ФІТОГОРМОНИ — ПРОДУКТИ ЖИТТЄДІЯЛЬНОСТІ МІКРООРГАНІЗМІВ. МЕТОДИ ВИЗНАЧЕННЯ
The paper presents the overview of scientific publications relating to the modern ideas on plant hormones biosynthesis by microorganisms. Author describes advantages and disadvantages of existing analytical methods used for identification of phytohormonal content in microbiological studies.
Збережено в:
| Дата: | 2014 |
|---|---|
| Автор: | |
| Формат: | Стаття |
| Мова: | Англійська Українська |
| Опубліковано: |
Institute of Agrocultural Microbiology and Agro-industrial Manufacture of NAAS of Ukraine
2014
|
| Теми: | |
| Онлайн доступ: | https://smic.in.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/192 |
| Теги: |
Додати тег
Немає тегів, Будьте першим, хто поставить тег для цього запису!
|
| Назва журналу: | Agriciltural microbiology |
| Завантажити файл: |  |
Репозитарії
Agriciltural microbiology| _version_ | 1871465701167857664 |
|---|---|
| author | Дімова, С. Б. |
| author_facet | Дімова, С. Б. |
| author_institution_txt_mv | [
{
"author": "С. Б. Дімова",
"institution": "Інститут сільськогосподарської мікробіології та агропромислового виробництва НААН"
}
] |
| author_sort | Дімова, С. Б. |
| baseUrl_str | https://smic.in.ua/index.php/journal/oai |
| collection | OJS |
| datestamp_date | 2026-07-22T10:10:44Z |
| description | The paper presents the overview of scientific publications relating to the modern ideas on plant hormones biosynthesis by microorganisms. Author describes advantages and disadvantages of existing analytical methods used for identification of phytohormonal content in microbiological studies. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.35868/1997-3004.18.159-185 |
| first_indexed | 2025-07-17T12:24:23Z |
| format | Article |
| fulltext |
1
PHYTOHORMONES — METABOLIC BY-PRODUCTS OF
MICROORGANISMS. IDENTIFICATION METHODS.
Dimova S. B.
Institute of Agricultural Microbiology and AgroIndustrial Production NAAS,
97, Shevchenko str., Chernihiv, 14027, Ukraine
E-mail: dimova13@yandex.ua
The paper presents the overview of scientific publications relating to the modern
ideas on plant hormones biosynthesis by microorganisms. Author describes advantages
and disadvantages of existing analytical methods used for identification of phytohormonal
content in microbiological studies.
Keywords: phytohormones, auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, microbial synthesis of
phytohormones, methods of plant hormones identification.
The uprising interest to phytohormones is driven by natural origin of plant
hormones along with their consistent use by humanity that eliminate the uncertainty of
their aftereffects [1]. The available to date scientific knowledge of plant hormones is
important when solving practical problems in agricultural production due to the essential
role of hormonal system in regulation of ontogenesis of plants [2, 3].
Charles Darwin pointed out the existence of plant substances functionally similar to
the hormones of animals for the first time in 1880 in his paper "Power of movement of
plants" [4]. In the 30 years of the twentieth century, a hormone responsible for reactions
observed by Darwin was isolated and identified as indolyl-3-acetic acid (IAA). Many
Ukrainian and Russian scientists were studying the effect of phytohormones during the last
century, despite the fact that the prospects in this area were repeatedly questioned. Talking
about the formation of this area in biological science the founders of phytohormonology in
Ukraine should be mentioned and among them are Kholodny M.G. (Institute of Botany
and Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv) [5] Chailakhyan M.Kh.[6, 7]
(Institute of Plant Physiology RAS) and researchers of this institute, under the supervision
of Kulayeva O.M. [8 – 10], Polevoy V.V. and his colleagues [2] (St. Petersburg State
University), Kudoyarova G.R. and Veselov S.Yu. [11, 12] – scientists who are now
successfully work at the Institute of Biology, Ufa Scientific Center of RAS. Fundamental
research of plant hormones is also continues in Ukraine at the Institute of Plant Physiology
and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences, Zabolotniy D.K. Institute of Microbiology
and Virology, National Academy of Sciences, Institute of Agricultural Microbiology and
Agroidustrial Production NAAS.
Nowadays, compounds related to the plant hormones are described as regulatory
compounds synthesized in plants in small amounts, transported and induce growth and
morphological processes in plants. Overall the compound is referred to phytohormones, if
it has the following characteristics:
Induce specific physiological response (plant hormones trigger large development
2
programs not only at the cell level, but also at the tissues, organ and plant levels);
Practically is not enrolled in cell metabolism and is only used for signaling
functions;
Is synthesized in plants by specific group of cells and aimed to affect the another
group (the sites of synthesis and action are different, which means that signal
compound should be transported); at this any plant cell is capable of the synthesis of
plant hormones;
Compounds with low molecular weight (less than 2 kDa);
Operates at extremely low concentrations – 10-5 – 10-12 mol / l.
Most of these properties are relevant to the compounds that are traditionally
considered as plant hormones and referred to the five main groups of phytohormones:
auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, abscisins and ethylene. Each group performs typical
functions similar in different plant species. Recently in addition to the five “classic”
groups of phytohormones brassinosteroids, oligosaccharides, salicylic and jasmonic acids,
some phenolic compounds and some other substances that meet the criteria to
phytohormonal substances were discovered in plants [13, 14]. However, some of the
classical properties are not specific to all plant hormones. Thus, the exceptions are:
Abscisins, since they are usually act at the point of synthesis, transporting only over
short distances;
Ethylene is transported only in form of its predecessor;
Phenols, salicylic and jasmonic acids are operating in concentrations greater than
10-5 mol / l.
In general, there is no such process in plant organism, which would not be affected
by plant hormones. Their action is observed throughout the entire plant ontogenesis – from
seed germination until late plant maturing. Obviously, over time, the list of plant growth
regulators will grow and it will enhance our understanding of how hormonal system
regulates plants’ ontogenesis.
Among plant hormones the growth stimulators and inhibitors are distinguished.
Nevertheless, dosage play the crucial role in application of phytohormonal substances –
growth stimulators used in doses exceeding their optimum range can inhibit plant growth
[15 – 17]. Correlation of phytohormonal action to the dose (action force) is expressed
graphically as curve. Dose-effect curve consists of subliminal zone when the dose is too
low to influence the changes, zone of physiological processes stimulation, inhibition and
lethal zones. Hormones (as well as mineral nutrients and many other environmental
factors) are characterized with a plateau in the middle of the curve. This means that
changes in the dose within that range will not substantially influence on its effect. Big
segments of the ascending and descending graph sections indicate the presence of direct
relation of effect to the logarithm of the phytohormones dose.
Existing knowledge about plant hormones and their mechanisms of action has been
successfully used to solve practical problems in agriculture. Nowadays, many plant
hormones are identified and synthesized which opens some prospects for controlling plant
growth and development in the desired direction. However, there are still lot of questions
3
remain unclear which provides huge opportunities for scientists, not only for plant
biologists but also for microbiologists that study plant-microbial interactions, since vast
amount of plant hormones are produced not only by plants but also by many
microorganisms. It should be noted that for a long time phytohormone studies were only
performed by plant physiologist as the common notion was that plants produce hormones
in adequate quantities.
According to the modern concepts in any agrocoenosis various molecular
interactions occur between plants and microorganisms, accompanied by exchange of
metabolites. Given the complexity of plant-microbial interactions it should, however, be
noted that an important role in this relationship belongs to phytohormones ─ metabolic
products of microorganisms. Microorganisms promote the formation in rhizosphere zone
fund of available plant nutrients and biologically active compounds including
phytohormones. Thus, hormones act not only as intracellular signals in plants, but also
mediate the interaction between plants and soil microorganisms, which are an integral part
of any agrocoenosis [18 – 20]. Given the fact that phytohormones are produced not only
by plants, but also by many microorganisms (bacteria can produce these substances even
in greater quantities than plants), hormonal regulation today considered as one of the
fundamental components of the genetic program implementation mechanism of ontogeny
and phylogeny of microorganisms and plants [21].
Microorganisms producers of phytohormones can enter into associative and
symbiotic relationship with the host plant or lead to the development of its pathogenesis.
Bacteria, micromycetos and algae produce plant growth stimulators ─ phytohormones of
auxin, cytokinin and gibberellin nature (Table). It should be noted that quantitative and
qualitative composition of plant hormones synthesized by microorganisms is usually strain
specific.
Microorganisms are also capable of synthesis other plant hormones or
phytohormonal compounds – ethylene, abscisic acid, brassinosteroids, oligosaccharides,
salicylic and jasmonic acids [21]. Thus, microorganisms can produce almost each
described to date phytohormone, some of which (such as gibberellins and cytokinins) were
actually identified in microbial cultures prior to their discovery in in plants [22-24].
Phytohormones produced by microorganisms belong to the secondary metabolites
formed during the specific part of chain reactions within the metabolism of their producer.
The maximum number of phytohormones is synthesized by microorganisms during the
stationary growth phase, at almost depleted medium and dramatic decrease of cell division
processes. This suggests that the excretion of plant hormones by bacteria in unfavorable
conditions may have important functional role, increasing the probability of association
formation with the plant.
In recent publications on agricultural microbiology, there are a lot of works devoted
to the study of microorganisms-producers of substances of phytohormonal nature [25-48].
It has been proved that bacteria affect growth and development of plants through the
changes in the concentration of phytohormones. Hormone content in any part of the plant
is determined by its production (both by plant, soil and endophytic microorganisms),
transport, inter conversion of active and inactive forms and its break-up [9]. In order to
4
Table. Literature data on the phytohormones production by microorganisms in vitro
Microorganisms Plant
hormone
Amount in
cultural media Publication
Association of
microorganisms Azotobacter
chroococcum+
Azospirillum spp.
IAA 39.8-75.4 mg/l Dyagteryova I.A.,
2005
Azospirillum brasilense Sp 7 IAA 15 mg/l Iosinenko A.D., 1992
Azospirillum brasilense
SR80
IAA 24 µg/ml Bondarenkova A.D.,
2009
Azotobacter sp. auxins,
cytokinins
14-74 µg/g CDB* Leonova N.O.,
Bilyavska L.O., 2010
Enterobacter nimipressuralis
32-3
cytokinins 620 µg/l
Chaikovska L.O.,
Baranska M.I., 2009
IAA 449 µg/l
gibberellins 18781 µg/l
Pseudomonas aurantiaca В-
162
gibberellins 13.18±0.34 mg/ml Maksimova N.P. et al.,
2009
Pseudomonas mendocina IAA 13.5 mg/l
Pseudomonas aureofaciens
ИБ6 cytokinins 1150 ng/ml
Asabina E.A.,
Chetverikov S.P.,
2010
Pseudomonas sp. IAA 1.55-10.70 µg/ml
Tsevkelova E.A., 2005
Mycobacterium sp. IAA 1.52-17.4 µg/ml
Artrobacter sp. IAA 1.18 µg/ml
Bacillus sp. IAA 2.33-6.30 µg/ml
Rhizobium sp. IAA 22.40 µg/ml
Micrococcus luteus IAA 27.97 µg/ml
Bradyrhizobium japonicum
УКМ В-6035
IAA
>680 µg/l
(770 µg /g CD B)
Leonova N.O. et al,
2009, 2010
cytokinins ~600 µg/l
(670 µg/g CDB)
Bradyrhizobium japonicum
В-6018 cytokinins 1550 µg /g CDB
Leonova N.O.,
Bilyavska L.O., 2010
*CDB – completely dry biomass
receive stable and predictable results using phytohormonal substances (or their producers,
microorganisms) it is important to do the correct dose calculation of the phytohormone
5
applied exogenously, which requires the prior estimation of endogenous status of the
treated plants. The problem with plant hormones application is even more complicated
since at exogenous application the hormonal content is not simply added to the
endogenous pool but also activates processes aimed on its utilization and possible changes
of synthesis rates and disintegration of other hormones [32].
In general, there is no doubt that most of agronomically useful microorganisms
benefit not only because of their capability of actively fix atmospheric nitrogen or
mineralize hard-accessible phosphorus compounds, but also for their ability to produce
biologically active compounds, including plant hormones. Therefore, the need for research
of microorganisms-producers of substances of phytohormonal nature that may be potential
bio-agents for microbial preparations of plant growth promoting action is obvious. Such
studies will lead to the development of effective methods of optimization of plant
hormonal status, which, in turn, might positively affect the production process of
agricultural crops [49].
Reception simplicity of natural phytohormones of microbial origin, their relatively
low cost, ability to detoxify within the plants, bounding in plant cells and their
catabolization are among the main challenges of their use in crop production. However,
phytohormones production in vitro does not mean that microorganisms will be able to
synthesize them in natural conditions and their absorption can significantly affect the level
of hormones in the plant. Therefore, when studying microorganisms-producers of
phytohormones, in order to determine the effect of inoculation on plants hormonal content
it is important to investigate the changes in hormonal content within the plants [50].
There are many unsolved problems associated with the use of phytohormones of
microbial nature in agriculture. Therefore, research in this area continues and requires
advanced determination methods of hormonal content in plants and exogenous
phytohormons produced by microorganisms and can be potentially used by plants. The
need for such research methods is determined by fact that the effect of plant hormonal
substances of the plant primarily depends on their concentration and the concentration
levels ratio of other phytohormones.
Phytohormonal research is one of the complex scientific problems that require
considerable time and resources. At-first, that’s due to the fact that plant hormones
accumulate (both by plants and microorganisms) in a composite multicomponent
complexes generally containing highly labile substances. Pools of any metabolites
(including phytohormones) is a dynamic balance between input, output and intermediate
pool. By increasing the pool size can result in both increased synthesis and reduced
substances use at their constant intake. Conversely, low metabolite can equally result in
low synthesis or very rapid transition in the inactive form [51].
Despite nearly a century of phytohormonal research there is still no clearly regulated
methods of their quantitative determination that would be artifacts free. Lack of reliable
and accessible laboratory system for content determination of these substances ─ is a
global problem for scientists working in the field of agricultural microbiology. Such
system is required for selection of promising strains – producers of plant hormones, for
quality control of microbial preparations and biocomposts for phytohormonal content as
6
well as for the determination of phytohormones in different types of soils, depending on
the action of biotic and abiotic factors. Although plant hormonal analyzes remain a
bottleneck in plant physiology and soil microbiology through trace concentrations of these
substances and the presence of complex components in the analyzed material, the
significant progress in the development of methods for extraction, purification and
identification of phytohormones has been made in recent years.
Among the demands put forth today to analytical methods for phytohormones
determination, the following are of the main importance: specificity and determination
selectivity of single phytohormone or group of plant hormones; sensitivity, that would
allow determination of phytohormones in picograms, and efficiency.
Determination methods of natural growth regulators have been rapidly improved
over the past decades. If in 70's of last century, scientists were armed with simple and
accessible, but not perfect bioassay methods, today modern precise methods that require
complex and expensive equipment are used in many scientific centers. Nowadays the
methodology choice is determined by the research challenges and technical capabilities of
the laboratory. For example, a comparative assessment of the contents of phytohormone’s
class in experiment can be achieved by specific bioassays. However, the identification of
certain phytohormones within the certain class, determination of their quantitative contents
typically requires more complex instrumental methods.
The general scheme of phytohormones definition includes the following steps:
sampling;
phytohormones extraction from analyzed samples;
separation of plant hormones from related impurities;
qualitative identification and quantitative determination [52].
An objective assessment of phytohormone content in the tested material depends not
only on the choice of sufficiently sensitive and selective analytical method, but above all,
is determined by the representativeness of the selected sample. The full attention should be
given to sampling procedures, due to the high cost of analysis: including cost of reagents,
equipment depreciation and labor costs of qualified specialists.
Material selected for analyze should be fixed since phytohormones belong to the
volatile compounds and at materials storage can be metabolized. Because of this, if
necessary, at material storage (even for a short period) the probe fixation is used. Then
fixed material is used for the extraction of hormones. One of the best methods of fixation
is sample treatment with liquid nitrogen, followed by dry freezing. Dried fixed material
can be stored without significant changes of phytohormonal status during the year, being
placed in a desiccator and refrigerator with temperatures below 0 °C. Samples fixed in
liquid nitrogen, without freeze-drying can be stored for months at a temperature below
18 °C [53].
The disadvantage of most methods used for the quantitative determination of the
plant hormones content is the fact that they require prior high quality and multiple
purification of samples from impurities, while all known cleaning methods usually lead to
losses of phytohormones enough as they are available in low concentrations.
Determination means of plants hormones contents can be divided into 3 groups:
7
bioassays, physic-chemical and immunological (Figure). Considering the advantages and
disadvantages of existing analytical methods, researchers can choose among them the one
that is more acceptable to the specific research goals.
Fig. Methods for used determination the content of phytohormones
Bioassays [54 – 62] – routine methods based on the radical properties of hormones,
which in contact with sensitive plants or isolated plant organs generate the response
(growth acceleration, accumulation of pigments, etc.) correlated with the amount of the
available hormone. The tested plant extract or bacteria culture is put in contact with the
plant while the test response is compared to the hormone standards, which results in the
estimation of the phytohormonal content in the sample. Bioassay objects should meet the
following requirements: 1) standardization of source material and its responses to
phytohormones; 2) high sensitivity to the tested substances – test object should respond to
the small concentration of plant hormone, which is possible only at low initial
concentration of substances in the cells; 3) specificity (reacts only for a certain group of
phytohormones); 4) reproducibility of results. By the nature of physiological responses to
phytohormones bioassays are divided into growth assays (bending and extension of
coleoptiles of cereal crops), pigment assays (synthesis of chlorophyll and carotenoids) and
enzyme assays (synthesis of enzymes, e.g. α-amylase). When compared to the physic-
chemical methods the productivity of bioassays is much higher, but bioassay experiments
last for not less than a day or even longer. For example, in tissue culture (bioassay for
cytokinins) the results will be available in about a month. Finally, the significant
disadvantage of bioassay methods is that their repeatability is quite uneven, since the
8
researcher in this analysis deals with plants or their organs and tissues that are complex
biological systems which are very difficult to standardize. In addition, bioassay methods in
fact are semi-quantitative and they often play a supporting role in the detection of
phytohormones. Bioassays provide researchers very first information about the presence of
these substances in the plant. They are widely used on initial screening for new hormones
and at final stages of analytical work related to the physiological characteristics of the
detected phytohormones [63]. The undoubted advantage of bioassay methods is their
minimal equipment requirements. Among disadvantages are overestimation of actual
content of phytohormones through the expression of hormonal activity of certain classes of
secondary metabolites of plants and microorganisms.
During last 30 – 40 years our knowledge of plant hormones had increased due to
extremely powerful analytical capabilities of new equipment. The sensitivity of modern
methods is so high that a small amount of a substance can be easily detected and
identified. However, all these instrumental methods based on well-known and relatively
simple physical and chemical laws.
Analyzed samples containing plant hormones are mixtures. Even when using highly
effective ways to extract certain compounds from the sample we still have to analyze the
mixture. Therefore, the prerequisite for successful study of natural phytohormones is a
thorough preparation of material for analysis. Analyzed extracts usually contain not only
phytohormones but also different compounds that can interfere with the determination of
hormones. Chromatography is used for separation of phytohormones from impurities
which is based on the differential distribution of multiple mixtures of substances between
two phases (mobile and fixed) that do not mix with each other.
Obviously, one of the best methods that can be used in plant hormonesresearch is
high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) [64-66]. This type of chromatography is
now often used in the study of complex mixtures of substances (which include both plant
extracts and microbial culture medium). Its popularity is due to the method versatility,
since it can be used to separate almost any (except macromolecular) compounds. Sample
analysis process takes place in two stages: sample separation on composite components
using chromatographic column and detecting and quantification of the content of each
component.
High performance thin layer chromatography (up-to-date TLC) [67-68] uses
completely automatic scanning of TLC plates. The principle of modern scanning
densitometer is based on the detection of areas of separated fractions of applied on
chromatographic plate mixture using stationary light beam in the visible or UV range at
wavelengths of 254 and 365 nm. The relative distance between the detected areas and start
line is used for characterization of the chemical nature of the analyzed substances while
the areas intensity ─ their quantity.
Mass spectrometry – is modern analytical method characterized with high
sensitivity, reliability and informational capacity [69]. Recently, mass spectrometry has
experienced significant technology upgrade that allows its application for determination of
various biologically active molecules. Mass spectrometer allows determination of
molecule mass by measuring the ratio of mass to the charge its ion (m/z). At molecules
9
ionization generated ions are electrostatically directed into the mass analyzer, where they
are differentiated according their m/z and detected. The result of molecules ionization,
separation and detection of ions is a spectrum, which can used for determination of
molecular weight and receipt of certain information about the structure of matter and
perform its identification.
Nowadays, analysis of phytohormonal content is widely used in combination of
mass spectrometry with various chromatographic methods [70-74]. Chromatography-mass
spectrometry is a hybrid method with two independent of each other processes –
separation and analysis. Combining chromatograph with mass spectrometer facilitates the
interpretation of the spectra, since prior to the bombing mixture is separated into
individual components. Also mass spectrometer is the best detector for chromatography.
Direct connection of these two devices into the single chromatography-mass spectrometry
system leads to the significant increase of each device capabilities. Chromatography-mass
spectrometry is a multiplex method used for the determination of phytohormones in the
sample, allowing monitoring the pool of phytohormones in real time. Modern mass
spectrometers are equipped with computer programs that include banks of mass spectral
data used for the substances identification. The main disadvantage of this method, like
many others, is the need to perform complex sample preparation [75-78].
Unfortunately, HPLC, spectrodensitometric method and chromatography-mass
spectrometry are not widely available in conventional biological laboratories because of
their high cost. The common feature for most methods is the complexity of
phytohormones determination and duration of the analysis. Despite the obvious
advantages of physical and chemical methods and their indispensability in some cases, we
should highlight that they are difficult to use if needed to maintain quick control of the
phytohormones’ content. The high complexity of these methods does not allow quickly
analysis of large numbers of samples, which clearly demonstrated the urgent need for
rapid express quantification methods of plant growth regulators.
The basis of immunochemical methods is formed on the specific antibody
interaction of relevant substances that act in this system as antigens. Antibodies are
generated in animals in response to the introduction of foreign substances, ie
immunization. The specificity of antibodies allows them to "recognize" the relevant
antigen and quantitatively interact with them to form antigen-antibody complex.
Radioimmunoassay analysis (RIA) is quantitative method used for determination of
phytohormones in biological fluids based on competitive binding of stable and similar to
them radionuclide-labeled substances with specific binding systems, followed by their
detection at radiospectrometer [79-82]. Iodine isotope is most commonly used for labeling
of antibodies or antigens. RIA also foresees the use of expensive equipment, such as
gamma counters. Moreover, radioactive materials used for the analysis, have a relatively
short shelf life of diagnostic kits due to the breakdown of the radioactive label. These
features of radioimmunoassay analysis are considered as its main disadvantages that result
in gradual method replacement with the enzyme immunoassay modifications that can
achieve the sensitivity of RIA without the use of radioactive isotopes.
In our opinion, the method of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) meets
10
the rapidity and simplicity requirements. Phytohormones are not the only class of
biologically active compounds, which are determined using immunochemical methods.
For example, immunochemical test systems used for determination of hormones in
animals and humans have been developed long time ago and being already producedon
industrial scale. However, for many years they have remained beyond the interests of
researchers interested in plant hormones studies, since phytohormones by their nature a
haptens, or incomplete immunogens, which are unable to induce an immune response in
animals. However, in the early 80's of the last century the receipt of immune serum to
auxin, cytokinin, gibberellin and ABA has been described.
Today the improving process of the immune phytohormones testing methods
continues [83-96]. Over the time, the thorough restructuring of the entire analytical system
is performed, but the basis of the method remains the same:
receipt of phytohormone conjugate with protein or other carrier to give it the
properties of the antigen;
receipt of immune antisera for this conjugate and its use for the determination of
phytohormone in appropriate ways [90].
The indirect solid phase ELISA-based method is used for determination of
phytohormones content. It is based on the competition between the analyzed plant
hormone and antigen (phytohormone-protein conjugate) immobilized on polystyrene
surface for the antibody binding sites. After the establishment of equilibrium in the system
and separation of the components of immunochemical reaction the antigen-antibody
complex formed on the surface of the tablet is detected by with antispecific antibodies
conjugated with the enzyme molecule (horseradish peroxidase). At this the intensity of
chromophore response of enzyme marker is proportional to the concentration of
immobilized antibodies and inversely proportional to the content of phytohormone-
competitor in the test solution.
For a long time the use of test systems developed for the determination of
phytohormones, despite the known specificity of immunoassays as such, had included the
preliminary multi-stage samples purification. Today upon the creation of test systems
researchers are looking for the opportunities that will allow skipping the difficult samples
cleaning stages. For example, the employees of the Department of Plant Physiology of
Moscow State University had developed two systems for immunochemical determination
of indolyl-3-acetic acid, which parallel use allows quantitative determination of free and
bounded IAA forms without methylation stage and sample fractionation [97, 98].
It is expected that the use of new and more sophisticated quantitative analytical
methods for determining the content of plant hormones will help researchers to answer
more questions about phytohormones of plants and microorganisms that have not being
answered yet.
|
| id | oai:ojs2.smic.in.ua:article-192 |
| institution | Agriciltural microbiology |
| keywords_txt_mv | keywords |
| language | English Ukrainian |
| last_indexed | 2026-07-23T01:06:13Z |
| publishDate | 2014 |
| publisher | Institute of Agrocultural Microbiology and Agro-industrial Manufacture of NAAS of Ukraine |
| record_format | ojs |
| resource_txt_mv | smicinua/ef/40204baf554acad323aa157955a05def.pdf |
| spelling | oai:ojs2.smic.in.ua:article-1922026-07-22T10:10:44Z PHYTOHORMONES — METABOLIC BY-PRODUCTS OF MICROORGANISMS. IDENTIFICATION METHODS. ФІТОГОРМОНИ — ПРОДУКТИ ЖИТТЄДІЯЛЬНОСТІ МІКРООРГАНІЗМІВ. МЕТОДИ ВИЗНАЧЕННЯ Дімова, С. Б. phytohormones, auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, microbial synthesis of phytohormones, methods of plant hormones identification фітогормони, ауксини, цитокініни, гібереліни, синтез фітогормонів мікроорганізмами, методи визначення фітогормонів The paper presents the overview of scientific publications relating to the modern ideas on plant hormones biosynthesis by microorganisms. Author describes advantages and disadvantages of existing analytical methods used for identification of phytohormonal content in microbiological studies. Представлено огляд наукових публікацій, що стосуються сучасних уявлень щодо продукування фітогормонів мікроорганізмами. Розглянуто переваги та недоліки існуючих аналітичних методів визначення вмісту фітогормонів, які можуть бути застосовані в мікробіологічних дослідженнях. Institute of Agrocultural Microbiology and Agro-industrial Manufacture of NAAS of Ukraine 2014-03-31 Article Article Рецензована Стаття application/pdf application/pdf https://smic.in.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/192 10.35868/1997-3004.18.159-185 Agricultural microbiology; Vol. 18 (2014): Agriciltural microbiology; 159-185 Сільськогосподарська мікробіологія; Том 18 (2014): Сільськогосподарська мікробіологія; 159-185 1997-3004 10.35868/1997-3004.18 en uk https://smic.in.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/192/267 https://smic.in.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/192/268 Авторське право (c) 2014 S. B. Dimova https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 |
| spellingShingle | фітогормони ауксини цитокініни гібереліни синтез фітогормонів мікроорганізмами методи визначення фітогормонів Дімова, С. Б. ФІТОГОРМОНИ — ПРОДУКТИ ЖИТТЄДІЯЛЬНОСТІ МІКРООРГАНІЗМІВ. МЕТОДИ ВИЗНАЧЕННЯ |
| title | ФІТОГОРМОНИ — ПРОДУКТИ ЖИТТЄДІЯЛЬНОСТІ МІКРООРГАНІЗМІВ. МЕТОДИ ВИЗНАЧЕННЯ |
| title_alt | PHYTOHORMONES — METABOLIC BY-PRODUCTS OF MICROORGANISMS. IDENTIFICATION METHODS. |
| title_full | ФІТОГОРМОНИ — ПРОДУКТИ ЖИТТЄДІЯЛЬНОСТІ МІКРООРГАНІЗМІВ. МЕТОДИ ВИЗНАЧЕННЯ |
| title_fullStr | ФІТОГОРМОНИ — ПРОДУКТИ ЖИТТЄДІЯЛЬНОСТІ МІКРООРГАНІЗМІВ. МЕТОДИ ВИЗНАЧЕННЯ |
| title_full_unstemmed | ФІТОГОРМОНИ — ПРОДУКТИ ЖИТТЄДІЯЛЬНОСТІ МІКРООРГАНІЗМІВ. МЕТОДИ ВИЗНАЧЕННЯ |
| title_short | ФІТОГОРМОНИ — ПРОДУКТИ ЖИТТЄДІЯЛЬНОСТІ МІКРООРГАНІЗМІВ. МЕТОДИ ВИЗНАЧЕННЯ |
| title_sort | фітогормони — продукти життєдіяльності мікроорганізмів. методи визначення |
| topic | фітогормони ауксини цитокініни гібереліни синтез фітогормонів мікроорганізмами методи визначення фітогормонів |
| topic_facet | phytohormones auxins cytokinins gibberellins microbial synthesis of phytohormones methods of plant hormones identification фітогормони ауксини цитокініни гібереліни синтез фітогормонів мікроорганізмами методи визначення фітогормонів |
| url | https://smic.in.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/192 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT dímovasb phytohormonesmetabolicbyproductsofmicroorganismsidentificationmethods AT dímovasb fítogormoniproduktižittêdíâlʹnostímíkroorganízmívmetodiviznačennâ |