ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА МІКРОБНОГО ЦЕНОЗУ ТЕМНО-СІРОГО ҐРУНТУ ЗА ТРИВАЛОГО БЕЗЗМІННОГО ВИРОЩУВАННЯ ЯБЛУНІ

• Datum: 2025
• Hauptverfasser: Дем’янюк, О. С., Синенко, Д. І.
• Format: Artikel
• Sprache: Ukrainisch
• Veröffentlicht: Institute of Agrocultural Microbiology and Agro-industrial Manufacture of NAAS of Ukraine 2025
• Schlagworte: ґрунтові мікроорганізми; таксономічна структура; монокультура яблуні; біогенність ґрунту; темно-сірий ґрунт
• Online Zugang: https://smic.in.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/547
• Назва журналу: Agriciltural microbiology

Objective. To research the impact of long-term (over 90 years) apple tree cultivation in the central part of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe region of Ukraine on the taxonomic structure of microbial groups in dark grey soil and the number of major ecological and trophic groups of microorganisms. Methods. Microbiological (determination of the number of bacteria and microfungi using the cup method on agarized environments) and statistical (dispersion analysis, PCA analysis). Results. The taxonomic structure of microbial groups in the dark grey soil of the orchard biotope without fertilization was characterized by a 12 % lower proportion of bacteria (67.8 %), a 178 % higher proportion of micromycetes (2.5 %), and a 33 % higher proportion of streptomycetes (29.7 %) compared to the soil of the natural biotope (fallow). In unfertilized orchard soil, a high abundance of oligotrophs (14.15·106 CFU/g soil), pedotrophs (8.6·106 CFU/g), micromycetes (121.14·103 CFU/g), and bacteria utilizing mineral nitrogen compounds (7.69·106 CFU/g soil) was recorded, along with a low number of organotrophic (3.03·106 CFU/g) and nitrogen-fixing (3.51·106 CFU/g) bacteria. This pattern is typical for agrocenoses with low levels of available nutrients. The application of high mineral fertilizer rates (N120P120K120) increased the proportion of micromycetes to 2.8 % and streptomycetes to 25.3 % in the microbial structure, while their number rose by 1.2 and 2.4 times, respectively, compared to unfertilized soil. The number of cellulolytic and pedotrophic microorganisms increased by 1.5–2.0 times. The application of organic (manure 40 t/ha) or organo-mineral (manure 20 t/ha + N60P60K60) fertilizers promoted the formation of a taxonomic structure of microbial groups and a total microbial pool in the dark grey soil similar to that of the natural biotope. At the same time, the number of organotrophs (by 1.4–1.7 times), nitrogen-fixing (by 2.5–2.8 times), and cellulolytic (by 3.5–5.0 times) microorganisms increased, while the mineralization–immobilization coefficient (Km-i) decreased to 0.45–0.60 (by 4.2–5.6 times), the pedotrophy coefficient (Kped.) — to 1.84–2.66 (by 1.1–1.5 times), and the oligotrophy coefficient (Kol.) — to 0.74 (by 1.8 times) due to soil enrichment with organic substrates. Conclusions. Long-term continuous apple cultivation on dark grey podzolic soil has led to significant changes in the taxonomic structure of microbial communities, the number of major ecological-trophic groups of microorganisms, and the direction of microbiological processes. The restructuring of the microbial community occurred toward an increase in mycelial organisms, which are more resistant to environmental stress. A decrease in the total number of microorganisms by almost three times was observed compared to soil from the natural ecosystem, along with high values of mineralization-immobilization (Km-i 2.54), oligotrophy (Kol. 1.32), and pedotrophy (Kped. 2.84) coefficients. Fertilizer application to the dark grey soil of the orchard biotope altered the taxonomic structure of microbial groups by increasing the proportion of bacteria to 71.9–82.1 % and reducing the share of mycelial organisms. It also expanded the total microbial pool by 2.6–4.3 times and shifted the direction of microbiological processes depending on the type and rate of fertilizer application.