Operative conditions and attainable volumes of using heat pumps at heat and power plants in the Integrated Power System of Ukraine
We investigate two variants of the operative conditions of heat and power plants with technological schemes where heat pumps are used for utilizing the heat of exhaust gases of steam generators: the variant with controlled electric power of heat and power plant and economical variant ensuring maximu...
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| Дата: | 2014 |
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General Energy Institute of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
2014
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System Research in Energy| _version_ | 1871103950649819136 |
|---|---|
| author | Kulyk М.M. Bilodid V.D. |
| author_facet | Kulyk М.M. Bilodid V.D. |
| author_institution_txt_mv | [
{
"author": "Kulyk М.M.",
"institution": null
},
{
"author": "Bilodid V.D.",
"institution": null
}
] |
| author_sort | Kulyk М.M. |
| baseUrl_str | https://systemre.org/index.php/journal/oai |
| collection | OJS |
| datestamp_date | 2026-07-18T12:57:41Z |
| description | We investigate two variants of the operative conditions of heat and power plants with technological schemes where heat pumps are used for utilizing the heat of exhaust gases of steam generators: the variant with controlled electric power of heat and power plant and economical variant ensuring maximum cost effectiveness.According to the variant with controlled electric power, the output thermal power transferred by heat and power plants to the heating system coincides with its rated thermal power. However, the thermal power taken off from the turbines decreases by 9.6%. According to this variant, the total electric power is reduced by 14% as compared with nominal conditions (without heat pumps). Generally, the total power transferred by heat and power plants outside under these operative conditions, with regard for the thermal power produced by the heat pumps, is by 4.5% less than the total power under nominal conditions. Therefore, the use of heat and power plants for regulating power can be cost effective only if they are engaged in solving system problems (in particular, for controlling power generation in response to the electric load demands) with the corresponding payments for such services by the power system.The economical variant is much more cost effective. This variant provides the rated values of turbine power transferred to the electric generators, whereas the thermal power transferred to the heating system increases by 10.6%. The total power of heat and power plants increases by 5.6% as compared with the rated conditions.A much greater additional effect under this variant can be achieved by using heat pumps, working at heat and power plants, as consumers-regulators in the system of automatic control of frequency and power as a part of the integrated power system. |
| first_indexed | 2026-03-24T02:02:02Z |
| format | Article |
| fulltext |
39ISSN 1562-8965. Проблеми загальної енергетики, 2014, вип. 1 (36)
UDC: 621.311.661 M.M. KULYK, Member of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, V.D. BILODID,
Candidate of Science (Eng.), Institute of General Energy, National Academy of Sciences
of Ukraine, Kyiv
OPERATIVE CONDITIONS AND ATTAINABLE VOLUMES OF USING HEAT PUMPS AT HEAT
AND POWER PLANTS IN THE INTEGRATED POWER SYSTEM OF UKRAINE
We investigate two variants of the operative conditions of heat and power plants with techno-
logical schemes where heat pumps are used for utilizing the heat of exhaust gases of steam
generators: the variant with controlled electric power of heat and power plant and economi-
cal variant ensuring the maximum cost effectiveness. It is demonstrated that the variant with
controlled electric power is reasonable only if the electric power of heat and power plant is
used for eliminating system problems, in particular, for controlling power generation in
response to the electric load demands, with the corresponding payments for these services.
The economical variant is much more cost effective because it provides a substantial
increase in the output thermal power of the heat and power plant. An additional substantial
economic effect can be obtained in the case when the heat and power plant, working accord-
ing to the economical variant, is involved to a system of the automatic control of frequency
and power as a part of the integrated power system.
K e y w o r d s: heat and power plant, heat pump, capacity, heat, electric power, balance,
efficiency.
ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ТА ОПТИМІЗАЦІЯ ТЕХНОЛОГІЧНИХ
ОБ’ЄКТІВ І СИСТЕМ ЕНЕРГЕТИКИ
The last decade is characterized by the fact that
the world community relies, to an increasing
degree, upon energy supplied from renewable ener-
gy sources. In this case, special consideration is
given, without sufficient arguments, to wind and
solar energy, although these renewable energy
sources at present cannot compete with the tradi-
tional technologies of the production of electric and
heat energy. For strange reasons, both manufactur-
ers and managers of all levels in Ukraine do not
consider the possibility to use heat-pump technolo-
gies, allowing the utilization of heat from various
low-grade heat sources. This fact disagrees with the
opinions of numerous scientists who have proved
that such technologies are highly competitive.
Special attention should be given to publications
with the results of studies of low-grade heat utiliza-
tion systems based on heat pumps. These systems
use waste heat from various industrial heat sources
(exhaust gases of steam generators, process liquids
in cooling systems, etc.), specifically at power-gen-
erating plants and, first of all, at heat and power
plants (HPP). One of the promising variants of
using heat pumps in the technological schemes of
HPP [1, 2] is illustrated in Figure.
In this paper, we analyze the possible operative
conditions and efficiency of such systems. The use
of heat pumps for utilizing the waste heat of exhaust
gases of steam generators is reasonably practicable
because such utilization enables one to increase the
fuel utilization factor.
The thermal power Qv that is lost with exhaust
gases of steam generators shown in Figure is deter-
mined as follows:© M.M. KULYK, V.D. BILODID, 2014
40 ISSN 1562-8965. Проблеми загальної енергетики, 2014, вип. 1 (36)
KULYK M.M.,BILODID V.D.
Schematic diagram illustrating the utilization of the heat of exhaust gases of steam generators of HPP with using
heat pumps:
Ch – chimney; Sg – steam generator; T – turbine; Cte – consumers of thermal power; HR – waste heat recovery
units; HP – heat pumps; G – electric generators; NH1, NH2 – heaters of delivery water
Qv = ηv PSg, (1)
where PSg is the capacity of the steam generator,
and ηv is the part of its capacity that is lost with
exhaust gases.
From the exhaust gases, the waste heat recovery
unit extracts thermal power which is given by
Qr = ηr Qv, (2)
where ηr is the utilized part of thermal power of the
exhaust gases.
The heat pump, using the part NHP of output
power of the electric generator, transfers the
extracted thermal power Qr with the required
parameters to thermal power consumers. In this
case, the operation of the heat pump is character-
ized by the following relations [3, 4]:
QHP = ϕ NHP, (3)
and
(4)
where QHP is the output thermal power of the heat
pump, and ϕ is the coefficient of heat-pump per-
formance.
The output thermal power of the heat pump is
transferred to the heating system via heaters NH1
and NH2, i.e., an additional thermal power QHP is
generated. Since the coefficient of heat-pump per-
formance for modern heat pumps reaches 4.5 … 6
or even more, the technological scheme illustrated
in Figure under certain conditions can be cost-jus-
tifiable.
There are two variants of the operative condi-
tions of HPP with the technological scheme illus-
trated in Figure where heat pumps are used.
Variant 1
(variant with controlled electric power)
According to this variant (it is considered in [2]),
thermal power QN at the output of the heater NH1
is transferred to the heating system and maintained
at such level as it would be if there is no heat pump
in the technological scheme of the HPP, that is:
QN = Qo, (5)
(6)
41ISSN 1562-8965. Проблеми загальної енергетики, 2014, вип. 1 (36)
Operative conditions and attainable volumes of using heat pumps at heat and power plants in the Integrated Power System of Ukraine
where No is the rated electric capacity of the tur-
bine, and K is the specific production of electric
power in operation of the turbine as a thermal
power source [5].
When analyzing Variant 1, the operative condi-
tions of the HPP are determined by solving the sys-
tem of algebraic equations that describe certain ele-
ments of its technological scheme.
For the heater (NH1):
QT + QHP = Qo = QN, (7)
where QT is the output thermal power of the tur-
bine, QHP is the output thermal power of the heat
pump, and QN is the thermal power transferred to
the heating system.
For the turbine (T):
ηT QSg – QT – N = 0, (8)
QSg = ηSgPSg, (9)
where ηT is the turbine efficiency factor, QSg is the
output power of the steam generator, ηSg is its effi-
ciency factor, and N is the part of output power of
the turbine which is transferred to the electric gen-
erator.
For the electric generator (G):
NG – NN – NHP = 0, (10)
NG = ηGN, (11)
where NG is the output power of the generator, ηG is
its efficiency factor, NN is the electric power trans-
ferred to the power network, and NHP is the part of
output power of the generator which is used for
operating the heat pump.
For the system of equations (7), (8), and (10),
taking into account equations (1) … (6) and (9), it is
possible to find analytical solutions. Since the
parameters QT and N in (8) are related according to
formula (6), the output thermal power QT of the
turbine is given by
(12)
From equations (1) … (4) and (9), it follows that
(13)
Substituting (13) in (7), we determine the output
thermal power QSg of the steam generator as
(14)
where the coefficient a depends only on the output
parameters:
(15)
Since the quantity Qo is also known, the output
thermal power QSg of the steam generator is deter-
mined. All the other parameters of the technologi-
cal scheme illustrated in Figure can be expressed in
terms of the thermal power QSg by analogy with (12)
and (13). Specifically, the part of output power of
the turbine which is transferred to the electric gen-
erator is equal to
(16)
the electric power consumed by the heat pump is
(17)
the output power of the electric generator is equal to
(18)
the electric power transferred to the power network
can be calculated as
(19)
System of equations (12) … (19) enables one to
calculate the operative conditions of technological
scheme of the equivalent HPP illustrated in Figure.
Table 1 contains the results of calculations of the
operative conditions of HPP in the Integrated Power
System of Ukraine according to Variant 1 (the variant
with controlled electric power of the HPP). These
plants are divided into four groups by initial steam
pressure, as is made in [2], for the possibility to com-
pare the results obtained. In these calculations, for all
groups of heat and power plants, the initial values of
the design parameters are specified as follows:
ηr = 0.8, φ = 4.5, ηT = 0.78, and ηG = 0.98. The other
necessary initial parameters are presented in Table 1.
42 ISSN 1562-8965. Проблеми загальної енергетики, 2014, вип. 1 (36)
KULYK M.M.,BILODID V.D.
Table 1 - Operative conditions and attainable volumes of using heat pumps at HPP in the Integrated
Power System of Ukraine (the variant with controlled electric power)
ISSN 1562-8965. Проблеми загальної енергетики, 2014, вип. 1 (36)
Operative conditions and attainable volumes of using heat pumps at heat and power plants in the Integrated Power System of Ukraine
The results of analysis of the variant with con-
trolled electric power demonstrate the following.
According to this variant, the total thermal power
∑ (QT + QHP) that is transferred from the HPP to
the heating system coincides with the total rated
operating thermal power ∑ Qo, as must by relation
(7). The total electric power transferred to the
power network is reduced by 14 % as compared with
the nominal operative conditions of HPP (without
heat pumps). So, when the variant with controlled
electric power is used, the installed electric power of
the HPP is considerably underutilized. The thermal
power of the plant turbines is also underutilized by
9.6 %, but this underutilization is compensated by
additional thermal power generated by the heat
pumps.
Generally, according to this variant, the total
output power transferred outside by the plant illus-
trated in Figure is reduced by 4.5 % as compared
with the total output power of the HPP without heat
pumps, i.e., the reduction is quite substantial.
Therefore, we may conclude that, possibly, the use
of this variant is reasonable only if the electric
power of the HPP is involved to eliminating prob-
lems arising in power systems, in particular, for
controlling power generation in response to electric
load demands. But this use requires an additional
economic analysis. Positive solution on the use of
this variant will depend on the pay for system (sec-
ondary) services supplied to consumers.
It should be emphasized that the powers of heat
pumps presented in Table 1 are maximum possible
for this variant with the specified initial parameters.
These powers are represented as system parameters
and, according to equations (13) and (17), depend
on both the operative conditions and design param-
eters such as ηv, ηr, ηSg, ϕ, and ηT. The values of
these system parameters can be reduced only by
removing a certain part of the heat pumps from
service up to their complete exclusion. In this case,
the HPP will work under the rated operative condi-
tions. Note that, according to Table 1, the obtained
range of variation of the electric power transferred
to the power network is less by a factor of more then
five as the corresponding range presented in [2].
Variant 2
(economical variant)
According to this variant (realized in [1]), the
control system of the turbine power provides the
generation of rated operating thermal power QT in
the presence of heat pumps in the scheme of HPP
shown in Figure:
QT = Qo, (20)
where Qo is calculated according to (6).
The relations connecting the operative condi-
tions of the HPP according to Variant 2 are the fol-
lowing:
QN – Qo – QHP = 0, (21)
ηTQSg – Qo – No = 0, (22)
NG – NN – NHP = 0, (23)
System (21) – (23) has an analytical solution:
(24)
(25)
(26)
(27)
(28)
(29)
The notation in equations (21) … (29) is the
same as those in dependences (1) … (19). Relations
(24) … (29) were used for calculating the parame-
ters characterizing the operative conditions of
groups of HPP, determined in analyzing Variant 1,
with the same initial data as in Table 1. The results
of calculations for Variant 2 are presented in
Table 2.
In contrast to Variant 1, the operative condi-
tions of HPP with heat pumps according to Variant
2 are cost-justifiable. The thermal power of each
group of HPP and their assemblage as a whole
increases. This growth, expressed in relative values,
is inversely proportional to the efficiency factor of
the steam generators because, with increase in
these factors, the relative power of exhaust gases
43
44 ISSN 1562-8965. Проблеми загальної енергетики, 2014, вип. 1 (36)
KULYK M.M.,BILODID V.D.
Table 2 - Operative conditions and attainable volumes of heat pumps at HPP in the Integrated Power
System of Ukraine (the economical variant)
45ISSN 1562-8965. Проблеми загальної енергетики, 2014, вип. 1 (36)
Operative conditions and attainable volumes of using heat pumps at heat and power plants in the Integrated Power System of Ukraine
decreases. The increment of thermal power reaches
11% for the group of steam generators with an effi-
ciency factor ηSg = 92% and 9.5% for the steam
generators with an efficiency factor ηSg= 94%. The
average increase in the thermal power of all assem-
blage of heat and power plants is estimated as
10.8%. It is reasonable to determine the total power
that is transferred from all HPP to the power net-
work and heating system. This power constitutes
12,899.7 MW under the rated operative conditions
(without heat pumps) and 13,627.7 MW under the
conditions with heat pumps (Variant 2). So, the
total power increases by 5.6 %, i.e., the increase is
substantial.
It is also important that the operative conditions
of HPP according to Variant 2 can be used efficient-
ly for the automatic control of frequency and power
(ACFP) in power systems. If there is a deficiency of
power, then the ACFP system switches off the heat
pumps installed at HPP. In this case, the electric
power transferred to the power network increases by
208.1 MW, resulting in partial or complete com-
pensation of the formed power deficit. During the
period when the ACFP system operates (15 min-
utes), the heating system receives 936.1 MW of
thermal power less, but this decrease is compensat-
ed due to the accumulating capacity of heating sys-
tems and buildings of the consumers. The results of
special energy-and-economic studies demonstrate
that the ACFP systems based on consumers-regula-
tors in the form of controlled heat-pump stations
included to district heating systems provide cost
effectiveness of about 1 billion of US dollars per
year.
The results obtained enable us to make the fol-
lowing generalizations.
1. The operative conditions of HPP with heat
pumps in their technological schemes according to
Figure can be implemented by using two variants:
the variant with controlled electric power and eco-
nomical one.
2. The variant with controlled electric power
provides the possibility to vary the electric power of
HPP transferred to the power network in the range
of 0 … 14% of the rated output electric power (see
Table 1). Here, the value 14% corresponds to the
maximum possible powers of heat pumps. However,
this variation is possible due to reducing the output
electric power of turbines by 9% and their thermal
power by 9.6%. Therefore, the cost effectiveness of
this variant can be ensured only under fairly rigid
conditions, namely, in the case of high payments,
established by the power system, for system services
in satisfying the electric load demands.
3. The economical variant of the operative con-
ditions of HPP with heat pumps is characterized by
a high cost effectiveness. The total thermal and
electric power transferred to the heating system and
power network according to this variant increases
by 5.6% as compared with the rated operative con-
ditions, which guarantees its high cost effectiveness.
This effect can be even greater due to the use of
heat pumps, working at HPP, as consumers-regula-
tors in the ACFP system as a part of the Integrated
Power System of Ukraine.
Bibliography
1. Large-scale heat pumps for Swedish munici-
pal incineration plants, European Heat Pump
News: The Newsletter of the European Heat
Pump Concerted Action, Issue 2, August 1999.
– P. 6 (Umeå, Sweden).
2. Dubovskyi S.V., Levchuk A.P.,
Kadenskyi M.Y., Increasing the maneuver
capabilities of power system by means of the use
of heat pumps as regulators at heat and power
plants, Problemy Zahal’noi Enerhetyky,
No. 4(35), 2013. – P. 16.
3. Sokolov E.Y., Brodianskyi V.M., Energy
characteristics of heat transformation and cool-
ing processes [in Russian], M., Energoizdat,
1981. – 320 p.
4. Kulyk M.M., Bilodid V.D., Problems and
perspectives of development of technologies
based on heat pumps in Ukraine, Problemy
Zahal’noi Enerhetyky, No. 14, 2006.- P. 7.
5. Benenson E.I., Ioffe L.S., Dual-purpose
steam turbines [in Russian], M.,
Energoatomizdat, 1986. – 271 p.
Надійшла до редколегії 25.02.2014
|
| id | systemreorg-article-510 |
| institution | System Research in Energy |
| keywords_txt_mv | keywords |
| language | Ukrainian |
| last_indexed | 2026-07-19T01:16:21Z |
| publishDate | 2014 |
| publisher | General Energy Institute of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| record_format | ojs |
| resource_txt_mv | systemreorg/d9/c712f9a976686494ca78b4d9249d85d9.pdf |
| spelling | systemreorg-article-5102026-07-18T12:57:41Z Operative conditions and attainable volumes of using heat pumps at heat and power plants in the Integrated Power System of Ukraine Режими експлуатації та досяжні обсяги використання теплових насосів на ТЕЦ в ОЕС України Kulyk М.M. Bilodid V.D. heat and power plant, heat pump, capacity, heat, electric power, balance, efficiency. теплоелектроцентраль, тепловий насос, потужність, теплота, електроенергія, баланс, ефективність. We investigate two variants of the operative conditions of heat and power plants with technological schemes where heat pumps are used for utilizing the heat of exhaust gases of steam generators: the variant with controlled electric power of heat and power plant and economical variant ensuring maximum cost effectiveness.According to the variant with controlled electric power, the output thermal power transferred by heat and power plants to the heating system coincides with its rated thermal power. However, the thermal power taken off from the turbines decreases by 9.6%. According to this variant, the total electric power is reduced by 14% as compared with nominal conditions (without heat pumps). Generally, the total power transferred by heat and power plants outside under these operative conditions, with regard for the thermal power produced by the heat pumps, is by 4.5% less than the total power under nominal conditions. Therefore, the use of heat and power plants for regulating power can be cost effective only if they are engaged in solving system problems (in particular, for controlling power generation in response to the electric load demands) with the corresponding payments for such services by the power system.The economical variant is much more cost effective. This variant provides the rated values of turbine power transferred to the electric generators, whereas the thermal power transferred to the heating system increases by 10.6%. The total power of heat and power plants increases by 5.6% as compared with the rated conditions.A much greater additional effect under this variant can be achieved by using heat pumps, working at heat and power plants, as consumers-regulators in the system of automatic control of frequency and power as a part of the integrated power system. Досліджені два варіанти режимів експлуатації ТЕЦ, в технологічних схемах яких використовуються теплові насоси, що утилізують теплоту вихідних газів парогенераторів ТЕЦ: варіант з регулюванням електричної потужності ТЕЦ та економічний варіант, який забезпечує максимальну ефективність.Згідно з варіантом з регулюванням потужності загальна теплова потужність, яку ТЕЦ видають в теплову мережу, співпадає з її номінальною тепловою потужністю, однак теплова потужність, що відбирається від турбін, зменшується на 9,6%. Сумарна електрична потужність зменшується за цим варіантом на 14% у порівнянні з номінальним режимом (без теплових насосів). В цілому, сумарна енергія, що видається ТЕЦ назовні за цим режимом, з урахуванням теплової енергії від теплових насосів, є меншою за її сумарну потужність в номінальному режимі на 4,5%. Тому використання ТЕЦ для регулювання потужності може бути економічно доцільним лише у разі залучення їх до вирішення системних задач (зокрема, до покриття графіків електричних навантажень) з відповідною оплатою цих послуг з боку енергосистеми.Економічний варіант є набагато ефективнішим. Згідно з цим варіантом забезпечуються номінальні значення потужності турбін, що передаються електричним генераторам, а теплова потужність, що надається в мережу, зростає на 10,6%. Загальна потужність ТЕЦ збільшується в порівнянні з номінальним режимом на 5,6%.Значно більший додатковий економічний ефект може бути досягнутим за цим варіантом завдяки використанню теплових насосів, що працюють у складі ТЕЦ, в якості споживачів-регуляторів в системі автоматичного регулювання частоти і потужності об’єднаної енергосистеми. General Energy Institute of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine 2014-03-19 Article Article application/pdf https://systemre.org/index.php/journal/article/view/510 System Research in Energy; No. 1 (36) (2014): The Problems of General Energy; 39-45 Системні дослідження в енергетиці; № 1 (36) (2014): Проблеми загальної енергетики; 39-45 2786-7102 2786-7633 uk https://systemre.org/index.php/journal/article/view/510/445 Copyright (c) 2014 Kulyk М.M., Bilodid V.D. https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0 |
| spellingShingle | heat and power plant heat pump capacity heat electric power balance efficiency. Kulyk М.M. Bilodid V.D. Operative conditions and attainable volumes of using heat pumps at heat and power plants in the Integrated Power System of Ukraine |
| title | Operative conditions and attainable volumes of using heat pumps at heat and power plants in the Integrated Power System of Ukraine |
| title_alt | Режими експлуатації та досяжні обсяги використання теплових насосів на ТЕЦ в ОЕС України |
| title_full | Operative conditions and attainable volumes of using heat pumps at heat and power plants in the Integrated Power System of Ukraine |
| title_fullStr | Operative conditions and attainable volumes of using heat pumps at heat and power plants in the Integrated Power System of Ukraine |
| title_full_unstemmed | Operative conditions and attainable volumes of using heat pumps at heat and power plants in the Integrated Power System of Ukraine |
| title_short | Operative conditions and attainable volumes of using heat pumps at heat and power plants in the Integrated Power System of Ukraine |
| title_sort | operative conditions and attainable volumes of using heat pumps at heat and power plants in the integrated power system of ukraine |
| topic | heat and power plant heat pump capacity heat electric power balance efficiency. |
| topic_facet | heat and power plant heat pump capacity heat electric power balance efficiency. теплоелектроцентраль тепловий насос потужність теплота електроенергія баланс ефективність. |
| url | https://systemre.org/index.php/journal/article/view/510 |
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