ФУНКЦІОНУВАННЯ СИМБІОЗУ СОЇ З РИЗОБІЯМИ ЗА РІЗНИХ СПОСОБІВ ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ КОМПЛЕКСУ МІКРОЕЛЕМЕНТІВ
Objective. Investigate the effect of inoculation of soybean seeds with an active strain of nodule bacteria Bradyrhizobium japonicum T21-2 and treatment of seed or vegetative plants with a complex of trace elements Avatar-2 on the functioning of the symbiotic apparatus and grain productivity. Methods...
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| Date: | 2022 |
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
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| Language: | English |
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Institute of Agrocultural Microbiology and Agro-industrial Manufacture of NAAS of Ukraine
2022
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| Online Access: | https://smic.in.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/491 |
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| Journal Title: | Agriciltural microbiology |
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Agriciltural microbiology| _version_ | 1871466285982810112 |
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| author | Кукол, К.П. Рибаченко, Л.І. Караушу, О.В. Давидюк, Г.В. Довбаш, Н.І. Клименко, І.І. |
| author_facet | Кукол, К.П. Рибаченко, Л.І. Караушу, О.В. Давидюк, Г.В. Довбаш, Н.І. Клименко, І.І. |
| author_institution_txt_mv | [
{
"author": "К.П. Кукол",
"institution": "Інститут фізіології рослин і генетики НАН України"
},
{
"author": "Л.І. Рибаченко",
"institution": "Інститут фізіології рослин і генетики НАН України"
},
{
"author": "О.В. Караушу",
"institution": "Інститут фізіології рослин і генетики НАН України"
},
{
"author": " Г.В. Давидюк",
"institution": "ННЦ «Інститут землеробства НААН»"
},
{
"author": "Н.І. Довбаш",
"institution": "ННЦ «Інститут землеробства НААН»"
},
{
"author": "І.І. Клименко",
"institution": "ННЦ «Інститут землеробства НААН»"
}
] |
| author_sort | Кукол, К.П. |
| baseUrl_str | https://smic.in.ua/index.php/journal/oai |
| collection | OJS |
| datestamp_date | 2026-07-22T10:10:51Z |
| description | Objective. Investigate the effect of inoculation of soybean seeds with an active strain of nodule bacteria Bradyrhizobium japonicum T21-2 and treatment of seed or vegetative plants with a complex of trace elements Avatar-2 on the functioning of the symbiotic apparatus and grain productivity. Methods. Physiological, microbiological, gas chromatographic, vegetation experiment, statistical. Results. As a result of joint treatment of seeds with nodule bacteria and Avatar-2, inhibition of nodulation activity of nitrogen-fixing microorganisms in the stage of three true leaves was revealed in comparison with symbiotic systems formed as a result of standard inoculation of seed with rhizobia of Bradyrhizobium japonicum T21-2 strain. In the stage of budding / beginning of flowering and bean formation on the soybean roots of this variant, the number of nodules exceeded the corresponding figure in plants, bacterized without the use of trace elements by 16.6 % and 24.1 %, respectively. The combination of inoculation of seeds and feeding of plants during the vegetation with Avatar-2 did not have a significant effect on the activity of symbiotic systems in the stage of three true leaves and budding / beginning of flowering. However, in the stage of bean formation, a 38 % increase in nitrogen-fixing activity was detected compared to plants grown from seeds of rhizobia inoculated with Bradyrhizobium japonicum T21-2 strain (without the use of trace elements). Activation of soybean growth processes at all stages of plant development when exposed of seed bacterization and use of Avatar-2 by different methods was noted. Inoculation of seeds and using microfertilizers, both as separate elements of soybean cultivation technology and complex treatments in the conditions of vegetation experiment, resulted in a decrease in grain content of copper, zinc, iron and nickel. It was found that pre-sowing treatment of soybean seeds with a complex of chelated nutrients without bacterization caused an increase in grain weight per plant by 17.8 %, and when feeding non-inoculated growing plants with this fertilizer — by 27.5 % compared to the control. The combination of both factors — inoculation of seeds with a bacterial preparation and different using of trace element complex also had a positive effect on individual productivity of soybean plants, as evidenced by an increase of 14.4 % and 30.2 % compared to plants whose seeds were treated with rhizobia only. Conclusion. The combination of intensification factors in soybean cultivation technology through the use of different methods of complex microfertilizer and seed treatment with highly active strain of nodule bacteria has a significant impact on plant growth, content of individual trace elements in grain and creates a significant reserve of grain productivity of this crop. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.35868/1997-3004.35.28-41 |
| first_indexed | 2025-07-17T12:26:38Z |
| format | Article |
| fulltext |
28
Сільськогосподарська мікробіологія. 2022. Вип. 35. С. 28–41.
ISSN 1997-3004
https://doi.org/10.35868/1997-3004.35.28-41
UDC 633.34:631.847.211:631.81.095.337
FUNCTIONING OF SOYBEAN-RHIZOBIA SYMBIOSIS
AFTER VARIOUS METHODS APPLYING TRACE
ELEMENTS COMPLEX
К. P. Кukol1, L. І. Rybachenko1, O. V. Karaushu1, H. V. Davydiuk2,
N. І. Dovbash2, І. І. Klymenko2
1Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
31/17 Vasylkivska str., Kyiv, 03022, Ukraine; e-mail: katerinakukol@gmail.com
2National Scientific Center “Institute of Agriculture of the NAАS of Ukraine”
2-b Mashynobudivnykiv str., Chabany, Kyiv region, Ukraine
Objective. Investigate the effect of inoculation of soybean seeds with an active strain of nodule
bacteria Bradyrhizobium japonicum T21-2 and treatment of seed or vegetative plants with a com-
plex of trace elements Avatar-2 on the functioning of the symbiotic apparatus and grain productivi-
ty. Methods. Physiological, microbiological, gas chromatographic, vegetation experiment, statisti-
cal. Results. As a result of joint treatment of seeds with nodule bacteria and Avatar-2, inhibition of
nodulation activity of nitrogen-fixing microorganisms in the stage of three true leaves was revealed
in comparison with symbiotic systems formed as a result of standard inoculation of seed with rhizo-
bia of Bradyrhizobium japonicum T21-2 strain. In the stage of budding / beginning of flowering and
bean formation on the soybean roots of this variant, the number of nodules exceeded the corre-
sponding figure in plants, bacterized without the use of trace elements by 16.6 % and 24.1 %, re-
spectively. The combination of inoculation of seeds and feeding of plants during the vegetation with
Avatar-2 did not have a significant effect on the activity of symbiotic systems in the stage of three
true leaves and budding / beginning of flowering. However, in the stage of bean formation, a 38 %
increase in nitrogen-fixing activity was detected compared to plants grown from seeds of rhizobia
inoculated with Bradyrhizobium japonicum T21-2 strain (without the use of trace elements). Activa-
tion of soybean growth processes at all stages of plant development when exposed of seed bacteri-
zation and use of Avatar-2 by different methods was noted. Inoculation of seeds and using microfer-
tilizers, both as separate elements of soybean cultivation technology and complex treatments in the
conditions of vegetation experiment, resulted in a decrease in grain content of copper, zinc, iron
and nickel. It was found that pre-sowing treatment of soybean seeds with a complex of chelated nu-
trients without bacterization caused an increase in grain weight per plant by 17.8 %, and when
feeding non-inoculated growing plants with this fertilizer — by 27.5 % compared to the control.
The combination of both factors — inoculation of seeds with a bacterial preparation and different
using of trace element complex also had a positive effect on individual productivity of soybean
plants, as evidenced by an increase of 14.4 % and 30.2 % compared to plants whose seeds were
treated with rhizobia only. Conclusion. The combination of intensification factors in soybean culti-
vation technology through the use of different methods of complex microfertilizer and seed treat-
ment with highly active strain of nodule bacteria has a significant impact on plant growth, content
of individual trace elements in grain and creates a significant reserve of grain productivity of this
crop.
Key words: Bradyrhizobium japonicum, inoculation, number and weight of nodules, nitrogen-
fixing activity, trace elements, feeding, soybean, grain yield.
© К. P. Кukol, L. І. Rybachenko, O. V. Karaushu, H. V. Davydiuk, N. І. Dovbash, І. І. Klymenko, 2022
29
Introduction. Soybean is among the most
valuable agricultural crops in world agriculture.
It combines a high content of protein, fat, car-
bohydrates and enzymes, vitamins and minerals
[1]. Soybean yield cropped by domestic farmers
in recent years have allowed Ukraine to enter
the top ten world producers and exporters. For
our country, this is a strategic crop and the pro-
cess of its production affects both the economic
stabilization of agriculture and the accumulation
of nitrogen reserves in the soil [2]. The acreage
under soybeans is growing intensively, and the
products are used in various branches of the na-
tional economy (food industry, animal husband-
ry, pharmacy, medicine, etc.) [3].
The stability of soybean grain production,
at the current stage and in the future, can be
successfully realized only under the condition of
increasing the productivity of this crop through
further improvement and introduction of com-
petitive adaptive cultivation technologies with a
high level of payback. These growing technolo-
gies should be aimed at the maximum use of
natural factors, the entire complex of soil and
climatic conditions, varietal selection, fertilizers
and microelements for the maximum disclosure
of the potential of intensive varieties [4].
Analysis of the novel studies and publica-
tions. The nitrogen-fixing potential of the sym-
biosis between leguminous crops and native rhi-
zobia is often limited by the low activity of mi-
croorganisms or their insufficient number in the
rhizosphere, therefore, farms treat seed material
with biological preparations made on the basis
of selected, competitive strains of nodule bacte-
ria [5]. The use of high-quality inoculants pro-
vides stimulation of natural growth processes
associated with nitrogen fixation and enables
soybean plants to realize their genetic potential
to a greater extent [6; 7].
Leguminous plants are quite finicky about
the nutrient regime of the soil. At the same time,
trace elements play an important role in the
growth and development of plants, as well as in
the processes of formation and functioning of
the symbiosis between soybean and nodule bac-
teria, resulting in the intensification of the pro-
cess of binding molecular air nitrogen. Unlike
macronutrients, which largely function as struc-
tural elements, trace elements in the enzymatic
system act as catalysts for many chemical reac-
tions. The main vital processes and metabolism
are impossible without them, despite the fact
that their necessary amount for plants is mini-
mal (about one or two atoms in the composition
of a protein or enzyme molecule). As a key link
of enzymes, metal trace elements directly influ-
ence the immunity of plants, their viability, re-
sistance to pests and pathogens of various ori-
gins [8; 9]. In addition, trace elements are able
to increase the resistance of plants to adverse
environmental conditions (moisture deficit in
the soil, temperature increase or decrease, etc.)
[10].
Among the key technologies in the 21st cen-
tury, which allow to improve traditional agricul-
tural practices and are able to offer sustainable
development through changes in management
tactics and conservation of resources, are nano-
technologies. The creation and introduction of
new environmentally safe nanopreparations
with unique physicochemical properties of their
components is one of the ways to increase the
yield of cultivated crops and improve the quality
of the obtained products [11−13].
The researchers have noted the high effi-
ciency of using complex microfertilizers with a
balanced amount of nanocarboxylates of micro-
elements for pre-sowing treatment of seeds and
feeding crops, which are able to influence bio-
chemical processes in plant cells due to their
properties that ensure high digestibility. In case
of foliar feeding of winter wheat with a complex
preparation containing zinc, magnesium, man-
ganese, iron, copper, cobalt and molybdenum,
chelated with citric acid, it was established that
the preservation of the activity of the photosyn-
thetic apparatus of crops at the late stages of on-
togenesis contributed to the growth of grain
productivity. The obtained results were con-
firmed by a high correlation coefficient between
yield and chlorophyll index in milk-wax ripe-
ness stage (r = 0.96 ± 0.08). For example, the
average yield increase for the four winter wheat
varieties studied, which were grown during the
years with different weather conditions, was
6.5 % relative to the control [14]. The literature
reviews and summarises the factors that can af-
fect the absorption, transport and penetration of
trace elements in the form of nanoparticles into
plant cells. It is during the treatment of seeds
and introduction of nanopreparations into the
soil that their components can interact with
some microorganisms that have symbiotic inter-
actions with plants, such as fungi (e. g., mycor-
rhiza) and bacteria (e. g., rhizobacteria), as well
ISSN 1997-3004 Сільськогосподарська мікробіологія. 2022. Вип. 35.
30
as with various compounds (e. g., humic acids),
which can affect their bioavailability in the rhi-
zosphere [15].
The use of Avatar-1 microfertilizer in soy-
bean cultivation technology in combination with
pre-sowing seed bacterization with B. japoni-
cum 532C-based bioperparation activated the
formation of the leaf surface, the nodulation
ability of rhizobia and contributed to the in-
crease of individual plant productivity [11].
Considering the above, the study of the fea-
sibility of complex application of bioprepara-
tions based on selected nitrogen-fixing microor-
ganisms and multi-component microfertilizers
for the formation and functioning of an effective
legume-rhizobial symbiosis, providing plants
with the necessary nutrients, and therefore in-
creasing the yield of soybeans, is of particular
relevance.
Objective. Investigate the effect of inocula-
tion of soybean seeds with an active strain of
nodule bacteria Bradyrhizobium japonicum
T21-2 and treatment of seed or vegetative plants
with a complex of trace elements Avatar-2 on
the functioning of the symbiotic apparatus and
grain productivity.
Materials and methods. The vegetation
experiment was carried out with soybean plants
(Glycine max (L.) Merr) of the Almaz variety,
which has been included in the Register of Plant
Varieties of Ukraine since 2007; this variety is
early-ripening and recommended for cultivation
in the forest-steppe zone [16].
Before sowing, soybean seeds were inocu-
lated for 1 hour with the strain of nodule bacte-
ria B. japonicum T21-2 (108 cells/mL) and tre-
ated with a working solution of multicomponent
microfertilizer Avatar-2 (200 mL/1 t). Accor-
ding to the developed scheme of the experiment,
soybeans were fertilized with Avatar-2 twice
during the growing season, calculating the rate
of consumption of the working solution ba-
sed on the manufacturer’s recommendation
(200 mL/ha).
The scheme of the experiment included the
following variants:
1) control (without seed treatment and feed-
ing of vegetative plants);
2) seed inoculation with B. japonicum T21-2;
3) seed treatment with Avatar-2;
4) inoculation with B. japonicum T21-2 +
seed treatment with Avatar-2;
5) feeding of vegetative plants with Avatar-2;
6) inoculation with B. japonicum T21-2 +
feeding of vegetative plants with Avatar-2.
B. japonicum T21-2 strain involved in the
work was obtained at the Department of Symbi-
otic Nitrogen Fixation of the Institute of Plant
Physiology and Genetics, National Academy of
Sciences of Ukraine (IPPG, National Academy
of Sciences of Ukraine) as a result of transposon
mutagenesis between B. japonicum 646 and Es-
cherichia coli S17-1 containing pSUP2021::Tn5
plasmid. The strain has been patented [17] and
is a part of IPPG’s collection of nitrogen-fixing
microorganisms, and is used for the production
of bacterial fertilizers for soybeans in various
presentations.
The composition of the complex prepara-
tion Avatar-2 (manufactured by AVATAR Sci-
entific and Production Company) includes bio-
genic trace and ultra-trace elements (Mg, Cu,
Zn, Fe, Mn, Co, Mo, La, Ce, Ni, V, Ti , Se, Ge,
Ag, Si, K, S, I, B), chelated with natural di- and
tricarboxylic organic acids — citric, succinic,
tartaric, and malic [18].
Twelve soybean plants were grown in each
15-kilogram vessels, pre-sterilized with a 20 %
H2O2 solution, on river sand with the introduc-
tion of Hellrigel nutrient mixture [19], enriched
with trace elements, such as molybdenum, bo-
ron and copper and depleted of nitrogen — 0.25
of normal rate (one normal rate corresponds to
708 mg of Ca(NO3)·4Н2О per 1 kg of sand),
under natural lighting and optimal (60 % RH)
water supply, on a specially equipped plot at
IPPG, National Academy of Sciences of Ukra-
ine. The repeatability in the variants of the ex-
periment is six times.
Nitrogen-fixing activity (NFA) of root no-
dules was determined by the acetylene method
[20]. Roots with nodules were placed in 75 cm3
tightly closed glass vials, where a 10 % concen-
tration of acetylene was achieved. Duration of
incubation was 1 hour. After incubation, the gas
mixture was analysed using Agilent Technolo-
gies 6850 (USA) Network GC System gas
chromatograph with a flame ionization detector.
Gases were separated on a column (Supelco
Porapak N) at a thermostat temperature of
+55 °C and a detector temperature of +150 °C.
The carrier gas was nitrogen (50 mL per min).
The volume of the analysed gas mixture sample
was 1 cm3. Pure ethylene obtained from ethyl
alcohol and concentrated sulfuric acid when
heated to 160 °C was used as a standard. The
ISSN 1997-3004 Сільськогосподарська мікробіологія. 2022. Вип. 35.
31
amount of ethylene formed from acetylene un-
der the action of nitrogenase of the incubated
sample was expressed in molar units (μmol).
The nodulation activity of rhizobia was deter-
mined by calculating the number of nodules on
plant roots and their weight.
Biometric parameters — the weight of the
raw material of the above-ground part of plants
and roots — were determined ten times.
The content of Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe, Ni in the
seeds was determined in the Department of
Agroecology and Analytical Research of the
NSC “Institute of Agriculture of the National
Academy of Sciences” by the atomic absorption
method according to GOST 30178-96 [21] on
an atomic absorption spectrophotometer AAS-3
after acid hydrolysis followed by thermal de-
struction.
Experimental data were statistically pro-
cesses using Microsoft Excel 2019 software
package. The tables show arithmetic mean data
and their standard errors.
Results and discussion. Important parame-
ters of the successful symbiosis between legu-
minous plants and nitrogen-fixing bacteria are
the number and weight of nodules on the roots,
especially during the period of the greatest
hotosynthetic activity of the macrosymbiont
(Fig. 1). First of all, it should be noted that the
absence of symbiotic structures on the roots was
observed in plants of variants without inocula-
tion of soybean seeds with nodule bacteria. Bac-
terization of seed material with B. japonicum
T21-2 ensured the formation of a powerful
symbiotic apparatus.
As a result of the conducted research, the
number and weight of root nodules in the three
true leaves stage decreased by 38.9 % and
29.3 %, respectively, under the combined pre-
sowing treatment of seeds with B. japonicum
T21-2 and Avatar-2 microelement complex,
compared to pure bacterization. Such a decrease
in the studied parameters may result from im-
balance of trace elements associated with the
rate of their absorption. Also, the increased con-
centration of trace elements around the seeds
can directly affect the rhizobia.
The inhibitory effect of the multicomponent
microfertilizer involved in the work with sym-
biotic systems, detected in three true leaves
stage, gradually changed to an activating effect.
In particular, in budding / beginning of flowe-
ring stage, under the combined pre-sowing
treatment of soybeans with nodule bacteria and
Avatar-2, an increase in the number of root
nodules by 16.6 % was reported compared to
plants grown from seeds inoculated with B. ja-
ponicum T21-2 (without additional application
of trace elements). In the bean formation stage
in plants of this variant, an increase in both the
number and weight of root nodules by 24.1 %
and 21.9 %, respectively, was registered.
The multicomponent product Avatar-2 can
directly influence rhizobial cells, activating the
main enzymatic systems of microorganisms,
since it includes a number of elements vital to
both symbiotic and free-living forms of rhizo-
bia. In particular, magnesium, iron, cobalt, bo-
ron, etc. It is known that nanoparticles of bio-
genic metals in the composition of microfer-
Fig. 1. Nodules on the roots of soybean plants of the Almaz variety: A — after seed inoculation
with B. japonicum T21-2; B — after complex treatment of seeds with inoculant and Avatar-2;
C — after seed inoculation with B. japonicum T21-2 and fertilizing plants during vegetation
with Avatar-2 (budding / beginning of flowering stage).
ISSN 1997-3004 Сільськогосподарська мікробіологія. 2022. Вип. 35.
32
tilizers influence growth and development of
macrosymbionts, the availability and use of
mineral nutrition elements by them, interaction
with useful and pathogenic microbiota and can
be caused by an indirect effect, through the
plant, by increasing its stress resistance, forming
a more powerful and deeper penetrating root
system [13, 22].
The combination of seed inoculation and
treatment of soybean plants during the growing
season with the Avatar-2 led to a decrease in the
weight of root nodules in budding / beginning of
flowering stage and bean formation by 28.1 %
and 5.9 %, respectively. Under such conditions,
their number was at the level of symbiotic sys-
tems formed as a result of seed bacterization
with B. japonicum T21-2 without additional ap-
plication of trace elements (Table 1). Therefore,
this method of treatment led to the formation of
smaller root nodules on soybean roots.
Investigating the nitrogen-fixing activity of
the formed symbiotic systems, we have found a
stimulating effect of the complex treatment of
seed material with Avatar-2 and nodule bacteria
on the studied parameter. In particular, in bud-
ding / beginning of flowering and bean for-
mation stage, an increase in the nitrogen-fixing
activity of symbiotic systems in plants of the
specified variant by 32.6% and 49.6% was reg-
istered, respectively, compared to the standard
inoculation of seeds (Table 2). We believe that
such activation of the nitrogen-fixing symbiosis
Table 1. The number and weight of nodules formed on the roots of soybean plants with
B. japonicum T21-2 against the background of different methods of application of the trace ele-
ment complex Avatar-2 (per 1 plant)
Variants of experiment
Plant development stage
three true leaves budding / beginning
of flowering bean formation
amount,
pcs weight, g amount,
pcs weight, g amount,
pcs weight, g
Control (without inocula-
tion) ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒
B. japonicum Т21-2 36.0 ± 1.1 0.242 ± 0.016 25.3 ± 2.0 0.392 ± 0.023 29.0 ± 1.7 0.808 ± 0.045
Avatar-2 (seed treatment) ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒
B. japonicum Т21-2 +
Avatar-2 (seed treatment) 22.0 ± 2.0 0.171 ± 0.011 29.5 ± 1.4 0.398 ± 0.026 36.0 ± 1.8 0.985 ± 0.068
B. japonicum Т21-2 +
Avatar-2 (feeding) 38.5 ± 2.4 0.238 ± 0.018 27.5 ± 1.9 0.282 ± 0.026 30.8 ± 2.6 0.760 ± 0.032
Avatar-2 (feeding) ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒ ‒
Table 2. Nitrogen-fixing activity (μmol С2Н4 / (plant·h)) of soybean symbiotic systems after
seed inoculation with B. japonicum T21-2 and different methods of using Avatar-2 microfertilizer
Variants of experiment
Plant development stage
three true leaves
budding /
beginning of
flowering
bean formation
Control (without inoculation) ‒ ‒ ‒
B. japonicum Т21-2 4.27 ± 0.23 12.35 ± 1.20 11.71 ± 1.05
Avatar-2 (seed treatment) ‒ ‒ ‒
B. japonicum Т21-2 + Avatar-2 (seed treatment) 4.16 ± 0.29 16.37 ± 1.55 17.52 ± 1.21
B. japonicum Т21-2 + Avatar-2 (feeding) 4.18 ± 0.33 11.32 ± 1.10 16.23 ± 1.34
Avatar-2 (feeding) ‒ ‒ ‒
ISSN 1997-3004 Сільськогосподарська мікробіологія. 2022. Вип. 35.
33
is achieved due to the synergistic effect of the
inoculant strain and trace elements that have
gradually been included in metabolic processes.
The combination of seed inoculation and
feeding of plants during vegetation with Avatar-
2 did not have a significant effect on the activity
of symbiotic systems in three true leaves and
budding / beginning of flowering stage, howe-
ver, in bean formation stage, it contributed to an
increase in NFA by 38 % compared to plants
grown from seeds, inoculated with B. japoni-
cum T21-2 (without trace elements).
The intensity of growth may indicate the
ability of the plant organism self-regulation un-
der the influence of various environmental fac-
tors. It is from the development of the herbage
that the supply of plastic substances, necessary
for the creation of reproductive organs and the
formation of the crop, depends. Therefore, one
of the stages of our research was the evaluation
of soybean plants vegetative matter accumula-
tion over time.
The research has found that during the bac-
terization of soybean seeds with the active strain
B. japonicum T21-2 and the combined use of
inoculation and pre-sowing treatment with Ava-
tar-2 throughout the growing season, the raw
above-ground mass of plants was 10.6–24.9 %
higher compared to the control. After seed pre-
treatment with a complex of chelated biogenic
metals only, the parameter of the above-ground
mass of soybeans in three true leaves stage was
at the level of control plants, but in bud-
ding / beginning of flowering and bean for-
mation stages, it exceeded the latter by 6.4 %
and 11.2 %, respectively.
Bacterization with feeding during vegeta-
tion and separate feeding of plants also demon-
strated the stimulating effect on the growth of
Glycine max (L) Merr., which is evidenced by
higher parameters of the formed vegetative mat-
ter in budding / beginning of flowering and bean
formation stages compared to control plants. For
example, after inoculation and feeding with
Avatar-2, the studied parameter was higher
compared to control plants by 26.8 % and
29.5 %, feeding of vegetative plants with Ava-
tar-2 ensured an increase in the above-ground
mass of soybeans in budding / beginning of
flowering and bean formation stage by 9 %, 4 %
and 12.9 %, respectively (Table 3).
In our work, the growth of the vegetative
matter of soybean plants was registered in most
variants of the experiment, where microfertilizer
with metal nanoparticles in its composition was
applied in various ways. Therefore, it can be as-
sumed that colloidal metal particles, under the
conditions of contact with the surface of a bio-
logical object, are absorbed by it due to their
small size (from 10 to 100 nm) [12; 23]. In this
case, further translocation and biological trans-
formation of these particles in plant tissues will
be determined by physical properties and the
ability to participate in metabolic processes.
Thus, a nanosized object can be considered as
a carrier of necessary cations. The general
Table 3. Vegetative matter and root weight (g/plant) of soybean plants grown under the ac-
tion of the complex trace element preparation Avatar-2 and inoculation with B. japonicum T21-2
Variants of experiment
Plant development stage
three true leaves budding / beginning of
flowering bean formation
above-gro-
und weight root weight above-gro-
und weight root weight above-gro-
und weight root weight
Control (without
inoculation) 4.91 ± 0.19 3.06 ± 0.13 5.75 ± 0.22 3.22 ± 0.10 8.43 ± 0.36 3.82 ± 0.14
B. japonicum Т21-2 5.47 ± 0.24 3.25 ± 0.11 6.36 ± 0.32 3.58 ± 0.13 10.25 ± 0.47 4.29 ± 0.16
Avatar-2 (seed treatment) 4.80 ± 0.26 2.75 ± 0.12 6.12 ± 0.29 3.27 ± 0.15 9.37 ± 0.45 4.07 ± 0.16
B. japonicum Т21-2 +
Avatar-2 (seed treatment) 5.63 ± 0.21 2.90 ± 0.09 7.01 ± 0.30 3.83 ± 0.15 10.53 ± 0.51 4.72 ± 0.21
B. japonicum Т21-2 +
Avatar-2 (feeding) 5.50 ± 0.22 3.20 ± 0.15 6.29 ± 0.34 3.36 ± 0.11 9.52 ± 0.42 3.99 ± 0.15
Avatar-2 (feeding) 5.10 ± 0.11 3.10 ± 0.13 7.29 ± 0.37 3.60 ± 0.13 10.92 ± 0.50 4.15 ± 0.20
ISSN 1997-3004 Сільськогосподарська мікробіологія. 2022. Вип. 35.
34
efficiency of the effect of colloidal nanoparticles
with different properties lies precisely in their
inclusion in biochemical processes.
The raw weight of roots in soybeans bacte-
rized with B. japonicum T21-2 (without the in-
troduction of trace elements) exceeded plants of
the control variant by 6.2–12.3 % throughout
the growing season. After complex pre-sowing
inoculation and treatment of seeds with Avatar-
2 in three true leaves stage, a decrease in the
weight of roots compared to control plants by
5.2 % was noted, however, in budding / begin-
ning of flowering and bean formation stages, the
studied parameter exceeded the control values
by 18.8 % and 23.6 %, respectively.
A 10.1 % decrease in the weight of roots in
three true leaves stage was also found in plants
whose seeds were treated with only chelated
forms of trace and ultra-trace elements before
sowing. After complex bacterization and plant
feeding, and in the variant with only soybean
feeding during the growing season, the stimula-
ting effect of these treatments on root growth
was registered. At the same time, the increase of
the studied parameter was 11.8 % and 8.6 % for
inoculation and feeding and 4.3 % and 4.5 %
when foliar application of a complex of trace
elements was applied.
The researchers point out that trace ele-
ments chelated by organic acids are very similar
to organometallic compounds synthesized in li-
ving plant cells. Therefore, when they enter a
living cell, they are not perceived by it as fo-
reign elements, which ensures their high bio-
compatibility and high digestibility [14]. Since
Avatar-1 and Avatar-2 are characterized by the
presence of nanoparticles of microelements of
the same origin in their composition, we can as-
sume the presence of similar mechanisms of
their assimilation and influence on agricultural
crops due to the effect on the main source of
biological energy — photosynthesis.
Soybean holds the top spot among other le-
guminous crops in terms of the diversity and
richness of the chemical composition of the
seeds, which contain a wide range of trace ele-
ments. Their average content is as follows
(mg/kg of dry matter): copper — 12, mangane-
se — 30, boron — 13, zinc — 28, aluminium —
20, barium — 9, chromium — 1.5, cobalt —
0.1, strontium — 0.2, etc. Soybean grain trace
elements are part of enzymes or are their activa-
tors and influence the synthesis of proteins, fats
and carbohydrates. At the same time, the fact
that a significant proportion of the mineral ele-
ments contained in soybean grains play a posi-
tive role in the use of soybean products for food
and fodder purposes cannot be ignored [3].
Therefore, we have analysed the grain collected
in the experiment to determine the content of a
number of trace elements, in particular copper,
zinc, manganese, iron and nickel (Table 4).
As a result of the research, it was estab-
lished that the highest content of trace elements,
such as Cu, Zn and Ni, was in the control vari-
ant of soybeans. In the grain of bacterized plants
Table 4. Trace element composition of soybeans grown under the influence of inoculation
with rhizobia and different methods of application of the complex preparation Avatar-2
Variants of experiment
Copper,
Cu
Zinc,
Zn
Manganese,
Mn
Iron,
Fe
Nickel,
Ni
mg/kg on air-dried basis
Control (without inoculation) 8.7 29.0 7.1 45.4 14.3
B. japonicum Т21-2 4.6 20.1 7.2 42.8 8.6
Avatar-2 (seed treatment) 8.2 28.0 6.8 40.1 8.1
B. japonicum Т21-2 + Avatar-2
(seed treatment) 5.0 21.7 7.7 38.0 4.5
Avatar-2 (feeding) 6.3 27.6 6.6 40.4 6.0
B. japonicum Т21-2 + Avatar-2
(feeding) 4.7 19.0 7.6 46.6 5.2
MAC 10 50 – 50 0.5
X ± S x 6.2 ± 0.7 24.2 ± 1.8 7.2 ± 0.2 42.2 ± 1.4 7.8 ± 1.5
V, % 29.0 18.4 6.0 7.9 45.9
ISSN 1997-3004 Сільськогосподарська мікробіологія. 2022. Вип. 35.
35
and after the combination of inoculation of seed
material and feeding of the culture during the
growing season with a complex of nanocarbo-
xylates, a significant decrease in the content of
Cu by 42.5–46 % with a significant variation of
V = 29.0 % and Zn by 25.2–34.4 % with an
average level of variation V = 18.4 % was regis-
tered. It should be noted that according to
DSTU 4964:2008 [24], the maximum accepta-
ble content of Cu in soybeans, if used for food
and technical needs, should be no more than
10 mg/kg and no more than 30 mg/kg for ex-
port; Zn content, regardless of the direction of
seed use, should not exceed 50 mg/kg. The sci-
entists have analysed 2,543 batches of soybean
seeds for the content of trace elements and
found that Zn ranged from 3 to 485 mg/kg–1 and
Mn — from 5 to 455 mg/kg–1 [25].
According to Prasad [26], the content of Mn
in soybean grain can be 8 times higher com-
pared to corn. The results of our research
showed that the concentration of Mn in the
grain of Glycine max (L.) Merr had a slight in-
crease by 7.0–8.5 % when it was grown from
sterilized seeds against the background of
treatment of seed material or vegetative plants
with a trace element complex compared to the
control.
It is known from the literature that microor-
ganisms of various species have developed a
number of adaptation mechanisms in the course
of evolution to mitigate the consequences of Fe
deficiency, which allow them to optimize the
absorption of metals from available sources.
Therefore, an important role in the process of Fe
absorption by plants can be related to the vital
activity of microorganisms capable of interac-
ting with the root system of cultivated crops.
For example, Sharma et al. [27] have shown that
an increase in Fe content in rice plants is asso-
ciated with an increase in the activity of rhizo-
bacteria, which promote plant growth. The au-
thors concluded that the use of strains of agro-
nomically useful microorganisms stimulating
the growth and development of plants is one of
the strategies to combat the problem of Fe defi-
ciency in rice crops.
According to our research, it was estab-
lished that the range of Fe fluctuations in soy-
beans collected from the plants of most variants
of the experiment was from 38.0 to 42.8 mg/kg
(with a low variation of V = 7.9 %), which is
5.7–16.3 % less compared to the control. Only
in the grain of vegetation plants bacterized and
twice fed with microfertilizer, the amount of
this element was close to the control variant.
Serbian scientists found that soybean and
sunflower seeds have a tenfold greater Ni accu-
mulation potential compared to corn and wheat
[28]. At the same time, a group of researchers
found that pre-sowing soybean bacterization
with highly active strains of Bradyrhizobium,
which ensures the effective functioning of legu-
me-rhizobial symbiosis, thanks to which grain
yield increases, allows to reduce nickel concen-
trations in it, in systems of organic cultivation of
this crop [29]. Via biological assimilation of the
nitrogen from the atmosphere, soybean has an
increased need for Ni due to its exclusive role in
the composition of urease [30]. Therefore, the
decrease in the content of the specified element
in the grain of plants bacterized before sowing
is probably a consequence of its inclusion in
metabolic transformations during the active
functioning of the soybean-rhizobial symbiosis.
It was found that seed inoculation with ni-
trogen-fixing bacteria and nanoparticles of
trace- and ultra-trace elements in the conditions
of a vegetation experiment, both as individual
elements of soybean cultivation technology and
as complex treatments, provided a significant
effect on the concentration of Ni in the grain. At
the same time, its maximum decrease was re-
corded in the variant, where seed was treated
with rhizobia and microfertilizer (3.2 times) and
for the combination of bacterization with foliar
application of microfertilizer (2.8 times) com-
pared to the control.
The main efficiency parameter of techno-
logical techniques used in the cultivation of ag-
ricultural crops is the yield of grain. In our
work, this parameter reflects the efficiency of
functioning of the formed symbiotic systems be-
tween soybean and B. japonicum and the use of
a complex of trace elements in various ways. It
is known that trace elements are absorbed by
soybean in smaller quantities compared to ni-
trogen, phosphorus, potassium and sometimes
calcium, magnesium and sulphur. Despite this,
their value is equally important, and deficiency
leads to a significant slowdown in growth rates
and a decrease in yield [8; 9].
Our research has found that the pre-sowing
treatment of soybean seeds with a complex of
chelated biogenic trace elements Avatar-2 wi-
thout inoculation with nodule bacteria led to
ISSN 1997-3004 Сільськогосподарська мікробіологія. 2022. Вип. 35.
36
an increase in the weight of grains from one
plant by 17.8 %, and feeding of vegetative non-
inoculated plants with the indicated microfer-
tilizer — by 27.5 % compared with control
(Fig. 2). The high efficiency of foliar feeding is
due to the fact that readily available nutrients,
which are insufficiently supplied by the root
system, getting to the vegetative organs of
plants, quickly penetrate through the protective
wax barrier — cuticle, epidermis and enter the
cells.
The researchers have established that im-
proving the conditions of plant nutrition through
fertilization and foliar feeding with complex
microfertilizers is an effective means of influ-
encing the biosynthesis of chlorophyll in soy-
bean plants, which also positively influences the
yield of soybean varieties belonging to different
rippening groups [31; 32]. At the same time, a
distinctive feature of metal nanoparticles is their
lower toxicity compared to metal salts and the
ability to activate physiological and biochemical
processes in fairly small doses.
In our work, the combination of both fac-
tors, inoculation of seeds with B. japonicum
T21-2 and the use of the multicomponent prepa-
ration Avatar-2 with trace and ultra-trace ele-
ments in its composition in various ways, also
had a positive effect on the individual produc-
tivity of soybean plants, as evidenced by the in-
crease in this parameter by 14.4 % and 30.2 %
compared to plants whose seeds were treated
only with nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
The lowest level of soybean grain produc-
tivity in the experiment was observed in control
plants, which were grown without pre-sowing
treatment of seeds or spraying of plants during
vegetation with trace elements. Our findings can
be explained by the fact that in our studies, soy-
beans were grown in the conditions of a model
vegetation experiment on river sand and, obvi-
ously, the nutrients introduced with Hellrigel
nutrient mixture are not enough to realize the
potential of its grain productivity, especially in
plants of the control variant under nitrogen defi-
ciency.
The fact that soybean unevenly uses nutri-
ents in the process of growth and development
(by vegetation stages) is also important. For
example, in the initial stages (I–II stages of or-
ganogenesis) it needs a small amount of nitro-
gen, and later the plant’s need for this element is
provided due to the functioning of leguminous-
rhizobial symbiosis [33]. Therefore, increasing
the productivity of soybean grain in bacterized
plants was ensured thanks to the use of nitrogen
fixed by nodules.
Conclusion. After dimultaneous treatment
of seeds with nodule bacteria B. japonicum T21-
2 strain and complex preparation Avatar-2, in-
hibition of the nodulation activity of nitrogen-
fixing microorganisms in three true leaves stage
was revealed compared to symbiotic systems
formed only by inoculation of seed material
with rhizobia. However, in the process of plant
growth and development, the inhibitory effect of
this method of pre-sowing seed treatment de-
creased, and a gradual increase in both the
nodulation activity of rhizobia and the nitrogen-
fixing activity of the symbiotic systems formed
by them was observed. The combination of seed
inoculation and treatment of plants during vege-
tation with trace element complex Avatar-2 led
to the formation of smaller root nodules on the
Fig. 2. Weight of grain from 1 soybean plant (g), grown under the action of the complex trace
element preparation Avatar-2 and inoculation with B. japonicum T21-2.
Control
B. japonicum T21-2
Avatar-2 (seed treatment)
B. japonicum T21-2 + Avatar-2 (seed treatment)
Avatar-2 (feeding)
B. japonicum T21-2 + Avatar-2 (feeding)
ISSN 1997-3004 Сільськогосподарська мікробіологія. 2022. Вип. 35.
37
roots of soybean plants, however, it did not sig-
nificantly affect the nitrogen-fixing activity of
symbiotic systems in three true leaves and bud-
ding / beginning of flowering stages.
It was established that the use of nodule
bacteria and complex of trace elements for seed
treatment or feeding plants during the growing
season provided the maximum parameters of
plant grain productivity, as well as a decrease in
the content of copper, zinc, iron and nickel in
soybean grains among all variants.
Thus, the obtained research results are valu-
able from both a practical and a theoretical point
of view, since a scientifically based approach to
providing plants with the necessary nutrients
due to various methods of applying complex
microfertilizer and seed treatment with a highly
active strain of nodule bacteria creates a signifi-
cant reserve in increasing symbiotic activity and
grain productivity of this leguminous crop stra-
tegic for Ukraine.
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Received 08.04.2022
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39
https://doi.org/10.35868/1997-3004.35.28-41
УДК 633.34:631.847.211:631.81.095.337
ФУНКЦІОНУВАННЯ СИМБІОЗУ СОЇ З РИЗОБІЯМИ ЗА РІЗНИХ
СПОСОБІВ ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ КОМПЛЕКСУ МІКРОЕЛЕМЕНТІВ
К. П. Кукол1, Л. І. Рибаченко1, О. В. Караушу1, Г. В. Давидюк2,
Н. І. Довбаш2, І. І. Клименко2
1Інститут фізіології рослин і генетики НАН України, м. Київ
e-mail: katerinakukol@gmail.com
2ННЦ «Інститут землеробства НААН», смт Чабани
Мета. Дослідити вплив інокуляції насіння сої активним штамом бульбочкових бактерій
Bradyrhizobium japonicum Т21-2 та обробки посівного матеріалу або вегетуючих рослин
комплексом мікроелементів Аватар-2 на функціонування симбіотичного апарату та зернову
продуктивність. Методи. Фізіологічні, мікробіологічні, газохроматографічні, вегетаційного
досліду, статистичні. Результати. За сумісної обробки насіння бульбочковими бактеріями
та Аватаром-2 виявлено пригнічення нодуляційної активності азотфіксувальних мікроор-
ганізмів у фазу трьох справжніх листків, як порівняти із симбіотичними системами, сфор-
мованими внаслідок стандартної інокуляції посівного матеріалу штамом B. japonicum Т21-2.
У фази бутонізації-початку цвітіння та формування бобів на коренях сої цього варіанту
кількість бульбочок на 16,6 % та 24,1 % перевищувала відповідний показник у рослин, бак-
теризованих без застосування мікроелементів. Поєднання інокуляції насіння та підживлен-
ня рослин по вегетації Аватаром-2 не чинило суттєвого впливу на активність симбіотичних
систем у фази трьох справжніх листків та бутонізації-початку цвітіння, проте у фазу
формування бобів виявлено підвищення азотфіксувальної активності на 38 % проти рослин,
вирощених з насіння, інокульованого штамом B. japonicum Т21-2 (без застосування мікро-
елементів). Відзначено активізацію ростових процесів сої на всіх етапах розвитку рослин за
впливу бактеризації насіння та внесення Аватару-2 різними способами. За застосування іно-
куляції насіння і мікродобрива як окремих елементів технології вирощування сої та як ком-
плексних обробок в умовах вегетаційного досліду виявлено зниження в зерні вмісту міді, цин-
ку, заліза й нікелю. Встановлено, що передпосівна обробка насіння сої комплексом хелатова-
них біогенних мікроелементів без бактеризації зумовила приріст маси зерен з однієї рослини
на 17,8 %, а за підживлення вегетуючих неінокульованих рослин вказаним мікродобривом —
на 27,5 % проти контролю. Поєднання обох чинників — інокуляції насіння бактеріальним
препаратом і застосування різними способами комплексу мікроелементів також мало по-
зитивний вплив на індивідуальну продуктивність рослин сої, про що свідчить підвищення
цього показника на 14,4 % та 30,2 % проти рослин, насіння яких обробляли лише ризобіями.
Висновки. Поєднання факторів інтенсифікації в технології вирощування сої за рахунок за-
стосування різних способів внесення комплексного мікродобрива та обробки насіння високо-
активним штамом бульбочкових бактерій чинить істотний вплив на ріст рослин, уміст ок-
ремих мікроелементів у зерні та створює суттєвий резерв у підвищенні симбіотичної акти-
вності та зернової продуктивності цієї культури.
Ключові слова: Bradyrhizobium japonicum, інокуляція, кількість і маса бульбочок, азот-
фіксувальна активність, мікроелементи, підживлення, соя, урожай зерна.
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| institution | Agriciltural microbiology |
| keywords_txt_mv | keywords |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2026-07-23T01:15:30Z |
| publishDate | 2022 |
| publisher | Institute of Agrocultural Microbiology and Agro-industrial Manufacture of NAAS of Ukraine |
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| resource_txt_mv | smicinua/57/122b953058faa328ac663513d061bc57.pdf |
| spelling | oai:ojs2.smic.in.ua:article-4912026-07-22T10:10:51Z FUNCTIONING OF SOYBEAN-RHIZOBIA SYMBIOSIS AFTER VARIOUS METHODS APPLYING TRACE ELEMENTS COMPLEX ФУНКЦІОНУВАННЯ СИМБІОЗУ СОЇ З РИЗОБІЯМИ ЗА РІЗНИХ СПОСОБІВ ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ КОМПЛЕКСУ МІКРОЕЛЕМЕНТІВ Кукол, К.П. Рибаченко, Л.І. Караушу, О.В. Давидюк, Г.В. Довбаш, Н.І. Клименко, І.І. Bradyrhizobium japonicum, inoculation, number and weight of nodules, nitrogenfixing activity, trace elements, feeding, soybean, grain yield Objective. Investigate the effect of inoculation of soybean seeds with an active strain of nodule bacteria Bradyrhizobium japonicum T21-2 and treatment of seed or vegetative plants with a complex of trace elements Avatar-2 on the functioning of the symbiotic apparatus and grain productivity. Methods. Physiological, microbiological, gas chromatographic, vegetation experiment, statistical. Results. As a result of joint treatment of seeds with nodule bacteria and Avatar-2, inhibition of nodulation activity of nitrogen-fixing microorganisms in the stage of three true leaves was revealed in comparison with symbiotic systems formed as a result of standard inoculation of seed with rhizobia of Bradyrhizobium japonicum T21-2 strain. In the stage of budding / beginning of flowering and bean formation on the soybean roots of this variant, the number of nodules exceeded the corresponding figure in plants, bacterized without the use of trace elements by 16.6 % and 24.1 %, respectively. The combination of inoculation of seeds and feeding of plants during the vegetation with Avatar-2 did not have a significant effect on the activity of symbiotic systems in the stage of three true leaves and budding / beginning of flowering. However, in the stage of bean formation, a 38 % increase in nitrogen-fixing activity was detected compared to plants grown from seeds of rhizobia inoculated with Bradyrhizobium japonicum T21-2 strain (without the use of trace elements). Activation of soybean growth processes at all stages of plant development when exposed of seed bacterization and use of Avatar-2 by different methods was noted. Inoculation of seeds and using microfertilizers, both as separate elements of soybean cultivation technology and complex treatments in the conditions of vegetation experiment, resulted in a decrease in grain content of copper, zinc, iron and nickel. It was found that pre-sowing treatment of soybean seeds with a complex of chelated nutrients without bacterization caused an increase in grain weight per plant by 17.8 %, and when feeding non-inoculated growing plants with this fertilizer — by 27.5 % compared to the control. The combination of both factors — inoculation of seeds with a bacterial preparation and different using of trace element complex also had a positive effect on individual productivity of soybean plants, as evidenced by an increase of 14.4 % and 30.2 % compared to plants whose seeds were treated with rhizobia only. Conclusion. The combination of intensification factors in soybean cultivation technology through the use of different methods of complex microfertilizer and seed treatment with highly active strain of nodule bacteria has a significant impact on plant growth, content of individual trace elements in grain and creates a significant reserve of grain productivity of this crop. Мета. Дослідити вплив інокуляції насіння сої активним штамом бульбочкових бактерій Bradyrhizobium japonicum Т21-2 та обробки посівного матеріалу або вегетуючих рослин комплексом мікроелементів Аватар-2 на функціонування симбіотичного апарату та зернову продуктивність. Методи. Фізіологічні, мікробіологічні, газохроматографічні, вегетаційного досліду, статистичні. Результати. За сумісної обробки насіння бульбочковими бактеріями та Аватаром-2 виявлено пригнічення нодуляційної активності азотфіксувальних мікроорганізмів у фазу трьох справжніх листків, як порівняти із симбіотичними системами, сформованими внаслідок стандартної інокуляції посівного матеріалу штамом B. japonicum Т21-2. У фази бутонізації-початку цвітіння та формування бобів на коренях сої цього варіанту кількість бульбочок на 16,6 % та 24,1 % перевищувала відповідний показник у рослин, бактеризованих без застосування мікроелементів. Поєднання інокуляції насіння та підживлення рослин по вегетації Аватаром-2 не чинило суттєвого впливу на активність симбіотичних систем у фази трьох справжніх листків та бутонізації-початку цвітіння, проте у фазу формування бобів виявлено підвищення азотфіксувальної активності на 38 % проти рослин, вирощених з насіння, інокульованого штамом B. japonicum Т21-2 (без застосування мікроелементів). Відзначено активізацію ростових процесів сої на всіх етапах розвитку рослин за впливу бактеризації насіння та внесення Аватару-2 різними способами. За застосування інокуляції насіння і мікродобрива як окремих елементів технології вирощування сої та як комплексних обробок в умовах вегетаційного досліду виявлено зниження в зерні вмісту міді, цинку, заліза й нікелю. Встановлено, що передпосівна обробка насіння сої комплексом хелатованих біогенних мікроелементів без бактеризації зумовила приріст маси зерен з однієї рослини на 17,8 %, а за підживлення вегетуючих неінокульованих рослин вказаним мікродобривом — на 27,5 % проти контролю. Поєднання обох чинників — інокуляції насіння бактеріальним препаратом і застосування різними способами комплексу мікроелементів також мало позитивний вплив на індивідуальну продуктивність рослин сої, про що свідчить підвищення цього показника на 14,4 % та 30,2 % проти рослин, насіння яких обробляли лише ризобіями. Висновки. Поєднання факторів інтенсифікації в технології вирощування сої за рахунок застосування різних способів внесення комплексного мікродобрива та обробки насіння високоактивним штамом бульбочкових бактерій чинить істотний вплив на ріст рослин, уміст окремих мікроелементів у зерні та створює суттєвий резерв у підвищенні симбіотичної активності та зернової продуктивності цієї культури. Institute of Agrocultural Microbiology and Agro-industrial Manufacture of NAAS of Ukraine 2022-06-05 Article Article Рецензована Стаття application/pdf https://smic.in.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/491 10.35868/1997-3004.35.28-41 Agricultural microbiology; Vol. 35 (2022): Agriciltural microbiology; 28-41 Сільськогосподарська мікробіологія; Том 35 (2022): Сільськогосподарська мікробіологія; 28-41 1997-3004 10.35868/1997-3004.35 en https://smic.in.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/491/565 Авторське право (c) 2022 К.P. Кukol, L.І. Rybachenko, O.V. Karaushu, H.V. Davydiuk, N.І. Dovbash, І.І. Klymenko https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 |
| spellingShingle | Кукол, К.П. Рибаченко, Л.І. Караушу, О.В. Давидюк, Г.В. Довбаш, Н.І. Клименко, І.І. ФУНКЦІОНУВАННЯ СИМБІОЗУ СОЇ З РИЗОБІЯМИ ЗА РІЗНИХ СПОСОБІВ ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ КОМПЛЕКСУ МІКРОЕЛЕМЕНТІВ |
| title | ФУНКЦІОНУВАННЯ СИМБІОЗУ СОЇ З РИЗОБІЯМИ ЗА РІЗНИХ СПОСОБІВ ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ КОМПЛЕКСУ МІКРОЕЛЕМЕНТІВ |
| title_alt | FUNCTIONING OF SOYBEAN-RHIZOBIA SYMBIOSIS AFTER VARIOUS METHODS APPLYING TRACE ELEMENTS COMPLEX |
| title_full | ФУНКЦІОНУВАННЯ СИМБІОЗУ СОЇ З РИЗОБІЯМИ ЗА РІЗНИХ СПОСОБІВ ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ КОМПЛЕКСУ МІКРОЕЛЕМЕНТІВ |
| title_fullStr | ФУНКЦІОНУВАННЯ СИМБІОЗУ СОЇ З РИЗОБІЯМИ ЗА РІЗНИХ СПОСОБІВ ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ КОМПЛЕКСУ МІКРОЕЛЕМЕНТІВ |
| title_full_unstemmed | ФУНКЦІОНУВАННЯ СИМБІОЗУ СОЇ З РИЗОБІЯМИ ЗА РІЗНИХ СПОСОБІВ ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ КОМПЛЕКСУ МІКРОЕЛЕМЕНТІВ |
| title_short | ФУНКЦІОНУВАННЯ СИМБІОЗУ СОЇ З РИЗОБІЯМИ ЗА РІЗНИХ СПОСОБІВ ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ КОМПЛЕКСУ МІКРОЕЛЕМЕНТІВ |
| title_sort | функціонування симбіозу сої з ризобіями за різних способів застосування комплексу мікроелементів |
| topic_facet | Bradyrhizobium japonicum inoculation number and weight of nodules nitrogenfixing activity trace elements feeding soybean grain yield |
| url | https://smic.in.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/491 |
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