ОПТИМІЗАЦІЯ АЗОТНОГО УДОБРЕННЯ СІЛЬСЬКОГОСПОДАРСЬКИХ КУЛЬТУР ЗА ДОДАТКОВОГО НАДХОДЖЕННЯ ДО ҐРУНТУ СВІЖОЇ ОРГАНІЧНОЇ РЕЧОВИНИ
Objective. Using biological testing, determine the environmental appropriate rates of mineralnitrogen, applied in the background of effect and aftereffect of straw and biomass of intermediatelupine green manure, in the fertilization system of potatoes and spring barley. Methods. Field experiment (gr...
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| Дата: | 2023 |
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| Мова: | Англійська |
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Institute of Agrocultural Microbiology and Agro-industrial Manufacture of NAAS of Ukraine
2023
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Agriciltural microbiology| _version_ | 1871466313898000384 |
|---|---|
| author | Волкогон, В. В. Москаленко, А. М. Дімова, С. Б. Халеп, Ю. М. Горбань, В. П. Волкогон, К. І. Шевченко, Л. А. Штанько, Н. П. Земська, І. А. |
| author_facet | Волкогон, В. В. Москаленко, А. М. Дімова, С. Б. Халеп, Ю. М. Горбань, В. П. Волкогон, К. І. Шевченко, Л. А. Штанько, Н. П. Земська, І. А. |
| author_institution_txt_mv | [
{
"author": "В. В. Волкогон",
"institution": "Інститут сільськогосподарської мікробіології та агропромислового виробництва НААН"
},
{
"author": "А. М. Москаленко",
"institution": "Інститут сільськогосподарської мікробіології та агропромислового виробництва НААН"
},
{
"author": "С. Б. Дімова",
"institution": "Інститут сільськогосподарської мікробіології та агропромислового виробництва НААН"
},
{
"author": "Ю. М. Халеп",
"institution": "Інститут сільськогосподарської мікробіології та агропромислового виробництва НААН"
},
{
"author": "В. П. Горбань",
"institution": "Інститут сільськогосподарської мікробіології та агропромислового виробництва НААН"
},
{
"author": "К. І. Волкогон",
"institution": "Інститут сільськогосподарської мікробіології та агропромислового виробництва НААН"
},
{
"author": "Л. А. Шевченко",
"institution": "Інститут сільськогосподарської мікробіології та агропромислового виробництва НААН"
},
{
"author": "Н. П. Штанько",
"institution": "Інститут сільськогосподарської мікробіології та агропромислового виробництва НААН"
},
{
"author": "І. А. Земська",
"institution": "Інститут сільськогосподарської мікробіології та агропромислового виробництва НААН"
}
] |
| author_sort | Волкогон, В. В. |
| baseUrl_str | https://smic.in.ua/index.php/journal/oai |
| collection | OJS |
| datestamp_date | 2026-07-22T10:10:51Z |
| description | Objective. Using biological testing, determine the environmental appropriate rates of mineralnitrogen, applied in the background of effect and aftereffect of straw and biomass of intermediatelupine green manure, in the fertilization system of potatoes and spring barley. Methods. Field experiment (growing crops in crop rotation in the conditions of a long-term (since 2009) stationaryexperiment on leached chornozem); gas chromatographic (to determine the potential nitrogenfixing (nitrogenase) and potential denitrifying activities in the rhizosphere soil of plants dependingon the fertilizer); statistical. Results. With the systematic application of fresh organic matter to thesoil in the form of 5.0 t/ha of straw and 5.3 t/ha of dry biomass of intermediate lupine green manure, the excess of nitrogen mineral compounds is metabolically bound (immobilized) by microorganisms, the process of nitrogen fixation is restored, the emission of N2O decreases, and the ratesof mineral fertilizers not exceeding N80P80K80 become environmentally appropriate when growingpotatoes. At the same time, the introduction of straw does not require additional provision of mineral nitrogen to optimize the C/N ratio. The highest rate of mineral fertilizers N120P120K120 in theexperiment, even when combined with organic matter for a long time is environmentally inappropriate — only at the end of the growing season, the studied indicators demonstrate its acceptability.When growing spring barley on leached chornozem, the optimization of the processes of biologicaltransformation of nitrogen compounds is achieved if mineral fertilizers are applied on the background of aftereffect of organic matter in a rate not exceeding N60P60K60. Systemic application ofN90P90K90 suppresses the activity of nitrogen fixation and ensures significant losses of nitrous oxide.This rate of fertilizers should be applied only on the condition that it is applied against the background of the aftereffect of straw and green manure mass, which contributes to the mitigation ofenvironmental consequences. Conclusion. The use of mineral fertilizers against the backgroundof systematic application of winter wheat straw and intermediate lupine green manure biomass tothe soil contributes to the optimization of the biological state of the leached chornozem. The improvement of environmental indicators contributes to the growth of the yield of agricultural crops. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.35868/1997-3004.38.3-15 |
| first_indexed | 2025-07-17T12:26:46Z |
| format | Article |
| fulltext |
3
ҐРУНТОВА МІКРОБІОЛОГІЯ
Сільськогосподарська мікробіологія. 2023. Вип. 38. С. 3–15.
ISSN 1997-3004
https://doi.org/10.35868/1997-3004.38.3-15
UDC 579.64:631:631.427:631.8:631.86/87:631.95
OPTIMIZATION OF NITROGEN FERTILIZATION
FOR AGRICULTURAL CROPS UPON ADDITIONAL
APPLICATION OF FRESH ORGANIC MATTER TO THE SOIL
V. V. Volkohon, A. M. Moskalenko, S. B. Dimova, Yu. M. Khalep, V. P. Horban,
K. I. Volkohon, L. A. Shevchenko, N. P. Shtanko, I. A. Zemska
Institute of Agricultural Microbiology and Agroindustrial Manufacture, NAAS
97 Shevchenka Str., Chernihiv, 14030, Ukraine; e-mail: volkogon@ukr.net
Objective. Using biological testing, determine the environmental appropriate rates of mineral
nitrogen, applied in the background of effect and aftereffect of straw and biomass of intermediate
lupine green manure, in the fertilization system of potatoes and spring barley. Methods. Field ex-
periment (growing crops in crop rotation in the conditions of a long-term (since 2009) stationary
experiment on leached chornozem); gas chromatographic (to determine the potential nitrogen-
fixing (nitrogenase) and potential denitrifying activities in the rhizosphere soil of plants depending
on the fertilizer); statistical. Results. With the systematic application of fresh organic matter to the
soil in the form of 5.0 t/ha of straw and 5.3 t/ha of dry biomass of intermediate lupine green ma-
nure, the excess of nitrogen mineral compounds is metabolically bound (immobilized) by microor-
ganisms, the process of nitrogen fixation is restored, the emission of N2O decreases, and the rates
of mineral fertilizers not exceeding N80P80K80 become environmentally appropriate when growing
potatoes. At the same time, the introduction of straw does not require additional provision of mi-
neral nitrogen to optimize the C/N ratio. The highest rate of mineral fertilizers N120P120K120 in the
experiment, even when combined with organic matter for a long time is environmentally inappro-
priate — only at the end of the growing season, the studied indicators demonstrate its acceptability.
When growing spring barley on leached chornozem, the optimization of the processes of biological
transformation of nitrogen compounds is achieved if mineral fertilizers are applied on the back-
ground of aftereffect of organic matter in a rate not exceeding N60P60K60. Systemic application of
N90P90K90 suppresses the activity of nitrogen fixation and ensures significant losses of nitrous oxide.
This rate of fertilizers should be applied only on the condition that it is applied against the back-
ground of the aftereffect of straw and green manure mass, which contributes to the mitigation of
environmental consequences. Conclusion. The use of mineral fertilizers against the background
of systematic application of winter wheat straw and intermediate lupine green manure biomass to
the soil contributes to the optimization of the biological state of the leached chornozem. The im-
provement of environmental indicators contributes to the growth of the yield of agricultural crops.
Key words: biological testing, nitrogen fixation, denitrification, potato, spring barley, mineral
nitrogen fertilizers, straw, green.
Introduction. As is known, the degree of
assimilation of nitrogen from fertilizers by cul-
tivated plants does not exceed 35–55 % [1; 2].
With a shortage of fresh organic matter in the
soil, the unused portion of mineral nitrogen
compounds is partially washed out, which leads
to eutrophication [3], pollution of surface and
groundwater [4], and partially enters the atmos-
phere in the form of ozone-destroying gas N2O
[5]. In addition, under such conditions, an ex-
cess of mineral nitrogen in the soil can initi-
ate the development of specific groups of soil
© V. V. Volkohon, A. M. Moskalenko, S. B. Dimova, Yu. M. Khalep, V. P. Horban, K. I. Volkohon, L. A. Shevchenko,
N. P. Shtanko, I. A. Zemska, 2023
4
microorganisms capable of using humus com-
pounds as a source of carbon [6]. The conse-
quence of this, in addition to the pollution of
groundwater with nitrates and the growth of
N2O emissions, is the development of biological
soil dehumification. However, when available
carbon in the form of fresh organic matter is
systemically supplied to the soil, a significant
part of the nitrogen not assimilated by plants
can be temporarily immobilized by microorga-
nisms. The average turnover time of nitrogen
immobilized in microbial biomass is about 1.5
years [7], so its return (mineralization) for as-
similation by plants will contribute to increasing
the yield of the following agricultural crops in
the crop rotation. Systematic observance of the
principles of optimizing the content of readily
available carbon in the soil (e. g., using post-
harvest residues, growing intermediate green
manure crops, etc.) and the use of scientifically
based rates of mineral nitrogen fertilizers will be
able to ensure the balance of nitrogen transfor-
mation processes and the stabilization of agro-
ecosystems [8]. Therefore, the portion of mine-
ral nitrogen compounds not used by plants must
be kept from leaching and emission through
metabolic binding by microorganisms, the de-
velopment of which requires an additional sup-
ply of fresh organic matter with a wide C/N
ratio.
Evaluation of the recent studies and pa-
pers. Today, there is no doubt that many eco-
logical problems must be solved taking into ac-
count the activity of soil microbiota, since the
grouping of microorganisms and their activity in
the soil is of crucial importance for maintaining
the functions of terrestrial ecosystems due to
their role in the circulation, retention and release
of the main nutrients [9; 10].
According to numerous studies, groups of
microorganisms are a sensitive indicator of
stress, reflecting even small changes in the
composition of their habitat [11–23]. Therefore,
using the reaction of microorganisms to chan-
ges, it is possible to monitor the influence of the
studied factors on the direction of biological
processes in the soil. This may fully apply to the
determination of optimal rates of mineral nitro-
gen as the biggest pollutant of the environment
due to low rates of assimilation of the element
from fertilizers. At the same time, it is practical-
ly quite difficult to do this, especially when it is
needed to synchronize the influence of mineral
nitrogen and fresh organic matter on the for-
mation of the yield of agricultural crops, the ne-
cessity of which was discussed above.
An important indicator of optimization or
excess nitrogen fertilization of agricultural crops
can be the reaction of nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
As it is known, the binding of atmospheric ni-
trogen is an extremely energy-intensive process.
Therefore, nature has evolved effective regula-
tory mechanisms that ensure the expression of
nitrogen fixation genes and the functioning of
the necessary enzymes only under the condition
of nitrogen deficiency in the environment and
opportunities for N2 binding. If there is mineral
nitrogen in the environment in the quantities
necessary to ensure metabolism, mechanisms
are included to block unjustified energy ex-
penditure for nitrogen fixation. In the presence
of nitrate, cells begin to synthesize the enzyme
nitrate reductase (molybdenum-dependent pro-
tein), which competes with nitrogenase (the key
enzyme of the nitrogen fixation process, and al-
so molybdenum-dependent), thereby inhibiting
its synthesis (ammonium also prevents the syn-
thesis of nitrogenase, but in this case other me-
chanisms are involved) [24]. Therefore, a uni-
que property of most diazotrophic bacteria is
their ability to perform several stages of the ni-
trogen cycle, in particular, nitrogen fixation and
denitrification. In other words, nature is ex-
tremely rational in carrying out the nitrogen cy-
cle and regulates the processes of its transfor-
mation at the enzyme level. Taking into account
the fact that rhizosphere nitrogen-fixing bacteria
practically reflect the reaction of plants to the
concentration of nitrogen compounds, since
they are in close spatial and functional interac-
tion with it [25], we conclude that the reaction
of diazotrophs in the root zone makes it possible
to monitor the reaction of plants to the nitrogen
content in soil [26].
In addition to determining the activity of ni-
trogen fixation by a test to find out the expedi-
ency of using certain doses of nitrogen fertili-
zers in the technologies of growing crops, a stu-
dy of the activity of denitrification in the root
zone of plants can be applied. At the same time,
excessive amounts of nitrogen fertilizers will
ensure the greatest losses of gaseous nitrogen
compounds [27].
In connection with the above, the objective of
our study was to find out the ecological feasibi-
lity of using different rates of mineral nitrogen,
ISSN 1997-3004 Сільськогосподарська мікробіологія. 2023. Вип. 38.
5
applied both with and without the addition of
fresh organic matter to the soil.
Materials and methods. The study was
conducted in 2023 in the field stationary expe-
riment of the Institute of Agricultural Micro-
biology and Agroindustrial Manufacture of the
National Academy of Agrarian Sciences on lea-
ched chornozem under conditions of short crop
rotation (potatoes → spring barley → peas →
winter wheat). The study was initiated in 2009.
It included three crop rotations. The agroche-
mical characteristic of the soil is as follows:
рНsalt — 5.3; humus content — 3.03 %; easily
hydrolyzable nitrogen — 95 mg/kg of soil; mo-
bile phosphorus compounds (Р2О5) — 150 mg/
/kg of soil (according to Kirsanov); content of
exchangeable potassium (K2O) (according to
Kirsanov) — 108 mg/kg of soil.
The rhizosphere soil of potatoes of the Be-
laroza variety and spring barley of the Hosia va-
riety was analysed when crops were cultivated
on different agrarian backgrounds. The scheme
of the experiment (potato and barley fertiliza-
tion systems) is given in Table 1.
Table 1. Crop fertilization systems
Crop fertilization
potato spring barley
without fertilizers without
fertilizers
Straw, 5 t/ha + green manure
(narrow-leaved lupine,
≈ 5.2 t/ha of dry aboveground
mass and dry roots)
a
N40P40K40 N30P30K30
N40P40K40 + straw +
green manure N30P30K30 + a
N80P80K80 N60P60K60
N80P80K80 + straw +
green manure N60P60K60 + a
N120P120K120 N90P90K90
N120P120K120 + straw +
green manure N90P90K90 + a
a) aftereffect of organic fertilizers.
Fresh organic matter was applied under po-
tatoes. Shredded straw in the amount of 5.0 t/ha
was worked into the soil immediately after har-
vesting winter wheat by disking, after which
narrow-leaved lupine was sown on the interme-
diate green manure. The green manure mass of
lupine (≈ 2.6 t/ha of dry aboveground mass +
≈ 2.7 t/ha of dry roots) was worked into the soil
by disking followed by shallow plowing
(15 cm) in late autumn.
The area of the experimental plot is 43.2 m2
(3.6 × 12.0 m), the experiment was repeated four
times. Placement of plots is randomized.
In the previous study of the features of the
transformation of nitrogen compounds in the
soil, we concluded that more objective indica-
tors of the influence of certain factors on the
studied processes can be obtained by determi-
ning not the actual (field) activity of nitrogen
fixation and denitrification, but the potential
[26; 27]. By determining the potential activity,
it is possible to level the influence of climatic
factors (since low moisture content in the soil or
a decrease in its temperature can stop the activi-
ty of soil microorganisms). The analysis of the
potential activity of both nitrogen fixation and
denitrification involves optimizing the moisture
content of soil samples and their exposure at the
optimal temperature. Under these conditions,
the influence of the studied factor is clearly dis-
tinguished (in our case, the effect of different
concentrations of mineral nitrogen in the soil).
Extrapolation of the results of determining the
potential activity of processes is carried out ac-
cording to the principle of detecting doses of
mineral nitrogen, which provide changes in ac-
tivity for a longer time compared to the control.
In connection with the above, potential ni-
trogen-fixing and denitrifying activities were
studied.
The potential activity of nitrogen fixation
(potential nitrogenase activity) in the rhizo-
sphere soil of potato and barley plants was de-
termined by the acetylene method [28] in a mo-
dification [29]. For this purpose, fresh rhizo-
sphere soil was freed from plant remains and
a median sample was prepared. Soil samples
weighing 10.0 g were placed in 40 cm3 glass
vessels. At the same time, samples were taken
to determine soil moisture. 1 cm3 of D-glucose
solution with a mass fraction of 20 % was added
to the soil samples and the humidity was adjust-
ed to 60 % of the full moisture content with
sterile water. It was thoroughly mixed to ho-
mogenisation. The vessels were closed with cot-
ton plugs and kept for 72 hours in a thermostat
at 26 ± 2 °С. After the end of the incubation,
cotton plugs were replaced with rubber ones in
ISSN 1997-3004 Сільськогосподарська мікробіологія. 2023. Вип. 38.
6
the vessels, and acetylene was introduced in the
amount of 10 % of the volume of the gas phase
(3 cm3). After exposure of the samples to acety-
lene for 1 hour, gas samples were taken with a
syringe and analysed on a gas chromatograph
Chrom-5 (Czech Republic) with a flame ioniza-
tion detector (a 3 mm steel, filled with Porapak
Q 60–80 mesh sorbent (Waters Corporation,
USA); thermostat temperature 40 °C; gas con-
sumption: hydrogen — 15 cm3/min, nitrogen —
100 cm3/min, air — 500 cm3/min).
The potential nitrogenase activity in the rhi-
zosphere soil in nmol of С2Н4 per 1 g of soil per
hour was calculated according to formula 1.
PNA = E · V1 · K / (V2 · m), (1)
where E — the amount of ethylene in the gas
sample introduced into the chromato-
graph, nmol;
V1 — the volume of the gas phase in the
vessel, cm3;
K — the soil moisture coefficient;
V2 — the volume of the sample intro-
duced into the chromatograph, cm3;
m — the weight of the soil sample, g.
The potential denitrification activity in the
rhizosphere soil of plants was determined by the
acetylene method [30]. For this purpose, mea-
surements of rhizosphere soil weighing 10.0 g
were prepared and placed in 40 cm3 vessels.
1 cm3 of D-glucose solution with a mass frac-
tion of 20 % and 1 cm3 of KNO3 solution with
a mass fraction of 2 % were added to the sam-
ples. The humidity was adjusted to 60 % of the
full moisture content with sterile water. The
vessels were closed with rubber stoppers, and
helium was passed under pressure to displace air
and create anaerobic conditions (anaerobic con-
ditions in the vessels ensure the measurement of
only the activity of denitrification, and exclude
the formation of N2O in the process of nitrifica-
tion, which requires aerobic conditions). For
this purpose, the rubber plug was pierced with
two injection needles, one of which was con-
nected to the helium cylinder, and the other was
used to release gases and equalize the pressure
in the vessels. Helium was passed for 30 se-
conds, after which the needles were simultane-
ously removed. 3 cm3 of acetylene was injected
into each vessel with a syringe. Previously,
3 cm3 of the gas mixture was taken from each
vessel (to maintain the normal partial pressure
of gases in the vessels). Soil samples prepared
in this way were kept in a thermostat at 26 ±
± 2 °C for 24 hours. After the end of the expo-
sure period, gas samples were taken with an in-
jection syringe and analysed using Tsvet-500 M
gas chromatograph (Russia) with an electron
capture detector. 3 m sorption columns were
filled with Porapak Q 60–80 mesh sorbent (Wa-
ter Corporation, USA). The temperature of the
columns is 40 °С, the temperature of the evapo-
rator is 120 °С, the temperature of the detector
is 330 °С. Consumption of carrier gas (argon
with methane 95/5) — 35 cm3/min.
The calculation of potential denitrification
activity was carried out according to formula 2:
N2OD = Е · V1 · K / (V2 · m), (2)
where N2OD — the potential activity of denitri-
fication in the rhizosphere soil, nmol
N2O/g of soil per day;
E — the amount of N2O in the analysed
sample, nmol;
V1 — the volume of the gas phase in the
vessel, cm3;
K — the soil moisture coefficient;
V2 — the volume of the gas sample in-
troduced into the chromatograph, cm3;
m — the mass of wet weight of soil, g.
Since the concentration of nitrogen mineral
compounds in the soil during the growing sea-
son changes, the nature of the dependence of the
studied processes on the types and rates of ferti-
lizers may also change accordingly. In this re-
gard, the analyses were performed in dynamics.
Crop yield was determined by weighing
products from each plot.
The obtained results were subjected to the
analysis of variance using the Student’s coeffi-
cient (with a probability of 5 %). Statistica 6.0
program (StatSoft Inc., USA) was used for cal-
culations.
Results and discussion. Study of the bio-
logical activity of the rhizosphere soil of potato
plants and the yield of the crop under different
fertilization systems. Determination of the dy-
namics of potential nitrogenase activity in the
rhizosphere soil of potato plants indicates opti-
mization of the process after the combined use
of straw and green manure (Table 2).
Mineral fertilizers in a small amount stimu-
late the activity of the studied process, in the
medium — reduce the indicators in the first pe-
riod and stimulate in the flowering phase and
beginning of the top necrosis. The use of high
ISSN 1997-3004 Сільськогосподарська мікробіологія. 2023. Вип. 38.
7
Table 2. Dynamics of potential nitrogenase activity of rhizosphere soil of potato plants under
different fertilization systems
Variants of experiment
Nitrogenase activity, nmol С2Н4/g of soil per day
seedling phase flowering phase top necrosis phase
Without fertilizers, control 118.5 148.0 250.9
Straw + green manure 198.0 252.3 425.0
N40P40K40 149.2 200.5 270.5
N40P40K40 + straw + green manure 190.5 273.8 360.2
N80P80K80 100.2 190.0 300.5
N80P80K80 + straw + green manure 160.8 238.2 395.4
N120P120K120 49.0 125.5 210.9
N120P120K120 + straw + green manure 70.4 150.0 320.0
НІР05 13.9 16.0 22.5
rates of mineral fertilizers leads to suppression
of nitrogen fixation during the growing season.
Significant changes in the activity of nitro-
gen fixation are reported for the combination of
fertilizers with fresh organic matter. Low and
medium doses of mineral nitrogen, applied on
a background of straw and green manure, con-
tribute to increasing the activity of nitrogen
fixation throughout the growing season of pota-
to plants. With the introduction of a dose of fer-
tilizers at the rate of 120 kg/ha of the active sub-
stance against the background of fresh mort-
mass, we registered the restoration of the pro-
cess of nitrogen fixation to the level of control
indicators in the flowering phase and stimula-
tion of activity at the end of the growing season.
Considering that the process of nitrogen
fixation is inherently rational and cannot be
manifested in the presence of an excess amount
of bound forms of nitrogen, the presented data
are a reliable test of the ecological feasibility of
certain fertilizer rates, primarily nitrogen. In this
regard, the following conclusions are valid: the
use of mineral fertilizers in the rate of N80P80K80
and N120P120K120 inhibits the process of nitrogen
fixation for a long time, but providing the soil
with fresh organic matter eliminates this nega-
tive effect: in the variant with N80P80K80 — al-
ready in the first period of experiment, and for
N120P120K120 — starting from the flowering
phase.
Therefore, under the condition of applying
mineral fertilizers against the background of or-
ganic matter in the form of 5.0 t/ha of winter
wheat straw and biomass of intermediate lupine
green manure, the part of fertilizers not used by
plants is metabolically assimilated by soil mi-
croorganisms, which in this case have to pro-
vide both nitrogen and carbon. This influences
the restoration of the functioning of nitrogen-
fixing bacteria, since the excessive concentra-
tion of mineral nitrogen compounds in the soil
under these conditions decreased due to their
transformation into organic compounds. In the
dynamic experiment, this was clearly manifes-
ted first in the variant with the lowest rate of
mineral fertilizers in the experiment, later —
with the medium, and at the end of the growing
season — with the highest.
The conclusions reached are largely con-
firmed by the results of determining the poten-
tial denitrifying activity. As it is known, the
process of denitrification does not always end
with the formation of N2. Under natural condi-
tions, it can stop at the stage of incomplete re-
duction of nitrates — to nitrite (NO2-), nitrogen
oxide (NO), or nitrous oxide (N2O) [31]. Com-
plete denitrification with the formation of N2 is
reported only in a limited number of microor-
ganisms, i.e. true denitrifiers. Therefore, we be-
lieve that the N2OD study method used by us in
the presence of acetylene, which is a specific
inhibitor of nitric oxide reductase and blocks the
reduction of N2O to N2, ensures the determina-
tion of the activity of all denitrifying microor-
ganisms in the rhizosphere of potato plants —
both that reduce nitrogen compounds to N2O,
and that carry out complete denitrification — to
N2. At the same time, it should be emphasized
that the determination of the potential activity of
denitrification in the rhizosphere soil does not
characterize the total loss of N2O from a certain
ISSN 1997-3004 Сільськогосподарська мікробіологія. 2023. Вип. 38.
8
area, but only reflects the reaction of rhizo-
sphere microorganisms to a certain amount of
mineral nitrogen compounds, and thereby
demonstrates the reaction of the plant itself to
a deficiency or excessive amount of mineral
nitrogen.
Mineral fertilizers stimulated the potential
emission of N2O in proportion to the applied
rates. At the same time, the use of mineral ferti-
lizers against the background of straw and green
manure contributed to a significant reduction of
nitrous oxide losses (Table 3). And even the
combination of the highest rate of fertilizers in
the experiment with fresh organic matter can
significantly reduce the intensity of biological
denitrification.
Therefore, upon the systematic application
of fresh organic matter to the soil in the form of
straw and biomass of intermediate lupine green
manure, the excess of nitrogen mineral com-
pounds is metabolically bound (immobilized) by
microorganisms, the process of nitrogen fixation
is restored, the emission of N2O decreases, and
the rates of mineral fertilizers that do not exceed
N80P80K80 become ecologically acceptable. At
the same time, the introduction of straw does
not require additional provision of mineral ni-
trogen to optimize the C/N ratio.
The highest rate of N120P120K120 mineral
fertilizers in the experiment, even when com-
bined with organic matter, is not ecologically
appropriate for a long time — only at the end of
the growing season, the studied indicators
demonstrate its acceptability.
We can see how effective the combination
of mineral and organic factors of potato fertili-
zation can be from the results given in Table 4.
As suggested by the results, the systematic ap-
plication of organic matter to the soil in the
form of straw and biomass of intermediate green
Table 3. Potential denitrification activity in rhizosphere soil of potato plants depending on
the crop fertilization, nmol N2O/г of soil per day
Variants of experiment Seedling phase Flowering phase Top necrosis phase
Without fertilizers, control 19.3 7.6 5.8
Straw + green manure 21.2 8.1 6.9
N40P40K40 22.0 13.2 8.0
N40P40K40 + straw + green manure 18.9 8.9 6.0
N80P80K80 35.0 15.5 9.6
N80P80K80 + straw + green manure 27.9 10.1 6.2
N120P120K120 41.8 18.1 12.1
N120P120K120 + straw + green manure 37.8 11.9 9.9
НІР05 3.0 2.7 2.5
Table 4. Potato yield with different fertilization systems
Variants of experiment
(fertilization systems) Yield, t/ha
Yield increase
t/ha %
Without fertilizers, control 15.07 – –
Straw + green manure 18.27 3.20 21.2
N40P40K40 22.94 7.87 52.2
N40P40K40 + straw + green manure 25.27 10.20 67.7
N80P80K80 26.03 10.96 72.7
N80P80K80 + straw + green manure 30.69 15.62 103.6
N120P120K120 31.95 16.88 112.0
N120P120K120 + straw + green manure 34.78 19.71 130.8
НІР05 1.51
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9
manure culture contributes to a significant in-
crease in indicators compared to the values in
the variants using mineral fertilizers in their
pure form. The increase in yield is from
2.33 t/ha in the variant with N40P40K40 against
the background of straw and green manure to
4.66 t/ha in the variant “N40P40K40 + straw +
green manure” and up to 2.83 t/ha in the variant
“N120P120K120 + straw + green manure”.
The greatest increase in the yield was re-
ported when using the medium rate of mineral
fertilizers in the experiment in combination with
organic fertilizer, which can indicate, first of all,
the formation of optimal indicators of the course
of biological activity in the soil. It should also
be noted the optimization of nitrogen nutrition
of plants, taking into account the systemic im-
mobilization of mineral nitrogen unused by
plants and its subsequent release as a result of
mineralization processes. A similar direction in
the formation of the nitrogen regime of soils is
mentioned in the literature [7]. Since the expe-
riment has been carried out since 2009, it can be
expected that the above-mentioned processes
have stabilized, and the plants, due to the com-
bination of mineral fertilizers with straw and
biomass of green manure culture, constantly re-
ceive an additional amount of nitrogen, as com-
pared to the case when only mineral fertilizers
are applied.
Features of the course of biological trans-
formation of nitrogen compounds in the rhizo-
sphere soil of spring barley plants and crop
yield under different fertilization systems.
Measuring of potential nitrogenase activity in
the rhizosphere soil of spring barley plants indi-
cates an increase in indicators in the first year of
aftereffect of straw and lupine green manure
(Table 5).
A low rate of mineral fertilizers (N30P30K30)
in the experiment stimulates the activity of ni-
trogen fixation, a medium rate reduces the indi-
cators in the first studied phase, but promotes
their growth in the following phases of organo-
genesis of the crop. A high rate of nitrogen ferti-
lizers leads to a decrease in the activity of the
studied process practically throughout the gro-
wing season of the crop. Only at the end of the
growing season of barley, we register the resto-
ration of nitrogenase activity in the rhizosphere
soil to the indicators of the control variant.
When mineral fertilizers have been intro-
duced against the background of the first year of
aftereffect of straw and intermediate green ma-
nure, we register a significant increase in nitro-
genase activity both in relation to the control
and in relation to the indicators of the corres-
ponding variants, where the fertilizers were used
in their pure form. This indirectly indicates a de-
crease in the concentration of mineral nitrogen
in the rhizosphere soil of plants due to its im-
mobilization by microorganisms. At the same
time, even the highest rate of mineral fertilizers
in the experiment in the flowering phase does
not reduce the nitrogenase activity of the rhizo-
sphere soil versus the control indicators.
Table 5. Dynamics of potential nitrogenase activity in rhizosphere soil of spring barley plants
depending on the crop fertilization
Variants of experiment
Nitrogen fixation (nitrogenase) activity,
nmol С2Н4/g of soil per day
seedling phase booting phase milk-wax phase
Without fertilizers, control 78.6 56.1 127.3
Strawа + green manureа 122.0 108.8 165.5
N30P30K30 80.5 94.1 138.0
N30P30K30 + strawа + green manureа 145.4 113.0 167.2
N60P60K60 55.8 106.5 156.5
N60P60K60 + strawа + green manureа 93.0 135.2 188.6
N90P90K90 36.3 48.7 123.1
N90P90K90 + strawа + green manureа 52.9 77.4 153.5
НІР05 14.1 21.0 23.5
Note: From this point onward in Tables 6 and 7 “strawа + green manureа” — the first year aftereffect of
organic fertilizers.
ISSN 1997-3004 Сільськогосподарська мікробіологія. 2023. Вип. 38.
10
The intensity of potential denitrification in
addition to indicators of nitrogen fixation activi-
ty can indicate optimal or excess amounts of
nitrogen compounds in the soil.
The results of the conducted research show
that the greatest potential losses of nitrogen
compounds are characteristic of variants using
mineral fertilizers (Table 6), which is quite na-
tural given the fact that under these conditions,
denitrifying microorganisms receive the neces-
sary substrate for their vital activity in the form
of nitrates. Nitrogen fertilizers contributed to the
increase of the potential activity of the emission
of nitrous oxide as their rate increased. Howe-
ver, their use against the background of addi-
tional sources of carbon (straw and green ma-
nure) contributed to the reduction of the loss of
gaseous nitrogen.
As it can be seen, nitrogen losses in the va-
riants of low and medium mineral fertilizer rates
in the experiment against the background of the
aftereffect of straw and green manure biomass
are insignificant and in some periods of the
analysis even lower than the indicators of the
control variant, which undoubtedly indicates the
immobilization of nitrogenous compounds and,
the avoidance of their losses under these condi-
tions, accordingly.
And only the application of N90P90K90
against the background of the aftereffect of
straw and green manure does not allow to re-
duce the specific losses of nitrogen above the
control ones. At the same time, during the vege-
tation period, specific nitrogen losses in this
variant significantly decrease and at the end of
the barley vegetation period, they practically
approach the control level.
Therefore, both the determination of the po-
tential activity of nitrogen fixation, which is
a kind of biological marker of the ecological
feasibility of nitrogen fertilization of agricultu-
ral crops (since it can only occur with a defi-
ciency of mineral nitrogen compounds in the
environment), and the indicators of potential
denitrification activity, testify to the feasibility
of using mineral fertilizers for barley, when
growing on leached chornozem at the rates not
exceeding N60P60K60. At the same time, the op-
timization of the processes of biological trans-
formation of nitrogen compounds is achieved
faster with the introduction of mineral fertilizers
against the background of the aftereffect of or-
ganic matter. Fertilizers in the rates of N90P90K90
should be applied on the condition that they are
introduced against the background of the after-
effect of straw and green manure mass.
Improving nutrition of spring barley plants
due to the combination of mineral and organic
(after-effect) fertilization factors had a positive
effect on crop yield (Table 7).
For instance, the yield increase from the
application of N30P30K30 against the background
of the aftereffect of straw and green manure
amounted to 0.36 t/ha compared to the indicator
of the variant with the introduction of only mi-
neral fertilizers at the same rate. At the same
time, the yield level of barley practically did not
differ from the indicator of the yield of the crop
after the introduction of N60P60K60 (3.93 and
4.03 t/ha, respectively). A similar nature of
yield formation was also reported for the use
of medium and high rates of fertilizers, respec-
tively, against the background of the aftereffect
of straw and green manure and without the
Table 6. Potential denitrification activity in rhizosphere soil of spring barley plans depending
on the crop fertilization, nmol N2O/g of soil per day
Variants of experiment seedling phase booting phase milk-wax phase
Without fertilizers, control 19.1 22.0 20.2
Strawа + green manureа 21.5 23.8 22.8
N30P30K30 25.9 24.5 24.5
N30P30K30 + strawа + green manureа 14.5 20.6 19.8
N60P60K60 33.5 30.8 25.9
N60P60K60 + strawа + green manureа 29.1 20.6 20.4
N90P90K90 47.5 37.5 30.3
N90P90K90 + strawа + green manureа 40.6 29.3 24.5
НІР05 4.3 5.1 3.8
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11
Table 7. Yield of spring barley under different fertilization systems
Variants of experiment
(fertilization systems)
Yield, t/ha Yield increase
t/ha %
Without fertilizers, control 2.39 – –
Strawа + green manureа 2.71 0.32 13.4
N30P30K30 3.57 1.18 49.4
N30P30K30 + strawа + green manureа 3.93 1.54 64.4
N60P60K60 4.03 1.64 68.6
N60P60K60 + strawа + green manureа 4.26 1.87 78.2
N90P90K90 4.44 2.05 85.8
N90P90K90 + strawа + green manureа 4.75 2.36 98.7
НІР05 0.20
organic factor — 4.26 t/ha versus 4.03 t/ha and
4.75 t/ha versus 4.44 t/ha (Table 7).
Therefore, it is possible to solve the urgent
task of increasing the efficiency of nitrogen use
by agricultural crops, taking into account the
peculiarities of the course of microbiological
transformation of nitrogen compounds and the
influence of organic matter — straw in com-
bination with intermediate green manure bio-
mass — on these processes. Under these condi-
tions, immobilized nitrogen compounds after
mineralization are directed to the metabolic
needs of plants.
Conclusion. Systemic application of mine-
ral fertilizers in the background of effect and
aftereffect of 5.0 t/ha of straw and 5.3 t/ha of
dry biomass of lupine green manure optimizes
the biological condition of the leached chorno-
zem versus using mineral fertilizers without ad-
ditional application of organic matter to the soil.
The improvement of environmental indicators
contributes to the growth of the yield of pota-
toes and spring barley.
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https://doi.org/10.35868/1997-3004.38.3-15
УДК 579.64:631:631.427:631.8:631.86/87:631.95
ОПТИМІЗАЦІЯ АЗОТНОГО УДОБРЕННЯ
СІЛЬСЬКОГОСПОДАРСЬКИХ КУЛЬТУР ЗА ДОДАТКОВОГО
НАДХОДЖЕННЯ ДО ҐРУНТУ СВІЖОЇ ОРГАНІЧНОЇ РЕЧОВИНИ
В. В. Волкогон, А. М. Москаленко, С. Б. Дімова, Ю. М. Халеп, В. П. Горбань,
К. І. Волкогон, Л. А. Шевченко, Н. П. Штанько, І. А. Земська
Інститут сільськогосподарської мікробіології та агропромислового виробництва НААН, м. Чернігів
e-mail: volkogon@ukr.net
Мета. За біологічного тестування визначити екологічно доцільні норми мінерального
Нітрогену, застосованого по фону дії і післядії соломи та біомаси проміжного люпинового
сидерату, в системі удобрення картоплі і ячменю ярого. Методи. Польового досліду (виро-
щування сільськогосподарських культур у сівозміні в умовах тривалого (з 2009 р.) стаціонар-
ного досліду на чорноземі вилугуваному); газохроматографічні (для визначення потенційної
азотфіксувальної (нітрогеназної) та потенційної денітрифікувальної активностей у ризо-
сферному ґрунті рослин залежно від удобрення); статистичні. Результати. За системного
внесення до ґрунту свіжої органічної речовини у вигляді 5,0 т/га соломи і 5,3 т/га сухої біо-
маси проміжного люпинового сидерату надлишок мінеральних сполук азоту метаболічно
зв’язується (іммобілізується) мікроорганізмами, відновлюється процес азотфіксації, змен-
шується емісія N2O і норми мінеральних добрив, що не перевищують N80P80K80, стають еко-
логічно доцільними за вирощування картоплі. До того ж внесення соломи не потребує дода-
ткового забезпечення мінерального азоту для оптимізації співвідношення C/N. Найбільша
в досліді норма туків N120P120K120 навіть за поєднання з органічною речовиною тривалий час
є екологічно недоцільною — лише наприкінці вегетаційного періоду досліджувані показники
демонструють її прийнятність. За вирощування ячменю ярого на чорноземі вилугуваному
оптимізація процесів біологічної трансформації сполук Нітрогену досягається за внесення
по фону післядії органічної речовини туків у нормі, що не перевищує N60P60K60. Системне за-
стосування N90P90K90 пригнічує активність азотфіксації і забезпечує значні втрати закису
Нітрогену. Цю норму добрив варто застосовувати лише за умови її внесення по фону після-
дії соломи і сидеральної маси, що сприяє пом’якшенню екологічних наслідків. Висновки. За-
стосування мінеральних добрив по фону системного внесення до ґрунту соломи пшениці
озимої та біомаси проміжного люпинового сидерату сприяє оптимізації біологічного стану
чорнозему вилугуваного. Покращення екологічних показників сприяє зростанню урожайності
сільськогосподарських культур.
Ключові слова: біологічне тестування, азотфіксація, денітрифікація, картопля, ячмінь
ярий, мінеральні азотні добрива, солома, сидерати.
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Отримано 04.10.2023
ISSN 1997-3004 Сільськогосподарська мікробіологія. 2023. Вип. 38.
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| id | oai:ojs2.smic.in.ua:article-512 |
| institution | Agriciltural microbiology |
| keywords_txt_mv | keywords |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2026-07-23T01:15:57Z |
| publishDate | 2023 |
| publisher | Institute of Agrocultural Microbiology and Agro-industrial Manufacture of NAAS of Ukraine |
| record_format | ojs |
| resource_txt_mv | smicinua/36/e25ef924a68184907f8ca004cecb5f36.pdf |
| spelling | oai:ojs2.smic.in.ua:article-5122026-07-22T10:10:51Z OPTIMIZATION OF NITROGEN FERTILIZATION FOR AGRICULTURAL CROPS UPON ADDITIONAL APPLICATION OF FRESH ORGANIC MATTER TO THE SOIL ОПТИМІЗАЦІЯ АЗОТНОГО УДОБРЕННЯ СІЛЬСЬКОГОСПОДАРСЬКИХ КУЛЬТУР ЗА ДОДАТКОВОГО НАДХОДЖЕННЯ ДО ҐРУНТУ СВІЖОЇ ОРГАНІЧНОЇ РЕЧОВИНИ Волкогон, В. В. Москаленко, А. М. Дімова, С. Б. Халеп, Ю. М. Горбань, В. П. Волкогон, К. І. Шевченко, Л. А. Штанько, Н. П. Земська, І. А. biological testing, nitrogen fixation, denitrification, potato, spring barley, mineral nitrogen fertilizers, straw, green біологічне тестування, азотфіксація, денітрифікація, картопля, ячмінь ярий, мінеральні азотні добрива, солома, сидерати Objective. Using biological testing, determine the environmental appropriate rates of mineralnitrogen, applied in the background of effect and aftereffect of straw and biomass of intermediatelupine green manure, in the fertilization system of potatoes and spring barley. Methods. Field experiment (growing crops in crop rotation in the conditions of a long-term (since 2009) stationaryexperiment on leached chornozem); gas chromatographic (to determine the potential nitrogenfixing (nitrogenase) and potential denitrifying activities in the rhizosphere soil of plants dependingon the fertilizer); statistical. Results. With the systematic application of fresh organic matter to thesoil in the form of 5.0 t/ha of straw and 5.3 t/ha of dry biomass of intermediate lupine green manure, the excess of nitrogen mineral compounds is metabolically bound (immobilized) by microorganisms, the process of nitrogen fixation is restored, the emission of N2O decreases, and the ratesof mineral fertilizers not exceeding N80P80K80 become environmentally appropriate when growingpotatoes. At the same time, the introduction of straw does not require additional provision of mineral nitrogen to optimize the C/N ratio. The highest rate of mineral fertilizers N120P120K120 in theexperiment, even when combined with organic matter for a long time is environmentally inappropriate — only at the end of the growing season, the studied indicators demonstrate its acceptability.When growing spring barley on leached chornozem, the optimization of the processes of biologicaltransformation of nitrogen compounds is achieved if mineral fertilizers are applied on the background of aftereffect of organic matter in a rate not exceeding N60P60K60. Systemic application ofN90P90K90 suppresses the activity of nitrogen fixation and ensures significant losses of nitrous oxide.This rate of fertilizers should be applied only on the condition that it is applied against the background of the aftereffect of straw and green manure mass, which contributes to the mitigation ofenvironmental consequences. Conclusion. The use of mineral fertilizers against the backgroundof systematic application of winter wheat straw and intermediate lupine green manure biomass tothe soil contributes to the optimization of the biological state of the leached chornozem. The improvement of environmental indicators contributes to the growth of the yield of agricultural crops. Мета. За біологічного тестування визначити екологічно доцільні норми мінерального Нітрогену, застосованого по фону дії і післядії соломи та біомаси проміжного люпинового сидерату, в системі удобрення картоплі і ячменю ярого. Методи. Польового досліду (вирощування сільськогосподарських культур у сівозміні в умовах тривалого (з 2009 р.) стаціонарного досліду на чорноземі вилугуваному); газохроматографічні (для визначення потенційної азотфіксувальної (нітрогеназної) та потенційної денітрифікувальної активностей у ризосферному ґрунті рослин залежно від удобрення); статистичні. Результати. За системного внесення до ґрунту свіжої органічної речовини у вигляді 5,0 т/га соломи і 5,3 т/га сухої біомаси проміжного люпинового сидерату надлишок мінеральних сполук азоту метаболічно зв’язується (іммобілізується) мікроорганізмами, відновлюється процес азотфіксації, зменшується емісія N2O і норми мінеральних добрив, що не перевищують N80P80K80, стають екологічно доцільними за вирощування картоплі. До того ж внесення соломи не потребує додаткового забезпечення мінерального азоту для оптимізації співвідношення C/N. Найбільша в досліді норма туків N120P120K120 навіть за поєднання з органічною речовиною тривалий час є екологічно недоцільною — лише наприкінці вегетаційного періоду досліджувані показники демонструють її прийнятність. За вирощування ячменю ярого на чорноземі вилугуваному оптимізація процесів біологічної трансформації сполук Нітрогену досягається за внесення по фону післядії органічної речовини туків у нормі, що не перевищує N60P60K60. Системне застосування N90P90K90 пригнічує активність азотфіксації і забезпечує значні втрати закису Нітрогену. Цю норму добрив варто застосовувати лише за умови її внесення по фону післядії соломи і сидеральної маси, що сприяє пом’якшенню екологічних наслідків. Висновки. Застосування мінеральних добрив по фону системного внесення до ґрунту соломи пшениці озимої та біомаси проміжного люпинового сидерату сприяє оптимізації біологічного стану чорнозему вилугуваного. Покращення екологічних показників сприяє зростанню урожайності сільськогосподарських культур. Institute of Agrocultural Microbiology and Agro-industrial Manufacture of NAAS of Ukraine 2023-12-14 Article Article Рецензована Стаття application/pdf https://smic.in.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/512 10.35868/1997-3004.38.3-15 Agricultural microbiology; Vol. 38 (2023): Agriciltural microbiology; 3-15 Сільськогосподарська мікробіологія; Том 38 (2023): Сільськогосподарська мікробіологія; 3-15 1997-3004 10.35868/1997-3004.38 en https://smic.in.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/512/584 Авторське право (c) 2023 V. V. Volkohon, A. M. Moskalenko, S. B. Dimova, Yu. M. Khalep, V. P. Horban, K. I. Volkohon, L. A. Shevchenko, N. P. Shtanko, I. A. Zemska https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 |
| spellingShingle | біологічне тестування азотфіксація денітрифікація картопля ячмінь ярий мінеральні азотні добрива солома сидерати Волкогон, В. В. Москаленко, А. М. Дімова, С. Б. Халеп, Ю. М. Горбань, В. П. Волкогон, К. І. Шевченко, Л. А. Штанько, Н. П. Земська, І. А. ОПТИМІЗАЦІЯ АЗОТНОГО УДОБРЕННЯ СІЛЬСЬКОГОСПОДАРСЬКИХ КУЛЬТУР ЗА ДОДАТКОВОГО НАДХОДЖЕННЯ ДО ҐРУНТУ СВІЖОЇ ОРГАНІЧНОЇ РЕЧОВИНИ |
| title | ОПТИМІЗАЦІЯ АЗОТНОГО УДОБРЕННЯ СІЛЬСЬКОГОСПОДАРСЬКИХ КУЛЬТУР ЗА ДОДАТКОВОГО НАДХОДЖЕННЯ ДО ҐРУНТУ СВІЖОЇ ОРГАНІЧНОЇ РЕЧОВИНИ |
| title_alt | OPTIMIZATION OF NITROGEN FERTILIZATION FOR AGRICULTURAL CROPS UPON ADDITIONAL APPLICATION OF FRESH ORGANIC MATTER TO THE SOIL |
| title_full | ОПТИМІЗАЦІЯ АЗОТНОГО УДОБРЕННЯ СІЛЬСЬКОГОСПОДАРСЬКИХ КУЛЬТУР ЗА ДОДАТКОВОГО НАДХОДЖЕННЯ ДО ҐРУНТУ СВІЖОЇ ОРГАНІЧНОЇ РЕЧОВИНИ |
| title_fullStr | ОПТИМІЗАЦІЯ АЗОТНОГО УДОБРЕННЯ СІЛЬСЬКОГОСПОДАРСЬКИХ КУЛЬТУР ЗА ДОДАТКОВОГО НАДХОДЖЕННЯ ДО ҐРУНТУ СВІЖОЇ ОРГАНІЧНОЇ РЕЧОВИНИ |
| title_full_unstemmed | ОПТИМІЗАЦІЯ АЗОТНОГО УДОБРЕННЯ СІЛЬСЬКОГОСПОДАРСЬКИХ КУЛЬТУР ЗА ДОДАТКОВОГО НАДХОДЖЕННЯ ДО ҐРУНТУ СВІЖОЇ ОРГАНІЧНОЇ РЕЧОВИНИ |
| title_short | ОПТИМІЗАЦІЯ АЗОТНОГО УДОБРЕННЯ СІЛЬСЬКОГОСПОДАРСЬКИХ КУЛЬТУР ЗА ДОДАТКОВОГО НАДХОДЖЕННЯ ДО ҐРУНТУ СВІЖОЇ ОРГАНІЧНОЇ РЕЧОВИНИ |
| title_sort | оптимізація азотного удобрення сільськогосподарських культур за додаткового надходження до ґрунту свіжої органічної речовини |
| topic | біологічне тестування азотфіксація денітрифікація картопля ячмінь ярий мінеральні азотні добрива солома сидерати |
| topic_facet | biological testing nitrogen fixation denitrification potato spring barley mineral nitrogen fertilizers straw green біологічне тестування азотфіксація денітрифікація картопля ячмінь ярий мінеральні азотні добрива солома сидерати |
| url | https://smic.in.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/512 |
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