ПРОЦЕСИ БІОЛОГІЧНОЇ ТРАНСФОРМАЦІЇ АЗОТУ В ҐРУНТАХ (ОГЛЯД ЛІТЕРАТУРИ)

• Datum: 2026
• 1. Verfasser: Волкогон, В. В.
• Format: Artikel
• Sprache: Ukrainisch
• Veröffentlicht: Institute of Agrocultural Microbiology and Agro-industrial Manufacture of NAAS of Ukraine 2026
• Schlagworte: азотфіксація; мінералізація органічної речовини; нітрифікація; денітрифікація; коденітрифікація; анаммокс
• Online Zugang: https://smic.in.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/555
• Назва журналу: Agriciltural microbiology

Objective. To analyse the literature on the microbiological aspects of the nitrogen cycle. Methods. Analysis. Synthesis. Generalization. Results. The determining role of microorganisms in the processes of the nitrogen cycle in nature is substantiated. It is emphasized that, with the exception of ammonia evaporation and leaching of nitrates and nitrites, all links of the nitrogen cycle (the processes of nitrogen fixation, mineralization of organic matter (proteolysis and ammonification), nitrification, denitrification, codenitrification and anammox) are carried out only by microorganisms. The features of symbiotic and associative nitrogen fixation are characterized with an emphasis on the role of endophytic bacteria in the processes. The significance of the processes of nitrogen fixation and mineralization of organic matter in providing soils and plants with nitrogen is shown. The importance and features of the course of both autotrophic and heterotrophic nitrification in the transformation of ammonium and ammonia are determined. The ecological consequences of excessive activation of nitrification processes are emphasized. The positive and negative aspects of the use of nitrification and urease inhibitors are considered. The features of the course and pathogens of the processes of denitrification and codenitrification are characterized. The conditions for anammox are examined. It is noted that compared to denitrification, anammox is an environmentally beneficial and less toxic process, since gaseous nitrogen (N2) is formed without intermediate gases (NOx). Measures for ecological optimization of nitrogen transformation processes in soils of agrocenoses are examined. These include determining physiologically appropriate levels of mineral nitrogen for crop cultivation, systematically supplying soils with carbon that is easily available to microorganisms in the form of fresh organic matter (straw and other plant residues, biomass of intermediate sideral crops, etc.), and adherence to scientifically proven crop rotations to alternate crops with different nitrogen requirements and varying effects on nitrogen transformation processes. Conclusions. Microorganisms do not only play the most important role in the nitrogen cycle on the planet, they are the main factor in the transformation of compounds of this element in ecosystems. Underestimating the importance of the microbiological transformation of nitrogen compounds in the soils of agrocenoses is the main cause of the economic and environmental consequences related to the use of mineral nitrogen fertilizers in agricultural production.