ФОСФАТМОБІЛІЗУВАЛЬНІ ВЛАСТИВОСТІ ГРИБІВ РОДУ PENICILLIUM, ВИДІЛЕНИХ З ГІСТОСФЕРИ СОЇ
Objective. To research the ability of fungi of the genus Penicillium, isolated from the histosphere of soybean plants, release phosphorus from mineral and organic phosphates, study their effect on the general phosphorus content in plant shoots. Methods. Microbiological (cultivation of the tested fun...
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| author | Шаховніна, О. О. Надкернична, О. В. Пищур, І. М. |
| author_facet | Шаховніна, О. О. Надкернична, О. В. Пищур, І. М. |
| author_institution_txt_mv | [
{
"author": "О. О. Шаховніна",
"institution": "Інститут сільськогосподарської мікробіології та агропромислового виробництва НААН"
},
{
"author": "О. В. Надкернична",
"institution": "Інститут сільськогосподарської мікробіології та агропромислового виробництва НААН"
},
{
"author": "І. М. Пищур",
"institution": "Інститут сільськогосподарської мікробіології та агропромислового виробництва НААН"
}
] |
| author_sort | Шаховніна, О. О. |
| baseUrl_str | https://smic.in.ua/index.php/journal/oai |
| collection | OJS |
| datestamp_date | 2026-07-22T10:10:52Z |
| description | Objective. To research the ability of fungi of the genus Penicillium, isolated from the histosphere of soybean plants, release phosphorus from mineral and organic phosphates, study their effect on the general phosphorus content in plant shoots. Methods. Microbiological (cultivation of the tested fungi on Pikovska’s medium and its modifications, Czapek-Dox agar with tricalcium phosphate or phenolphthalein phosphate, wort agar), vegetation experiment (content determination of general phosphorus in the aboveground mass of soybean plants), statistical. Results. The use of three insoluble phosphates in Pikovska medium showed that the tested fungi dissolve to varying degrees Са3(РО4)2 and are unable to dissolve AlPO4 and FePO4. On the seventh day of cultivation, clearly visible zones of enlightenment were formed around the colonies of P. funiculosum 20312 and P. variabile 20173, with phosphate dissolution indexes of 1.17 and 1.18, respectively. When cultivating fungi on Pikovska medium with the addition of bromophenol blue dye in P. funiculosum 20312 and P. variabile 20173, the medium quickly changed colour from green to yellow, indicating the diffusion of organic acids produced by the fungi into the agar. Starting from the twelfth day of the experiment, the environment around the colonies of fungi P. glauco-lanosum 20401 also acquired a rich yellow colour and the halo zones formation was observed. The presence of phosphatase activity was demonstrated for all the tested fungi. The tested strains of fungi had a positive effect on the general phosphorus content in the dry matter of soybean shoots, this indicator increased notably in the variant with the use of P. funiculosum 20312 — 0.751 % against 0.643 % in the control variant. Conclusions. The tested fungi of the genus Penicillium, isolated from surface-sterilised roots of soybean plants, are capable of releasing phosphorus by dissolving inorganic and mineralising organic phosphates, and have a positive effect on the content of general phosphorus in soybean shoots. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.35868/1997-3004.41.19-33 |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-05T02:30:41Z |
| format | Article |
| fulltext |
19
Сільськогосподарська мікробіологія. 2025. Вип. 41. С. 19–33.
ISSN 1997-3004
https://doi.org/10.35868/1997-3004.41.19-33
UDC 579.64:582.28:633.34
PHOSPHATE-MOBILISING PROPERTIES OF FUNGI
OF THE GENUS PENICILLIUM ISOLATED
FROM SOYBEAN HISTOSPHERE
O. О. Shakhovnina, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9105-4116,
О. V. Nadkernychna, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7542-528X,
І. M. Pyshchur, https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6719-8427
Institute of Agricultural Microbiology and Agroindustrial Manufacture, NAAS
97 Shevchenka Str., Chernihiv, 14030, Ukraine; e-mail: helenshah@ukr.net
Objective. To research the ability of fungi of the genus Penicillium, isolated from the histo-
sphere of soybean plants, release phosphorus from mineral and organic phosphates, study their
effect on the general phosphorus content in plant shoots. Methods. Microbiological (cultivation of
the tested fungi on Pikovska’s medium and its modifications, Czapek-Dox agar with tricalcium
phosphate or phenolphthalein phosphate, wort agar), vegetation experiment (content determination
of general phosphorus in the aboveground mass of soybean plants), statistical. Results. The use of
three insoluble phosphates in Pikovska medium showed that the tested fungi dissolve to varying
degrees Са3(РО4)2 and are unable to dissolve AlPO4 and FePO4. On the seventh day of cultivation,
clearly visible zones of enlightenment were formed around the colonies of P. funiculosum 20312
and P. variabile 20173, with phosphate dissolution indexes of 1.17 and 1.18, respectively. When
cultivating fungi on Pikovska medium with the addition of bromophenol blue dye in P. funiculosum
20312 and P. variabile 20173, the medium quickly changed colour from green to yellow, indicating
the diffusion of organic acids produced by the fungi into the agar. Starting from the twelfth day of
the experiment, the environment around the colonies of fungi P. glauco-lanosum 20401 also ac-
quired a rich yellow colour and the halo zones formation was observed. The presence of phospha-
tase activity was demonstrated for all the tested fungi. The tested strains of fungi had a positive ef-
fect on the general phosphorus content in the dry matter of soybean shoots, this indicator increased
notably in the variant with the use of P. funiculosum 20312 — 0.751 % against 0.643 % in the con-
trol variant. Conclusions. The tested fungi of the genus Penicillium, isolated from surface-sterilised
roots of soybean plants, are capable of releasing phosphorus by dissolving inorganic and minera-
lising organic phosphates, and have a positive effect on the content of general phosphorus in soy-
bean shoots.
Key words: endophytic fungi of soybean, PSF (phosphate solubilising fungi), inorganic phos-
phate dissolution, organic phosphate mineralisation, phosphatase.
Introduction. Plants require about 16 mac-
ro- and microelements for optimal growth, with
phosphorus being the most limiting nutrient for
crops productivity after nitrogen [1; 2]. It plays
an important role in virtually all major metabo-
lic processes in plants, including photosynthesis,
respiration, energy metabolism, macromolecular
biosynthesis [3] and biological nitrogen fixation
in legumes [4]. Adequate phosphorus supply in
the early stages of plant development is essen-
tial for the establishment of the plants reproduc-
tive organs germs. Phosphorus also has a signi-
ficant impact on the formation of the root sys-
tem and its branching. Phosphorus accounts
from 0.05 % to 0.5 % [5], and according to
other sources, from 0.2 % to 0.8 % of the plant’s
dry matter [6]. This element is found in plants
either in the form of a free inorganic orthophos-
phate group (Pi) or in the form of organophos-
phate compounds [7]. The total amount of Pi
© O. О. Shakhovnina, О. V. Nadkernychna, І. M. Pyshchur, 2025
20
in plant cells is divided into two physiologically
distinct pools. The first one is located in the cy-
toplasm and constitutes the metabolically active
Pi pool, and the second one, which is a specific
phosphorus reserve, is stored in vacuoles [7].
With a sufficient supply of phosphorus, vacu-
oles contain 85–95 % of cellular phosphorus,
while the cytoplasmic pool is 5–15 % [8].
Organophosphorus compounds in living or-
ganisms are predominantly organic phosphate
esters, in which phosphate groups are linked to
organic units via a C-O-P bond. The main pools
for esterified phosphorus are nucleic acids
(DNA and RNA), phosphoproteins, phospholi-
pids, sugar phosphates, and energy-rich phos-
phate compounds (in particular, adenosine tri-
phosphate) [9].
Phospholipids are the class of lipids based
on a glycerol backbone to which two long
chains of acyl groups of fatty acids and ortho-
phosphate acid residues are attached. These sub-
stances are not only the most important building
blocks of cell membranes, but also participate in
membrane transport, cytoskeleton organisation,
and signal transduction [10]. Phospholipid me-
tabolism plays an important role in seed germi-
nation, proper pollen formation, cotyledon vas-
cularity, stress reactions, and the transduction of
light and sugar signals [11].
Phosphate derivatives of sugars are essen-
tial metabolic intermediates and some of them,
such as phytic acid (Ins P6), are also a reservoir
of phosphorus in plants. In seeds, phytic acid is
contained in the form of the mixed salt of potas-
sium, magnesium, calcium, manganese, iron and
zinc cations and accumulates in membrane-
bound inclusions called globules [12]. Depen-
ding on the type of plant, the phosphorus con-
tent of phytate has been found to be between
30 % and 60 % of the general phosphorus in
seeds. In addition to phosphorus storage, the
functions of Ins P6 include mRNA export,
chromatin remodelling and DNA double-strand
break repair. The ability of phytic acid to com-
plex with iron ions Fe2+ helps to reduce the for-
mation of active oxygen forms during the lipid
peroxidation reaction [13].
There are various forms of phosphate deri-
vatives of nucleotides containing up to three
esterified phosphate residues linked to ribose or
deoxyribose links. A large group of phospho-
esters nucleoside derivatives (e. g. ATP, ADP,
UDP) is a specific primary energy reservoir dis-
tributed in phosphorylation and dephosphoryla-
tion reactions of other chemical compounds.
The role of ATP as an energy source is well
known, and extracellular ATP (eATP) in plants
is also a specific signalling agent that generates
an increase in cytosolic Са2+, promoting plants
development and defence reactions [14].
Analysis of recent researches and publi-
cations. Although the total amount of phospho-
rus in the soil (50–3000 mg/kg) is considered
sufficient, the fraction available to plants is less
than 1 % of its total amount [15; 16]. Subopti-
mal levels of phosphorus nutrition can reduce
crop yields by up to 15 % [17]. The effective-
ness of chemical phosphate fertilisers is usually
less than 30 % due to its fixation either in the
form of iron and aluminium phosphates in aci-
dic soils [18] or calcium phosphate in neutral
and alkaline soils [19].
Phosphorus in soil is found in inorganic and
organic forms and is divided into three pools
that are in equilibrium with each other. The first
pool is called the fixed or unstable fraction and
cannot be used by plants. It includes primary
minerals (insoluble inorganic phosphates apa-
tite, strangite and variscite), sorbed phosphorus
(clays, iron and aluminium oxides, carbonates)
and organic phosphorus compounds. The se-
cond pool contains secondary phosphate mine-
rals (calcium, iron and aluminium phosphates)
and is known as the active (labile) fraction of
phosphorus because it is slowly released for
plants absorption. The third pool is the soluble
fraction of phosphorus, i. e. inorganic phospho-
rus dissolved in water or soil solution and avai-
lable to plants (in the form of H2PO4– and
HPO42– anions) [20].
The main processes in the soil phosphorus
cycle that affect its soluble fraction are:
1) dissolution-precipitation (mineral equilibri-
um); 2) sorption-desorption (interaction between
phosphorus in soil solution and on the solid sur-
face of soil aggregates); 3) mineralisation-im-
mobilisation (biologically mediated transfor-
mation of phosphorus between inorganic and
organic forms) [6; 21].
Microorganisms mobilise insoluble and
fixed forms of phosphorus in the soil through
dissolution and mineralisation.
According to Kucey [22], the number of
fungi capable of releasing phosphorus from inso-
luble compounds is about 0.1–0.5 % of their to-
tal population. Soil fungi capable of converting
ISSN 1997-3004 Сільськогосподарська мікробіологія. 2025. Вип. 41.
21
phosphorus into a form accessible to plants have
a number of advantages over bacteria: firstly,
micromycetes tend to produce more acids than
bacteria [23]; secondly, they usually do not lose
their ability to dissolve insoluble phosphorus
compounds after repeated subcultivation in the
laboratory, as it can happen with bacteria; third-
ly, fungi in soils can travel long distances more
easily, which is important for crops [22].
PSF (phosphate-solubilising fungi) or fungi
that dissolve different types of phosphates are
representatives of different genera. The best-
described PSF in the scientific literature today
are micromycetes of the genera Penicillium, As-
pergillus, Alternaria, Helminthosporium, Ar-
throbotrys, Rhizopus, Fusarium, Trichoderma
та Sclerotium [24; 25].
The ability to dissolve mineral phosphates
in vitro has been demonstrated for a number of
species of the genus Penicillium: P. oxalicum
[26–29], P. albidum [30], P. thomii [30], P. res-
trictum [30], P. frequentans [30], P. aurantio-
griseum [31], P. radicum [32], P. rugulosum
[33], P. citrinum [34], P. expansum [35; 36],
P. funiculosum [37], P. variabile [38–41],
P. italicum [42], P. soli, P. austrosinense [43],
P. olsonii [44], P. bilaiae [45], P. guanacasten-
se [46]. In addition, there are studies showing
the phosphate-mobilising properties of penicilli
that have not been identified to species [47–49].
Phosphorus release occurs through the organic
acids production (as a result of oxidative respi-
ration or fermentation of organic carbon
sources), which can either directly dissolve
mineral phosphates as a result of anion ex-
change or chelate cations Fe3+, Al3+ і Ca2+ [50].
High-performance liquid chromatography me-
thod has shown that PSF-penicilli of different
species secrete glucuronic [26; 32; 33; 39],
oxalic [26; 31], citric [26; 33], malic [26], tarta-
ric [23; 26] and lactic [23] acids.
The mineralisation of soil organic phos-
phates plays an important role in the phosphorus
cycle in the agricultural system. Phosphorus in
organic compounds can account for 4–90 % of
the total soil phosphorus [51]. The mineralisa-
tion of organophosphates occurs with the help
of the enzymes phosphomonoesterases, phyta-
ses, phosphonatases and C-P lyases. Phospho-
monoesterases (often simply referred to as
phosphatases), which are the most common and
best studied [52], dephosphorylate phospho-
esters or phosphoanhydride bonds of organic
matter. Phytases specifically cause the release of
phosphorus through the decomposition of phy-
tates. Microorganisms are a key factor in regu-
lating phytate mineralisation in the soil, and
their presence in the rhizosphere compensates
for the inability of plants to obtain phosphorus
directly from phytate [53]. C-P lyases split the
C-P bond of organophosphates [54].
Despite the large number of researches on
the ability of penicilli to mobilise phosphorus
from organic and inorganic compounds, only
few reports on this activity of soybean endo-
phytic fungi are available in the literature. Thus,
in the article by Khan et al. [37] there is a men-
tion that the soybean endophyte P. funiculosum
LHL06 dissolves tricalcium phosphate.
The effect of phosphate-mobilising Penicil-
lium strains on soybean plants is also insuffi-
ciently covered in the literature. Noteworthy is
the work of El-Azouni [42], whose objects of
study were fungi Aspergillus niger and Penicil-
lium italicum. Both micromycetes showed the
ability to dissolve insoluble phosphate in agar
plates, and in Pikovska liquid medium P. itali-
cum released 275 µg P/ml, while A. niger re-
leased 490 µg P/ml after seven days of incuba-
tion. The author found that the simultaneous use
of both fungi in the vegetation experiment sig-
nificantly increased the dry matter weight and
phosphorus content in soybean plants versus the
control indicators.
Taking into consideration the above men-
tioned, the aim of our work was to research the
ability of soybean endophytes of the genus Pe-
nicillium to release phosphorus from mineral
and organic phosphates, to study their effect on
the content of total phosphorus in plant shoots.
Materials and methods.
Fungal strains involved in the researches
(Penicillium funiculosum 20312, P. variabile
20173, P. glauco-lanosum 20401), isolated from
surface-sterilised roots of soybean plants of the
Legend variety grown on sod-medium podzolic
dusty sandy loam soil and identified by morpho-
logical and cultural characteristics [56].
The ability of the tested fungal strains to
dissolve mineral phosphates was studied by the
method of agar plates on Pikovska medium [57]
with the addition of Са3(РО4)2, AlPO4, FePO4 in
various variants as the only source of phospho-
rus. When microorganisms characterised by this
ability are cultivated, transparent zones of light
are formed around the colonies. Additionally,
ISSN 1997-3004 Сільськогосподарська мікробіологія. 2025. Вип. 41.
22
modifications of Pikovska medium [58; 59] and
Czapek-Dox agar with the addition of 5 g/l
Са3(РО4)2 were used. The sizes of fungal co-
lonies and light zones were measured on the
seventh day of cultivation. The phosphate solu-
bility index (PSI) was calculated as the quotient
of the diameter of the zone of enlightenment di-
vided by the diameter of the colony [60].
The ability of the tested penicilli to synthe-
sise the enzyme phosphatase was determined on
Czapek-Dox medium, which did not contain a
source of available phosphorus-potassium hy-
drophosphate. Instead, sodium phenolphthalein
phosphate (10 % solution in ammonia buffer)
was sterilely added to the molten medium
cooled to 40 °C before inoculation of the fungi
in an amount of 1 ml/l. On the fifth day of mi-
cromycetes cultivation, Petri dishes with fungal
colonies were kept for 10 min in ammonia va-
pour (5 drops of 25 % ammonia solution were
added to the lids of the Petri dishes). The pres-
ence of phosphatase was determined by the ap-
pearance of crimson colour under and around
the fungal colonies (phenolphthalein, which was
formed as a result of dephosphorylation of sodi-
um phenolphthalein phosphate with the partici-
pation of phosphatase, turns crimson in alkaline
medium) [61].
The vegetation experiment was conducted
in a vegetation house on soddy-medium podzo-
lic dusty sandy loam soil characterised by the
following agrochemical parameters: humus con-
tent was 1.02 %; nitrogen (according to Korn-
field) — 54.9 mg/kg; mobile forms of phospho-
rus (according to Kirsanov) — 110–120 mg
P2O5; exchangeable potassium (according to
Kirsanov) — 120–130 mg K2O per 1 kg of soil;
pHsol. — 5,2; pHwater 6.0. Soybean seeds of the
Arnica variety were used. Soil moisture was
maintained at 60 % of the total moisture capaci-
ty. The experiment was repeated five times. The
phosphorus content in the aboveground mass
was determined on the 35th day.
In order to obtain micromycete spores for
pre-sowing handling of soybean seeds, the stu-
died fungi of the genus Penicillium were grown
on wort agar for 10 days. The inoculation load
was 1×105 spores per seed.
Scheme of the vegetation experiment:
1. Control (wetting the seeds with sterile
tap water at the rate of 1.5 % by weight of
seeds).
2. Soybean seed handling with fungal spo-
res P. funiculosum 20312.
3. Soybean seed handling with fungal spo-
res P. variabile 20173.
4. Soybean seed handling with fungal spo-
res P. glauco-lanosum 20401.
The phosphorus content in the aboveground
mass of plants and in soybean grain was deter-
mined by the Denige method in the modification
of Bouvaitier [61]. Wet ashing of plant material
was carried out by the method of V. T. Kurkaiev
[61].
The results and their discussion. Taking
into consideration that phosphorus is fixed in
soils not only in the form of calcium phosphate,
but also in the form of iron and aluminium
phosphates, which depends on soil acidity, Ba-
shan et al. [55] it is recommend to use several
sources of insoluble phosphate when studying
the phosphate-mobilising properties of microor-
ganisms. We evaluated the ability of endophy-
tic fungi of the genus Penicillium associated
with soybean roots, to dissolve Са3(РО4)2,
AlPO4 or FePO4 salts in Pikovska medium
(PVK) (Table 1).
According to the results obtained, the stu-
died strains formed colonies with a diameter of
36.7–42.3 mm on the medium with Са3(РО4)2,
24,7–38,0 mm on the medium with AlPO4 and
26,3–40,0 mm on the medium with FePO4
Table 1. Phosphate dissolution during cultivation of soybean-associated endophytic fungi of
the genus Penicillium on Pikovska medium (the 7th day)
Variants
Insoluble phosphates in the medium
Са3(РО4)2 AlPO4 FePO4
colony
diameter,
mm
PSI
colony
diameter,
mm
PSI
colony
diameter,
mm
PSI
P. funiculosum 20312 42,3 ± 0,3 1,17 ± 0,01 38,0 ± 0,6 – 40,0 ± 0,6 –
P. variabile 20173 42,7 ± 0,3 1,18 ± 0,01 30,3 ± 0,3 – 30,3 ± 0,3 –
P. glauco-lanosum 20401 36,7 ± 0,3 – 24,7 ± 0,3 – 26,3 ± 0,3 –
ISSN 1997-3004 Сільськогосподарська мікробіологія. 2025. Вип. 41.
23
(Table 1). However, clearly visible zones of en-
lightenment were formed only around the colo-
nies of P. funiculosum 20312 and P. variabile
20173 mm on the medium with Са3(РО4)2, the
phosphate dissolution indices (PSI) determined
on the seventh day of observation were 1.17 and
1.18, respectively (Table 1, Fig. 1 a, b).
In order to clarify the ability of P. glauco-
lanosum 20401 to produce organic acids, the
fungus was additionally cultured on modifica-
tions of Pikovska medium and Czapek-Dox agar
with Са3(РО4)2 as the only source of phosphate
(Table 2). Phosphate-mobilising microorga-
nisms differ significantly in the amount and
quality of organic acids they produce. Organic
acids have different diffusion rates in the agari-
fied medium. To eliminate the cases when iso-
lates, capable of dissolving mineral phosphates,
do not form visible zones of enlightenment on
agar plates, Gupta et al. [58] proposed to modify
Pikovska agar by adding bromophenol blue dye,
which reacts to changes in the pH of the medi-
um. When all the studied strains were cultivated
on this medium, we observed a change from
green (in the control) to yellow of varying in-
tensity, which is associated with the diffusion of
organic acids produced by fungi into the agar
(Fig. 2). On the seventh day of observation,
clearly visible zones of enlightenment were
formed only around the colonies P. funiculo-
sum 20312 and P. variabile 20173 (Fig. 2 b, c),
the phosphate dissolution index was 1.13 for
both fungi (Table 2). On the twelfth day of cul-
tivation, halo zones were also formed around the
colonies of P. glauco-lanosum 20401 (Fig. 2 e).
The medium proposed by Nautiyal (Nation-
al Botanical Research Institute) for phosphate-
dissolving microorganisms (NBRIP) [59] was
created as a result of studying the effect of the
concentrations of individual components of the
a b c
Fig. 1. Colonies of soybean-associated endophytic fungi of the genus Penicillium on Pikovska
medium with Са3(РО4)2 (the 7th day): а) P. funiculosum 20312, b) P. variabile 20173, c) P. gla-
uco-lanosum 20401.
Table 2. Dissolution of tricalcium phosphate during cultivation of soybean endophytic fungi of
the genus Penicillium on modified variants of Pikovska agar and Czapek-Dox medium (the 7th day)
Variants
Medium with Са3(РО4)2
PVK with
bromothymol addition NBRIP Czapek-Dox
colony
diameter,
mm
PSI
colony
diameter,
mm
PSI
colony
diameter,
mm
PSI
P. funiculosum 20312 39,3 ± 0,3 1,13 ± 0,02 32,7 ± 0,3 1,12 ± 0,02 34,0 ± 0,6 1,12 ± 0,00
P. variabile 20173 38,7 ± 0,9 1,13 ± 0,01 35,3 ± 0,3 1,08 ± 0,01 44,3 ± 0,3 1,11 ± 0,01
P. glauco-lanosum 20401 30,0 ± 0,6 – 23,7 ± 0,3 – 31,0 ± 0,6 –
ISSN 1997-3004 Сільськогосподарська мікробіологія. 2025. Вип. 41.
24
a b c d e
Fig. 2. Colonies of soybean-associated endophytic fungi of the genus Penicillium on Pikovska
medium with bromophenol blue: а) control (medium without colonies), b) P. funiculo-
sum 20312 (the 7th day), c) P. variabile 20173 (the 7th day), d) P. glauco-lanosum 20401 (the
7th day), e) P. glauco-lanosum 20401 (the 12th day).
Pikovska medium on the activity of phospha-
te dissolution by a number of microorganisms.
The author showed a positive effect of the in-
creased content of magnesium salts in the medi-
um. We chose Czapek-Dox agar because the
composition of this medium is optimal for
growing fungi, in particular, representatives of
the genus Penicillium, which are the objects
of this research. The phosphate dissolution in-
dexes determined using the modified media and
Czapek-Dox agar were slightly inferior to the
corresponding results obtained on Pikovska me-
dium (Table 2).
In the studies on the selection of phosphate-
mobilising fungi, the selected strains are usually
characterised by phosphate dissolution indexes
that are significantly higher than those obtained
by us when cultivating the studied fungi in dif-
ferent mediums [47; 49; 62]. In our opinion, this
is due to the adaptation of endophytic peni-
cilli associated with soybean plants to the topo-
logical zone from which they were isolated,
since excessive acid formation would disrupt
the biochemical balance of the internal tissues
of roots.
Thus, all the tested fungi are capable of
producing organic acids and releasing phospho-
rus from Са3(РО4)2 to varying degrees. This
ability is described in the literature for repre-
sentatives of the species P. funiculosum and
P. variabile [37; 40].
Since another important mechanism of
phosphorus conversion into a form accessible to
plants is the mineralisation of organic phos-
phates, the presence of the phosphatase enzyme
in the tested penicillium strains was checked.
This enzymatic activity was observed for all
three fungi. The fungal phosphatases depho-
sphorylate sodium phenolphthalein phosphate
added to the Czapek-Dox medium, and the re-
leased phenolphthalein is coloured bright crim-
son in ammonia vapour (Fig. 3).
According to Bashan et al. [55], a necessary
step in the research of phosphate mobilising
properties of a microorganism is to determine
the direct contribution of phosphorus to inocu-
lated plants. Taking this into consideration, we
determined the content of general phosphorus
(Р2О5) in the aboveground mass of plants grown
under the conditions of the vegetation experi-
ment (Fig. 4). According to the data obtained,
all the tested fungal strains had a positive effect
on the content of general phosphorus in the dry
matter of soybean shoots, but this indicator in-
creased significantly in the variant with the use
of P. funiculosum 20312 and was (0.751 ±
± 0.046) % against (0.643 ± 0.008) % in the
control variant (Fig. 4).
Literature data shows that the ability of mi-
croorganisms to mobilise phosphorus does not
necessarily correlate with the ability to stimulate
plant growth [63]. However, our previous re-
searches have shown a multidirectional effect of
penicilliums on soybean plants. The tested
strains produce phytohormonal substances,
which in turn have a positive effect on both
growth performance and the symbiotic appa-
ratus of soybean plants [56].
ISSN 1997-3004 Сільськогосподарська мікробіологія. 2025. Вип. 41.
25
a b c
Fig. 3. Qualitative response to phosphatase during cultivation of Penicillium fungi on Czapek-
Dox medium with sodium phenolphthalein phosphate (the 5th day): а) P. funiculosum 20312;
b) P. variabile 20173; c) P. glauco-lanosum 20401; the top row of photos — fungal colonies
before processing with ammonia vapour; the bottom row — fungal colonies after exposure to
ammonia vapour.
Fig. 4. Influence of endophytic fungi of the genus Penicillium on the content of general phos-
phorus in shoots of soybean plants of the Arnica variety (vegetation experiment, budding —
beginning of blooming): 1 — control (water); 2 — P. funiculosum 20312; 3 — P. variabi-
le 20173; 4 — P. glauco-lanosum 20401.
Conclusions. The tested fungi of the genus
Penicillium, isolated from surface-sterilised
roots of soybean plants, are capable of releasing
phosphorus by dissolving inorganic and mine-
ralising organic phosphates. There is a tendency
to increase the content of general phosphorus
in the aboveground mass of soybean plants
after processing soybean seeds with P. variabi-
le 20173 and P. glauco-lanosum 20401 spores
and a significant increase from 0.643 % in the
control to 0.751 % in the variant with the use of
the fungus P. funiculosum 20312.
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Received: 21.02.2025
Accepted: 25.04.2025
Published online: 17.09.2025
https://doi.org/10.35868/1997-3004.41.19-33
УДК 579.64:582.28:633.34
ФОСФАТМОБІЛІЗУВАЛЬНІ ВЛАСТИВОСТІ ГРИБІВ
РОДУ PENICILLIUM, ВИДІЛЕНИХ З ГІСТОСФЕРИ СОЇ
О. О. Шаховніна, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9105-4116,
О. В. Надкернична, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7542-528X,
І. М. Пищур, https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6719-8427
Інститут сільськогосподарської мікробіології та агропромислового виробництва НААН
вул. Шевченка, 97; м. Чернігів, 14030, Україна; e-mail: helenshah@ukr.net
Мета. Дослідити здатність грибів роду Penicillium, ізольованих із гістосфери рослин
сої, вивільняти фосфор із мінеральних та органічних фосфатів, вивчити їхній вплив на вміст
загального фосфору в пагонах рослин. Методи. Мікробіологічні (культивування досліджува-
них грибів на середовищі Піковської та його модифікаціях, агарі Чапека-Докса із додаванням
трикальційфосфату або фенолфталеїнфосфату, сусловому агарі), вегетаційного досліду
(визначення вмісту загального фосфору в надземній масі рослин сої), статистичні. Резуль-
тати. Використання трьох нерозчинних фосфатів у складі середовища Піковської показа-
ло, що досліджувані гриби різною мірою розчиняють Са3(РО4)2 і не здатні розчиняти AlPO4
та FePO4. На сьому добу культивування навколо колоній P. funiculosum 20312 і P. variabile
20173 утворювалися добре помітні зони просвітлення, індекси розчинення фосфату стано-
вили 1,17 і 1,18 відповідно. За культивування грибів на середовищі Піковської з додаванням
бромфенолового синього барвника у варіантах P. funiculosum 20312 і P. variabile 20173 сере-
довище швидко змінювало колір з зеленого на жовтий, що свідчить про дифузію в агар орга-
нічних кислот, продукованих грибами. Починаючи з дванадцятої доби досліду, середовище
навколо колоній гриба P. glauco-lanosum 20401 також набувало насиченого жовтого кольо-
ру і було відзначено появу гало-зон. Для всіх досліджуваних грибів показано наявність фос-
фатазної активності. Досліджувані штами грибів позитивно впливали на вміст загального
фосфору в сухій речовині пагонів сої, достовірно цей показник підвищувався у варіанті із
застосуванням P. funiculosum 20312 — 0,751 % проти 0,643 % у контрольному варіанті.
Висновки. Досліджувані гриби роду Penicillium, ізольовані з поверхнево стерилізованих ко-
ренів рослин сої, здатні вивільняти фосфор за рахунок розчинення неорганічних і мінералі-
зації органічних фосфатів, позитивно впливають на вміст загального фосфору в пагонах
рослин сої.
Ключові слова: гриби-ендофіти сої, PSF (гриби, які розчиняють фосфати), розчинення
неорганічних фосфатів, мінералізація органічних фосфатів, фосфатаза.
ISSN 1997-3004 Сільськогосподарська мікробіологія. 2025. Вип. 41.
30
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Отримано: 21.02.2025
Прийнято до друку: 25.04.2025
Опубліковано онлайн: 17.09.2025
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| resource_txt_mv | smicinua/18/0d3b208c2499903868756d1e68f5e218.pdf |
| spelling | oai:ojs2.smic.in.ua:article-5362026-07-22T10:10:52Z PHOSPHATE-MOBILISING PROPERTIES OF FUNGI OF THE GENUS PENICILLIUM ISOLATED FROM SOYBEAN HISTOSPHERE ФОСФАТМОБІЛІЗУВАЛЬНІ ВЛАСТИВОСТІ ГРИБІВ РОДУ PENICILLIUM, ВИДІЛЕНИХ З ГІСТОСФЕРИ СОЇ Шаховніна, О. О. Надкернична, О. В. Пищур, І. М. endophytic fungi of soybean, PSF (phosphate solubilising fungi), inorganic phosphate dissolution, organic phosphate mineralisation, phosphatase гриби-ендофіти сої, PSF (гриби, які розчиняють фосфати), розчинення неорганічних фосфатів, мінералізація органічних фосфатів, фосфатаза Objective. To research the ability of fungi of the genus Penicillium, isolated from the histosphere of soybean plants, release phosphorus from mineral and organic phosphates, study their effect on the general phosphorus content in plant shoots. Methods. Microbiological (cultivation of the tested fungi on Pikovska’s medium and its modifications, Czapek-Dox agar with tricalcium phosphate or phenolphthalein phosphate, wort agar), vegetation experiment (content determination of general phosphorus in the aboveground mass of soybean plants), statistical. Results. The use of three insoluble phosphates in Pikovska medium showed that the tested fungi dissolve to varying degrees Са3(РО4)2 and are unable to dissolve AlPO4 and FePO4. On the seventh day of cultivation, clearly visible zones of enlightenment were formed around the colonies of P. funiculosum 20312 and P. variabile 20173, with phosphate dissolution indexes of 1.17 and 1.18, respectively. When cultivating fungi on Pikovska medium with the addition of bromophenol blue dye in P. funiculosum 20312 and P. variabile 20173, the medium quickly changed colour from green to yellow, indicating the diffusion of organic acids produced by the fungi into the agar. Starting from the twelfth day of the experiment, the environment around the colonies of fungi P. glauco-lanosum 20401 also acquired a rich yellow colour and the halo zones formation was observed. The presence of phosphatase activity was demonstrated for all the tested fungi. The tested strains of fungi had a positive effect on the general phosphorus content in the dry matter of soybean shoots, this indicator increased notably in the variant with the use of P. funiculosum 20312 — 0.751 % against 0.643 % in the control variant. Conclusions. The tested fungi of the genus Penicillium, isolated from surface-sterilised roots of soybean plants, are capable of releasing phosphorus by dissolving inorganic and mineralising organic phosphates, and have a positive effect on the content of general phosphorus in soybean shoots. Мета. Дослідити здатність грибів роду Penicillium, ізольованих із гістосфери рослин сої, вивільняти фосфор із мінеральних та органічних фосфатів, вивчити їхній вплив на вміст загального фосфору в пагонах рослин. Методи. Мікробіологічні (культивування досліджуваних грибів на середовищі Піковської та його модифікаціях, агарі Чапека-Докса із додаванням трикальційфосфату або фенолфталеїнфосфату, сусловому агарі), вегетаційного досліду (визначення вмісту загального фосфору в надземній масі рослин сої), статистичні. Результати. Використання трьох нерозчинних фосфатів у складі середовища Піковської показало, що досліджувані гриби різною мірою розчиняють Са3(РО4)2 і не здатні розчиняти AlPO4 та FePO4. На сьому добу культивування навколо колоній P. funiculosum 20312 і P. variabile 20173 утворювалися добре помітні зони просвітлення, індекси розчинення фосфату становили 1,17 і 1,18 відповідно. За культивування грибів на середовищі Піковської з додаванням бромфенолового синього барвника у варіантах P. funiculosum 20312 і P. variabile 20173 середовище швидко змінювало колір з зеленого на жовтий, що свідчить про дифузію в агар органічних кислот, продукованих грибами. Починаючи з дванадцятої доби досліду, середовище навколо колоній гриба P. glauco-lanosum 20401 також набувало насиченого жовтого кольору і було відзначено появу гало-зон. Для всіх досліджуваних грибів показано наявність фосфатазної активності. Досліджувані штами грибів позитивно впливали на вміст загального фосфору в сухій речовині пагонів сої, достовірно цей показник підвищувався у варіанті із застосуванням P. funiculosum 20312 — 0,751 % проти 0,643 % у контрольному варіанті. Висновки. Досліджувані гриби роду Penicillium, ізольовані з поверхнево стерилізованих коренів рослин сої, здатні вивільняти фосфор за рахунок розчинення неорганічних і мінералізації органічних фосфатів, позитивно впливають на вміст загального фосфору в пагонах рослин сої. Institute of Agrocultural Microbiology and Agro-industrial Manufacture of NAAS of Ukraine 2025-05-15 Article Article Рецензована Стаття application/pdf https://smic.in.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/536 10.35868/1997-3004.41.19-33 Agricultural microbiology; Vol. 41 (2025): Agriciltural microbiology; 19-33 Сільськогосподарська мікробіологія; Том 41 (2025): Сільськогосподарська мікробіологія; 19-33 1997-3004 10.35868/1997-3004.41 en https://smic.in.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/536/605 Авторське право (c) 2025 O. О. Shakhovnina, О. V. Nadkernychna, І. M. Pyshchur https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 |
| spellingShingle | гриби-ендофіти сої PSF (гриби які розчиняють фосфати) розчинення неорганічних фосфатів мінералізація органічних фосфатів фосфатаза Шаховніна, О. О. Надкернична, О. В. Пищур, І. М. ФОСФАТМОБІЛІЗУВАЛЬНІ ВЛАСТИВОСТІ ГРИБІВ РОДУ PENICILLIUM, ВИДІЛЕНИХ З ГІСТОСФЕРИ СОЇ |
| title | ФОСФАТМОБІЛІЗУВАЛЬНІ ВЛАСТИВОСТІ ГРИБІВ РОДУ PENICILLIUM, ВИДІЛЕНИХ З ГІСТОСФЕРИ СОЇ |
| title_alt | PHOSPHATE-MOBILISING PROPERTIES OF FUNGI OF THE GENUS PENICILLIUM ISOLATED FROM SOYBEAN HISTOSPHERE |
| title_full | ФОСФАТМОБІЛІЗУВАЛЬНІ ВЛАСТИВОСТІ ГРИБІВ РОДУ PENICILLIUM, ВИДІЛЕНИХ З ГІСТОСФЕРИ СОЇ |
| title_fullStr | ФОСФАТМОБІЛІЗУВАЛЬНІ ВЛАСТИВОСТІ ГРИБІВ РОДУ PENICILLIUM, ВИДІЛЕНИХ З ГІСТОСФЕРИ СОЇ |
| title_full_unstemmed | ФОСФАТМОБІЛІЗУВАЛЬНІ ВЛАСТИВОСТІ ГРИБІВ РОДУ PENICILLIUM, ВИДІЛЕНИХ З ГІСТОСФЕРИ СОЇ |
| title_short | ФОСФАТМОБІЛІЗУВАЛЬНІ ВЛАСТИВОСТІ ГРИБІВ РОДУ PENICILLIUM, ВИДІЛЕНИХ З ГІСТОСФЕРИ СОЇ |
| title_sort | фосфатмобілізувальні властивості грибів роду penicillium, виділених з гістосфери сої |
| topic | гриби-ендофіти сої PSF (гриби які розчиняють фосфати) розчинення неорганічних фосфатів мінералізація органічних фосфатів фосфатаза |
| topic_facet | endophytic fungi of soybean PSF (phosphate solubilising fungi) inorganic phosphate dissolution organic phosphate mineralisation phosphatase гриби-ендофіти сої PSF (гриби які розчиняють фосфати) розчинення неорганічних фосфатів мінералізація органічних фосфатів фосфатаза |
| url | https://smic.in.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/536 |
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