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This paper presents a classification of solar trackers, their types, and the advantages and disadvantages of various algorithms for tracking the Sun’s daily movement. It is demonstrated that ensuring an optimal tilt angle of photovoltaic modules is one of the primary factors influencing the amount o...
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| author | Fedenko, Vitalii Dzundza, Bogdan |
| author_facet | Fedenko, Vitalii Dzundza, Bogdan |
| author_institution_txt_mv | [
{
"author": "Vitalii Fedenko",
"institution": "Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine"
},
{
"author": "Bogdan Dzundza",
"institution": "Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine"
}
] |
| author_sort | Fedenko, Vitalii |
| baseUrl_str | https://www.tkea.com.ua/index.php/journal/oai |
| collection | OJS |
| datestamp_date | 2026-07-02T12:35:33Z |
| description | This paper presents a classification of solar trackers, their types, and the advantages and disadvantages of various algorithms for tracking the Sun’s daily movement. It is demonstrated that ensuring an optimal tilt angle of photovoltaic modules is one of the primary factors influencing the amount of electricity generated by solar power plants. Moreover, the economic benefits of their use are significant, as an increase in the generated electricity can enhance the profitability of investments in generation systems. The conducted studies indicate that efficiency improvements depend on the classification of the selected tracker based on its degrees of freedom, the tracking algorithm, and the installation site. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.15222/TKEA2025.1-2.27 |
| first_indexed | 2025-09-24T17:30:49Z |
| format | Article |
| fulltext |
Teсhnology and design in electronic equipment, 2025, № 1– 2 27ISSN 3083-6530 (Print)
ISSN 3083-6549 (Online)
1
FUNCTIONAL MICRO- AND NANOELECTRONICS
UDC 620.9
Vitalii FEDENKO, Bogdan DZUNDZA
Ukraine, Ivano-Frankivsk, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University
E-mail: vitalii.fedenko.23@pnu.edu.ua
APPLICATION OF SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEMS
FOR ENHANCING THE ENERGY YIELD
OF PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULES: A REVIEW
Ensuring an uninterrupted electricity supply to
consumers is a fundamental component of modern
society, forming the basis for technological progress,
fostering sustainable development, and implementing
innovative technologies. The use of renewable energy
sources has become a key element in achieving global
sustainable development goals. In recent decades, solar
energy has experienced rapid growth; as of 2022, the
industry accounts for 31,2% of renewable energy sources
by installed capacity [1], underscoring the role of solar
energy as a critical element in increasing electricity
generation from renewables. The main advantages of
photovoltaic converters include low maintenance costs,
availability, the possibility of decentralized generation,
and a positive environmental impact [2]. One of the
most important factors directly affecting the electricity
generated is the tilt angle of the photovoltaic modules
relative to incoming solar rays [3].
The performance characteristics of a photovoltaic
module can be represented by its P–V and I–V curves,
which are influenced by temperature and insolation
levels. Accordingly, an increase in temperature leads to
reduced output power, while an increase in insolation
enhances it [4]. Since the level of insolation depends
on the installation location of the panels, developing
methods to optimize the tilt angle through the use of
automatic tracking systems is a current challenge in
enhancing the efficiency of converting solar energy into
electricity.
Solar trackers serve an important role in photovoltaic
power plants by increasing electricity generation
through the dynamic orientation of photovoltaic
modules in accordance with the Sun’s daily movement,
following a predetermined operational algorithm [5].
The current produced by a photovoltaic module is
This paper presents a classification of solar trackers, their types, and the advantages and disadvantages of various algorithms
for tracking the Sun’s daily movement. It is demonstrated that ensuring an optimal tilt angle of photovoltaic modules is one of
the primary factors influencing the amount of electricity generated by solar power plants. Moreover, the economic benefits of
their use are significant, as an increase in the generated electricity can enhance the profitability of investments in generation
systems. The conducted studies indicate that efficiency improvements depend on the classification of the selected tracker based
on its degrees of freedom, the tracking algorithm, and the installation site.
Keywords: solar tracker, sun tracking system, PV systems, solar energy, photovoltaic panels.
directly correlated with the
amount of absorbed light
(Fig. 1). Assuming that the
light intensity λ remains
constant, that the angle
θ represents the angle
between the incoming light
and the perpendicular to
the module’s surface, and
that the value A represents
the conversion limiting factor (since photovoltaic
modules cannot convert 100% of absorbed radiation into
electrical energy), the generated electrical energy W can
be calculated using the formula [6]
W = Aλ∙cosθ. (1)
The efficiency of the photovoltaic module ηm can be
determined using the formula [7]
,η o
c
P
A Gm = (2)
where Po — the output power of the photovoltaic module;
Ac — the area of the photovoltaic module;
G — the global horizontal solar irradiance.
For maximum efficiency, solar panels must be
positioned perpendicular to the incoming solar radiation.
Since the Sun’s position changes throughout the day and
year, photovoltaic modules installed on fixed structures
lose some efficiency. Employing automatic positioning
methods for these modules allows for optimal utilization
of solar radiation, thereby increasing the amount of
generated electricity.
This study reviews various publications in order
to assess the level of increase in electricity generation
achieved by the introduction of various solar trackers in
DOI: 10.15222/TKEA2025.1-2.27
Fig. 1. Representation of
the angle θ relative to the
photovoltaic module’s normal
Photovoltaic Cell
θ
Teсhnology and design in electronic equipment, 2025, № 1– 228 ISSN 3083-6530 (Print)
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FUNCTIONAL MICRO- AND NANOELECTRONICS
Fig. 3. Graphical representation of algorithm variables [16]
Earth/Sun
line
Zenith
Normal
to the
horizontal
sutface
Vertical
sutface
North
Horizontal
sutface
Tilted
sutfaceSouth
East
Normal to the vertical
sutface
West
θz
γs γ
α
δ
β
comparison to stationary panels. Additionally, the study
aims to assess the performance of various tracker designs
based on their degree of mobility and selected tracking
algorithms. Besides determining the energy gains, the
work also evaluates the overall system efficiency, taking
into account the costs associated with the installation and
operation of tracking mechanisms.
Classification of Sun Tracking Methods
Passive Solar Trackers
Unlike active solar trackers, which incorporate electric
motors and electronic components with programmed
algorithms passive trackers typically rely on external
physical conditions, such as temperature and solar
irradiance, and therefore do not consume energy during
operation [8]. This type of tracker can operate based on
the principle of heating a liquid contained in cylindrical
tubes under a certain
pressure. As the liquid is
heated, it vaporizes and
transfers to another tube,
creating a mass imbalance
that, in turn, causes the
panel to tilt (Fig. 2).
Passive trackers may
also utilize shape memory
materials. The authors of
[10] describe an expe ri-
mental model based on
two shape memory alloy springs that act as opposing
actuators. Upon heating, the springs contract due
to the shape memory effect, causing the solar panel
to rotate. Typically, passive tracker models struggle
to return the panels to their original position before
sunrise. The prototype developed by the authors of
[11] employs a bimetallic strip deflector resistant to
nocturnal temperature fluctuations. A key innovation is
the ability for autonomous return to the original position,
with the prototype demonstrating a 24,86% efficiency
improvement compared to a fixed system.
Active Solar Trackers
The operation of active trackers is based on tracking
the Sun’s position, which is achieved through the use
of integrated light intensity sensors or mathematical
calculations. The collected data is processed by a
microcontroller or a programmable logic controller, and
based on the results, the system generates commands to
drive the motor in the tracking direction. Active trackers
provide higher efficiency compared to passive ones and
are more commonly used in solar power plants; however,
when implementing an active tracker, the system’s own
power consumption and maintenance costs must also be
taken into account [12].
Algorithm Based on Light Sensor Readings
Trackers that rely on reading data from light sensors
significantly improve the efficiency of solar energy
collection by adjusting the panels’ orientation throughout
the day. The algorithm’s operation is based on reading
signals from light sensors, typically, these systems use
photoresistors placed on the surface of solar panels. When
one of the photoresistors receives a higher light intensity,
its resistance decreases, allowing the microcontroller to
detect the signal difference and, using a motor, rotate
the panels in the required direction to minimize the error
between the measured signal values [13, 14]. It should be
noted that the algorithm’s efficiency also depends on the
accuracy of the sensors used. The system continuously
tracks the Sun’s position and regularly adjusts the
photovoltaic modules to achieve maximum efficiency.
Algorithm for Determining the Sun’s Position
The algorithm, based on astronomical calculations,
utilizes mathematical models to determine the exact
position of the Sun at any given moment. It is effective
in solar trackers, allowing for precise orientation of solar
panels to achieve maximum illumination. Additionally,
this algorithm can be more efficient compared to systems
that use photoresistors as light level sensors [15]. For
tracker calibration, data regarding time, date, and
geographical location (latitude and longitude) is required.
The calculation of the Sun’s position in the sky (Fig. 3)
can be carried out following the methodology described
in [16]. Here, the solar declination δ is calculated
according to equation
( ) .
360δ 23,45cos 10
365
næ ö÷ç ÷ç ÷çè ø
=- ⋅ + , (3)
where n is the ordinal number of the day in the year,
counted from January 1
Fig. 2. Principle of a passive
tracker with two identical
tubes filled with liquid [9]
Sun
Teсhnology and design in electronic equipment, 2025, № 1– 2 29ISSN 3083-6530 (Print)
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FUNCTIONAL MICRO- AND NANOELECTRONICS
The zenith angle plays an important role in determining
the Sun’s position and the orientation of solar panels.
Equation is used to calculate it
1θ cos (sin sin δ cos cosδ cos ),L L STz st st
-
⋅ ⋅= + ⋅ (4)
where Lst, ST — the standard longitude (positive for the
eastern region and negative for the western region) and
the standard time.
Altitude angle α denotes the angle between the Sun’s
position in the sky and the observer’s horizon, varying
throughout the day:
α = 90° – θz. (5)
Hour angle h indicates the Sun’s position with respect
to the observer’s meridian and is measured in degrees:
h = 15° (solartime – 12). (6)
Azimuth angle is the angle between the projection of
the Sun’s center onto the horizontal plane and the south
direction, and is determined according to equation
1 sin cosδγ sin
sinθ
h
s z
- æ ö÷ç ÷ç ÷ç ÷çè ø
⋅= . (7)
Classification of Tracking Systems by Degrees of
Freedom
Single-Axis Solar Trackers
Single-axis trackers allow photovoltaic modules to
rotate around a single axis, typically following the Sun
in a horizontal or vertical direction throughout the day.
This maximizes light collection and increases the amount
of generated energy. Compared to dual-axis tracking
systems, they are less efficient but feature a simpler
design and are more cost-effective. Additionally, single-
axis systems are easier to install and maintain, leading
to lower operational costs. Their reduced mechanical
complexity also enhances overall system reliability,
making them a popular choice for large-scale solar
installations.
Several design variants exist: horizontal single-axis
trackers, vertical single-axis trackers, trackers with an
inclined axis of rotation, and trackers with a polar-oriented
axis of rotation [17, 18]. The
principle of a single-axis
tracker is illustrated in Fig. 4,
where β denotes the panel’s
tilt angle.
Results are presented in
study [19] indicate an average
output power of 17,15 W
for a stationary system and
21,5 W for a single-axis
tracker, corresponding to a
25% efficiency improvement.
The prototype of a single-
axis azimuth tracking system
based on an ATmega328 microcontroller and a DC motor
controlled by relay signals derived from light sensor
readings is introduced in publication [20]. Measurement
results for a latitude of 35.47° demonstrate an output
power increase ranging from 18% to 25%.
The single-axis tracker model presented in [21]
is implemented using a PIC 16F72 microcontroller,
photoresistors, and a stepper motor. Experimental
investigations reported a 15% efficiency improvement.
The authors of [22] published the results of experimental
studies on a single-axis tracker installation using a DC
motor controlled according to signals from light sensors.
In this case, the generated energy was 1742,88 Wh for
the single-axis tracker compared to 829,6 Wh measured
from a fixed solar panel (Fig. 5).
A single-axis tracker, operating by reading a database
of the Sun’s position and adjusting the required angle
based on time and date, is presented by the authors in
[23]. The main components of its design include a 40 W
solar panel that rotates 180° around a horizontal axis, an
Arduino microcontroller, and a servo motor. To evaluate
its performance, researchers measured current and
voltage every 30 min from 9:00 to 16:00; based on the
results, the proposed model generated 15% more energy
than a stationary panel.
Application of a single-axis tracker combined with
Internet of Things (IoT) technology for information
exchange via the Internet is proposed in [24]. The
prototype utilizes a U-Blox GY-GPS6MV2 GPS module
to determine latitude and longitude, which are transmitted
to the Firebase service for calculating the optimal rotation
angle. An MPU-6050 gyroscope is used to monitor the
tracker’s position and provide feedback to the control
system. According to experimental measurements, energy
production increased by 29.9%.
In [25], authors also examined how to control single-
axis tracker parameters via IoT, exploring techniques that
enable real-time monitoring and dynamic adjustment to
optimize system performance. Their scheme is based
on controlling a DC motor through an ATMega 2560
microcontroller to rotate a 30 W panel. An ESP8266
Fig. 4. Illustration of the
operating principle of
a single-axis tracker [18]
β
Azimut
Rotation axis
W N
ES
Fig. 5. Variation in output power throughout the day for
a single-axis tracker (1) and a fixed solar panel (2) [22]
09:00 11:00 13:00 15:00 17:00
Time duration
Po
w
er
, W
40
30
20
10
0
2
1
Teсhnology and design in electronic equipment, 2025, № 1– 230 ISSN 3083-6530 (Print)
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FUNCTIONAL MICRO- AND NANOELECTRONICS
board, combined with a current and voltage sensor,
provides real-time monitoring of these parameters via
the online resource Thingview.
The use of two photoresistors for measuring light
intensity and constructing a prototype tracker that moves
from east to west is presented in [26]. This tracker is
based on an Arduino Uno 3 microcontroller and a servo
motor that rotates a 20 W panel. The photovoltaic panel’s
parameters when connected to a resistive load were
measured using a current and voltage sensor, with data
recorded every 5 min on an SD card in CSV format.
Based on the obtained results and their comparison
with data from a panel without a tracker, the efficiency
increase was 22%.
Dual-Axis Solar Trackers
Dual-axis trackers enable photovoltaic modules
to maintain an optimal tilt angle by rotating on two
distinct, perpendicular axes (Fig. 6). The primary
advantage of dual-axis
trackers is their ability to
deliver higher efficiency
compared to systems
operating on a single axis.
However, they feature a
more complex mechanical
design, require regular
technical inspection and
maintenance, and are more
expensive than single-
axis systems, necessitating
greater initial investments.
In addition, these trackers
can continuously follow
the Sun’s trajectory in
both azimuth and altitude,
ensuring maximum exposure throughout the day. This
dual-axis movement significantly enhances energy yield,
particularly in environments with variable solar angles.
Nonetheless, the increased mechanical complexity may
lead to higher operational costs and a greater potential
for component failures over time, making the overall
cost-effectiveness dependent on specific installation
conditions and maintenance practices. The following
dual-axis tracker designs are distinguished: the tip-tilt
dual-axis solar tracker and the azimuth-altitude dual-axis
solar tracker.
The study [28] proposed a dual-axis positioning
system that operates in conjunction with a maximum
power point tracking controller, achieving an increase in
output power of 28,8–43,6% depending on the season.
An automatic dual-axis sun tracking system presented
by the authors in [29] was developed with a closed-
loop control system. The tracking strategy is based on a
pseudo-azimuthal coordinate system for rotation around
the primary (north-south) and secondary (east-west)
axes. Analysis of the measurements demonstrated an
efficiency increase of 44,89% compared to a fixed panel.
A comparison of the output power for static, single-axis,
and dual-axis systems presented in [30] indicates an
efficiency improvement of 16,71% for the single-axis
system and 24,7% for the dual-axis system, respectively
(Fig. 7). The difference between the two systems was
8,26%, which may be significant over the long term.
The application of a dual-axis tracker based on an
algorithm that utilizes data from four photoresistors and
is controlled by a microcontroller with stepper motors
demonstrated a 40% efficiency increase [31]. The
authors of [32] propose using a dual-axis tracking system
combined with Internet of Things (IoT) technology based
on the NodeMCU module. In this system, IoT technology
enables 24-hour remote monitoring of the panels’ output
power and the storage of data for further analysis and
performance verification. Experimental results [33] for
a latitude of 35°, obtained from 9 AM to 4 PM, show
an increase in electricity production of 25 – 40%. The
dual-axis system model is based on an AVR ATmega328
microcontroller with photoresistors and employs two DC
motors that operate along the azimuth and altitude axes.
The developed hardware-software complex for dual-axis
sun tracking [34], compared with a fixed panel tilted
at 32° to the south, improved efficiency by an average
of 41,34%. For remote monitoring of dual-axis tracker
parameters, [35] proposes using a NodeMCU ESP8266
board and the BLINK IoT service. The proposed circuit
is connected to an INA219 sensor via the I2C bus for
reading current and voltage, and photoresistors together
with a servo motor are used for tracker operation.
Study [36] presents the results of implementing a
hybrid tracker. The electrical system is divided into three
blocks: a sensor block designed to read time, position,
and light intensity values; a control block that issues
directional signals to the motors along the horizontal and
vertical axes; and a motion regulation block based on two
unipolar stepper motors. According to the publication,
the hybrid tracking system achieves a 25.62% efficiency
increase compared to a static system and 4.2% lower
efficiency than a continuous tracking system. In the
Fig. 6. Illustration of the
operating principle of a dual-
axis tracker [28]
β
Axis of
rotation
W N
ES Axis of
rotation
Fig. 7. Comparison of output power for different systems [30]
6 9 12 15 18
Time
Po
w
er
, W
24.0
18.0
12.0
6.0
0.0
2-Axis Tracking
1-Axis Tracking
Fixed-Axis
Teсhnology and design in electronic equipment, 2025, № 1– 2 31ISSN 3083-6530 (Print)
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FUNCTIONAL MICRO- AND NANOELECTRONICS
hybrid tracker, one motor operates continuously to
follow the Sun, while the other is activated once a month
for seasonal adjustment; in contrast, both motors in a
continuous tracking system operate constantly. This
configuration resulted in a 44.44% energy savings when
using the hybrid system. The implementation of a dual-
axis tracker with IoT monitoring of solar panel data is
described in [37]. The setup operates on an Arduino
platform with servo drives capable of 180° rotation, along
with light sensors. The monitoring system uses a Wi-Fi
ESP8266 module to display graphs of voltage, current,
and power on the Ubidots service.
Another publication [38] presented the results of
fabricating a single-axis and a dual-axis tracker with 2 and
4 photoresistors used for each model, respectively. The
system was controlled by a PIC18F4520 microcontroller,
and provided the capability to record output parameters
on an SD card. To measure voltage values, a voltage
divider based on three 12 kΩ resistors connected to
the microcontroller was proposed, with the voltage
calculated according to the formula
3 Voltage Voltagepanel controller
1 2 3
R
R R R
´ =
+ +
. (8)
In conclusion, it is stated that the dual-axis tracking
system generates 8 – 12% more electricity compared to
the single-axis system.
Cost-Effectiveness of Solar Tracking Systems
Analysis of the ratio between the increase in
electricity production and the installation and operating
costs of tracking systems allows for a comprehensive
evaluation of the profitability of implementing this
technology. This approach also provides key insights
into the return on investment and helps compare the
cost-effectiveness of various solar tracking systems.
Furthermore, it supports decision-makers in identifying
the most viable solutions that balance performance
improvements with financial sustainability The technical-
economic comparison conducted by the authors in [39]
demonstrates that the average cost of electricity produced
with a single-axis tracker ranges from 39 EUR/MWh to
79 EUR/MWh — approximately 20% lower compared
to a fixed system — and features a payback period that
is 9% shorter for the specified region.
An analysis comparing the performance and cost
of three systems: fixed, single-axis, and dual-axis that
operate under identical conditions and in the same
location indicates significant advantages of movable
structures over a fixed system [40]. The study reports
an increase in electricity production of 24.367% for the
single-axis system and 32.247% for the dual-axis system.
An analysis of capital investments showed that the single-
axis system reached payback 0.39 years sooner than the
fixed system, while the dual-axis system did so 1.48 years
sooner, leading to conclusions about the feasibility of
implementing tracking systems.
The results presented in [41] also compare the three
types of systems. They report that the single-axis system
recovers its initial investment 20% faster than the dual-
axis system and demonstrates an 8.5% higher internal
rate of return. Although the dual-axis system produces
the most energy, it requires a larger area, more complex
installation, and higher initial investments. A comparative
analysis of initial investments in tracking systems [42]
indicates that total costs are 25% higher for a single-axis
tracker and 33% higher for a dual-axis tracker compared
to a fixed system. Consequently, the energy production
increase is from 76 GWh to 98 GWh per year for single-
axis systems and from 76 GWh to 101 GWh per year for
dual-axis systems, as observed for the 50 MW Burnoye
Solar-1 station.
The authors of [43] analyzed various cost and
economic factors influencing the overall levelized cost of
energy (LCOE) in solar tracker projects. The maintenance
rate, along with initial capital expenditures and credit
terms, plays the largest role in increasing the LCOE. At
the same time, the increased energy production enabled
by the tracker can significantly reduce the LCOE, as the
same costs are spread over a larger volume of generated
energy. Operating and maintenance expenses, as well as
high interest rates on loans, can substantially extend the
payback period, particularly in the presence of inflation.
Thus, the success of the project depends on balancing
the additional energy generation provided by the tracker
against the extra costs of its acquisition and maintenance.
Conclusion
A review of studies indicates that dual-axis trackers
achieve the highest efficiency; however, their drawbacks
include higher initial investment costs and a more
complex design, which result in additional challenges
and expenses for maintenance. Single-axis trackers,
on the other hand, have a simpler design and are less
expensive, though they provide a smaller efficiency
gain. Other important factors affecting the efficiency
of tracking systems include the season and the location
of installation. Therefore, the search for compromise
solutions depends on the initial capital investment
and system capacity. Research and implementation of
tracking installations open up new opportunities for
creating more efficient, economically advantageous,
and environmentally sustainable systems capable of
maximizing energy production, reducing operating costs,
and minimizing environmental impact.
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Received 10.03 2025
Віталій ФЕДЕНЬКО, Богдан ДЗУНДЗА
Україна, м. Івано-Франківськ,
Прикарпатський національний університет
імені Василя Стефаника
E-mail: vitalii.fedenko.23@pnu.edu.ua
ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ ТРЕКЕРНИХ СИСТЕМ ДЛЯ ПІДВИЩЕННЯ РІВНЯ
ГЕНЕРАЦІЇ СОНЯЧНИМИ ФОТОЕЛЕМЕНТАМИ: ОГЛЯД
У цьому дослідженні зроблено огляд публікацій з метою оцінки рівня збільшення вироблення електроенергії в резуль-
таті впровадження різних трекерних систем стеження за Сонцем порівняно зі стаціонарними панелями. Крім того,
проаналізовано загальну ефективність системи, беручи до уваги витрати, пов’язані з установкою та експлуатаці-
єю механізмів стеження.
В роботі описані одно- та двовісьові сонячні трекери різних конструкцій та можливі алгоритми відстеження руху
Сонця впродовж дня. Встановлено, що забезпечення оптимального кута нахилу фотоелементів є одним з ключових
факторів, які впливають на кількість генерованої сонячними електростанціями електроенергії. Застосування тре-
керних систем стеження дозволяє оптимізувати площу встановлених панелей, що є особливо важливим у місцях з
обмеженим простором. Також їх можна налаштувати для роботи в різних географічних умовах, тобто в широко-
му спектрі локацій. Важливим є також і економічний ефект від застосування, оскільки збільшення кількості отри-
маної електроенергії може покращити рентабельність інвестицій у системи генерації. Аналіз показав, що ефектив-
ність застосованої системи залежить від ступеней свободи руху вибраного трекера та алгоритму стеження, а та-
кож місцевості його встановлення.
Ключові слова: сонячний трекер, системи відстеження сонця, фотоелектричні системи, сонячна енергетика, фото-
електричні панелі.
DOI: 10.15222/TKEA2025.1-2.27
УДК 620.9
Copyright: © 2025 by the authors. Licensee: Politekhperiodika, Odesa, Ukraine. This article is an open access
article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
|
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| institution | Technology and design in electronic equipment |
| keywords_txt_mv | keywords |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2026-07-03T01:00:53Z |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| publisher | PE "Politekhperiodika", Book and Journal Publishers |
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| spelling | oai:tkea.com.ua:article-3702026-07-02T12:35:33Z Application of solar tracking systems for enhancing the energy yield of photovoltaic modules: a review Застосування трекерних систем для підвищення рівня генерації сонячними фотоелементами (огляд) Fedenko, Vitalii Dzundza, Bogdan solar tracker sun tracking system PV systems solar energy photovoltaic panels сонячний трекер системи відстеження сонця фотоелектричні системи сонячна енергетика фотоелектричні панелі This paper presents a classification of solar trackers, their types, and the advantages and disadvantages of various algorithms for tracking the Sun’s daily movement. It is demonstrated that ensuring an optimal tilt angle of photovoltaic modules is one of the primary factors influencing the amount of electricity generated by solar power plants. Moreover, the economic benefits of their use are significant, as an increase in the generated electricity can enhance the profitability of investments in generation systems. The conducted studies indicate that efficiency improvements depend on the classification of the selected tracker based on its degrees of freedom, the tracking algorithm, and the installation site. У цьому дослідженні зроблено огляд публікацій з метою оцінки рівня збільшення вироблення електроенергії в результаті впровадження різних трекерних систем стеження за Сонцем порівняно зі стаціонарними панелями. Крім того, проаналізовано загальну ефективність системи, беручи до уваги витрати, пов’язані з установкою та експлуатацією механізмів стеження. В роботі описані одно- та двовісьові сонячні трекери різних конструкцій та можливі алгоритми відстеження руху Сонця впродовж дня. Встановлено, що забезпечення оптимального кута нахилу фотоелементів є одним з ключових факторів, які впливають на кількість генерованої сонячними електростанціями електроенергії. Застосування трекерних систем стеження дозволяє оптимізувати площу встановлених панелей, що є особливо важливим у місцях з обмеженим простором. Також їх можна налаштувати для роботи в різних географічних умовах, тобто в широкому спектрі локацій. Важливим є також і економічний ефект від застосування, оскільки збільшення кількості отриманої електроенергії може покращити рентабельність інвестицій у системи генерації. Аналіз показав, що ефективність застосованої системи залежить від ступеней свободи руху вибраного трекера та алгоритму стеження, а також місцевості його встановлення. Ключові слова: сонячний трекер, системи відстеження сонця, фотоелектричні системи, сонячна енергетика, фотоелектричні панелі. PE "Politekhperiodika", Book and Journal Publishers 2025-06-30 Article Article Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf https://www.tkea.com.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/TKEA2025.1-2.27 10.15222/TKEA2025.1-2.27 Technology and design in electronic equipment; No. 1–2 (2025): Technology and design in electronic equipment; 27-33 Технологія та конструювання в електронній апаратурі; № 1–2 (2025): Технологія та конструювання в електронній апаратурі; 27-33 3083-6549 3083-6530 10.15222/TKEA2025.1-2 en https://www.tkea.com.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/TKEA2025.1-2.27/337 Copyright (c) 2025 Vitalii Fedenko, Bogdan Dzundza http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |
| spellingShingle | сонячний трекер системи відстеження сонця фотоелектричні системи сонячна енергетика фотоелектричні панелі Fedenko, Vitalii Dzundza, Bogdan Застосування трекерних систем для підвищення рівня генерації сонячними фотоелементами (огляд) |
| title | Застосування трекерних систем для підвищення рівня генерації сонячними фотоелементами (огляд) |
| title_alt | Application of solar tracking systems for enhancing the energy yield of photovoltaic modules: a review |
| title_full | Застосування трекерних систем для підвищення рівня генерації сонячними фотоелементами (огляд) |
| title_fullStr | Застосування трекерних систем для підвищення рівня генерації сонячними фотоелементами (огляд) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Застосування трекерних систем для підвищення рівня генерації сонячними фотоелементами (огляд) |
| title_short | Застосування трекерних систем для підвищення рівня генерації сонячними фотоелементами (огляд) |
| title_sort | застосування трекерних систем для підвищення рівня генерації сонячними фотоелементами (огляд) |
| topic | сонячний трекер системи відстеження сонця фотоелектричні системи сонячна енергетика фотоелектричні панелі |
| topic_facet | solar tracker sun tracking system PV systems solar energy photovoltaic panels сонячний трекер системи відстеження сонця фотоелектричні системи сонячна енергетика фотоелектричні панелі |
| url | https://www.tkea.com.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/TKEA2025.1-2.27 |
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