні рішення
забезпечують регулювання нагріву й охолодження камери з відхиленнями температурно-часових залеж-
ностей у межах, допустимих ДСТУ EN 1363-1:2023 та ДСТУ EN 1363-2:2023.
Висновки. Стабільна робота електронагрівальних елементів забезпечила ефективне відтворення теп-
лових режимів із розбіжністю зі стандартними менше 10 %. Установку можна застосовувати для оцінки
вогнестійкості конструкцій, визначення ефективності вогнезахисних покриттів і розроблення експери-
ментально-теоретичних методів дослідження теплофізичних властивостей матеріалів за номінальних і аль-
тернативних режимів пожежі.
Ключові слова: вогнестійкість, вогнезахист, номінальні та альтернативні режими пожежі, будівельна конст-
рукція, випробувальна установка, електричний нагрівальний елемент, цивільний захист та пожежна безпека.
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| id | oai:ojs2.scinn-eng.org.ua:article-1087 |
| institution | Science and Innovation |
| keywords_txt_mv | keywords |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2026-06-18T01:01:11Z |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| publisher | PH “Akademperiodyka” |
| record_format | ojs |
| resource_txt_mv | scinn-engorgua/9b/226cef67f50330d9c23fbd990f82f69b.pdf |
| spelling | oai:ojs2.scinn-eng.org.ua:article-10872026-06-17T11:30:41Z INNOVATIVE APPROACH TO THE EXPERIMENTAL REPRODUCTION OF NOMINAL AND ALTERNATIVE FIRE REGIMES ІННОВАЦІЙНИЙ ПІДХІД ДО ЕКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНОГО ВІДТВОРЕННЯ НОМІНАЛЬНИХ ТА АЛЬТЕРНАТИВНИХ РЕЖИМІВ ПОЖЕЖІ VESELIVSKYI, R. KOVALYSHYN, V. YAKOVCHUK, R. HAVRYS, A. TARNAVSKYI, A. fire resistance fire protection nominal and alternative fire modes building structure test facility electric heating element вогнестійкість вогнезахист номінальні та альтернативні режими пожежі номінальні та альтернативні режими пожежі, будівельна конструкція випробувальна установка електричний нагрівальний елемент Introduction. The prevention of the destruction of buildings and structures during a fire is ensured throughstrict compliance with requirements for the necessary fire resistance rating and classifi cation. To guarantee reliable and safe operation during the design and construction stages, building materials and structures classified according to their reaction to fire and assessed by fire resistance class have been required.Problem Statement. Since modern testing installations (furnaces) predominantly reproduce only thetemperature regime of a standard fire, while other heating regimes remain difficult or impossible to simulate, the development and application of specialized testing installations and chambers capable of experimentally providing the required temperature exposures are highly relevant.Purpose. The purpose of this study is to investigate the possibility of experimentally reproducing the temperature effects of nominal and alternative fire regimes using an innovative experimental installation.Materials and Methods. The study has been conducted using an installation equipped with a 500 × 500 × 500 mm chamber designed to assess the fire-protective efficiency of coatings. The test specimens consist of 500 × 500 mm steel plates with fire-protective coatings. External fire, slow-heating fire, and parametric fire regimes have been modeled by regulating the power of the heating elements and adjusting the distance between the heating elements and the specimen. The parametric temperature curve fora 60 m² fire compartment has been calculated using the FIN EC soft ware package. Results. Experimental tests have confirmed the effectiveness of reproducing nominal and alternative fire regimes using the developed installation. The design features and technical solutions have provided cont rolled regulation of chamber heating and cooling, ensuring that deviations of the temperature–time curves remain within permissible limits according to DSTU EN 1363-1:2023 and DSTU EN 1363-2:2023.Conclusions. The stable operation of the electric heating elements has ensured effective reproduction of thermalregimes with deviations of less than 10% from standard fire curves. The developed installation has demonstrated itsapplicability for assessing the fire resistance of structures, determining the effectiveness of fire-protective coatings, and developing experimental and theoretical methods for studying the thermophysical properties of materials under nominal and alternative (realistic) fire regimes. Вступ. Запобігання руйнуванню будівель і конструкцій під час пожежі забезпечується суворим дотриманням норм щодо необхідної межі та класу вогнестійкості. Для гарантування надійної та безпечної експлуатації під час проєктування і зведення слід застосовувати будівельні вироби й конструкції, класифіковані за реакцією на вогонь і оцінені за класом вогнестійкості.Проблематика. Оскільки сучасні установки (печі) здебільшого відтворюють лише температурний режим стандартної пожежі, а інші режими нагріву є складними або неможливими для моделювання, актуальним є створення та застосування спеціальних випробувальних установок і камер, здатних експериментально забезпечити потрібні температурні впливи.Мета. Вивчення можливості експериментального відтворення температурного впливу номінальних таальтернативних режимів пожежі з використанням інноваційної установки.Матеріали й методи. Дослідження виконано на установці з камерою 500 × 500 × 500 мм для оцінки вогнезахисної ефективності покриттів. Зразки — сталеві пластини 500 × 500 мм із покриттям. Режими зовнішньої, повільно розвиваючої та параметричної пожеж моделювали регулюванням потужності нагрівальнихелементів і відстані до зразка. Параметричну криву для відсіку 60 м² розраховано у програмі FIN EC.Результати. Експериментальні випробування підтвердили ефективність відтворення номінальних іальтернативних режимів пожежі за допомогою розробленої установки. Конструкція та технічні рішеннязабезпечують регулювання нагріву й охолодження камери з відхиленнями температурно-часових залежностей у межах, допустимих ДСТУ EN 1363-1:2023 та ДСТУ EN 1363-2:2023.Висновки. Стабільна робота електронагрівальних елементів забезпечила ефективне відтворення теплових режимів із розбіжністю зі стандартними менше 10 %. Установку можна застосовувати для оцінкивогнестійкості конструкцій, визначення ефективності вогнезахисних покриттів і розроблення експериментально-теоретичних методів дослідження теплофізичних властивостей матеріалів за номінальних і альтернативних режимів пожежі. PH “Akademperiodyka” 2026-06-17 Article Article Рецензована стаття Peer-reviewed article application/pdf https://scinn-eng.org.ua/ojs/index.php/ni/article/view/1087 10.15407/scine22.03.066 Science and Innovation; Том 22 № 3 (2026): Science and Innovation; 66-79 Science and Innovation; Vol. 22 No. 3 (2026): Science and Innovation; 66-79 2413-4996 2409-9066 10.15407/scine22.03 en https://scinn-eng.org.ua/ojs/index.php/ni/article/view/1087/324 Copyright (c) 2026 Copyright Notice Authors published in the journal “Science and Innovation” agree to the following conditions: Authors retain copyright and grant the journal the right of first publication. Authors may enter into separate, additional contractual agreements for non-exclusive distribution of the version of their work (article) published in the journal “Science and Innovation” (for example, place it in an institutional repository or publish in their book), while confirming its initial publication in the journal “Science and innovation.” Authors are allowed to place their work on the Internet (for example, in institutional repositories or on their website). https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ |
| spellingShingle | вогнестійкість вогнезахист номінальні та альтернативні режими пожежі номінальні та альтернативні режими пожежі будівельна конструкція випробувальна установка електричний нагрівальний елемент VESELIVSKYI, R. KOVALYSHYN, V. YAKOVCHUK, R. HAVRYS, A. TARNAVSKYI, A. ІННОВАЦІЙНИЙ ПІДХІД ДО ЕКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНОГО ВІДТВОРЕННЯ НОМІНАЛЬНИХ ТА АЛЬТЕРНАТИВНИХ РЕЖИМІВ ПОЖЕЖІ |
| title | ІННОВАЦІЙНИЙ ПІДХІД ДО ЕКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНОГО ВІДТВОРЕННЯ НОМІНАЛЬНИХ ТА АЛЬТЕРНАТИВНИХ РЕЖИМІВ ПОЖЕЖІ |
| title_alt | INNOVATIVE APPROACH TO THE EXPERIMENTAL REPRODUCTION OF NOMINAL AND ALTERNATIVE FIRE REGIMES |
| title_full | ІННОВАЦІЙНИЙ ПІДХІД ДО ЕКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНОГО ВІДТВОРЕННЯ НОМІНАЛЬНИХ ТА АЛЬТЕРНАТИВНИХ РЕЖИМІВ ПОЖЕЖІ |
| title_fullStr | ІННОВАЦІЙНИЙ ПІДХІД ДО ЕКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНОГО ВІДТВОРЕННЯ НОМІНАЛЬНИХ ТА АЛЬТЕРНАТИВНИХ РЕЖИМІВ ПОЖЕЖІ |
| title_full_unstemmed | ІННОВАЦІЙНИЙ ПІДХІД ДО ЕКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНОГО ВІДТВОРЕННЯ НОМІНАЛЬНИХ ТА АЛЬТЕРНАТИВНИХ РЕЖИМІВ ПОЖЕЖІ |
| title_short | ІННОВАЦІЙНИЙ ПІДХІД ДО ЕКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНОГО ВІДТВОРЕННЯ НОМІНАЛЬНИХ ТА АЛЬТЕРНАТИВНИХ РЕЖИМІВ ПОЖЕЖІ |
| title_sort | інноваційний підхід до експериментального відтворення номінальних та альтернативних режимів пожежі |
| topic | вогнестійкість вогнезахист номінальні та альтернативні режими пожежі номінальні та альтернативні режими пожежі будівельна конструкція випробувальна установка електричний нагрівальний елемент |
| topic_facet | fire resistance fire protection nominal and alternative fire modes building structure test facility electric heating element вогнестійкість вогнезахист номінальні та альтернативні режими пожежі номінальні та альтернативні режими пожежі будівельна конструкція випробувальна установка електричний нагрівальний елемент |
| url | https://scinn-eng.org.ua/ojs/index.php/ni/article/view/1087 |
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