Overview of carbon capture, utilisation and storage technologies to ensure low-carbon development of energy systems
Carbon dioxide CO2 is a component of air that is responsible for the growing global warning and greenhouse gases emissions. The energy sector is one of the main sources of CO2 emissions in the world and especially in Ukraine. Carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) is a group of technologies...
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| Date: | 2022 |
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| Main Authors: | , , |
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| Language: | English |
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General Energy Institute of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
2022
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System Research in Energy| _version_ | 1871104135284129792 |
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| author | Shcherbyna, Yevhen Novoseltsev, Oleksandr Evtukhova , Tatiana |
| author_facet | Shcherbyna, Yevhen Novoseltsev, Oleksandr Evtukhova , Tatiana |
| author_institution_txt_mv | [
{
"author": "Yevhen Shcherbyna",
"institution": null
},
{
"author": "Oleksandr Novoseltsev",
"institution": null
},
{
"author": "Tatiana Evtukhova ",
"institution": null
}
] |
| author_sort | Shcherbyna, Yevhen |
| baseUrl_str | https://systemre.org/index.php/journal/oai |
| collection | OJS |
| datestamp_date | 2026-07-18T12:57:43Z |
| description | Carbon dioxide CO2 is a component of air that is responsible for the growing global warning and greenhouse gases emissions. The energy sector is one of the main sources of CO2 emissions in the world and especially in Ukraine. Carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) is a group of technologies that play a significant role along with renewable energy sources, bioenergy and hydrogen to reduce CO2 emissions and to achieve international climate goals. Nowadays there are thirty-five commercial CCUS facilities under operation around the world with a CO2 capture capacity up to 45 million tons annually. Tougher climate targets and increased investment provide new incentives for CCUS technologies to be applied more widely. CCUS are applications in which CO2 is captured from anthropogenic sources (power generation and industrial processes) and stored in deep geological formations without entering atmosphere or used in various products using technologies without chemical modification or with conversion. The article discusses the use of various technologies of CO2 capture (post-combustion capture, pre-combustion capture and oxy-combustion capture), CO2 separation methods and their application in the global energy transition to reduce the carbon capacity of energy systems. Technical and economic indicators of CO2 capture at different efficiencies for coal and gas power plants are given. Technologies of transportation and storage of captured carbon dioxide and their economic indicators are considered. The directions for the alternative uses of captured CO2, among which the main ones are the production of synthetic fuels, various chemicals and building materials, are also presented and described in the paper. The possibility of utilization captured СО2 in the production of synthetic fuel in combination with Power-to-Gas technologies was studied. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.15407/srenergy2022.02.004 |
| first_indexed | 2026-03-24T02:02:22Z |
| format | Article |
| fulltext |
4
Y. SHCHERBYNA O. NOVOSELTSEV, T. EUTUKHOVA,
ISSN 2786-7102 (Online). Системні дослідження в енергетиці. 2022. 2(71)
ТЕХНОЛОГІЇ ЕНЕРГЕТИКИ,
ЕНЕРГЕТИЧНІ СИСТЕМИ І КОМПЛЕКСИ
ISSN 2786-7102 (Online). System Research in Energy. 2022. 2(71): 4–12
https://doi.org/10.15407/srenergy2022.02.004
1. Introduction
According to the analysis of the International
Energy Agency (IEA) [1], one of the key technolo-
gies for putting the world’s energy systems on the
path of sustainable low-carbon development and
achieving international climate goals will be the
capture, use and storage of carbon (carbon capture,
utilization and storage – CCUS). The IEA Energy
Technology Outlook 2020 report [2] highlights the
central role that CCUS, along with renewable en-
ergy sources, bioenergy and hydrogen, should play
in the global energy transition. CCUS is the only
group of technologies that contributes both to the
direct reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emis-
sions in key sectors and the removal of carbon diox-
ide (CO2) to balance unavoidable emissions. In the
short to medium term, fossil fuels will still play an
important role in the global economy, so achieving
carbon neutrality requires the use of CCUS tech-
nologies to reduce carbon dioxide emissions until
innovative low, zero or negative emission energy
technologies are introduced. One of the advantag-
es of CO2 capture technologies is that they can be
used to modernize existing industrial facilities.
The purpose of the article is to review the ap-
plication of CCUS technologies in the energy in-
UDC 620.9:661.971:504.05 Yevhen Shcherbyna1*, PhD (Engin.), https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1565-4547
Oleksandr Novoseltsev1, Dr. Sci. (Engin.), Senior Research Scientist,
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9272-6789
Tatiana Eutukhova2, PhD (Engin.), Associate Professor https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4778-2479
1General Energy Institute of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 172, Antonovycha Str., Kyiv,
03150, Ukraine; e-mail: info@ienergy.kiev.ua
2Interregional Academy of Personnel Management, 2, Frometivska Str., 03039, Kyiv, Ukraine;
e-mail: iapm@iapm.edu.ua
*Corresponding author: evg.shcherbina@gmail.com
OVERVIEW OF CARBON CAPTURE, UTILISATION AND STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES
TO ENSURE LOW-CARBON DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY SYSTEMS
Abstract. Carbon dioxide CO
2
is a component of air that is responsible for the growing global
warning and greenhouse gases emissions. The energy sector is one of the main sources of
CO
2
emissions in the world and especially in Ukraine. Carbon capture, utilization and storage
(CCUS) is a group of technologies that play a significant role along with renewable energy
sources, bioenergy and hydrogen to reduce CO
2
emissions and to achieve international cli-
mate goals. Nowadays there are thirty-five commercial CCUS facilities under operation around
the world with a CO
2
capture capacit up to 45 million tons annually. Tougher climate targets
and increased investment provide new incentives for CCUS technologies to be applied more
widely. CCUS are applications in which CO
2
is captured from anthropogenic sources (power
generation and industrial processes) and stored in deep geological formations without enter-
ing atmosphere or used in various products using technologies without chemical modifica-
tion or with conversion. The article discusses the use of various technologies of CO
2
capture
(post-combustion capture, pre-combustion capture and oxy-combustion capture), CO
2
sep-
aration methods and their application in the global energy transition to reduce the carbon
capacity of energy systems. Technical and economic indicators of CO
2
capture at different
efficiencies for coal and gas power plants are given. Technologies of transportation and stor-
age of captured carbon dioxide and their economic indicators are considered. The directions
for the alternative uses of captured CO
2
, among which the main ones are the production of
synthetic fuels, various chemicals and building materials, are also presented and described
in the paper. The possibility of utilization captured ÑÎ
2
in the production of synthetic fuel in
combination with Power-to-Gas technologies was studied.
Keywords: greenhouse gases emissions, fossil fuels, ÑÎ
2
capture technologies, capture effi-
ciency, synthetic fuel.
© Y. SHCHERBYNA O. NOVOSELTSEV, T. EUTUKHOVA, 2022
5
Overview of carbon capture, utilisation and storage technologies to ensure low-carbon development of energy systems
ISSN 2786-7102 (Online). System Research in Energy. 2022. 2(71)
dustry as a whole, to analyze the implementation
of carbon dioxide capture from the combustion of
fossil fuels in thermal power plants (TPPs), and to
investigate the possibility of using captured CO2 in
the production of synthetic fuels.
2. Methods and materials
CCUS technologies provide carbon dioxide
capture, transportation and long-term storage with-
out exposure to the atmosphere or use as raw mate-
rials in various industries. CO2 capture is possible
from point sources (power plants, industrial plants)
burning fossil fuels or biomass for fuel, and direct-
ly from the atmosphere. If the CO2 obtained as a
result of capture is not used on site, it is transported
in a compressed form by pipeline, ship, rail or road
transport to the place of use or places of permanent
storage in deep geological formations, which are
salt aquifers or depleted oil and gas fi elds.
Today, there are thirty-five commercial CCUS
facilities in operation around the world, capable
of capturing almost 45 million tons of CO2 annu-
ally [3]. According to the IEA, in 2021, two-thirds
or 28.5 million tons of CO2 were captured at gas
processing facilities. Another third of captured
CO2 is produced in the production of fertilizers,
chemicals, synthetic fuels, electricity, bioetha-
nol, hydrogen, steel and cement. Currently, CO2
capture has been implemented in several TPPs
working on fossil fuels. The first such facility in
2014 was one of the blocks of the Boundary Dam
TPP (Saskatchewan, Canada) operating on brown
coal. Capture capacity is 1 million tons of CO2
per year. The second TPP CO2 capture facility was
launched in 2017 at unit 8 of a coal-fired power
plant in Texas, USA (Petra Nova project) with the
ability to capture up to 1.4 million tons of CO2
per year. Captured CO2 has been used to improve
reservoir oil recovery in oil production, but since
May 2020, due to low oil prices associated with
the economic effects of Covid-19, capture oper-
ations have been suspended. In 2021, 150,000 t/
year CO2 capture was implemented at Unit No.
1 of the Guohua Jinjie coal-fired TPP in Shaanxi
Province (China), which became the first com-
mercial application of CCUS in China’s power
sector. All projects are modernization of existing
coal-fired power plants.
Tougher climate targets and increased invest-
ment provide new incentives for CCUS technolo-
gies to be applied more widely. Over the past de-
cade, CCUS adoption has tripled. It is planned to
put into operation about 200 new CCUS facilities
by 2030 with a total capture volume of more than
220 million tons of CO2 annually, of which about
70 million tons of CO2 will be captured in electric-
ity generation (currently about 2.5 million tons) af-
ter the introduction of CCUS technologies at more
than 40 power plants around the world [3].
Today, traditional technologies for CO2 captur-
ing from point sources, which are TPPs, industrial
enterprises for the production of iron and steel, ce-
ment, fertilizers, as well as plants for the process-
ing of natural gas, the production of synthetic fuels
and hydrogen, have become the mainstream. There
are various types of carbon dioxide capture sys-
tems: from combustion products for power plants
(post-combustion capture, pre-combustion capture
and oxy-combustion capture, i.e. combustion of
fuel enriched with oxygen) and industrial separa-
tion of CO2 in industrial processes [4].
The most common post-combustion cap-
ture technology is where CO2 is separated from
fl ue gases, which generated from fuel combustion
[5–8]. For this, liquid solvents (aqueous solutions of
amines or ammonia) are used, which react chemical-
ly with CO2 present in the fl ue gas stream (5–15%),
without reacting with other components of the fl ue gas.
After regeneration, as a result of heating, the mixture
of solvent and CO2 decomposes, pure CO2 is formed,
and the solvent is returned for reuse. Post combustion
capture technologies capture up to 90% of CO2.
Pre-combustion CO2 capture technology in-
volves the conversion of fuel to syngas using a
steam reforming process [9, 10]. As a result, the
primary fuel is fi rst converted into a mixture of car-
bon monoxide CO and hydrogen H2, and after steam
treatment, into a mixture of CO2 and H2. The result-
ing mixture is separated into hydrogen and carbon
dioxide in the same way as in the separation of CO2
after combustion. The resulting gaseous hydrogen
is a carbon-free energy carrier and can be used as
fuel in power plants and industrial plants. The ini-
tial fuel conversion makes this capture technology
more complex and more expensive than post-com-
bustion capture, but due to the high CO2 concen-
tration (15–60%) and high pressure, a smaller unit
is required to separate the CO2. Pre-combustion
capture technologies are mainly used in Integrat-
ed Gasifi cation Combined Cycle (IGCC) processes
[11, 12] and can achieve over 90% CO2 capturing.
The technology of CO2 capturing after oxy-
gen-enriched fuel combustion diff ers from conven-
tional technology by using oxygen instead of air
during the combustion process, resulting in a fl ue
gas consisting mainly of CO2 and water vapor, with
CO2 concentrations reaching more than 80% [13].
When the fl ue gas is gradually cooled and con-
densed, the captured CO2 is dried and, after com-
pression, is transported to a place of storage or use.
6
Y. SHCHERBYNA O. NOVOSELTSEV, T. EUTUKHOVA,
ISSN 2786-7102 (Online). Системні дослідження в енергетиці. 2022. 2(71)
This technology allows to capture to 100% CO2,
but requires equipment to separate nitrogen from
the air to obtain pure oxygen before combustion,
which complicates this technology and requires
signifi cant additional costs.
All of the above technologies require a stage
of separation of CO2 from fl ue streams. More ad-
vanced and common separation methods are chem-
ical absorption and physical separation of CO2.
Membranes and cycles of cycles – chemical or cal-
cium cycle – can also be used [14]. The choice of
a specifi c separation technology depends on many
factors – the initial and fi nal expected concentra-
tion of CO2, operating pressure and temperature,
composition and speed of the smoke fl ow, integra-
tion with other equipment, cost indicators.
The process of generating electricity with
CO2 capture requires about 10–40% more energy
compared to conventional generation. For com-
bined-cycle plants, energy costs increase by 11–
22%, for coal blocks – by 24–40%, for integrat-
ed gasifi cation plants with a combined cycle – by
14–25% [15], which leads to an increase in the cost
of electricity production.
Studies by the Global CCS Institute [16] on the
current and likely future costs of CO2 capturing
in power generation have shown that the cost of
electricity with CO2 capture (which used for the
first time) increases the least at integrated gasifi-
cation combined cycle technology – by 45% and
more – at coal combustion — by 60–70%. The
cost of capturing decreases in downstream ap-
plications as technology advances and becomes
commercialized. Thus, the cost of CO2 capturing
at the Petra Nova coal plant (USA), which was put
into operation in 2017, is approximately $65/t [1].
This is 30% less than at the Boundary Dam coal
plant (Canada), which began operation in 2014,
and where CO2 capture was first used in power
generation. Studies have shown that the next CO2
capture facility, similar to Boundary Dam, can be
built with a 67% lower capital cost and achieve a
capture cost of $45/tCO2 with a capture efficiency
of 90% [17].
Most modern CCUS systems capture about 90%
of the CO2 generated from point sources. Higher
capture effi ciency to achieve zero emissions re-
quires a specially designed process and the use of
larger and more energy-intensive separators, which
increases the cost of capture accordingly. For most
modern technologies, it is possible to increase the
capture effi ciency up to 99%. The IEA Greenhouse
Gas Program has studied the impact of post-com-
bustion capture technology (the main one today for
power plants) with diff erent capture effi ciencies on
the cost of electricity production and the CO2 avoid-
ed cost for coal-fi red TPPs and TPPs with a natu-
ral gas combined cycle (NGCC) [18]. It showed a
fairly insignifi cant increase in the levelised cost of
electricity (LCOE) and the CO2 avoided cost, while
achieving almost zero emissions, compared with
the corresponding indicators when CO2 capturing
with an effi ciency of 90%.
Increasing the efficiency of CO2 capture from
90% to 99% for a coal-fired power plant with ul-
tra-supercritical parameters leads to an increase in
the cost of electricity generation by 8% and in the
CO2 avoided cost by 6%. But the smallest increase
in LCOE cost and in CO2 avoided cost (respec-
tively 2% and 1.5%) to achieve zero emissions
can be obtained by co-combustion of coal and
10% of biomass in a standard post-combustion
capture process with 90% efficiency. In this case,
biomass (wood chips, wood pellets) is mixed with
coal and directly burned in the existing coal-fired
boiler. The additional costs associated with modi-
fication, operation and maintenance are negligible
compared to the costs of fuel handling (transpor-
tation, processing, and storage) and maintenance
of the system as a whole. Table 1 shows technical
and economic indicators for ultra-supercritical
combustion of coal at different CO2-capture rates,
as well as for co-combustion with biomass (10%)
at 2015 prices [18]. The cost of coal in the calcu-
lations is 2.5 EUR/GJ and the cost of biomass is
3.5 EUR/GJ.
For a gas-fi red TPP, an increase in CO2 capture
effi ciency from 90% to 99% leads to an increase in
the present cost of electricity and in the CO2 avoid-
ed cost by 7% and 8%, respectively. Table 2 shows
the technical and economic characteristics for gas
combustion at diff erent CO2-capture rates [18]. The
cost of gas in the calculations is 5 EUR/GJ.
Important to the implementation of CCUS tech-
nologies are the safe transport of captured CO2 to a
place of storage or use and its cost. The two main
ways are pipelines and ships. Road and rail trans-
port is possible but at a high cost. Today the total
length of CO2 pipelines across the world is 9000 km
[19]. Transportation of CO2 through pipelines has
been practiced for many years, is the cheapest way
and has received the most implementation to date.
Since the early 1970s in the US and Canada, pipe-
lines have been used to transport CO2 to oil fi elds
for enhanced oil recovery. As a result, a great deal
of experience has been accumulated in the reliable
application of pipelines for transporting CO2. With
a nominal distance of 250 km, the cost of trans-
porting CO2 through pipelines is (1-8) USD/t [2].
There has not yet been a large-scale use of ships
7
Overview of carbon capture, utilisation and storage technologies to ensure low-carbon development of energy systems
ISSN 2786-7102 (Online). System Research in Energy. 2022. 2(71)
for transporting CO2. Technologically, this type of
transport will be similar to the transportation of
liquefi ed petroleum and natural gases. Transporta-
tion of CO2 by ships (cost over $20/t) makes this
type of transportation economically attractive over
distances of more than 750 km, when the cost of
transportation through pipelines increases signifi -
cantly [20]. According to the Global Institute CCS
[16], the cost of transportation together with CO2
storage is in the range of (7–12) USD/t.
Storage involves the injection of captured
CO2 into porous geological formations more than
800 m below the earth’s surface, where the CO2 is
in a dense liquid state. These deep geological reser-
voirs must be capped with an impermeable layer of
rock to seal and prevent CO2 from escaping into the
atmosphere. Suitable storage places include salt
beds and depleted oil and gas fi elds. Technologies
for injection of CO2 into geological formations are
developed and well studied [21, 22]. Geological
Table 1. Techno-economic assessment for ultra-supercritical coal-fi red TPP at diff erent CO2-capture rates [18]
Indicator
Combustion
without
capture
Combustion with capture
Standard capture after
combustion
Co-combustion with
biomass (10%)
90% 95% 99% 90%
Total output power, MW 900 900 900 900 900
Own needs, MW 83 266.1 276.7 299.3 266.1
Useful output power, MW 817 633.9 623.3 600.7 633.9
CO2 emissions, t/h 604 61 30 6.5 0
Intensity of CO2 emissions, t/MW∙h 0.736 0.092 0.045 0.007 0.000
Capture of CO2, t/h 0 543 574 597.5 543
Total capital investments, mln of Euros 1343 1681 1689 1698 1714
Specifi c capital costs, EUR/kW 1647 2654 2712 2830 2704
Annual fi xed operating expenses, mln of Euros 37.67 46.33 46.51 46.725 47.13
Annual variable operating costs, mln of Euros 7.54 20.05 22.77 23.90 20.05
LCOE, EUR/MWh 51.6 87.0 89.7 94.0 88.7
CO2 avoided cost, EUR/t – 55.0 55.2 58.3 55.8
Table 2. Techno-economic assessment for gas-fi red TPP with NGCC at diff erent CO2-capture rates [18]
Indicator Combustion without
capture
Combustion with capture
90% 95% 99%
Total output power, MW 890 890 890 890
Own needs, MW 12 162 170 199
Useful output power, MW 878 728 720 691
CO2 emissions, t/h 310 30.2 15.8 2.9
Intensity of CO2 emissions, t/MW∙h 0.349 0.0373 0.0176 0.000
Capture of CO2, t/h 0 279.4 293,8 306.7
Total capital investments, mln of Euros 835.7 1172.8 1177.4 1185.3
Specifi c capital costs, EUR/kW 939 1611 1629 1716
Annual fi xed operating expenses, mln of Euros 29.16 39.67 39.815 40.04
Annual variable operating costs, mln of Euros 3.41 11.92 12.31 12.82
LCOE, EUR/MWh 52.9 77.6 78.9 82.7
CO2 avoided cost, EUR/t – 79.3 78.6 85.5
8
Y. SHCHERBYNA O. NOVOSELTSEV, T. EUTUKHOVA,
ISSN 2786-7102 (Online). Системні дослідження в енергетиці. 2022. 2(71)
storage of CO2 requires much the same methods
used in the oil and gas industry, as the process is
very similar to underground gas storage. The cur-
rent and projected cost of CO2 storage varies sig-
nifi cantly depending on the rate of CO2 injection,
the characteristics of geological reservoirs and
their location. The cost of developing new storage
locations is signifi cantly uncertain. Depleted oil
and gas fi elds using existing wells are expected to
provide cheap CO2 storage. At the same time, the
cost of storage in practice can be quite low, and
in cases of using CO2 for enhanced oil recovery,
even negative, taking into account additional in-
come from oil production. According to the IEA
[1], more than 60% of CO2 storage in the United
States has a cost of less than $10/t, and about 20%
less than $15/t. Off shore storage of CO2 is much
more expensive – (15–55) USD/t.
In addition to storage, CCUS technologies pro-
vide for the utilization of CO2, i.e. its use as raw
material to a range of products and services. In-
jection of captured CO2 into producing fi elds for
enhanced oil recovery is an example of combin-
ing CO2 storage with its use. Both direct use, when
CO2 does not change chemically and transforma-
tion into another product are possible.
To date, the world uses approximately 230 mil-
lion tons of CO2. The greatest consumption of CO2
occurs in the production of fertilizers (125 million
tons) and in the oil and gas industry for enhanced
oil recovery (70–80 million tons). Currently, there
is a development of new directions for the use of
CO2, among which the main ones are the pro-
duction of synthetic fuels, the production of var-
ious chemicals in the structure of which carbon
is present (polymers, ethylene and methanol) and
the production of building materials, where CO2
is used as a substitute for water in concrete or as
their raw material component (cement, building
aggregates) [23].
To reduce the carbon capacity of energy sys-
tems, there is considerable interest in using cap-
tured CO2 to produce synthetic fuels, covering a
range of well-known commercial products – meth-
ane, methanol and syngas (a gas mixture of carbon
monoxide and hydrogen). They can be used direct-
ly as a fuel or as an intermediate for the production
of other fuels (diesel, gasoline, jet fuel). The fuel
obtained from CO2 can be used both in the trans-
port sector and in other sectors of the economy,
including industry, electricity and heat generation.
Carbon dioxide is a stable compound with a
low energy state. To turn it into a high-energy fuel,
a large amount of external energy is required. The
overall conversion efficiency is about 50% and
differs for different types of fuel. The most mature
CO2 conversion pathways use energy in the form
of hydrogen. To decarbonize the power industry,
it is necessary to use «green» hydrogen, obtained
by electrolysis from renewable energy sources,
to produce low-carbon synthetic fuels from cap-
tured carbon dioxide. Dependence on natural con-
ditions makes the process of obtaining electricity
from renewable energy sources intermittent and
unstable, which requires its balance for the sta-
ble operation of the electrical network and the
use of reserve shunting capacities and means of
long-term storage of large amounts of electrici-
ty. Power-to-Gas (PtG) technology contributes
to solving this problem and provides an alterna-
tive to the introduction and use of energy storage
mechanisms. PtG envisages in the first stage the
use of excess electricity from renewable sources
to produce hydrogen H2 by electrolysis of water,
and then, in the second stage, the conversion of
the produced hydrogen together with CO2 from
an external source through methanation into syn-
thetic methane CH4 or grid-compatible synthetic
natural gas. Methanation is a mature technology
which is already widely applied in industrial pro-
cesses [24]. Schematically, PtG technology can be
represented as follows (Fig. 1) [25].
The widespread use of hydrogen obtained as a
result of the fi rst stage of PtG is still constrained by
the need to develop new equipment and create an
appropriate infrastructure. An alternative is the two-
stage application of PtG technology, which makes
it possible to obtain synthetic methane, which, as a
substitute for natural gas, can be pumped into the
gas network or stored in gas storage facilities with
their high volumetric potential. It does not require
additional investment in infrastructure and utilizes
the captured CO2 [26].
It should be noted that Power-to-Gas technology
is under research and its widespread adoption is ex-
pected in the medium and long term. To date, there
are more than 100 diverse PtG pilot and demon-
stration projects, indicating a growing interest in
the technology [27]. About half of the projects are
looking at a two-stage methanation technology to
convert excess electricity into a substitute for nat-
ural gas. Most of the research projects are in Ger-
many, Denmark, USA and Canada. An example of
a commercial application of PtG is the Audi E-gas
syngas plant in Werlte (Germany), which has been
operating since 2013 [28]. A 6 MW industrial plant
produces by catalytic methanation about 1000 tons
of synthetic methane per year from 2800 tons of
captured CO2 from the biogas plant and hydrogen
obtained by alkaline electrolysis from renewable
9
Overview of carbon capture, utilisation and storage technologies to ensure low-carbon development of energy systems
ISSN 2786-7102 (Online). System Research in Energy. 2022. 2(71)
sources. The resulting synthetic gas is fed into the
city’s gas network.
The main cost components for the production of
synthetic methane from CO2 are the capital costs
of equipment for electrolysis and methanation, the
cost of hydrogen, electricity and captured CO2. Ac-
cording to the IEA [23], the cost of producing syn-
thetic methane from carbon dioxide today in most
world regions is several times higher than their fos-
sil counterparts. The major cost driver is electrici-
ty, which accounts for 40 to 70 percent of produc-
tion costs. Therefore, competitive production of
methane from CO2 is possible with a low average
cost of electricity, suffi cient CO2, and high fossil
fuel prices. Also, the cost of producing fuel from
CO2 is aff ected by emission pricing policies and re-
strictions on the use of fossil fuels. Over time, the
cost of producing fuel from CO2 is expected to de-
crease due to a signifi cant reduction in capital costs
for electrolysis and methanation technologies [29]
and the availability of cheap renewable energy and
CO2, which will lead to the competitiveness of the
cost of producing synthetic methane.
The technical and economic performance of syn-
thetic natural gas production is also aff ected by the
location of renewable energy sources, an electrolyz-
er for hydrogen production, water and carbon diox-
ide sources. Placement of the electrolyzer next to the
source of captured CO2 (TPP) makes it possible to
refuse the transportation of hydrogen, but requires
the transfer of electricity from renewable source to
the electrolyzer. Alternatively, the electrolyzer can
be located near a wind farm (WPP) or solar (PV)
station (subject to the availability of a water source).
In this case, there is a need for a pipeline to trans-
port hydrogen to a synthetic natural gas plant, which
may be located near a TPP with CO2 capture. Such
a layout was considered in [29] for calculating the
cost of producing synthetic natural gas: hydrogen
is produced from wind energy by electrolysis near
wind farms and is supplied by a special pipeline to
the suburbs, where there is a TPP that captures CO2
and a synthetic gas production plant. Synthetic gas
obtained as a result of methanation at the plant is
compressed and pumped into the city’s gas distribu-
tion network for further use by residential and com-
mercial consumers. The feasibility study carried out
in [30] showed that the cost of producing synthetic
natural gas largely depends on the cost of hydrogen
and, to a lesser extent, on the power utilization fac-
tor. With a capacity utilization factor of 90% and a
hydrogen cost of $3/kg, the cost of syngas produc-
tion is $124/MWh, with 75% of this cost coming
from hydrogen, 14% from capital costs, 5.5% from
for operating costs and 5.5% for the cost of CO2,
which is assumed to be $40/t. With a reduction in the
capacity factor to 65%, the cost of producing syn-
thetic natural gas increases slightly – to more than
132 USD/MWh. At the same time, the increase in
the cost of hydrogen has a signifi cant impact on the
cost of syngas production – approximately 188 and
252 US dollars per MWh at hydrogen prices of 5
and 7 US dollars per kg, respectively (at a capacity
utilization factor of 90%).
Fig. 1. Schematic of PtG Technology
10
Y. SHCHERBYNA O. NOVOSELTSEV, T. EUTUKHOVA,
ISSN 2786-7102 (Online). Системні дослідження в енергетиці. 2022. 2(71)
3. Results and discussion
Studies have shown that carbon dioxide capture
in industrial facilities and power plants can signifi -
cantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the
combustion of fossil fuels. Most modern CCUS
systems capture CO2 from point sources with an
effi ciency of 90%. Increasing the capture effi ciency
to achieve zero emissions in power plants requires
little additional cost. To date, the vast majority of
captured CO2 is stored in geological formations
(salt beds and exhaustible oil and gas fi elds). This
trend under the IEA NetZero scenario will contin-
ue in 2030 – more than 95% of the captured CO2
will be stored and less than 5% will be used [31],
which is associated with signifi cant uncertainty in
the scale of CO2 use, the development of markets
and technologies, as well as dependence on support
within the policy.
The combination of CCUS and Power-to-Gas
technologies produces carbon-neutral synthet-
ic natural gas from green hydrogen and captured
carbon dioxide. The cost of production is largely
dependent on the cost of hydrogen. Comparison
of the cost of producing synthetic natural gas with
natural gas prices in North America (20–30 US$/
MWh) shows that it is several times higher. For
the European gas market, where the price of nat-
ural gas has recently exceeded 100 EUR/MWh,
and sometimes reaches 200 EUR/MWh, the cost of
synthetic natural gas can be competitive in the me-
dium term, especially with the projected decline in
the price of hydrogen, received from renewable en-
ergy sources. The future use of captured CO2 is still
very uncertain given the early stage of technology
development for many applications. The analysis
shows that the production of synthetic fuels has the
greatest potential for using captured CO2 due to the
huge size of the market.
4. Conclusions
CCUS technologies are promising technologies
for reducing the carbon footprint of energy systems
and will play a key role in the global energy transi-
tion. Fossil fuels will continue to play an important
role in the production of electricity and heat in the
next 10-15 years, and therefore CCUS technolo-
gies are indispensable for reducing CO2 emissions
and achieving carbon neutrality.
The introduction of CCUS technology in the
power generation is at an early stage. The fi rst
large-scale facility was launched less than 10 years
ago. To date, there are only a few such facilities
in the world and they are capable of capturing ap-
proximately 2.5 million tons of CO2 per year. But
in the period up to 2030, according to the plans
of the IEA, the active introduction of new CCUS
facilities is expected at more than 40 power plants
with a total amount of capturing about 70 million
tons of CO2 annually.
To date, the main and cheapest capture technolo-
gy after combustion is based on chemical absorption
with a capture effi ciency of 90%. Achieving zero
CO2 emissions by increasing capture rates to more
than 99% does not require signifi cant additional
costs, and co-fi ring of coal with biomass (10%) is
the most cost-eff ective carbon neutral option.
The use of captured CO2 is small scale and un-
certain given the early stage of technology develop-
ment and dependence on policy support. Synthetic
fuel production has the greatest potential for using
captured CO2. The combination of Power-to-Gas
and CCUS technologies results in carbon-neutral
synthesis gas.
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12
Y. SHCHERBYNA O. NOVOSELTSEV, T. EUTUKHOVA,
ISSN 2786-7102 (Online). Системні дослідження в енергетиці. 2022. 2(71)
ОГЛЯД ТЕХНОЛОГІЙ УЛОВЛЮВАННЯ, ВИКОРИСТАННЯ
ТА ЗБЕРІГАННЯ ВУГЛЕЦЮ ДЛЯ ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ
НИЗЬКОВУГЛЕЦЕВОГО РОЗВИТКУ ЕНЕРГЕТИЧНИХ СИСТЕМ
Євген Щербина1*, к.т.н., https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1565-4547
Олександр Новосельцев1, д.т.н., ст. наук. співр., https://orcid.org/0000-0001-
9272-6789
Тетяна Євтухова2, к.т.н., доцент, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4778-2479
1Інститут загальної енергетики НАН України, вул. Антоновича, 172, 03150, м. Київ,
Україна;
e-mail: info@ienergy.kiev.ua
2Міжрегіональна академія управління персоналом, вул. Фрометівська, 2, 03039,
м. Київ, Україна;
e-mail: iapm@iapm.edu.ua
*Автор-кореспондент: evg.shcherbina@gmail.com
Анотація. Двоокис вуглецю СО2 є компонентом повітря, що відповідає за зрос-
тання глобального потепління та викидів парникових газів. Енергетичний сек-
тор є одним із основних джерел викидів СО2 у світі та особливо в Україні. Улов-
лювання, утилізація та зберігання вуглецю (CCUS) є групою технологій, які ра-
зом з відновлюваними джерелами енергії, біоенергетикою і воднем відіграють
важливу роль у зменшенні викидів СО2 і досягненні міжнародних кліматичних
цілей. На сьогодні в світі працює тридцять п’ять комерційних об’єктів CCUS
із потужністю уловлювання до 45 млн т СО2 щорічно. Посилення кліматич-
них цілей і збільшення інвестицій надають технологіям CCUS нові стимули для
більш широкого застосування. Уловлювання, утилізація та зберігання вуглецю –
це програми, в яких CO2 уловлюється з антропогенних джерел (виробництво
електроенергії та промислові процеси) та зберігається в глибоких геологічних
формаціях без потрапляння в атмосферу або використовується в різних про-
дуктах за допомогою технологій без хімічної модифікації або з перетворенням.
У статті розглядається використання різних технологій уловлювання (після
спалювання, до спалювання і спалювання збагаченого киснем палива), методів
сепарації СО2 та їх застосування в глобальному енергетичному переході для
зменшення вуглецевої ємності енергетичних систем. Наведено техніко-еко-
номічні показники уловлювання CO2 при різній ефективності для вугільних та
газових електростанцій. Розглянуто технології транспортування і зберігання
уловленого двоокису вуглецю та їх економічні показники. В роботі також пред-
ставлені та описані напрями альтернативного використання уловленого СО2,
серед яких основними є виробництво синтетичного палива, різних хімікатів і бу-
дівельних матеріалів. Досліджено можливість використання уловленого СО2 при
виробництві синтетичного палива у комбінації з технологіями Power-to-Gas.
Ключові слова: викиди парникових газів, викопні палива, технології уловлювання
СО2, ефективність уловлювання, синтетичне паливо.
Resived to the Editorial Board: 01.11.2022
|
| id | systemreorg-article-603 |
| institution | System Research in Energy |
| keywords_txt_mv | keywords |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2026-07-19T01:19:17Z |
| publishDate | 2022 |
| publisher | General Energy Institute of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| record_format | ojs |
| resource_txt_mv | systemreorg/42/ac0d3eb05b1760c3788c4f305045de42.pdf |
| spelling | systemreorg-article-6032026-07-18T12:57:43Z Overview of carbon capture, utilisation and storage technologies to ensure low-carbon development of energy systems Огляд технологій уловлювання, використання та зберігання вуглецю для забезпечення низьковуглецевого розвитку енергетичних систем Shcherbyna, Yevhen Novoseltsev, Oleksandr Evtukhova , Tatiana greenhouse gases emissions, fossil fuels, СО2 capture technologies, capture efficiency, synthetic fuel викиди парникових газів, викопні палива, технології уловлювання СО2, ефективність уловлювання, синтетичне паливо. Carbon dioxide CO2 is a component of air that is responsible for the growing global warning and greenhouse gases emissions. The energy sector is one of the main sources of CO2 emissions in the world and especially in Ukraine. Carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) is a group of technologies that play a significant role along with renewable energy sources, bioenergy and hydrogen to reduce CO2 emissions and to achieve international climate goals. Nowadays there are thirty-five commercial CCUS facilities under operation around the world with a CO2 capture capacity up to 45 million tons annually. Tougher climate targets and increased investment provide new incentives for CCUS technologies to be applied more widely. CCUS are applications in which CO2 is captured from anthropogenic sources (power generation and industrial processes) and stored in deep geological formations without entering atmosphere or used in various products using technologies without chemical modification or with conversion. The article discusses the use of various technologies of CO2 capture (post-combustion capture, pre-combustion capture and oxy-combustion capture), CO2 separation methods and their application in the global energy transition to reduce the carbon capacity of energy systems. Technical and economic indicators of CO2 capture at different efficiencies for coal and gas power plants are given. Technologies of transportation and storage of captured carbon dioxide and their economic indicators are considered. The directions for the alternative uses of captured CO2, among which the main ones are the production of synthetic fuels, various chemicals and building materials, are also presented and described in the paper. The possibility of utilization captured СО2 in the production of synthetic fuel in combination with Power-to-Gas technologies was studied. Двоокис вуглецю СО2 є компонентом повітря, що відповідає за зростання глобального потепління та викидів парникових газів. Енергетичний сектор є одним із основних джерел викидів СО2 у світі та особливо в Україні. Уловлювання, утилізація та зберігання вуглецю (CCUS) є групою технологій, які разом з відновлюваними джерелами енергії, біоенергетикою і воднем відіграють важливу роль у зменшенні викидів СО2 і досягненні міжнародних кліматичних цілей. На сьогодні в світі працює тридцять п’ять комерційних об’єктів CCUS із потужністю уловлювання до 45 млн т СО2 щорічно. Посилення кліматичних цілей і збільшення інвестицій надають технологіям CCUS нові стимули для більш широкого застосування. Уловлювання, утилізація та зберігання вуглецю – це програми, в яких CO2 уловлюється з антропогенних джерел (виробництво електроенергії та промислові процеси) та зберігається в глибоких геологічних формаціях без потрапляння в атмосферу або використовується в різних продуктах за допомогою технологій без хімічної модифікації або з перетворенням. У статті розглядається використання різних технологій уловлювання (після спалювання, до спалювання і спалювання збагаченого киснем палива), методів сепарації СО2 та їх застосування в глобальному енергетичному переході для зменшення вуглецевої ємності енергетичних систем. Наведено техніко-економічні показники уловлювання CO2 при різній ефективності для вугільних та газових електростанцій. Розглянуто технології транспортування і зберігання уловленого двоокису вуглецю та їх економічні показники. В роботі також представлені та описані напрями альтернативного використання уловленого СО2, серед яких основними є виробництво синтетичного палива, різних хімікатів і будівельних матеріалів. Досліджено можливість використання уловленого СО2 при виробництві синтетичного палива у комбінації з технологіями Power-to-Gas. General Energy Institute of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine 2022-12-27 Article Article application/pdf https://systemre.org/index.php/journal/article/view/603 10.15407/srenergy2022.02.004 System Research in Energy; No. 2(71) (2022): System Research in Energy; 4-12 Системні дослідження в енергетиці; № 2(71) (2022): Системні дослідження в енергетиці; 4-12 2786-7102 2786-7633 en https://systemre.org/index.php/journal/article/view/603/529 Copyright (c) 2022 Yevhen Shcherbyna, Oleksandr Novoseltsev, Tatiana Evtukhova https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0 |
| spellingShingle | greenhouse gases emissions fossil fuels СО2 capture technologies capture efficiency synthetic fuel Shcherbyna, Yevhen Novoseltsev, Oleksandr Evtukhova , Tatiana Overview of carbon capture, utilisation and storage technologies to ensure low-carbon development of energy systems |
| title | Overview of carbon capture, utilisation and storage technologies to ensure low-carbon development of energy systems |
| title_alt | Огляд технологій уловлювання, використання та зберігання вуглецю для забезпечення низьковуглецевого розвитку енергетичних систем |
| title_full | Overview of carbon capture, utilisation and storage technologies to ensure low-carbon development of energy systems |
| title_fullStr | Overview of carbon capture, utilisation and storage technologies to ensure low-carbon development of energy systems |
| title_full_unstemmed | Overview of carbon capture, utilisation and storage technologies to ensure low-carbon development of energy systems |
| title_short | Overview of carbon capture, utilisation and storage technologies to ensure low-carbon development of energy systems |
| title_sort | overview of carbon capture, utilisation and storage technologies to ensure low-carbon development of energy systems |
| topic | greenhouse gases emissions fossil fuels СО2 capture technologies capture efficiency synthetic fuel |
| topic_facet | greenhouse gases emissions fossil fuels СО2 capture technologies capture efficiency synthetic fuel викиди парникових газів викопні палива технології уловлювання СО2 ефективність уловлювання синтетичне паливо. |
| url | https://systemre.org/index.php/journal/article/view/603 |
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