ЕФЕКТИВНІСТЬ ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ ЕМ-ПРЕПАРАТУ ДЛЯ ОПТИМІЗАЦІЇ ЖИВЛЕННЯ РОСЛИН БАКЛАЖАНА
The use of EM-technology (soil tillage, treatment of seeds, seedlings and plants during the growing season with EM- preparation) on the left-bank Forest-Steppe zone of Ukraine under irrigation results in improvement of eggplant marketable yield on 2.6 t/ha or 18 % as comparing to control, increase o...
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Institute of Agrocultural Microbiology and Agro-industrial Manufacture of NAAS of Ukraine
2013
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| author | Куц , О.В. Помаз , Н.В. |
| author_facet | Куц , О.В. Помаз , Н.В. |
| author_institution_txt_mv | [
{
"author": "О.В. Куц ",
"institution": "Інститут овочівництва і баштанництва НААН"
},
{
"author": "Н.В. Помаз ",
"institution": "Інститут овочівництва і баштанництва НААН"
}
] |
| author_sort | Куц , О.В. |
| baseUrl_str | https://smic.in.ua/index.php/journal/oai |
| collection | OJS |
| datestamp_date | 2026-07-22T10:10:44Z |
| description | The use of EM-technology (soil tillage, treatment of seeds, seedlings and plants during the growing season with EM- preparation) on the left-bank Forest-Steppe zone of Ukraine under irrigation results in improvement of eggplant marketable yield on 2.6 t/ha or 18 % as comparing to control, increase of nutrients content and reduction of nitrate levels in fetus. Application of EM-technology ensures profit of 4.2 thousand UAH/ha, profitability within 92 % and has bioenergetic efficiency factor 2.99. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.35868/1997-3004.17.148-158 |
| first_indexed | 2025-07-17T12:24:29Z |
| format | Article |
| fulltext |
EFFICACY OF EM-PREPARATION USED FOR OPTIMIZATION OF
EGGPLANTS NUTRITION
Kuts O. V., Pomaz N. V.
Institute of Vegetables and Melons Growing NAAS, Kharkiv
The use of EM-technology (soil tillage, treatment of seeds, seedlings and plants
during the growing season with EM- preparation) on the left-bank Forest-Steppe
zone of Ukraine under irrigation results in improvement of eggplant marketable yield
on 2.6 t/ha or 18 % as comparing to control, increase of nutrients content and
reduction of nitrate levels in fetus. Application of EM-technology ensures profit of 4.2
thousand UAH/ha, profitability within 92 % and has bioenergetic efficiency factor
2.99.
Keywords: eggplant, EM-technology, productivity, product quality, economic
and bioenergetic efficiency.
Nowadays, the demand for environmentally friendly products, grown using
“organic” technologies is increasing dramatically. There is a number of biological
preparations In Ukraine used for protection of vegetables, including eggplant, from
the major pests (Colorado potato beetle) and diseases (late blight). Cultivation of
eggplant using “organic” technologies requires certain environmentally friendly
means for optimization of plant nutrition. There are number of works done on
optimization of eggplant nutrition in different soil and climatic conditions performed
by D. Aliyev (Azerbaijan), V. S. Vadyana (Georgia), Ye. I. Tukalova (Moldova),
E. V. Agafonof, A. N. Bogachev, A. J. Chernov, B. S. Barskiy (Russia), V. A. Babich
and R. F. Nedbal (Ukraine, Steppe zone) [1–6]. But in most cases they have studied
the effectiveness of mineral and organic- mineral fertilizer systems. One of the
important ways to improve eggplant nutrition in “organic” agriculture is utilization of
organic fertilizers, but their amount is limited due to the sharp decrease of livestock
in Ukraine. The real and promising way of improving the nutrition of plants is the use
of microbial preparations that can enhance nitrogen fixation processes in rhizosphere,
increase the mobility of phosphorus, potassium and other elements compounds, cause
increased soil mineral weathering processes and, in general, promote intensive
development of the plants.
The research was aimed to develop an optimization system for eggplant
nutrition for growing in “organic” conditions.
Materials and methods. The study was conducted in the laboratory of
agricultural chemistry and analytical measurements of Institute of Vegetables and
Melons Growing NAAS during 2010–2012 on typical chernozem, low humuc and
heavily loamy soil according to the recommendations and guidelines for agricultural
chemistry and vegetable growing. Eggplant of Almaz variety was grown under the
commonly used technologies for steppe Ukraine using sprinkler irrigation method.
The efficiency of microbial preparation “Baikal EM-1Y” (EM-preparation) that
includes a vast variety of useful microorganisms – Lactococcus lactis, Lactobacillus
casei, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Rhodopseudomonas palustris was studied.
Microbial preparation “Baikal EM-1U” was used in accordance to the following
scheme: 1) before greenhouse sowing eggplant seeds were soaked in the preparation
suspension – 1 l/t (1 ml/kg), dilution 1:1000; 2) week before planting – 50 l/ha,
dilution 1:100; 3) seedlings spraying in greenhouse (three times); 4) plants spraying
during the growing season – 20 l/ha, dilution 1:500, during 3 plant growth stages –
enduring, start of flowering and fruiting. Rates of EM solution were as following: 400
l/ha – for soil treatment and 200 l/ha – for foliar application.
Besides the EM-applications we included control variant and two other
options: mineral fertilizers (N140P120K90) and organic- mineral fertilizers (compost
40 t/ha + N60P60K60) into the experiment.
The general plot area was 31.5 sq.m (5 m x 6.3 m), record – 19.6 sq.m (4 m x
4.9 m), repetition – four-fold, location sites - one layer, in system.
Results and discussion. The increase of nitrate nitrogen contents in the plow
layer of soil was observed during two years of research in variants where the
fertilizers and EM-product were used. Thus, in the stage of active growth of control
plants the nitrate nitrogen content in the plow layer of soil was 70.9 mg / kg, in
variants with fertilizers – 108.1–133.9 mg/kg, in variants with EM-preparation –
131.1 mg/kg dry soil. Gradually, the content of nitrate nitrogen in the plow layer of
soil in all experimental variants was decreasing, due to its utilization by plants and
migration within the soil profile. Still, in variants with fertilizers application, its
values were higher than in control. In flowering stage the content of nitrate nitrogen
in the soil under the different fertilization systems was 69.3–89.3 mg/kg (without
fertilizers – 51.7 mg/kg), while at fruiting stage – 46.2–76.4 mg/kg (36.9 mg/kg dry
soil in control). At the end of the growing season nitrate nitrogen content in the soil in
variants with EM technology application was reduced to the control level
(34.7 mg/kg). Thus, microbial preparations had actively mobilized soil nitrogen
during the initial stages of plant growth, which resulted in shortage of nitrogen for
eggplants nutrition during the fruiting stages in variants with EM technology use.
The content of mobilized phosphorus in arable soil layer can be significantly
affected only by the application of fertilizers. The highest content of mobile
phosphorus in the soil was observed in the variants with organic-mineral fertilizers:
active growth stage – 117 mg/kg dry soil (without fertilizer – 101 mg/kg), flowering
stage – 169 mg/kg (control – 156 mg/kg ), early fruiting stage – 108 mg/kg (control
of 88 mg/kg). Mobilized phosphorous content in the soil in variants with EM-product
application was at the same level as in control – 81–96 mg/kg dry soil.
The content of exchangeable potassium in the plow layer of soil was also
significantly dependents on the application of organic and mineral fertilizers. In
variants with EM-preparation the potassium content had gradually decreased from
184 mg/kg dry soil in the active stage of plant growth to 125 mg/kg dry soil in
fruiting stage, which is, more likely, due to the active utilization of mobile
compounds of given element for eggplant nutrition.
It was established that the application of fertilizers had reduced the number of
rhizosphere fungi in soil, especially in the first half of the eggplant growing season.
Thus, during the stage of active plants growth the number of Micromycetes in control
was 23.03 million/g dry soil, at application of fertilizers – 18.87–19.83 m/g dry soil
and at in variants with EM-preparation use – 20.17 million/g dry soil. During the
flowering stage the number of CFU of fungin in control variant 13.97 million/g dry
soil, in variants with fertilizers application – 11.53–15.60 m/g dry soil, and in variants
with EM-preparation – 19.0 million/g dry soil. At a later period, the number of fungi
in the rhizosphere soil in variants with fertilization and application of EM-
preparations was 12.37–17.48 m/g dry soil while in control there number was 11.47
million/g dry soil.
It was noticed that the number of phosphorous mobilizing microorganisms had
increased in the variants with organic and mineral fertilizers. Thus, in stage of active
eggplants growth this indicator in control variant was 0.28 million/g dry soil, while in
variants with fertilizer application – 0.56–0.68 m/g dry soil, and 0.44 million/g dry
soil – in variants with EM-preparation use. The number of phosphorous mobilizing
bacteria during the flowering and fruiting stages under different fertilization systems
had not changed.
Application of fertilizers had increased the number cellulose destructing
microorganisms, especially in variants with organo-mineral fertilization system. The
number of cellulose destructing bacteria had varied during the eggplant ontogenesis
and had ranged from 11.5 to 24.2 thousand/g dry soil (in control – 5.4–
11.5 thousand/g dry soil). Both EM technology and fertilization had not influenced
significantly on this indicator.
Fertilizers application had affect the growth of bacteria of nitrogen cycle in
different ways (Table 1). Thus, during the initial stages of eggplant development the
largest number of diazotrophs was observed in control variant (14.26 thousand/g dry
soil), whereas fertilizers and microbial preparation had decreased this number to
8.53–14.10 thousand/g dry soil. The number of nitrogen fixing bacteria during the
flowering stage had increased in the variants with fertilizers application, especially in
the one with compost (40 t/ha + N60P60K60) and use of EM technology (74.13–
76.7 thousand/g dry soil).
It was established that during active growth and flowering stages the number of
microorganisms that metabolize mineral nitrogen in the rhizosphere soil had
significantly increased comparing to control in the variants with organic-mineral
fertilizers (31.2–34.7 m/g dry soil). The same tendency was also observed at fruiting
stage but in the variants with EM product application (14.21 m/g dry soil).
The largest number of microorganisms that mainly assimilate organic nitrogen
during the active growth stage was observed in control variants (25.0 million/g dry
soil) and in variant with 40 t/ha compost + N60P60K60 (16.23 m/g dry soil). During the
flowering stage, the largest number of microorganisms of this group was found in the
rhizosphere soil of eggplants in variant with EM technology (31.4 million/g dry soil).
This tendency had persisted during fruiting stage. Thus, the number of
microorganisms that mainly assimilate organic forms of nitrogen in variants with EM
technology was 42.07 million/g dry soil, while in rhizosphere soil of eggplants in
variant with the application of organic and mineral fertilizers – 10.32–13.23 m/g dry
soil.
Fertilization had caused increase of the mineralization coefficient (due to the
growth of microorganisms that assimilate mineral forms of nitrogen). The most
intensive increment of this indicator was in the variants with N140P120K90 and 40 t/ha
compost + N60P60K60. Application of EM-preparation had no significant effect on the
variation of mineralization coefficient.
It should be noted that no changes of potential nitrogen fixation activity was
observed in the variants with application of mineral and joint organic-mineral
fertilizers. Application of EM preparation had ensured the growth of this indicator
during the flowering and fruiting stages – 70.1 C2H4/g dry soil per h and
42.68 C2H2/g dry soil per h., respectively.
TABLE 1. Effect of fertilizers and EM preparation on the development of
microorganisms of nitrogen cycle in rhizosphere soil of eggplants.
Variants
N
itr
og
en
fi
xi
ng
ba
ct
er
ia
, t
hs
nd
/g
d
ry
so
il
M
ic
ro
or
ga
ni
sm
s,
cu
lti
va
te
d
on
S
A
A
,
m
ln
/g
d
ry
so
il
M
ic
ro
or
ga
ni
sm
s,
cu
lti
va
te
d
on
M
PA
m
ln
/g
d
ry
so
il
M
in
ira
liz
at
io
n
ra
tio
Po
te
nt
ia
l a
ct
iv
ity
o
f
ni
tro
ge
n
fix
at
io
n
nm
ol
C
2H
4/g
d
ry
so
il
pe
r h
ou
r
Po
te
nt
ia
l a
ct
iv
ity
o
f
de
ni
tri
fic
at
io
n
nm
ol
N
2O
/g
d
ry
so
il
pe
r
ho
ur
Active growth stage
Control 14,26 30,57 25,0 1,22 71,4 18,29
N140P120K90 8,53 23,03 5,7 4,04 24,6 23,34
Compost 40 t/ha
+ N60P60K60
14,1 34,73 16,23 2,14 73,5 25,18
ЕМ-preparation 12,6 15,87 6,27 2,03 65,4 42,88
LSD05 1,34 1,77 1,12 2,3 1,56
Flowering stage
Control 61,3 10,6 14,07 0,75 63,2 24,52
N140P120K90 58,07 17,6 16,67 1,06 64,1 27,59
Compost 40 t/ha
+ N60P60K60
74,13 31,2 18,8 1,66 66,6 32,06
ЕМ-preparation 76,7 14,1 31,4 0,45 70,1 57,05
LSD05 1,2 1,25 2,01 3,4 2,03
Fruiting stage
Control 14,32 7,12 9,97 0,71 27,95 9,31
N140P120K90 15,07 11,29 10,32 1,09 29,41 11,35
Compost 40 t/ha
+ N60P60K60
12,60 13,33 13,23 1,01 35,17 10,92
ЕМ-preparation 13,90 14,21 42,07 0,34 42,68 10,05
LSD05 1,44 1,05 1,11 2,65 1,54
*) – microorganisms that mainly assimilate mineral nitrogen
**) – microorganisms that mainly assimilate organic nitrogen
It was established that the application of fertilizers and microbial preparations
promotes increment of potential denitrification activity in rhizosphere soil of plants.
During the active plant growth stage in variants with fertilization and EM
preparation, the potential denitrification activity was 23.34–42.88 nmol N2O/g dry
soil per h., during flowering stage – 27.59–57.05 nmol N2O/g dry soil per h, during
the fruiting stage – 10.05–11.35 nmol N2O/g dry soil per h.
It was shown that application of organic and mineral fertilizers had ensured an
yield increase of marketable eggplant on 5.2–6.3 t/ha or 36.6–44.4 % if comparing to
the yield values in control variants – 14.2 t/ha (Table 2). Use of EM-preparation had
caused productivity growth of eggplant up to 2.6 t/ha or 18.3 % if comparing to
control.
TABLE 2. Productivity of eggplants under the influence of microbial preparation and
fertilizers (mean data for 2010–2012).
Variants
Marketable products yield,
t/ha Increment,
t/ha
Marketability,
% 2010 2011 2012 Mean
value
Control 13,6 7,5 21,6 14,2 - 93,8
N140P120K90 17,9 12,7 30,9 20,5 6,3 96,8
Compost 40 t/ha
+ N60P60K60
16,9 10,9 30,5 19,4 5,2 96,5
ЕМ-preparation 14,2 9,9 26,4 16,8 2,6 94,5
LSD05 1,6 2,8 2,5
Eggplant marketability in variants with fertilizers and microbial preparation
use had ranged within the 94.5–96.8%, which was slightly higher than in control
variant – 93.8 %.
It was established that investigated technological factors had affected
biochemical indices of eggplants (Table 3). The tendency of dry matter content
increase in fruits was observed in variants with EM technology – 9.75 % versus
9.42 % in control. The same relations were observed for sugar content increase in
eggplants in variant with N140P120K90 application and use EM technology (2.82 and
2.86 %, respectively). Ascorbic acid content in the variants with fertilizers
application and use of microbial preparation were slightly lower if comparing to the
control variant. Use of EM-preparation had promoted reduction of nitrate levels in
fruits. Thus, nitrate contents in fruits in variants with EM technology was 123 mg/kg,
while in variants with fertilizers application – 195 mg/kg green weight.
TABLE 3. Effect of microbial preparation and fertilizers on biochemical indices of
eggplant fruits (mean data for 2010–2012).
Variants
Content
Dry matter,
%
Sugar,
%
Ascorbic acid,
mg/100 g
Nitrates,
mg/kg green
weight
Control 9,42 2,61 2,32 154
N140P120K90 8,94 2,82 2,02 195
Compost 40 t/ha
+ N60P60K60
8,83 2,64 1,51 207
ЕМ-preparation 9,75 2,86 2,06 123
LSD05 300
Use of EM preparation in eggplant growing technologies is cost-effective and
quite profitable (Table 4). EM technology returns are equal to 4.21 UAH/ha, leveling
with the profit of fertilizers use – 4.46 UAH/ha. Due to the low expenditure costs of
microbial preparation use the production costs of eggplants are relatively low
(0.78 UAH/kg), with the highest profitability – 91.9 %. In terms of bioenergy
effectiveness the use of EM preparation concede fertilizers application but still is
significantly higher than the control variant values.
TABLE 4. Economic and bioenergetic efficiency of EM preparation use
in the growing technologies of eggplants
Variants
Profit,
thousand
UAH/ha
Profit from
preparation
and
fertilizers
application,
thousand
UAH/ha
Full
costs
of 1 kg
of
output
Production
profitability,
%
Bioenergetics
efficiency
coefficient
Control 7,86 - 0,95 58,5 2,59
N140P120K90 12,32 4,46 0,90 66,8 3,18
Compost 40 t/ha
+ N60P60K60
10,36 2,50 0,96 55,3 3,13
ЕМ-preparation 12,07 4,21 0,78 91,9 2,99
Summarizing, the use of EM-preparation had improved nitrogen nutrition of
eggplants, especially in the initial periods of their growth. EM technology had no
effect on the content of mobilized phosphorus and potassium in the soil. It had
ensured certain positive changes in the microbiological community of rhizosphere
soil of eggplants: increase of phosphorous mobilizing bacteria number during the
stage of active growth of plants, the number of nitrogen fixing bacteria during the
flowering stage and the potential nitrogen fixation activity.
Application of EM-preparation improves the yield of marketable products of
eggplant up to 2.6 t/ha or 18.3 % comparing to control, which had not significantly
conceded to the application of mineral and organic-mineral fertilizers.
EM technology has a positive impact on the nutritional content of eggplant
fruits: higher dry matter content and total sugar and lower nitrate levels.
Application of EM product ensures 4.21 UAH/ha returns. While its production
costs are only 0.78 UAH/kg the product profitability is 91.9 %, with the rate of
bioenergetic efficiency – 2.99.
|
| id | oai:ojs2.smic.in.ua:article-210 |
| institution | Agriciltural microbiology |
| keywords_txt_mv | keywords |
| language | English Ukrainian |
| last_indexed | 2026-07-23T01:06:51Z |
| publishDate | 2013 |
| publisher | Institute of Agrocultural Microbiology and Agro-industrial Manufacture of NAAS of Ukraine |
| record_format | ojs |
| resource_txt_mv | smicinua/78/b28f4078eb6cf2b1ff38c1224607ca78.pdf |
| spelling | oai:ojs2.smic.in.ua:article-2102026-07-22T10:10:44Z EFFICACY OF EM-PREPARATION USED FOR OPTIMIZATION OF EGGPLANTS NUTRITION ЕФЕКТИВНІСТЬ ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ ЕМ-ПРЕПАРАТУ ДЛЯ ОПТИМІЗАЦІЇ ЖИВЛЕННЯ РОСЛИН БАКЛАЖАНА Куц , О.В. Помаз , Н.В. eggplant, EM-technology, productivity, product quality, economic and bioenergetic efficiency баклажан, ЕМ-технологія, урожайність та якість продукції, економічна та біоенергетична ефективність The use of EM-technology (soil tillage, treatment of seeds, seedlings and plants during the growing season with EM- preparation) on the left-bank Forest-Steppe zone of Ukraine under irrigation results in improvement of eggplant marketable yield on 2.6 t/ha or 18 % as comparing to control, increase of nutrients content and reduction of nitrate levels in fetus. Application of EM-technology ensures profit of 4.2 thousand UAH/ha, profitability within 92 % and has bioenergetic efficiency factor 2.99. В умовах зрошення лівобережного Лісостепу україни застосування ЕМ-технології (обробка ґрунту, насіння, розсади та рослин під час вегетації ЕМ-препаратом) обумовлює зростання товарної урожайності баклажана на 2,6 т/га або 18 % відносно контролю, сприяє підвищенню вмісту корисних речовин та зменшенню вмісту нітратів у плодах, забезпечує отримання прибутку в розмірі 4,2 тис. грн/га, рентабельності в межах 92 % та коефіцієнту біоенергетичної ефективності на рівні 2,99. Institute of Agrocultural Microbiology and Agro-industrial Manufacture of NAAS of Ukraine 2013-10-01 Article Article Рецензована Стаття application/pdf application/pdf https://smic.in.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/210 10.35868/1997-3004.17.148-158 Agricultural microbiology; Vol. 17 (2013): Agriciltural microbiology; 148-158 Сільськогосподарська мікробіологія; Том 17 (2013): Сільськогосподарська мікробіологія; 148-158 1997-3004 10.35868/1997-3004.17 en uk https://smic.in.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/210/299 https://smic.in.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/210/300 Авторське право (c) 2013 O. V. Kuts , N. V. Pomaz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 |
| spellingShingle | баклажан ЕМ-технологія урожайність та якість продукції економічна та біоенергетична ефективність Куц , О.В. Помаз , Н.В. ЕФЕКТИВНІСТЬ ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ ЕМ-ПРЕПАРАТУ ДЛЯ ОПТИМІЗАЦІЇ ЖИВЛЕННЯ РОСЛИН БАКЛАЖАНА |
| title | ЕФЕКТИВНІСТЬ ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ ЕМ-ПРЕПАРАТУ ДЛЯ ОПТИМІЗАЦІЇ ЖИВЛЕННЯ РОСЛИН БАКЛАЖАНА |
| title_alt | EFFICACY OF EM-PREPARATION USED FOR OPTIMIZATION OF EGGPLANTS NUTRITION |
| title_full | ЕФЕКТИВНІСТЬ ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ ЕМ-ПРЕПАРАТУ ДЛЯ ОПТИМІЗАЦІЇ ЖИВЛЕННЯ РОСЛИН БАКЛАЖАНА |
| title_fullStr | ЕФЕКТИВНІСТЬ ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ ЕМ-ПРЕПАРАТУ ДЛЯ ОПТИМІЗАЦІЇ ЖИВЛЕННЯ РОСЛИН БАКЛАЖАНА |
| title_full_unstemmed | ЕФЕКТИВНІСТЬ ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ ЕМ-ПРЕПАРАТУ ДЛЯ ОПТИМІЗАЦІЇ ЖИВЛЕННЯ РОСЛИН БАКЛАЖАНА |
| title_short | ЕФЕКТИВНІСТЬ ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ ЕМ-ПРЕПАРАТУ ДЛЯ ОПТИМІЗАЦІЇ ЖИВЛЕННЯ РОСЛИН БАКЛАЖАНА |
| title_sort | ефективність застосування ем-препарату для оптимізації живлення рослин баклажана |
| topic | баклажан ЕМ-технологія урожайність та якість продукції економічна та біоенергетична ефективність |
| topic_facet | eggplant EM-technology productivity product quality economic and bioenergetic efficiency баклажан ЕМ-технологія урожайність та якість продукції економічна та біоенергетична ефективність |
| url | https://smic.in.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/210 |
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